Review of Phil.

Environmental Laws 1

Review of Selected Environmental Laws in the Philippines

Robert T. Lavia
SN 2007-0101
Section EC1-1

Legal Research and Writing

Atty. Eduardo Espinas
October 21, 2007
 Review of Phil. Environmental Laws 2

Review of Selected Environmental Laws in the Philippines

I. Introduction

The Spaniards first introduced the Regalian Doctrine or jura regalia to the

Philippines through the Laws of the Indies and the Royal Cedulas, specifically

Law 14, Title 12, Book 4 of the Novisima Recopilacion de Leyes de las Indias 1.

Under the said doctrine, all lands not otherwise appearing to be clearly within

private ownership are presumed to belong to the State. Upon the Spanish

conquest of the Philippines, ownership of all lands, territories and possessions

in the Philippines passed to the Spanish Crown 2.

In its broad sense, the term jura regalia refers to royal rights, or those

rights which the King has by virtue of his prerogatives. In Spanish law, it refers to

a right which the sovereign has over anything in which a subject has a right of

property or propriedad3. Further, the doctrine extends not only to land but also to

all natural wealth that may be found in the bowels of the earth 4.

The 1935, 1973 and 1987 Constitutions adopted the Regalian doctrine

substituting, however, the State, in lieu of the King, as the owner of all lands and

waters of the public domain, as well as the rest of the natural resources found

below and above the Philippine territorial jurisdiction. Thus, the countrys
1
Edna Collado, et al v. Court of Appeals, et al, G. R. No. 107764 (October 4, 2002)
2
Id. p 21
3
La Bugal-Blaan Tribal Association v. Victor O. Ramos et al, G. R. No. 127882 (December 1, 2004)
4
Republic v. Court of Appeals, 160 SCRA 228 (1988)
 Review of Phil. Environmental Laws 3

environmental laws are anchored primarily on the legitimate power of the state to

exercise dominion over its territory. Nonetheless, in crafting said environmental

laws, the Philippine government, in addition to morals and good customs, takes

cognizance of the various International Environmental Conventions and

Agreements being an active member of the so called community of nations.

Twelve years after the landmark Rio Summit on the Environment and

Development, countries worldwide are continuing to grapple with the complex

challenges of reconciling development goals with environmental protection

imperatives. Here in the Philippines as elsewhere, the national government had

sought to meet such challenges by, inter alia, enacting new laws on natural

resources management and environmental protection, ratifying relevant

international conventions as well as establishing or strengthening the requisite

institutions for ecological governance. In the last few years alone, various new

national laws have been enacted in the Philippines to deal with issues of

environmental and natural resources management.

This study seeks to review some of the existing Philippine environmental

laws, make a critical assessment of some the systematic challenges encountered

in their implementation and enforcement and thereafter make relevant analyses

on how the legislature reacted by amending them or by introducing the new laws

to address said challenges. However, due to limited time and resources, this

study does not, in anyway claim comprehensive accounting of all environmental

 Review of Phil. Environmental Laws 4

laws currently being implemented and enforced in the country as well as the

issues that arise relative thereto.

II. Listing and Brief Description of Selected Philippine

Environmental Laws

1. Philippine Environment Policy (Pres. Decree No. 1151)

- declared urgent the need to formulate an intensive, integrated

program on environmental protection

2. Philippine Environment Code (Pres. Decree No. 1152)

3. Environmental Impact Statement System (Pres. Decree No. 1586)

- Introduced the concept of Environmentally Critical Project

(ECP) and Environmentally Critical Areas

- The basic DENR policy on Philippine EIS System

Implementation

- To attain and maintain a rational and orderly balance

between economic growth and environmental protection

4. Proclaiming Certain Areas and Types of Projects as

Environmentally Critical and Within the Scope of the Environmental

Impact Statement System Established Under PD No. 1586 (Proc.

No. 2146)

5. Improving the Environmental Impact Statement System (E. O. No.

291, s 1996)
 Review of Phil. Environmental Laws 5

6. Creating the National Environmental Protection Council (Pres.

Decree No. 1121)

7. Establishing an Inter-Agency Task Force for Coastal Environmental

Protection (E. O. No. 117, s. 1993)

8. Authorization of NEPC to Issue Environmental Compliance

Certificate to Any Entity/Firm with the Requirements of EIS System

(LOI No. 1179)

9. The Reorganization Act of the Department of Environment and

Natural Resources (E. O. No. 192, s. 1987)

- Reorganization of the DENR; recognized as the primary agency

responsible for enforcing environmental laws. Absorbed the powers

of NPCC, NEPC and the Environmental Center of the Philippines

now discharged by EMB

10. Constitutional Provisions on Environmental Law (1987)

ARTICLE II

DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES

STATE POLICIES

SEC. 15. The State shall protect and promote the right to

health of people and instill health consciousness among them.

SEC. 16. The State protects and advances the right of the

people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the

rhythm and harmony of nature.

 Review of Phil. Environmental Laws 6

ARTICLE XII

NATIONAL ECONOMY AND PATRIMONY

SECTION 1. The goals of the national economy are a more

equitable distribution of opportunities, income and wealth; a

sustained increase in the amount of goods and services produced

by the nation for the benefit of the people; and an expanding

productivity as the key to raising the quality of life for all, especially

the underprivileged.

The State shall promote industrialization and full

employment based on sound agricultural development and agrarian

reform, through industries that make full and efficient use of human

and natural resources, and which are competitive in both domestic

and foreign markets. However, the State shall protect Filipino

enterprises against unfair foreign competition and trade practices.

In the pursuit of these goals, all sectors of the economy and

all regions of the country shall be given optimum opportunity to

develop. Private enterprises, including corporations, cooperatives,

and similar collective organizations, shall be encouraged to

broaden the base of their ownership.

SECTION 2. All lands of the public domain, waters, minerals,

coal, petroleum, and other mineral oils, all forces of potential

energy, fisheries, forests or timber, wildlife, flora and fauna, and

 Review of Phil. Environmental Laws 7

other natural resources are owned by the State. With the exception

of agricultural lands, all other natural resources shall not be

alienated. The exploration, development, and utilization of natural

resources shall be under the full control and supervision of the

State. The State may directly undertake such activities, or it may

enter into co-production, joint venture, or production-sharing

agreements with Filipino citizens, or corporations or associations at

least sixty per centum of whose capital is owned by such citizens.

Such agreements may be for a period not exceeding twenty-five

years, renewable for not more than twenty-five years, and under

such terms and conditions as may be provided by law. In cases of

water rights for irrigation, water supply, fisheries, or industrial uses

other than the development of water power, beneficial use may be

the measure and limit of the grant.

The State shall protect the nation's marine wealth in its

archipelagic waters, territorial sea, and exclusive economic zone,

and reserve its use and enjoyment exclusively to Filipino citizens.

The Congress may, by law, allow small-scale utilization of

natural resources by Filipino citizens, as well as cooperative fish

farming, with priority to subsistence fishermen and fishworkers in

rivers, lakes, bays, and lagoons.

 Review of Phil. Environmental Laws 8

The President may enter into agreements with foreign-

owned corporations involving either technical of financial assistance

for large-scale exploration, development, and utilization of minerals,

petroleum, and other mineral oils according to the general terms

and conditions provided by law, based on real contributions to the

economic growth and general welfare of the country. In such

agreements, the State shall promote the development and use of

local scientific and technical resources.

The President shall notify the Congress of every contract

entered into in accordance with this provision, within thirty days

from its execution.

SECTION 3. Lands of the public domain are classified into

agricultural, forest or timber, mineral lands, and national parks.

Agricultural lands of the public domain may be further classified by

law according to the uses which they may be devoted. Alienable

lands of the public domain shall be limited to agricultural lands.

Private corporations or associations may not hold such alienable

lands of the public domain except by lease, for a period not

exceeding twenty-five years, renewable for not more than twenty-

five years, and not to exceed one thousand hectares in area.

 Review of Phil. Environmental Laws 9

Citizens of the Philippines may lease not more than five hundred

hectares, or acquire not more than twelve hectares thereof by

purchase, homestead, or grant.

Taking into account the requirements of conservation,

ecology, and development, and subject to the requirements of

agrarian reform, the Congress shall determine, by law, the size of

lands of the public domain which may be acquired, developed,

held, or leased and the conditions therefor.

SECTION 4. The Congress shall, as soon as possible,

determine by law the specific limits of forest lands and national

parks, marking clearly their boundaries on the ground. Thereafter,

such forest lands and national parks shall be conserved and may

not be increased nor diminished, except by law. The Congress shall

provide, for such period as it may determine, measures to prohibit

logging in endangered forests and watershed areas.

SECTION 5. The State, subject to the provisions of this

Constitution and national development policies and programs, shall

protect the rights of indigenous cultural communities to their

ancestral lands to ensure their economic, social, and cultural well-

being.
 Review of Phil. Environmental Laws 10

The Congress may provide for the applicability of customary

laws governing property rights and relations in determining the

ownership and extent of ancestral domain.

SECTION 6. The use of property bears a social function, and

all economic agents shall contribute to the common good.

Individuals and private groups, including corporations,

cooperatives, and similar collective organizations, shall have the

right to own, establish, and operate economic enterprises, subject

to the duty of the State to promote distributive justice and to

intervene when the common good so demands.

SECTION 7. Save in cases of hereditary succession, no

private lands shall be transferred or conveyed except to individuals,

corporations, or associations qualified to acquire or hold lands of

the public domain.

SECTION 8. Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 7 of

this Article, a natural-born citizen of the Philippines who has lost its

Philippine citizenship may be a transferee of private lands, subject

to limitations provided by law.

 Review of Phil. Environmental Laws 11

11. Creating an Inter-Agency Environmental Planning and Action

Committee (LOI No. 422)

12. Imposing a Fee on Operating Mining Companies to be Known as

Mine Waste ant Tailing Fee to Compensate for Damages to Private

Landowners and for Other Purposes (Pres. Decree No. 1251)

13. Amending PD No. 1251 Imposing a Fee on Operating Mining

Companies to be Known as Mine Wastes and Tailing Fee to

Compensate for Damages to Private Landowners and for Other

Purposes (Pres. Decree No. 825)

14. Code on Sanitation of the Philippines (Pres. Decree No. 856)

15. Providing Penalty for Improper Disposal of Garbage and Other

Forms of Uncleanliness and for Other Purposes (Pres. Decree No.

825)

16. Toxic Substance and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act of

1990 (R. A. No. 6969)

- To protect the public and the environment from the risk of

potential dangers in the use or exposure to chemicals from

long term damage brought about by careless handling or

disposal of hazardous wastes

- To regulate the use, movement and disposal of chemicals,

hazardous and nuclear wastes in the Philippines

17. Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (R. A. No. 9003)
 Review of Phil. Environmental Laws 12

- An act providing for an ecological solid waste management

program, creating the necessary institutional mechanics and

incentives, declaring certain acts prohibited and providing penalties

and appropriating funds therefore, and for other purposes

18. The Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act of 1997 (R. A. No.

8435, as amended)

19. The Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 (R. A. No. 8550)

20. The Revised Forestry Code of the Philippines (P. D. No. 705)

-sets out the responsibilities of the DENR for the protection,

development and preservation of national parks, game refuge and

wildlife sanctuaries, and the enforcement of laws and regulations

concerning them

21. The Water Code of the Philippines (Pres. Decree No. 1067)

- Established the National Water Resources Board (NWRB)

- Adopts adequate measures to conserve and regulate the

use of water in commercial, industrial & residential areas

- Provides other policy guidelines on water quality and

management of water resources

22. The National Water Resources Council (Pres. Decree No. 424)

23. Act to Prohibit, Remove, and/or Demolish the Construction of

Dams, Dikes or any Other Works in Public Navigable Waters or

 Review of Phil. Environmental Laws 13

Waterways, to Regulate Works in Such Waters or Waterways and

in Communal Fishing Grounds, and to Provide Penalties for its

Violation, and for Other Purposes (R. A. No. 2056)

24. Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 (R. A. No. 9275)

- Focus on pollution prevention through holistic national

program

- Integrated water quality framework thru proper delegation,

effective coordination of functions

25. Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (R. A. No. 8749)

- A comprehensive air quality management policy and

program which aims to achieve and maintain healthy air for

all Filipinos

- All potential sources of air pollution (point, mobile and area

sources) must comply with the provisions of law

- All emissions must be within the ambient air quality and

emission standards

26. Directing the Commissioners of National Pollution Control

Commission, Land Transportation Commission, Chief of

Constabulary and All Law Enforcement Agencies Concerned to

Implement the Installation of Anti-Pollution Devises to All Public

Utility and Government Vehicles (LOI No. 551)

 Review of Phil. Environmental Laws 14

27. Vesting Authority in Barangay Captains to Enforce Pollution and

Environmental Control Laws and Other Purposes (Pres. Decree

No. 1160)

28. Marine Pollution Decree of 1976 (Pres. Decree No. 979)

29. Vesting Complete Control and Jurisdiction Over Several

Watersheds and Reservations to the National Power Corporation

(Exec. Order No. 224, s. 1987)

30. National Oil Pollution Operations Center Decree (Pres. Decree No.

602)

31. Act to punish the Dumping Into Any River of Refuse, Waste Matter

or Substances of Any Kind Whatsoever That May Bring About the

Rise or Filling in of River Beds or Cause Artificial Alluvial

Formations (Com. Act No. 383)

32. Directing All Persons, Natural or Juridical, to Renounce Possession

and Move Out of Portions of Rivers, Creeks, Esteros, Drainage

Channels and Other Similar Waterways Encroached Upon by Them

and Prescribing Penalty for Violation Hereof (Pres. Decree No. 296)

33. Pertaining to the Presentation, Beautification, Improvement and

Gainful Utilization of the Pasig River, Providing for the Regulation

and Control of Pollution of the River and Its Banks in Order to

Enhance Its Development, Thereby Maximizing Its Utilization for

Socioeconomic Purposes (Pres. Decree No. 274)

 Review of Phil. Environmental Laws 15

34. Creating a Pasig River Development Council to Oversee the

Implementation of the Pasig River Development Program and

Providing the Council With the Power to Administer the Pasig River

Development Program Trust Account (Pres. Decree No. 281)

35. National Integrated Protected Areas System Act of 1992 (R. A. No.

7586)

-Provides for the establishment and management of a National

Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS), defining its scope and

coverage. It sets out seven categories of protected areas, though

there is provision for the creation of others.

36. National Caves and Cave Resources Management and Protection

Act (R. A. No. 9072)

37. Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act (R. A. No.

9147)

III. Issues and Conflicts

Environment protection and natural resources management in the

Philippines have long come under the centralized control of a single agency, from

the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources to the Ministry of Environment

and Natural Resources to the present Department of Environment and Natural

Resources (DENR). However, the existence of a single agency for environmental

and natural resource governance and a plethora of progressive laws have not

fully prevented conflicts between centre and periphery. In fact, the experience of
 Review of Phil. Environmental Laws 16

the Philippines shows that while an empowered super-agency goes some way

toward reconciling sectoral conflicts at the central government level, the

divergent policies of provincial governments and vested interests cannot be so

easily wished away. Thus, greater vertical alignment of policies must be sought,

particularly in implementing the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) system

that is currently in place in the Philippines5.

At any rate, the wisdom of having environmental and natural resources

functions coalesced within a single agency has often been questioned thereby

generating some proposal for a separation of its functions to overcome unwieldy

decision-making and to promote greater effectiveness in environmental

governance6. A separation however would be counter-productive there is little

indication that separate agencies would resolve the challenges in the Philippines,

which have more to do with insufficient power and resources being given to the

DENR and a lack of cooperation by provincial authorities. In any case, separation

of functions will only introduce overlapping competences and problems of

coordination from among the new agencies. What is more effective is to

streamline and strengthen the governance system among the different bureaus

that make up the DENR and to bring the provincial governments more in line

national environmental policies.

5
Feliciano, Myrna S. (19992). Environmental Law in the Philippines: Instritute of Legal Studies, University
of the Philippines.
6
Executive Summary, Minerals Action Plan (MAP) A Roadmap for the Revitalization of the Mineral
Industry, at p. 4, website of Mines and Geosciences Bureau, DENR, at
http://www.mbg.gov.ph/map/map_executivesummary.pdf
 Review of Phil. Environmental Laws 17

One of the most serious environmental issues relates to mining and its

impact on the environment and indigenous communities. Vociferous

environmental groups in the Philippines have long resisted the governments

efforts to promote and develop the mining industry. While others were awaiting

the solidification of ICC rights through the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA)

of 1997, the Mining Act of 1995 was passed as part of an effort to promote

foreign investment in the Philippines. One key feature of the Mining Act is the

relaxation of foreign ownership restrictions. Under the Constitution, corporations

could not be granted permission to explore, develop, or utilize natural resources

unless they were at least sixty-percent owned by Filipinos. The Mining Act

permits ventures that are one hundred percent foreign-owned. This change in

ownership requirements is designed to make the Philippines much more

attractive investment destination for foreign corporations. Under the Mining Act,

foreign corporations were granted permits to carry out mining operations on land

occupied and used by ICCs7. In this regard, the DENRs Mines and Geo-

Sciences Bureau (MGB) the agency in charge of mining activities had in 2003

submitted a National Minerals Policy (NMP) Framework to the Philippine Council

on Sustainable Development, which is a high-level body that sets policies and

legislation to ensure consistency with sustainable development objectives. The

NMP subsequently came under heavy NGO criticism as it was meant to facilitate

the implementation of the Philippine Mining Act of 1995, which itself remains

controversial for its overtly pro-mining stance.

7
Teddy Casio, Fast Forward; Another King of War, Business World, Mar. 5, 1999
 Review of Phil. Environmental Laws 18

For instance, the Act has been criticized for failing to regulate the

unauthorized disposal of mine tailings into the sea. Instead, the Act merely

imposes a certain amount of levy on the mining companies for damages

incurred. In addition, the Act allows companies to carry out mining activities in

areas of known seismicity as well as in developed areas. Very significantly, the

Act also allows the endorsement of mining projects by any two of the local

government units (LGUs) instead of all levels of LGUs, making access easier for

mining companies, particularly into indigenous peoples lands and ancestral

domains. At the same time, the Mining Act and the NMP have been heavily

criticized for emphasizing the attraction of foreign investment by multinational

corporations in the mining industry.

In January 2004, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo issued Executive

Orders (E.O.) Nos. 270 and 270A outlining a new National Policy Agenda on

Revitalizing Mining in the Philippines. Pursuant to the Order, a Minerals Action

Plan (MAP) is currently being prepared. These instruments are in line with the

Arroyo Administrations determined shift away from a policy of tolerance toward

one of active promotion of mining operations. In essence, promoting mining is

seen to be critical in helping to boost the ailing Philippine economy. From the

governments perspective, the new policy is necessary to overcome numerous

constraints such as overlapping laws and local government policies as well as

perceived policy instabilities arising from a recent Supreme Court decision

nullifying certain provisions of the Mining Act. The government claims that the
 Review of Phil. Environmental Laws 19

MAP is wholly consistent with sustainable development imperatives and will

respect the rights of indigenous communities. However, there is huge suspicion

and resistance from the NGO community over the risks of massive environmental

and social repercussions arising from the governments pro-mining policy. In this

regard, the last word on the matter has not been heard, and a major debate has

now been ignited over the MAP and the governments advocacy of the mining

cause.

One of the more significant developments in recent months has been the

establishment of an Environmental Ombudsman (EO) within the Office of the

Ombudsman. The EO shall be tasked with receiving and investigating reports

and prosecuting complaints against public officials who fail or refuse to properly

implement the relevant environment and natural resources laws. Pursuant to a

Memorandum of Agreement signed with the Integrated Bar of the Philippines (a

body of the legal profession), the Bars National Environmental Action Team

(NEAT) shall act as a conduit to receive and process any complaints for possible

reference to the EO. In August 2004, an Environmental Team of Investigators

and Prosecutors, comprising 17 lawyers from across the country, was duly

established to assist the EO in investigating breaches of environment and natural

resources laws.

While it is too early to assess the Teams impact, its establishment

appears to be a positive development which promises greater prospects for

government officials to be held accountable for failing to adhere to environment

 Review of Phil. Environmental Laws 20

and natural resources laws. However, without a genuine commitment on the part

of local governments and vested commercial interests to pursue sounder policies

on natural resource management, there is a risk that the EO initiative will become

yet another well-intentioned but ineffectual means of addressing environmental

injustice in the Philippines. Indeed, if the Office of the Environmental

Ombudsman were to face the same kinds of political pressures and

compromises confronting existing institutions such as the courts, prosecutors and

DENR administrators, there is the risk that it will end up as another layer of

government bureaucracy.

In addition, the reliance on prosecution and conviction before the courts

may be unrealistic, given the amount of time and expenses needed for such

recourse. The Office of the EO would do better to work with local governments,

regional DENR offices and NGOs to monitor the proper implementation of

development or environmental impact assessment (EIA) plans to prevent any

ecological problems from actually arising. Unfortunately, this watchdog function

is not spelled out under the terms of the EOs establishment, which is principally

founded upon after-the-fact complaints. The EO would conceivably be more

effective if it could combine both pre-complaint monitoring and post-complaint

investigative functions. Overall, public expectation for the Office of the EO is very

high, and it is hoped that it will possess real powers to begin enforcing the myriad

environmental laws which currently exist but remain largely unimplemented in the

Philippines.
 Review of Phil. Environmental Laws 21

IV. Conclusion

The current state of environmental legislation in the Philippines has been

recently claimed to be way ahead compared to that of the neighboring

Southeast Asian countries8. The Philippines seems to lead in enacting local

environmental laws in response to international conventions and agreements.

The enactment of laws such as the Solid Waste Management Act, the Clean Air

Act, the National Integrated Protected Areas System Act, and the Clean Water

Act are undoubtedly significant milestones of our legislature in the pursuit of

environmental protection and natural resources management 9.

Ironically however, despite the existence of several critical environmental

laws in the country, the present condition of the environment and natural

resources continue to deteriorate in an alarming trend. The occurrence of several

recent environmental catastrophes such as landslides, oil spills, flooding and

drought have just highlighted the national governments inability to properly

implement said laws. In addition, there seems to be lack of awareness among

Filipinos especially the youth regarding the state of our environment and the

much needed protection thereof as embodied in these laws 10. There is also an

apparent clash between environmental protection and governments strategies to

8
RP leads in environmental laws, By Rose O. Verzosa, Sun Star, July 27, 0006
9
Vital Legislative Achievements 1998-2000. Office of the Press Secretary. Bureau of Communications.
10
http://72.14.235.104/search?
q=cache:zttMLxkHlrsJ:www.senate.gov.ph/listdata/49904381!.pdf+environmental+laws+status+in+the+p
hilippines&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=19&gl=ph
 Review of Phil. Environmental Laws 22

achieve economic development. As the country continues to struggle with its

economic status as a third world country, the government has demonstrated a

pattern of promoting economic development at the expense of the environment 11.

It cannot be overemphasized that law enforcement is an important, if not

the most important part of the justice administration system. An ingeniously

crafted piece of legislation will be futile if it will not be enforced or implemented

properly. The current set of environmental laws in the country, although

acclaimed to be ahead as compared to the other neighboring countries is

nevertheless far from being sufficient. The legislature needs to address the

conflicts and gaps between and among the laws and sometimes even within

provisions of the laws themselves. Further, considering the age of some of these

laws, there is also the need to update some of its provision to make it abreast

with the modern times or to enact new laws to fill the gaps.

V. References

Eder, James F. and Fernandez, Janet O. (Eds.) (1996). Palawan at the

Crossroads Development and the Environment on a Philippine Frontier.

Honolulu, University of Hawaii Press.

Edna Collado, et al v. Court of Appeals, et al, G. R. No. 107764 (October 4,

2002)

11
Hughes Marrissa Leigh (2000, October 1) Mining, Human Rights, Economic Development and
Environmental Law. Georgetown International Environmental Law Review.
 Review of Phil. Environmental Laws 23

Executive Summary, Minerals Action Plan (MAP) A Roadmap for the

Revitalization of the Mineral Industry, at p. 4, website of Mines and

Geosciences Bureau, DENR, at

http://www.mbg.gov.ph/map/map_executivesummary.pdf

Feliciano, Myrna S. (1992). Environmental Law in the Philippines: Institute of

Legal Studies, University of the Philippines.

Hand-out Kit for Seminar on Environmental Impact Assessment and

Environmental Management, Environmental Laws and Regulations. (1919,

Feb 25-26). Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau (ERDB)

Auditorium, UPLB, Forestry Campus, College, Laguna. Center for

Environmental Studies on Environmental Studies and Management.

Hughes, Marissa Leigh (2000, October1). Mining, Human Rights, Economic

Development and Environmental Law. Georgetown International

Environmental Law Review, 1-9.

http://www.mbg.gov.ph/asomm/policy.htm

http://72.14.235.104/search?

q=cache:zttMLxkHlrsJ:www.senate.gov.ph/listdata/49904381!.pdf+environ

mental+laws+status+in+the+philippines&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=19&gl=ph
 Review of Phil. Environmental Laws 24

http://serp-p.pids.gov.ph/publications/bykeyword.phtml?

keyid=33&keyword=natural^20resources%20and%20environment

La Bugal-Blaan Tribal Association v. Victor O. Ramos et al, G. R. No. 127882

(December 1, 2004)

Republic v. Court of Appeals, 160 SCRA 228 (1988)

Verzosa, Rose O. (2006, July 27). RP Leads in Environmental Laws. Sun Star at

http://www.sunstar.com.ph/static/ceb/2006/07/27/news/rp.leads.in.environ

ment.laws..html

Vital Legislative Achievements 1998-2000. Office of the Press Secretary. Bureau

of Communications.

Vital Legislative Achievements 1996-1998. Office of the Press Secretary. Bureau

of Communications.