Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 346 views

    Oral Cancer Word

    Uploaded by

    Adeesh saraf
    This document discusses oral cancer, including its risk factors, types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It notes that oral cancer most commonly manifests as squamous cell carcinoma, and its main risk factors are tobacco and alcohol use. Diagnosis involves biopsy and imaging exams. Treatment options include surgery to remove the tumor and surrounding tissue, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and rehabilitation after treatment. The goal of prevention is to reduce incidence through health education and discouraging risky behaviors.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Oral Cancer Word

    Uploaded by

    Adeesh saraf
    346 views18 pages
    This document discusses oral cancer, including its risk factors, types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It notes that oral cancer most commonly manifests as squamous cell carcinoma, and its main risk factors are tobacco and alcohol use. Diagnosis involves biopsy and imaging exams. Treatment options include surgery to remove the tumor and surrounding tissue, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and rehabilitation after treatment. The goal of prevention is to reduce incidence through health education and discouraging risky behaviors.

    Original Title

    oral cancer word.docx

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document discusses oral cancer, including its risk factors, types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It notes that oral cancer most commonly manifests as squamous cell carcinoma, and its main risk factors are tobacco and alcohol use. Diagnosis involves biopsy and imaging exams. Treatment options include surgery to remove the tumor and surrounding tissue, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and rehabilitation after treatment. The goal of prevention is to reduce incidence through health education and discouraging risky behaviors.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    346 views18 pages

    Oral Cancer Word

    Uploaded by

    Adeesh saraf
    This document discusses oral cancer, including its risk factors, types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It notes that oral cancer most commonly manifests as squamous cell carcinoma, and its main risk factors are tobacco and alcohol use. Diagnosis involves biopsy and imaging exams. Treatment options include surgery to remove the tumor and surrounding tissue, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and rehabilitation after treatment. The goal of prevention is to reduce incidence through health education and discouraging risky behaviors.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 18

    CONTENT

    ORAL CANCER
    EPIDEMIOLOGY
    RISK FACTORS
    ADDITIONAL RISK FACTORS
    ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
    ETIOLOGY
    CLINICAL FEATURES
    RATIOGRAPHIC FEATURE
    HISTOPATHOLOGY
    LAB INVESTIGATION
    TREATMENT
    COMPLICATION
    PREVENTION

    ORAL CANCER
    Cancer that occurs on the inside of the mouth is called oral cancer or oral cavity
    cancer
    Oral cancer can occur on the:
    Lip
    Gingiva
    Inside lining of cheeks (buccal mucosa)
    Floor of the mouth
    Anterior 2/3 of the mouth
    Hard palate

    EPIDERMIOLOGY
    Oral cancer is of the ten most common malignancies in the world
    In developing countries it counstitudes the 3rd commonest malignancy
    Over 80% of the malignant neoplasm of the orofacial region are squamous
    cell carcinoma of oral mucosa, tongue and lip
    Males are often affected more than females

    RISK FACTOR
    Tobacco
    Alcohol

    Diet and nutrition


    Ultraviolet light
    Fungal and viral infection
    Habits
    Chronic infection
    immunodeficiency/ supression
    Occupational risk

    ADDITIONAL RISK FACTORS LINKED TO ORAL CANCER


    HPV-20-30% association
    HSV
    Nutritional deficiencies (vit.A)
    Oral lichen planus
    Immuno supression
    Syphilis
    Marijuana use
    Chronic irritation (ill filled dentures, broken tooth)
    Chronic candidiasis

    ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA


    DEFINITION
    It is a malignant neoplam of stratified squamous epithelium in the oral
    cavity
    Capability of local destruction growth and metastasis

    INCIDENCE
    Possible sites
    Lower lip
    Tongue
    Floor of the mouth
    Soft palate
    Gingival / alveolar ridge
    Buccal mucosa

    ETIOLOGY
    The etiology is uncommon. But a number of etiological factor have been
    implicated
    Strong association:
    Tobacco smoking and chewing chronic alcohol consumption
    Human papilloma virus infection

    TOBACCO
    Major source of intra-oral carcinogen
    All forms of tobacco consumption have been linked

    South east asia: bethel quid-north africa and middle east: a mixture of
    tobacco and lime water or oil called naswar or nash
    Smokers in crude or factory made cigrattes
    Carcinogen in tobacco: nitrosamine (nicotine), the polycyclic aromatic
    hydrocarbon(3,4-benzopyrene)

    ALCOHOL
    2nd major risk factor
    Associated with cancer of the floor of the mouth and tongue
    Excess consumption of every type of alcohol (including hard liquor, wine,
    & beer)
    Potentiates the effect of tobacco
    Dehydration effects of alcohol on the mucosa
    Increasing mucosal permiability
    Irritation of mucosa

    ETIOLOGY
    Weak association
    Chronic irritation from ill-fitting denture
    Sub mucosal fibrosis
    Poor orodental hygiene

    Nutritional deficiencies
    Exposure to sunlight(lip cancer)
    Plummer vinson syndrome

    PATHOGENESIS
    NEOPLASIA: the process of transformation from a normal cell to a
    cancerous one.
    An abnormality of cell growth and multiplication characterized by:
    At cellular level
    excessive cellular proliferation
    uncordinated growth
    tissue infiltration
    At moleculal level
    disorder of growth respiratory genes

    HALLMARKS OF ORAL CANCER


    Autonomy in growth signaling
    Insensitivity to inhibitory growth signals
    Evasion of apoptosis
    Limitless replication
    Angiogenesis

    Invasion and metastasis

    MALIGNANT CELL
    Continuous reproduction
    Formation of abnormal protein
    ANAPLASIA:
    loss of normal cell function (abnormal DNA transcription)
    Proliferation
    Movement of cells

    invasion of nearby tissue


    metastasis

    CLINICAL FEATURES
    A sore in the mouth that does not heal (most common symptoms)
    Pain in the mouth
    A persistent lump or thickining in the cheek
    A persistent white or red patch on the gums, tongue, tonsils, or lining of the
    mouth
    A sore throat or a feeling that something is caught in the throat
    Increased salivation
    Difficulty chewing or swallowing
    Difficulty moving the jaw or tongue
    Swelling of the jaw that cause denture to fit poorly or become uncomfortable
    Loosening of the teeth or pain around the teeth or jaw
    Voice changes
    A lump or mass in the neck
    Weight loss
    Persistent bad breath

    OTHER CANCER IN DIFFERENT INTRAORAL LOCATION

    CARCINOMA OF LIP

    CARCINOMA OF THE FLOOR

    CARCINOMA OF TONGUE

    CARCINOMA OF SOFT PALATE


    OF THE MOUTH

    CARCINOMA OF BUCCAL MUCOSA

    CARCINOMA OF GINGIVA

    DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF SQUAMOUS CEL CARCINOMA


    Keratoacanthoma
    Lymphoma
    Ewings tumor
    Neuroblatoma
    Granular cell myoblastoma
    Pseudoepithiliomatous hyperplasia

    RADIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF SQUAMOUS CELL


    CARCINOMA
    Variable degrees of bone destruction may occur when malignant cell of the
    squamous cell carcinoma invade into the jaw bone
    This type of bony involvement can be seen more frequently if the primary
    tumor occurs in gingiva or alveolar ridge or floor of the mouth
    Radiographically the involved bone often exhibit large, regular, irregular,
    and ill-defined radiolucent are with a typical mouth-eaten appearance
    Destruction of the interdental or inter-radicular bone occurs quiet frequently
    and this causes displacement or efoliation of the regional teeth
    In advanced cases, the bone destruction could be extensive and this may lead
    to pathological fracture in the affective bone

    HISTOPATHOLOGY
    Dysplastic changes in the malignant tumor cell with varying grades of
    defferentiation
    Invasion of the tumor cell into the underlying connectve tissue

    Inherent potential or tendency of the malignant cells to spread to the distant


    sites or organ in the body
    SCC are divided into three histologic types Well-differentiated SCC
    Moderately-differentiated SCC
    Poorly-differentiated SCC
    WELL-

    MODRATELY-

    POORLY-

    DIFFERENTIATION

    DIFFERENTIATION

    DIFFERENTIATION

    SCC

    SCC

    SCC

    WELL-

    MODERATELY-

    POORLY-

    DIFFERENTIATION

    DIFFERENTIATION

    DIFFERENTIATION

    WITH KERATIN

    WITH FEW

    WITH NO KERATIN

    PEARLS FORMATION

    KERATIN PEARLS

    PEARLS

    FORMATION

    FORMATION

    BREAK IN BASEMENT

    BREAK IN

    BREAK IN

    MEMBRANE

    BASEMENT

    BASEMENT

    MEMBRANE

    MEMBRANE

    Fair PROGNOSIS

    VERY POOR

    Good PROGNOSIS

    PROGNOSIS

    LAB INVESTIGATION
    Incisional biopsy
    Fine needle aspiration biopsy
    Mucosal staining
    o Toludine blue test
    o Acridine binding method
    Chemiluminescent light
    Routine blood investigation

    RADIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION
    MRI
    CT face + neck + CT chest
    Positrion emission tomography
    endoscopy
    orthopantomogram

    TREATMENT
    SURGERY
    Removal of part or all the jaw

    Removal of the tumor on a larger area to remove the tumor and surrounding
    healthy tissue
    Maxillectomy
    Removal of lymph nodes and other tissue in the neck
    Plastic surgery, including skin grafting, tissue flaps or dental implant to
    restore tissue removed from the mouth and neck
    Tracheostomy
    Dental surgery to remove teeth or assist with reconstruction
    RADIATION THERAPY
    Used alone to treat small or late-stage tumors.
    PROTON THERAPY
    Delivers high radiation doses directly into the tumor, sparing nearby healthy
    tissue and vital organs.
    CHEMOTHERAPY
    Used to shrink the cancer before surgery
    TUMOR GROWTH FACTOR INHIBITOR
    Target EGF receptors and may stop cancer cell from growing
    COMPLICATION
    MUCOSITIS, an inflammation of the mucous membrane in the mouth.
    Infection, pain, and bleeding.

    Dehydration & malnutrition due to dysplasia.


    Xerostomia due to injury to the gland that produce saliva.
    Trismus due to drainage to the muscles & joints of the jaw & the neck
    Hypovascularization (reduction in BV &BS)
    Affect other form of dental disease ( caries or soft tissue complication)
    Cause bone death (osteonecrosis)
    Rehabilitation of patient after surgery could be either surgical reconstruction,
    prosthetic reconstruction or both
    All pt. must be placed on life-long review of about 6 monthly intervals
    during which risk factor should be continually assessed.

    PREVENTION
    Prevention involve intervention aimed at elimination, eradicating or
    minimizing the impact of the disease
    PIMARY: reduce the incidence of cancer and precancer. it is aimed reducing
    the number of new cases.
    Discourage smoking and alcohol consumption
    Encourage good oral hygiene
    Encourage balanced diet
    Health education

    SECONDARY: aimed at detection of cancer at an early stage


    Early detection, especially at the precancerous stage, offers a better
    prognosis with a better chance of cure
    Public education on early signs and self examination
    Screening

    TERTIARY: treat late stage of disease and complication.

    You might also like