Motion Iit Jee Maths 3-D Geometry

THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
(3-D)
THEORY AND EXERCISE BOOKLET
CONTENTS
S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
THEORY WITH SOLVED EXAMPLES ............................................................... 3 23
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Page # 2 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (3-D)
JEE Syllabus :
Direction cosines and direction ratios, equation of a straight line in space, equation of a plane, distance
of a point from a plane.
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THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (3-D) Page # 3
A. DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS
Let P and Q be two given points in space. Let the co-ordinates of the points P and Q be (x1, y1 z1) and
(x2, y2, z2) with respect to a set OX, OY, OZ of rectangular axes. The position vectors of the points P
and Q are given by OP = x1 i + y1 j + z1 k and OQ = x2 i + y2 j + z2 k

Now we have PQ OQ OP . = (x2 i + y2 j + z2 k ) (x1 i + y1 j + z1 k )
= (x2 x1) i (y2 y1) j (z2 z1) k .
2 2 2
PQ = | PQ | (x 2 x1) (y 2 y1) (z2 z1)
Distance (d) between two points (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2) is
d= ( x 2 x1 )2 ( y 2 y1 )2 ( z 2 z1 )2
B. SECTION FORMULA
m 2 x1 m1x 2 m 2 y1 m1y 2 m 2 z1 m1z 2

x= ; y=
m1 m2 m1 m2 ; z=
m1 m2
(for external division take ve sign)

To determine the co-ordinates of a point R which divides the joining of two points P(x1, y1, z1) and
Q(x2, y2, z2) internally in the ratio m1 : m2. Let OX, OY, OZ be a set of rectangular axes.
The position vectors of the two given points P(x1, y1, z1) and Q(x2, y2, z2) are given by
OP = x1 i + y1 j + z1 k ....(1) and OQ = x2 i + y2 j + z2 k ....(2)
m1 m2
P Q
R
(x1,y1,z1) (x2,y2,z2)
Also if the co-ordinates of the point R are (x, y, z), then OR = x i + y j + z k . .....(3)
Now the point R divides the join of P and Q in the ratio m1 : m2, so that
m1OQ m 2 OP
Hence m 2 PR m1RQ or m2 ( OR OP ) = m1 (OQ OR ) or OR
m1 m2
(m1x2 m2 x1) i (m1y 2 m2 y1) j (m1z2 m2 z1)k

or x i + y j + z k = [Using (1), (2) and (3)]
(m1 m2 )
m1x 2 m2 x1 m1y 2 m2 y1 m1z 2 m 2 z1

Comparing the coefficients of i , j , k we get x =
m1 m2 , y = m1 m2 , z = m1 m2
Remark : The middle point of the segment PQ is obtained by putting m1 = m2 . Hence the
1 1 1
co-ordinates of the middle point of PQ are ( x1 x 2 ), ( y1 y 2 ), ( z1 z 2 )
2 2 2
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CENTROID OF A TRIANGLE :
Let ABC be a triangle. Let the co-ordinates of the vertices A, B and C be (x1, y1, z1), (x2, y2, z2)
and (x3, y3, z3) respectively. Let AD be a median of the ABC. Thus D is the mid point of BC.
x 2 x 3 y 2 y 3 z2 z3
The co-ordinates of D are , ,
2 2 2
Now if G is the centroid of ABC, then G divides AD in the ratio 2 : 1. Let the co-ordinates of G be
x x3
2. 2 1.x1
2 x x 2 x3 A
(x, y, z). Then x , or x 1 .
2 1 3
2
1 1 G
Similarly y = (y1 + y2 + y3), z = (z + z2 + z3). 1
2 2 1 B D C
CENTROID OF A TETRAHEDRON :
Let ABCD be a tetrahedron, the co-ordinates of whose vertices are (xr, yr, zr), r = 1, 2, 3, 4.
Let G1 be the centroid of the face ABC of the tetrahedron. Then the co-ordinates of G1 are
x 1 x 2 x 3 y 1 y 2 y 3 z1 z 2 z 3
, ,
3 3 3
The fourth vertex D of the tetrahedron does not lie in the plane of ABC. We know from statics that
the centroid of the tetrahedron divides the line DG1 in the ratio 3 : 1. Let G be the centroid of the
tetrahedron and if (x, y, z) are its co-ordinates, then
x1 x 2 x3
3. 1.x 4 1
3 x x 2 x3 x 4 1
x or x 1 . Similarly y (y1 + y2 + y3 + y4), z (z1 + z2 + z3 + z4).
3 1 4 4 4
Ex.1 P is a variable point and the co-ordinates of two points A and B are (2, 2, 3) and (13, 3, 13)
respectively. Find the locus of P if 3PA = 2PB.
Sol. Let the co-ordinates of P be (x, y, z).
PA = ( x 2 ) 2 ( y 2 ) 2 ( z 3 ) 2 ....(1) and PB = ( x 1 3 ) 2 ( y 3 ) 2 ( z 1 3 ) 2 ....(2)
Now it is given that 3PA = 2PB i.e., 9PA2 = 4PB2. ....(3)

Putting the values of PA and PB from (1) and (2) in (3), we get
9{(x + 2)2 + (y 2)2 + (z 3)2} = 4 {(x 13)2 + (y + 3)2 + (z 13)2}
or 9 {x2 + y2 + z2 + 4x 4y 6z + 17} = 4{x2 + y2 + z2 26x + 6y 26z + 347}
or 5x2 + 5y2 + 5z2 + 140x 60 y + 50 z 1235 = 0 or x2 + y2 + z2 + 28x 12y + 10z 247 = 0
This is the required locus of P.
Ex.2 Find the ratio in which the xy-plane divides the join of (3, 4, 8) and (5, 6, 4). Also find the point of
intersection of the line with the plane.
Sol. Let the xy-plane (i.e., z = 0 plane) divide the line joining the points (3,4, 8) and (5, 6, 4) in the ratio
: 1, in the point R. Therefore, the co-ordinates of the point R are
5 3 6 4 4 8
, , ....(1)
1 1 1
But on xy-plane, the z co-ordinate of R is zero
(4 8) / ( + 1) = 0, or = 2. Hence : 1 = 2 : 1. Thus the required ratio is 2 : 1.
Again putting = 2 in (1), the co-ordinates of the point R become (7/3, 8/3, 0).
Ex.3 ABCD is a square of side length a. Its side AB slides between x and y-axes in first quadrant. Find the
locus of the foot of perpendicular dropped from the point E on the diagonal AC, where E is the midpoint
of the side AD.
Sol. Let vertex A slides on y-axis and vertex B slides on x-axis coordinates of the point A are
(0, a sin ) and that of C are (a cos + a sin , a cos )
a a a 3a
In AEF, AF = cos 45 and FC = AC AF = 2a
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a 3a
AF : FC = : =1:3
2 2 2 2
Let the coordinates of the point F are (x, y)
3 0 1(a cos a sin ) a(sin cos )

x=
4 4
4x 3a sin a cos 4y
= sin + cos ....(1)and y = = 3sin + cos ...(2)
a 4 a
2( y x ) 6 x 2y
Form (1) and (2), sin = and cos =
a a
a2
(y x)2 + (3x y)2 = is the locus of the point F..
4
C. DIRECTION COSINES OF A LINE
If are the angles which a given directed line makes with the positive directions of the axes. of x,
y and z respectively, then cos , cos cos are called the direction cosines (briefly written as d.c.s)
of the line. These d.c.s are usually denote by , m, n.
Let AB be a given line. Draw a line OP parallel to the line AB and passing through the origin O. Measure
angles , then cos , cos , cos are the d.c.s of the line AB. It can be easily seen that , m, n,
are the direction cosines of a line if and only if i + m j + n k is a unit vector in the direction of that line.
Clearly OP(i.e. the line through O and parallel to BA) makes angle 180 , 180 , 180 with OX,
OY and OZ respectively. Hence d.c.s of the line BA are cos (180 ), cos (180 ), cos (180 )
i.e., are cos , cos , cos .
If the length of a line OP through the origin O be r, then the co-ordinates of P are (r, mr, nr) where ,
m, n are the d c.s of OP.
If , m, n are direction cosines of any line AB, then they will satisfy 2 + m2 + n2 = 1.
DIRECTION RATIOS :
If the direction cosines , m, n of a given line be proportional to any three numbers a, b, c respectively,
then the numbers a, b, c are called direction ratios (briefly written as d.r.s of the given line.
RELATION BETWEEN DIRECTION COSINES AND DIRECTION RATIOS :

Let a, b, c be the direction ratios of a line whose d.c.s are , m, n. From the definition of d.r.s. we
have /a = m/b = n/c = k (say). Then = ka, m = kb, n = kc. But 2 + m2 + n2 = 1.
1
k2 (a2 + b2 + c2) = 1, or k2 = 1/(a2 + b2 + c2) or k = .
(a b 2 c 2 )
2
a b c
Taking the positive value of k, we get = ,m= ,n=
2 2 2 2 2 2
(a b c ) (a b c ) (a b 2 c 2 )
2
a b c
Again taking the negative value of k, we get = , m= ,n= .
2
(a b c )2 2 2 2
(a b c ) 2
(a b 2 c 2 )
2
Remark. Direction cosines of a line are unique. But the direction ratios of a line are by no means
unique. If a, b, c are direction ratios of a line, then ka, kb, kc are also direction ratios of that line where
k is any non-zero real number. Moreover if a, b, c are direction ratios of a line, then a i + b j + c k is a
vector parallel to that line.
Ex.4 Find the direction cosines + m + n of the two lines which are connected by the relation + m + n = 0
and mn 2n 2m = 0.
Sol. The given relations are + m + n = 0 or = m n ....(1) and mn 2n 2m = 0 ...(2)
Putting the value of from (1) in the relation (2), we get
mn 2n (m n) 2(m n) m = 0 or 2m2 + 5mn + 2n2 = 0 or (2m + n) (m + 2n) = 0.
m 1 m n m
and 2. From (1), we have 1 ...(3)
n 2 n n n
m 1 1 1 m n n
Now when = , (3) given = 1= . = and =
n 2 n 2 2 1 2 1 2
m n ( 2 m 2 n2 ) 1 1 1 2
i.e. 1 1 2 The d.c.s of one line are , , .
2 2 2 6 6 6 6
{1 1 ( 2) }
m
Again when = 2, (3) given = 2 1 = 1.
2 n
m n ( 2 m 2 n2 ) 1 1 2 1
i.e. 1 2 1 The d.c.s of the other line are , , .
2 2 2 6 6 6 6
{1 ( 2) 1 }
To find the projection of the line joining two points P(x1, y1, z1) and Q(x2, y2, z2) on the another
line whose d.c.s are , m, n.
Let O be the origin. Then OP = x1 i + y1 j + z1 k and OQ = x2 i + y2 j + z2 k .
PQ OQ OP = (x2 x1) i + (y2 y1) j + (z2 z1) k .
Now the unit vector along the line whose d.c.s are ,m,n = i + m j + n k .
projection of PQ on the line whose d.c.s are , m, n
= [(x2 x1) i + (y2 y1) j + (z2 z1) k ] . ( i + m j + n k ) = (x2 x1) + m (y2 y1) + n(z2 z1).
a1a 2 b1b 2 c 1c 2
The angle between these two lines is given by cos =
(a12 b12 c 12 ) (a 22 b 22 c 22 )
If 1, m1, n1 and 2 , m2, n2 are two sets of real numbers, then

( 1 2 + m 1 2 + n1 2 ) ( 2 2 + m 2 2 + n2 2 ) ( 1 2 + m 1 m 2 + n1 n2 ) 2
= (m1n2 m2n1)2 + (n12 n21)2 + (1m2 2m1)2
Now, we have
sin2 = 1 cos2 = 1 (12 + m1m2 + n1n2)2 = (12 + m12 + n12) (22 + m22 + n22) (12 + m1m2 + n1n2)2
2 2 2
m n n m
= (m1n2 m2n1)2 + (n12 n21)2 + (1m2 2m1)2 = m1 n1 1 n1 1 m1

2 2 2 2 2 2
Condition for perpendicularity 12 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0.
a1 b1 c1
Condition for parallelism 1 = 2, m1 = m2, n1 = n2.
a2 b2 c 2
Ex.5 Show that the lines whose d.c.s are given by + m + n = 0 and 2mn + 3n 5m = 0 are at right angles.
Sol. From the first relation, we have = m n. ....(1)
Putting this value of in the second relation, we have
2mn + 3 (m n) n 5 (m n) m = 0 or 5m2 + 4mn 3n2 = 0 or 5(m/n)2 + 4(m/n) 3 = 0 ....(2)
Let 1, m1, n1 and 2, m2, n2 be the d,c,s of the two lines. Then the roots of (2) are m1/n1 and m2/n2.
m1 m2 3
product of the roots = . or m1m 2 n1n2 . ....(3)
n1 n2 5 3 5
Again from (1), n = m and putting this value of n in the second given relation, we have
2m ( m) + 3( m) 5m = 0 or3(/m)2 + 10 (/m) + 2 = 0.
1 2 2 mm 1 2 m1m2 n1n2
or 1 2 1 2

. From (3) and (4) we have = k (say)
m1 m2 3 2 3 2 3 5
12 + m1m2 + n1n2 = (2 + 3 5) k = 0 . k = 0. The lines are at right angles.
Remarks :
(a) Any three numbers a, b, c proportional to the direction cosines are called the direction ratios
m n 1
i.e. same sign either +ve or ve should be taken throughout.
a b c a b2 c 2
2
Note that d.rs of a line joining x1, y1, z1 and x2, y2, z2 are proportional to x2 x1, y2 y1 and
z2 z1
(b) If is the angle between the two lines whose d.cs are 1 , m1, n1 and 2 , m2, n2
cos = 1 2 + m1m2 + n1n2
Hence if lines are perpendicular then 1 2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0.
1 m1 n1
if lines are parallel then
2 m2 n2
1 m1 n1
Note that if three lines are coplanar then 2 m2 n2 =0
3 m3 n3
(c) Projection of the join of two points on a line with d.cs , m, n are
(x2 x1) + m(y2 y1) + n(z2 z1)

(d) If 1, m1, n1 and 2, m2, n2 are the d.c.s of two concurrent lines, show that the d.c.s of two lines
bisecting the angles between them are proportional to 1 2, m1 m2, n1 n2.
D. AREA OF A TRIANGLE
Show that the area of a triangle whose vertices are the origin and the points A(x1 , y1 , z 1 ) and
1
B(x2 , y2, z2) is (y1z2 y 2 z1)2 (z1x 2 z2 x1)2 (x1y 2 x 2 y1)2 .
2
The direction ratios of OA are x1, y1, z1 and those of OB are x2, y2, z2.
Also OA = (x1 0)2 (y1 0)2 (z1 0)2 (x12 y12 z12 )
and OB = (x 2 0)2 (y 2 0)2 (z2 0)2 (x 22 y 22 z22 ) .
x1 y1 z1
, ,
the d.c. s of OA are
( x12 y12 z12 ) ( x 12 y12 z12 ) ( x12 y12 z12 )
x2 y2 z2
, ,
and the d.c.s of OB are
( x 22 y 22 z22 ) ( x 22 y 22 z 22 ) ( x 22 y 22 z 22 )
Hence if is the angle between the line OA and OB, then
{( y1z 2 y 2 z 2 )2 } {( y1z 2 y 2 z1 )2 }
sin =
( x12 y12 z12 ) ( x 22 y 22 z 22 ) OA.OB
1
Hence the area of OAB = . OA . OB sin [ AOB = ]
2
1 {( y1z2 y 2 z2 )2 } 1
= . OA. OB. = {( y1z 2 y 2 z 2 )2 } .
2 OA.OB 2
Ex.6 Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are A(1, 2, 3), B(2, 1, 1)and C(1, 2, 4).
Sol. Let x, y, z be the areas of the projections of the area of triangle ABC on the yz, zx and
xy-planes respectively. We have
1 y1 z1 1 1 2 3 1 21 1 x1 z1 1 1 1 3 1 7
x = y 2 z2 1 1 1 1 ; y = x 2 z2 1 2 1 1
2 y z 1 2 2 4 1 2 2 x z 1 2 1 4 1 2
3 3 3 3
1 x1 y1 1 1 1 2 1 7 10
z = x 2 y2 1 2 1 1 0 the required area = [ 2x 2y 2z ] = sq. units.
2 x y 1 2 1 2 1 2
3 3
Ex.7 A plane is passing through a point P(a, 2a, 2a), a 0, at right angle to OP, where O is the origin to
meet the axes in A, B and C. Find the area of the triangle ABC.
Sol. OP = a 2 4a 2 4a 2 = |3a|.
Equation of plane passing through P(a, 2a, 2a) is
A(x a) + B(y + 2a) + C(z 2a) = 0.
the direction cosines of the normal OP to the
plane ABC are proportional to
a 0, 2a 0, 2a 0 i.e. a, 2a, 2a.
equation of plane ABC is
a(x a) 2a(y + 2a) + 2a(z 2a) = 0
or ax 2ay + 2az = 9a2 ....(1)
Now projection of area of triangle ABC on ZX, XY and YZ
planes are the triangles AOC, AOB and BOC respectively.
(Area ABC)2 = (Area AOC)2 + (Area AOB)2 + (Area BOC)2
2 2 2
1 1 1
= . AO . OC . AO . BO . BO . OC
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 9 9 9 9 1 812 a 4 1
= 4 9 a. a 9 a . a a. a , 1 1
2 2 2 2 4 4 4
95 4 3 5 2 243 2
(Area ABC)2 = 3 a Area of ABC =
a a .
4 23 8
E. PLANE
(i) General equation of degree one in x, y, z i.e. ax + by + cz + d = 0 represents a plane.
(ii) Equation of a plane passing through (x1, y1, z1) is a(x x1) + b (y y1) + c(z z1) = 0
where a, b, c are the direction ratios of the normal to the plane.
x y z
(iii) Equation of a plane if its intercepts on the co-ordinate axes are x1, y1, z1 is
x1 y1 z1 = 1.
(iv) Equation of a plane if the length of the perpendicular from the origin on the plane is p and d.cs of the
perpendiculars as , m, n is x + my + nz = p
(v) Parallel and perpendicular planes :

Two planes a1 x + b1 y + c1z + d1 = 0 and a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d2 = 0 are
a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c 1 d1
Perpendicular if a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0, parallel if and Coincident if
a2 b2 c 2 a 2 b 2 c 2 d2
(vi) Angle between a plane and a line is the complement of the angle between the normal to the plane and

Line : r a b b.n
the line. If then cos (90 ) = sin = .
Plane : r .n d | b |.| n |
where is the angle between the line and normal to the plane.
ax1 by1 cz1 d

(vii) Length of the ar from a point (x1, y1, z1) to a plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 is p =
a2 b2 c 2
d1 d2
(viii) Distance between two parallel planes ax + by + cz + d1 = 0 and ax + by + cz + d2 = 0 is
a b2 c 2
2
(ix) Planes bisecting the angle between two planes a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 and a2 x + b2y + c2 z + d2 = 0
a1x b1y c 1z d1 a 2 x b 2 y c 2 z d2
is given by of these two bisecting planes, one bisects
a12 b12 c 12 a 22 b 22 c 22
the acute and the other obtuse angle between the given planes.
(x) Equation of a plane through the intersection of two planes P1 and P2 is given by P1 + P2 = 0
Ex.8 Reduce the equation of the plane x + 2y 2z 9 = 0 to the normal form and hence find the length
of the perpendicular drawn form the origin to the given plane.
Sol. The equation of the given plane is x + 2y 2z 9 = 0
Bringing the constant term to the R.H.S., the equation becomes x + 2y 2z = 9 ...(1)
[Note that in the equation (1) the constant term 9 is positive. If it were negative, we would have
changed the sign throughout to make it positive.]
Now the square root of the sum of the squares of the coefficients of x, y, z in (1)
= (1) 2 (2) 2 ( 2) 2 9 3.
1 2 2
Dividing both sides of (1) by 3, we have x y z 3. ....(2)
2 3 3
The equation (2) of the plane is in the normal form x + my + nz = p.
1 2 2
Hence the d.c.s , m, n of the normal to the plane are , , and the length p of the
2 3 3
perpendicular from the origin to the plane is 3.
Ex.9 Find the equation to the plane through the three points (0, 1, 1), (4, 5, 1) and (3, 9, 4).
Sol. The equation of any plane passing through the point (0, 1, 1) is given by
a(x 0) + b{y (1)} + c{z (1)} = 0 or ax + b(y + 1) + c (z + 1) = 0 ....(1)
If the plane (1) passes through the point (4, 5, 1), we have 4a + 6b + 2c = 0 ....(2)
If the plane (1) passes through the point (3, 9, 4), we have 3a + 10b + 5c = 0 ....(3)
a b c
Now solving the equations (2) and (3), we have = (say).
30 20 6 20 40 18
a = 10, b = 14, c = 22.
Putting these value of a, b, c in (1), the equation of the required plane is given by
[10x 14(y + 1) + 22(z + 1)] = 0 or 10x 14(y + 1) + 22(z + 1) = 0 or 5x 7y + 11z + 4 = 0.
Ex.10 Find the equation of the plane through (1, 0, 2) and perpendicular to each of the planes
2x + y z 2 = 0 and x y z 3 = 0.
Sol. The equation of any plane through the point (1, 0, 2) is
a (x 1) + b (y 0) + c(z + 2) = 0. ...(1)
If the plane (1) is perpendicular to the planes 2x + y z 2 = 0 and x y z 3 = 0, we have
a (2) + b(1) + c(1) = 0 i.e., 2a + b c = 0, ...(2)
and a(1) + b(1) + c(1) = 0 i.e., a b c = 0. ...(3)
3 1
Adding the equation (2) and (3), we have c = a. Subtracting (3) from (2), we have b = a.
2 2
Putting the values of b and c in (1), the equation of the required plane is given by
1 3
a (x 1) ay + a (z + 2) = 0 or 2x 2 y + 3z + 6 = 0 or 2x y + 3z + 4 = 0.
2 2
Ex.11 Find the equation of the plane passing through the line of intersection of the planes
2x 7y + 4z = 3, 3x 5y + 4z + 11 = 0, and the point (2, 1, 3)
Sol. The equation of any plane through the line of intersection of the given plane is
(2x 7y + 4z 3) + (3x 5y + 4z + 11) = 0. ....(1)
If the plane (1) passes through the point (2, 1, 3), then substituting the co-ordinates of this point in
the equation (1), we have
{2(2) 7(1) + 4(3) 3} + {3 (2) 5(1) + 4(3) + 1} = 0 or (2) + (12) = 0 or = 1/6.
Putting this value of in (1), the equation of the required plane is
(2x 7y + 4z 3) + (1/6) (3x 5y + 4z + 11) = 0 or 15x 47y + 28z = 7.
Ex.12 A variable plane is at a constant distance 3p from the origin and meets the axes in A, B and C. Prove
that the locus of the centroid of the triangle ABC is x2 + y2 + z2 = p2.
Sol. Let the equation of the variable plane be x/a + y/b + z/c = 1. .....(1)
It is given that the length of the perpendicular from the origin to the plane (1) is 3p.
1 1 1 1 1
3p = or , .....(2)
2
(1 / a 1 / b 1/ c ) 2 2
9p 2 a 2 b 2 c 2
The plane (1) meets the coordinate axes in the points A, B and C whose co-ordinates are respectively
given by (a, 0, 0), (0, b, 0) and (0, 0, c). Let (x, y, z) be the co-ordinates of the centroid of the
triangle ABC. Then x = (a + 0 + 0)/3, y = (0 + b + 0)/3, z = (0 + 0 + c)/3
1 1 1
i.e., x = a, y = b, z = c. a = 3x, b = 3y, c = 3z. .....(3)
3 3 3
The locus of the centroid of the triangle ABC is obtained by eliminating a, b, c between the equation
(2) and (3). Putting the value of a, b, c from (3) in (2), the required locus is given by
1 1 1 1
2
2
2
or x2 + y2 + z2 = p2.
9p 9x 9y 9z2
Ex.13 Show that the origin lies in the acute angles between the planes x + 2y + 2z 9 = 0 and
4x 3y + 12z + 13 = 0. Find the planes bisecting the angles between them and point out the one which
bisects the acute angle.
Sol. In order that the constant terms are positive, the equations of the given planes may be written as
x 2y 2z + 9 = 0 ...(1) and 4x 3y + 12z + 13 = 0.
We have a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = (1).4 + (2). (3) + (2).(12) = 4 + 6 24 = 22 = negative.
Hence the origin lies in the acute angle between the planes (1) and (2)
The equation of the plane bisecting the angle between the given planes (1) and (2) when contains the
x 2 y 2z 9 4 x 3 y 12 z 13
origin is
(1 4 4 ) (16 9 144 )
or 13 (x 2y 2z + 9) = 3(4x 3y + 12z + 13) or 25x + 17y + 62z 78 = 0 ...(3)

We have proved above that origin lies in the acute angle between the planes and so the equation (3)
is the equation of the bisector plane which bisects the acute angle between the given planes.
The equation of the other bisector plane (i.e., the plane bisecting the obtuse angle) is
x 2y 2z 9 4x 3y 12z 13
or x + 35y 10z 156 = 0 ....(4)
(1 4 4) (16 9 144)
the equation (3) and (4) given the planes bisecting the angle between the given planes and the
equation (3) is the bisector of the acute angle.
Ex.14 The mirror image of the point (a, b, c) about coordinate planes xy, xz and yz are A, B and C. Find the
orthocentre of the triangle ABC.
Sol. Let the point P be (a, b, c) A (a, b, c), B (a, b, c) and C (a, b, c)
Let the orthocentre of ABC be H (x, y, z)
(x a) (2a) + (y b) (2b) + (z + c) 0 = 0 ax by = a2 b2 ...(1)
2 2
Similarly, by cz = b c ...(2)
x a y b zc A(a, b, c)
Also 0 2b 2c = 0 (As A, B, C and H are coplanar)
2a 0 2c
H(x)
bcx + acy + abz = abc ...(3)
for solving (1), (2) and (3),

B(a,b, c) C(a, b, c)
a b 0 a2 b2 b 0
2 2
D = 0 b c = a2b2 + b2c2 + a2c2 , D1 = b c b c = a2 (b2 + c2) b2c2
bc ac ab abc ac ab
Similarly D2 = b2(c2 + a2) a2c2 and D3 = c2(a2 + b2) a2b2
a 2 (b 2 c 2 ) b 2 c 2 b 2 ( c 2 a 2 ) a 2 c 2 c 2 ( a 2 b 2 ) a 2 b 2
Orthocentre is H 2 2 2 2 2 2
, 2 2 2 2 2 2
, 2 2 2 2 2 2 .

a b b c c a a b b c c a a b b c c a
F. STRAIGHT LINE
(i) Equation of a line through A(x1, y1, z1) and having direction cosines , m , n are
x x1 y y1 z z1
and the lines through (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2)
m n
x x1 y y1 z z1

x 2 x1 y 2 y1 z 2 z1
(ii) Intersection of two planes a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2z + d2 = 0 together represent
the unsymmetrical form of the straight line.
x x 1 y y 1 z z1
(iii) General equation of the plane containing the line is
m n
A(x x1) + B(y y1) + c(z z1) = 0 where A + bm + cn = 0.
(iv) Line of Greatest Slope

AB is the line of intersection of G-plane and H is the h
orizontal plane. Line of greatest slope on a given plane,
drawn through a given point on the plane, is the line
through the point P perpendicular to the line of
intersection of the given plane with any horizontal
plane.
x 2 y 1 z 2
Ex.15 Show that the distance of the point of intersection of the line and the plane
3 4 12
x y + z = 5 from the point (1, 5, 10) is 13.
x 2 y 1 z 2
Sol. The equation of the given line are = r (say). ....(1)
3 4 12
The co-ordinates of any point on the line (1) are (3r + 2, 4r - 1, 12 r + 2). If this point lies on the plane
x y + z = 5, we have 3r + 2 (4r 1) + 12r + 2 = 5, or 11r = 0, or r = 0.
Putting this value of r, the co-ordinates of the point of intersection of the line (1) and the given plane
are (2, 1, 2).
The required distance = distance between the points (2, 1, 2) and (1, 5, 10)
= (2 1)2 ( 1 5)2 (2 10)2 = (9 16 144) (169) 13
Ex.16 Find the co-ordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the origin to the plane 3x + 4y 6z
+ 1 = 0. Find also the co-ordinates of the point on the line which is at the same distance from the foot
of the perpendicular as the origin is.
Sol. The equation of the plane is 3x + 4y 6z + 1 = 0. ....(1)
The direction ratios of the normal to the plane (1) are 3, 4, 6. Hence the line normal to the plane (1)
has d.r.s 3, 4, 6, so that the equations of the line through (0, 0, 0) and perpendicular to the plane (1)
are x/3 = y/4 = z/6 = r (say) ....(2)
The co-ordinates of any point P on (2) are (3r, 4r, 6r) ....(3)
If this point lies on the plane (1), then 3(3r) + r(4r) 6(6r) + 1 = 0, or r = 1/61.
Putting the value of r in (3), the co-ordinates of the foot of the perpendicular P are (3/61, 4/61, 6/61).
Now let Q be the point on the line which is at the same distance from the foot of the perpendicular as
the origin. Let (x1, y1, z1) be the co-ordinates of the point Q. Clearly P is the middle point of OQ.
x1 0 3 y 0 4 z1 0 6
Hence we have , 1 ,
2 61 2 61 2 61
or x1 = 6/61, y1 = 8/61, z1 = 12/61.

The co-ordinates of Q are (6/61, 8/61, 12/61).
Ex.17 Find in symmetrical form the equations of the line 3x + 2y z 4 = 0 & 4x + y 2z + 3 = 0

and find its direction cosines.
Sol. The equations of the given line in general form are 3x + 2y z 4 = 0 & 4x + y 2z + 3 = 0 ..(1)
Let , m, n be the d.c.s of the line. Since the line is common to both the planes, it is perpendicular to
the normals to both the planes. Hence we have 3 + 2m n = 0, 4 + m 2n = 0.
m n m n ( 2 m 2 n2 ) 1
Solving these, we get or
4 1 4 6 3 8 3 2 5 (9 4 25) 38)
3 2 5
the d.c.s of the line are , ,
(38 ) (38 ) (38 ) .
Now to find the co-ordinates of a point on the line given by (1), let us find the point where it meets the
plane z = 0. Putting z = 0 i the equations given by (1), we have 3x + 2y 4 = 0, 4x + y + 3 = 0.
x y 1
Solving these, we get , or x = 2, y = 5.
6 4 16 9 3 8
x 2 y 5 z0
Therefore the equation of the given line in symmetrical form is .
3 2 5
Ex.18 Find the equation of the plane through the line 3x 4y + 5z = 10, 2x + 2y 3z = 4
and parallel to the line x = 2y = 3z.
Sol. The equation of the given line are 3x 4y + 5z = 10, 2x + 2y 3z = 4 ...(1)
The equation of any plane through the line (1) is (3x 4y + 5z 10) + (2x + 2y 3z 4) = 0
or (3 + 2)x + (4 +2) y + (5 3) z 10 4 = 0. ...(2)
x y z
The plane (1) will be parallel to the line x = 2y = 3z i.e. if
6 3 2
4
(3 + 2) . 6 + (4 + 2). 3 + (5 3).2 = 0 or (12 + 6 6) + 18 12 + 10 = 0 or = .
3
Putting this value of in (2), the required equation of the plane is given by
8 8 16
3 x 4 y (5 4 )z 10 0 or x 20y + 27z = 14.
3 3 3
x 1 y 2 z 2
Ex.19 Find the equation of a plane passing through the line and making an angle of 30
1 1 2
with the plane x + y + z = 5.
Sol. The equation of the required plane is (x y + 1) + (2y + z 6) = 0 x + (2 1) y + z + 1 6 = 0
Since it makes an angle of 30 with x +y + z = 5
| 1 ( 2 1) | 3
|6| = 3 52 4 2 42 = 52 4 + 2
3 . 1 2 ( 2 1)2 2
2 4 + 2 = 0 = (2 2 ) (x y + 1) + (2 2 ) (2y + x 6) = 0 are two required planes.
Ex.20 Prove that the lines 3x + 2y + z 5 = 0 = x + y 2z 3 and 2x y z = 0 = 7x + 10y 8z 15 are

perpendicular.
Sol. Let 1, m1, n1 be the d.c.s of the first line. Then 31 + 2m1 + n1 = 0, 1 + m1 2n1 = 0. Solving, we get
1 m n m n
1 1 or 1 1 1 .

4 1 1 6 3 2 5 7 1
Again let 2, m2,n2 be the d.c.s of the second line, then 22 m2 n2 = 0, 72 + 10m2 8n2 = 0.
2 m2 n2 m n
or 2 2 2 .

Solving,
8 10 7 16 20 7 2 1 3
Hence the d.c.s of the two given lines are proportional to 5, 7, 1 and 2, 1, 3. We have
5.2 + 7.1 + 1.3 = 0 the given lines are perpendicular.
Ex.21 Find the equation of the plane which contains the two parallel lines
x 1 y 2 z x 3 y 4 z 1
and .
3 2 1 3 2 1
Sol. The equation of the two parallel lines are

(x + 1)/3 = (y 2)/2 = (z 0)/1 ....(1) and (x 3)/3 = (y + 4)/2 = (z 1)/1. ....(2)
The equation of any plane through the line (1) is
a(x + 1) + b (y 2) + cz = 0, ....(3) where 3a + 2b + c = 0. ....(4)
The line (2) will also lie on the plane (3) if the point (3, 4, 1) lying on the line (2) also lies on the plane
(3), and for this we have a (3 + 1) + b (4 2) + c. 1 = 0 or 4a 6b + c = 0. ....(5)
a b c
Solving (4) and (5), we get .
8 1 26
Putting these proportionate values of a, b, c in (3), the required equation of the plane is
8(x + 1) + 1.(y 2) 26z = 0, or 8x + y 26 + 6 = 0.
x 1 y 3 z 2
Ex.22 Find the distance of the point P(3, 8, 2) from the line measured parallel to the
2 4 3
plane 3x + 2y 2z + 17 = 0.
Sol. The equation of the given line are (x 1)/2 = (y 3)/4 = (z 2)/3 = r, (say). ...(1)
Any point Q on the line (1) is (2r + 1, 4r + 3, 3r + 2).
Now P is the point (3, 8, 2) and hence d.r.s of PQ are
2r + 1 3, 4r + 3 8, 3r + 2 2 i.e. 2r 2, 4r 5, 3r.
It is required to find the distance PQ measured parallel to the plane 3x + 2y 2z + 17 = 0 ...(2)
Now PQ is parallel to the plane (2) and hence PQ will be perpendicular to the normal to the plane (2).
Hence we have (2r 2) (3) + (4r 5) (2) + (2r) (2) = 0 or 8r 16 = 0, or r = 2.
Putting the value of r, the point Q is (5, 11, 8) = [(3 5 )2 (8 11)2 (2 8)2 ] ( 4 9 36 ) 7 .
Ex.23 Find the projection of the line 3x y + 2z = 1, x + 2y z = 2 on the plane 3x + 2y + z = 0.

Sol. The equations of the given line are 3x y + 2z = 1, x + 2y z = 2. ....(1)
The equation of the given plane is 3x + 2y + z = 0. ....(2)
The equation of any plane through the line (1) is (3x y + 2z 1) + (x + 2y z 2) = 0
or (3 + ) x + (1 + 2) y + (2 ) z 1 2 = 0 ....(3)
3
The plane (3) will be perpendicular to the plane (2), if 3(3 + )+ 2(1 + 2) + 1 (2 ) = 0 or = .
3
Putting this value of in (3), the equation of the plane through the line (1) and perpendicular to the
3 3
plane (2) is given by 3 x + (1 3) y + 2 z 1 + 3 = 0 or 3x 8y + 7z + 4 = 0. ....(4)
2 2
The projection of the given line (1) on the given plane (2), is given by the equations (2) and (4)
together.
4 2
y x
Note : The symmetrical form of the projection given above by equations (2) and (4) is 5 5 z.
11 9 5
x 1 y 1 z 3
Ex.24 Find the image of the line in the plane x + 2y + z = 12
2 1 4
Sol. Any point on the given line is 2r + 1, r 1, 4r + 3. If this point lies on the planes,
5
then 2r + 1 2r 2 + 4r + 3 = 12 r = .
2
7
Hence the point of intersection of the given line and that of the plane is 6, ,13 .
2
Also a point on the line is (1, 1, 3).
1 1 3
Let () be its image in the given plane. In such a case
1 2 1
= + 1, = 2 1, = + 3. Now the midpoint of the image and the point (1, 1, 3) lies on the
8 7 14
, 1, 3 lies in the plane = 10 . Hence the image of (1, 1, 3) is , , .

plane i.e. 1
2 2 3 3 3 3
7 7
y y
x6 2 z 13 x 6 2 z 13

Hence the equation of the required line is
10 35 25 or 4 7 10 .
3 6 3
Ex.25 Find the foot and hence the length of the perpendicular from the point (5, 7, 3) to the line
(x 15)/3 = (y 29)/8 = (z 5)/(5). Find the equations of the perpendicular. Also find the equation
of the plane in which the perpendicular and the given straight line lie.
Sol. Let the given point (5, 7, 3) be P.
The equations of the given line are (x 15)/3 = (y 29)/8 = (z 5)/(5)= r (say). ...(1)
Let N be the foot of the perpendicular from the point P to the line (1). The co-ordinates of N may be
taken as (3r + 15, 8r + 29, 5r + 5). ...(2)
the direction ratios of the perpendicular PN are
3r + 15 5, 8r + 29 7, 5r + 5 3, i.e. are 3r + 10, 8r + 22, 5r + 2. ...(3)
Since the line (1) and the line PN are perpendicular to each other, therefore
3 (3r + 10) + 8 (8r + 22) 5(5r + 2) = 0 or 98r + 196 = 0 or r = 2
Putting this value of r in (2) and (3), the foot of the perpendicular N is (9, 13, 15) and the direction
ratios of the perpendicular PN are 4, 6, 12 or 2, 3, 6.
the equations of the perpendicular PN are (x 5)/2 = (y 7)/3 = (z 3)/6. ...(4)
Length of the perpendicular PN
= the distance between P(5, 7, 3) and N(9, 13, 15) = (9 5 ) 2 (13 7 ) 2 (15 3 ) 2 = 14.
Lastly the equation of the plane containing the given line (1) and the perpendicular (4) is given by
x 15 y 29 z 5
3 8 5 =0
2 3 6
or (x 15) (48 + 15) (y 29) (18 + 10) + (z 5) (9 16) = 0 or 9x 4y z = 14 = 0.
Ex.26 Show that the planes 2x 3y 7z = 0, 3x 14y 13z = 0, 8x 31y 33z = 0 pass through the one
line find its equations.
2 3 7 0
Sol. The rectangular array of coefficient is 3 14 13 0 .
8 31 33 0
2 3 7 2 1 1
We have, 4 = 3 14 13 3 11 4 (by C2 + C1, C2 + 3C1)
8 31 33 8 23 9
0 0 1
= 5 7 4 = 1(70 70) = 0, (by C1 + 2C2, C2 C2)
10 14 9
since 4 = 0, therefore, the three planes either intersect in a line or form a triangular prism.
2 3 0
Now 3 = 3 14 0 = 0 Similarly 2 = 0 and 1 = 0,
8 31 0
Hence the three planes intersect in a common line.

Clearly the three planes pass through (0, 0, 0) and hence the common line of intersection will pass
through (0, 0, 0). The equations of the common line are given by any of the two given planes.
Therefore the equations of the common line are given by 2x 3y 7z = 0 and 3x 14y 13z = 0.
x y z x y z
the symmetric form of the line is given by or .
39 98 21 26 28 9 59 5 19
Ex.27 For what values of k do the planes x y + z + 1 = 0, kx + 3y + 2z 3 = 0, 3x + ky + z 2 = 0

(i) intersect in a point ; (ii) intersect in a line ; (iii) form a triangular prism ?
1 1 1 1
Sol. The rectangular array of coefficients is k 3 2 3
3 k 1 2
Now we calculate the following determinants
1 1 1 0 1 0
4 = k 3 2 k3 3 5 (adding 2nd column to 1st and 3rd)
3 k 1 3 k k k 1
0 1 0
= (k + 3) 1 3 5 = (k + 3) (k + 1 5) = (k + 3) (k 4).
1 k k 1
1 1 1 0 1 0
2 = k 3 3 k 3 3 0 = (k + 3) (k 2), (adding 2nd column to 1st and 3rd)
3 k 2 3k k k2
1 1 1 0 1 0
2 = k 2 3 k 2 2 5 (adding (1) times 2nd column to 1st and 3rd)
3 1 2 2 1 3
= {(k 2) (3) + 10} = 3k 16,
1 1 1 0 1 1
and 1 = 3 2 3 0 2 3 = 5 (k 2) (adding 3rd column to 1st)
k 1 2 k 2 1 2
(i) The given planes will intersect in a point if 4 0 and so we must have k 3 and k 4. Thus the
given planes will intersect in a point for all real values of k other than 3 and 4.
(ii) If k = 3, we have 4 = 0, 3 = 0 but 2 0. Hence the given planes will form a triangular prism if
k = 3.
(iii) If k = 4, we have 4 = 0 but 3 0. Hence the given planes will form a triangular prism if k = 4.
We observe that for no value of k the given planes will have a common line of intersection.
Ex.28 Find the equation of the line passing through (1, 1, 1) and perpendicular to the line of intersection of
the planes x + 2y 4z = 0 and 2x y + 2z = 0.
Sol. Equation of the plane through the lines x + 2y 4z = 0 and 2x y + 2z = 0 is
x + 2y 4z + (2x y + 2z) = 0 ...(1)
If (1, 1, 1) lies on this plane, then 1 + 3 = 0
1
= , so that the plane becomes 3x + 6y 12z + 2x y + 2z = 0 x + y 2z = 0 ....(2)
3
11
Also (1) will be perpendicular to (2) if 1 + 2 + 2 2(4 + 2) = = .
3
Equation of plane perpendicular to (2) is 5x y + 2z = 0. ...(3)
Therefore the equation of line through (1, 1, 1) and perpendicular to the given line is parallel to the
x 1 y 1 z 1
normal to the plane (3). Hence the required line is
5 1 2
Alternate :
x y z
Solving the equation of planes x + 2y 4z = 0 and 2x y + 2z = 0, we get ...(1)
0 10 5
Any point P on the line (1) can be written as (0, 10, 5).
Direction ratios of the line joining P and Q(1, 1, 1) is (1, 1, + 10, 1 + 5).
Line PQ is perpendicular to line (1) 0(1) 10(1 + 10) 5(1 + 5) = 0
15 3 6 3
0 10 100 5 25x = 0 or 125 + 15 = 0 = P = 0, ,
125 25 5 5
1 2 x 1 y 1 z 1
Direction ratios of PQ = 1, , . Hence equations of lien are .
5 5 5 1 2
x 3 y 8 z3 x 3 y 7 z6
Ex.29 Find the shortest distance (S.D.) between the lines , .
3 1 1 3 2 4
Find also its equations and the points in which it meets the given lines.
Sol. The equations of the given lines are (x 3)/3 = (y 8)/1 = (z 3)/1 = r1 (say) ...(1)
and (x + 3)/(3) = (y + 7)/2 = (z 6)/4 = r2 (say) ...(2)
Any point on line (1) is (3r1 + 3, r1 + 8, r1 + 3), say P. ...(3)
any point on line (2) is (3r2 3, 2r2 7, 4r2 + 6), say Q. ...(4)
The d.r.s of the line PQ are (3r2 3) (3r1 + 3), (2r2 7) (r1 + 8), (4r2 + 6) (r1 + 3)
or 3r2 3r1 6, 2r2 + r1 15, 4r2 r1 + 3. ...(5)
Let the line PQ be the lines of S.D., so that PQ is perpendicular to both the given lines (1) and (2), and
so we have 3 (3r2 3r1 6) 1 (2r2 + r1 15) + 1. (4r2 r1 + 3) = 0
and 3(3r2 3r1 6) + 2. (2R2 + r1 15) + 4 (4r2 r1 + 3) = 0
or 7r2 11r1 = 0 and 11r2 + 7r1 = 0. Solving these equations, we get r1 = r2 = 0.
Substituting the values of r1 and r2 in (3), (4) and (5), we have P(3, 8, 3), Q(3, 7, 6)
And the d.r.s of PQ (the line of S.D.) are 6, 15, 3 or 2, 5, 1.
The length of S.D. = the distance between the points P and Q = ( 3 3)2 ( 7 8)2 (6 3)2 3 30 .
Now the line PQ of shortest distance is the line passing through P(3, 8, 3) and having d.r.s 2, 5, 1
x 3 y 8 z3 x 3 y 8 z3
and hence its equations are given by or .
2 5 1 2 5 1
Ex.30 A square ABCD of diagonal 2a is folded along the diagonal AC so that the planes DAC, BAC are at right
angles. Find the shortest distance between DC and AB.
Sol. ABCD is a square of diagonal 2a, so that AC = BD = 2a. Let
O, the centre of the square, be chosen as origin of co-
ordinates and the diagonal CA be taken along x-axis. Hence
the co-ordinates of the vertices A and C are
(a, 0, 0) and (a, 0, 0) respectively.
Now as given in the problem, the square is folded over
along the diagonal AC so that the planes DAC and BAC are
at right angles. This implies that the lines OB and OD become
z
at right angles. Also OA is perpendicular to the plane DOB.
Hence the lines OA, OB, OD are mutually orthogonal. Let us D(0,0, )
now take OB and OD as y
and z axes respectively. ( ,0,0)
The co-ordinates of B and D are (0, a, 0) and (0, 0, a) C x
A( ,0,0)
respectively.
B(0, ,0)
xa y0 z0 y
The equations to AB are .....(1)
a a 0
x0 y0 za
The equation to DC are .....(2)
a 0 a
The equation of any plane through DC and parallel to AB [i.e. through the line (2) and parallel to the
x 0 y0 z0
line (1)] is a 0 a = 0 or x(a2) y (a2) + (z a) (a2) = 0 or x + y z + a = 0 ...(3)
a a 0
The S.D. between DC and AB

= the length of perpendicular from a point (a, 0, 0) on AB [i.e. (1)] to the plane (3)
a00a 2a
= .
2 2 2 3
{(1) (1) ( 1) }
Ex.31 Find the condition that the equation (x, y, z) ax2 + by2 + cz2 + 2fyz + 2gzx + 2hxy = 0 may represent
a pair of planes, passing through the origin
Sol. Since it passes through the origin, let it represent the planes
1 x + m 1 y + n1 z = 0 ...(1) and 2 x + m2 y + n2 z =0 ...(2)
a x2 + b y2 + c z2 2 f y z + 2 g z x + 2 h x y (1 x + m1 y + n1 z) (2 x + m2 y + n2 z) = 0
comparing the coefficients of x2, y2, z2, yz, zx and xy of both sides, we get,
1 2 = a; m1 m2 = b; n1 n2 = c;
m1 n2 + m2 n1 = 2 f; n2 2 + n2 1 = 2 g and 1 m2 + 2 m1 = 2 h ...(3)
1 2 0 2 1 0
consider the product of two zero determinants m1 m2 0 = 0 and m2 m1 0 = 0
n1 n2 0 n2 n1 0
1 2 0 2 1 0 21 2 1m2 2m1 1n2 2n1

i.e. m1 m2 0 m2 m1 0 = 0 or 1m2 2m1 2m1m2 m1n2 m2n1 =0
n1 n2 0 n2 n1 0 1n2 2n1 m1n2 m2n1 2n1n2
putting the values of 1 2, m1 m2 ...... etc. from (4), we get
2a 2h 2g a h g
2h 2b 2f 0 or h b f = 0 i.e. a b c + 2 f g h a f2 b g2 c h2 = 0
2g 2f 2c g f c
which is the required condition for (x, y, z) = 0 to represent pair of planes passing through origin.
Ex.32 Prove that the product of distances of the planes represented by
(a, b, c )
(x, y, z) = a x2 + b y2 + c z2 + 2 f y z + 2 g z x + 2 h x y = 0 from (a, b, c) is 2 2 .
a 4 h 2
ab
Sol. Let the equation of two planes be 1 x + 1 y + 1 z = 0 and 2 x + 2 y + 2 z = 0
So, that (x, y, z) (1 x + 1 y + 1 z) (2 x + 2 y + 2 z) = 0 ....(1)
Comparing the coefficients, we get = a, = b, = c
= 2 f; = 2 g; = 2h
Let p1 and p2 be the perpendiculars distances of the point (a, b, c) from the two planes then
1a 1b 1c 2 a 2b 2 c
p1 p2 =
12 12 12 22 22 22
(1 2a2 1 2b 2 1 2c 2 )(1 2 1 2 )ab (1 2 2 1 )bc (1 2 2 1 )ac

=
12 22 1222 12 22 (1222 1222 ) (12 22 1222 ) ( 12 22 12 22 )
a . a 2 b . b 2 c . c 2 2hab 2fbc 2gac (a, b, c )

= 2 2 2 2 = 2 2
a b c [( 1 2 2 1 ) 21 2 .1 2 ] a [4h 2ab]
(a, b, c )
p1p2 = 2 2 .
a a h 2 ab
Ex.33 From a point (1, 1, 21), a ball is dropped onto the plane x + y + z = 3, where x, y-plane is horizontal
and z-axis is along the vertical. Find the co-ordinates of the point where the ball hits the plane the
second time. (use s = ut 1/2gt2 and g = 10 m/s2)
Sol. Since it falls along the vertical, the x-y coordinates of the ball will not change before it strikes the
plane If Q be the point where the ball meets the plane 1st time, then Q (1, 1, 1)
Speed of the balls just before striking the plane is 2 10 20 = 20 m/s.
1 1 2 2
Now let be the angle between PQ and normal to the plane cos = cos 2 = , sin 2 =
3 3 3
Now component of velocity in the direction of z-axis after it strikes the plane
20
= 20 sin 2 m/s
2 3
Hence in t time the z-coordinate of ball becomes
20 1 20
1 t 10t2 = 1 t 5t2
3 2 3
The component of velocity in x-y plane is
= 20 sin 2 = 20 2 2 40 2

20 cos 2
2 3 3
40 40
Using symmetry, the component along the x-axis = & the component along the y-axis =
3 3
40
Hence x and y coordinates of the ball after t time = 1 + t
3
40 40 20
after t time the coordinate of the ball will become 1 t,1 t,1 t 5t 2
3 3 3
80 20
Its lies on the plane t t 5t 2 0 20t 5t2 = 0 t = 4
3 3
163 163 317

coordinate of the point where the ball strikes the plane the second time = , , .
3 3 3

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THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

THEORY WITH SOLVED EXAMPLES ............................................................... 3 23

A. DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS

and Q are given by OP = x1 i + y1 j + z1 k and OQ = x2 i + y2 j + z2 k

= (x2 x1) i (y2 y1) j (z2 z1) k .

m 2 x1 m1x 2 m 2 y1 m1y 2 m 2 z1 m1z 2

(for external division take ve sign)

OP = x1 i + y1 j + z1 k ....(1) and OQ = x2 i + y2 j + z2 k ....(2)

(m1x2 m2 x1) i (m1y 2 m2 y1) j (m1z2 m2 z1)k

m1x 2 m2 x1 m1y 2 m2 y1 m1z 2 m 2 z1

PA = ( x 2 ) 2 ( y 2 ) 2 ( z 3 ) 2 ....(1) and PB = ( x 1 3 ) 2 ( y 3 ) 2 ( z 1 3 ) 2 ....(2)

Now it is given that 3PA = 2PB i.e., 9PA2 = 4PB2. ....(3)

3 0 1(a cos a sin ) a(sin cos )

C. DIRECTION COSINES OF A LINE

RELATION BETWEEN DIRECTION COSINES AND DIRECTION RATIOS :

vector parallel to that line.

Let O be the origin. Then OP = x1 i + y1 j + z1 k and OQ = x2 i + y2 j + z2 k .

PQ OQ OP = (x2 x1) i + (y2 y1) j + (z2 z1) k .

projection of PQ on the line whose d.c.s are , m, n

If 1, m1, n1 and 2 , m2, n2 are two sets of real numbers, then

Condition for perpendicularity 12 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0.

12 + m1m2 + n1n2 = (2 + 3 5) k = 0 . k = 0. The lines are at right angles.

cos = 1 2 + m1m2 + n1n2

Hence if lines are perpendicular then 1 2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0.

(x2 x1) + m(y2 y1) + n(z2 z1)

and OB = (x 2 0)2 (y 2 0)2 (z2 0)2 (x 22 y 22 z22 ) .

Hence if is the angle between the line OA and OB, then

(i) General equation of degree one in x, y, z i.e. ax + by + cz + d = 0 represents a plane.

(v) Parallel and perpendicular planes :

ax1 by1 cz1 d

The equation (2) of the plane is in the normal form x + my + nz = p.

or 13 (x 2y 2z + 9) = 3(4x 3y + 12z + 13) or 25x + 17y + 62z 78 = 0 ...(3)

for solving (1), (2) and (3),

Similarly D2 = b2(c2 + a2) a2c2 and D3 = c2(a2 + b2) a2b2

(iv) Line of Greatest Slope

x y + z = 5 from the point (1, 5, 10) is 13.

= (2 1)2 ( 1 5)2 (2 10)2 = (9 16 144) (169) 13

or x1 = 6/61, y1 = 8/61, z1 = 12/61.

Ex.17 Find in symmetrical form the equations of the line 3x + 2y z 4 = 0 & 4x + y 2z + 3 = 0

2 4 + 2 = 0 = (2 2 ) (x y + 1) + (2 2 ) (2y + x 6) = 0 are two required planes.

Ex.20 Prove that the lines 3x + 2y + z 5 = 0 = x + y 2z 3 and 2x y z = 0 = 7x + 10y 8z 15 are

Sol. The equation of the two parallel lines are

Ex.23 Find the projection of the line 3x y + 2z = 1, x + 2y z = 2 on the plane 3x + 2y + z = 0.

Also a point on the line is (1, 1, 3).

or (x 15) (48 + 15) (y 29) (18 + 10) + (z 5) (9 16) = 0 or 9x 4y z = 14 = 0.

Hence the three planes intersect in a common line.

Ex.27 For what values of k do the planes x y + z + 1 = 0, kx + 3y + 2z 3 = 0, 3x + ky + z 2 = 0

Now we calculate the following determinants

= {(k 2) (3) + 10} = 3k 16,

The S.D. between DC and AB

1 2 0 2 1 0 21 2 1m2 2m1 1n2 2n1

putting the values of 1 2, m1 m2 ...... etc. from (4), we get

Ex.32 Prove that the product of distances of the planes represented by

(1 2a2 1 2b 2 1 2c 2 )(1 2 1 2 )ab (1 2 2 1 )bc (1 2 2 1 )ac

a . a 2 b . b 2 c . c 2 2hab 2fbc 2gac (a, b, c )

Speed of the balls just before striking the plane is 2 10 20 = 20 m/s.

Hence in t time the z-coordinate of ball becomes