PSD Fly Ash
PSD Fly Ash
PSD Fly Ash
1993
M)l7-Y310/93$6.00+0.00
c I993 Pergamon Press Lid
LIUt
Department of Fuel and Energy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
and
JIM SWITHENBANK
Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering. University of Sheffield, Sheffield SI 3JD, U.K.
(Receioed
28 March
1992)
Abstract-The radiative properties of a fly-ash polydispersion are calculated using a simplified approach
based on Mie theory. The experimental data of fly-ash complex refractive index of Goodwin (Infrared
optical constants of coal slags, Technical Report T-255, Stanford University, California) are employed in
the calculation to take into account the wavelength-dependence of optical constants. The uncertainty in
representing the particle size distribution is addressed explicitly. Due to this uncertainty, the uncertainty
of the wavelength-integrated Planck mean absorption and scattering coefficients can be over 10%. The
use of wavelength-independent optical constants for fly-ash yields unacceptable results of Planck mean
coefficients.
1. INTRODUCTION
tribution.
to predict radiative heat transfer in pulDue to the lack of reliable and sufficient experverized coal-fired systems, it is essential to know the imental data, most of the up to date studieshave
radiative properties of combustion products. Indeed, assumedthat the optical constantsn and k are indeIN
ORDER
1905
F. LIU and J.
1906
SWITHENBANK
NOMENCLATURE
a, b
DlO
D 20
1,
k
m
M
Mi
n
Qa
n = 1.5-0.35(1-6.0)
n = 0.8+0.5(1-8.0)
n = 2.3-0.5(1-11.0)
0.5 -e 1 c 6.0 pm
6.0 < L c 8.0pm
8.0 < 1 < ll.Opm
11.0< 1 < 12.0pm.
lo-4.6+2.2(1-0.5)
Greek symbols
ci
parameterin particle sizedistribution
function
absorptioncoefficient [m- 1
Ka
KC extinction coefficient[m- 1
KS scatteringcoefficient [m- 1
L
wavelengthbm].
Subscript
1
spectralquantities.
Superscript
*
meansingleparticle properties.
k = ~CJ-~.~
k = lo-3.5+(A-4.0)
k =
lo-2.5+0.24"-50'
k = lo- 1.9+l.S(i-7.5)
= &
x 100
(1)
MODEL
temperature[K]
particle sizeparameter.
T
X
TableI. Ashparticlesizedistribution
Cumulative Differential ADi
volume(%) No., M,
@m)
4
5.04
6.35
8.00
10.1
12.7
16.0
20.2
25.4
32.0
40.3
50.8
64.0
80.6
100
98.3
94.8
90.0
83.3
72.6
60.6
48.5
34.3
19.5
8.2
4.0
2.4
0.0
63 087
44035
32 778
23 975
16081
9498
5155
3045
1577
629
110
21
6
3
4.52
1.175
1.48
1.875
2.35
2.95
3.75
4.7
5.9
7.45
9.4
11.84
14.9
-
gi o
6.98
18.74
11.07
6.39
3.42
1.61
0.69
0.32
0.13
0.04
0.0
0.0
0.0
-
2
3
4
5
0.04293
0.01996
0.00896
0.00393
0.44118
0.58824
0.73529
0.88235
D
D
-Cf(Di)DiADi
10xf(Di)ADi
= 6.80 pm
(2)
_ Zf(Di)D;ADi I'*
= 7.85 ,um.
10 xf(Di)ADi >
(3)
1907
a(a+2)! = D2
20
bf3
a(cr+l)!
---=
b+2
D .
(6)
10
(10)
a!
(b)
a=5
16
6
10
15
D,
pm
FIG.
20
25
30
10
15
D,
pm
20
25
30
F. LIU
1908
and J.
SWITHENBANK
RADIATIVE
PROPERTIES
0.01
0.006
0.003
cos B .
Qe=2-4exp(-~tanp)--
p sin (P-P)
0
FIG. 2.
+4 cosp
2cos2j
~
( P >
Q, = 2K(4xk)
10
12
A, wa
cm (P - 28)
AbsorptionefficiencyfactorQ,. D
= D,,.
(11)
(12)
where
tan/I=&,
xc-
p=2x(n-I),
--
e-:-
XD
L
K(z)=:+~+~.
2.5-1
dD (14)
Q~(D,i,m,~f(D)
dD. (16)
where /?A stands for either spectral absorption Substitutionof equations(4), (11) and (12) into equacoefficient K~*, spectral scattering coefficient Key, or tions (15) and (16) yields the closedform expressions
spectral extinction coefficient Key. Qp is the cor- for K$ andK$ after somemathematicalmanipulations
1909
y(J,
(17)
+2CJ,+2C2J6)
(18)
where
J, = &cr+3)
(19)
1
1
r(cr+2)
/f(~+~2)2
(20)
T(a+ 1) (21)
,42(,42+g2)l/2lQ+I)
FIG. 5. Effectof OL
on thespectralscattering
coefficient
~3..
1
--(a+
J4=Ab+l
1)
(22)
J5 =
(23)
?
$1 100
X
3 a0
00
.$ 60,
A = wn- 1)
1
B&+7,
C=&.
(25)
Ii
';;i 40,
3
K 20,
VI
0.
3
B
x 4o
0
0
10
12
A, Pm
FIG. 4. Effectof a on thespectral
absorptioncoefficient~2.
of a. It can be seenthat the fine ripple structure exhibited by the Lorenz-Mie solutionsat short wavelength (1 < 2.5 pm) for a singleparticle of diameter
DIO, seeFig. 3, is cancelledout by integrating over
the particle sizedistribution. The fly-ash particlesare
weakly absorbingat 1 c 5 pm and becomestrongly
absorbing at longer wavelengthswhich reflect the
spectral variation of the imaginary part k. For the
particle sizedistribution consideredin this work, the
spectral scattering and extinction coefficients first
increasegradually till reaching maxima at 6.3 pm,
then decreasesharply to minima at 7.5 pm. At this
wavelength, the scatteringcoefficient is nearly zero.
Beyond 7.5 pm, the scattering and extinction
coefficientsdiffer significantly from each other since
the absorptioncoefficient is large in this wavelength
1910
F. LIU and J.
SWITHENBANK
4 4.5
X
-I
2 4.08
0
. 3.52
8 3.02
d 2.58
a 2.03
g
1.5-
iz
4. PLANCK
MEAN
PROPERTIES
where ZbL(7) is the Planck spectral black-body intensity. These integrations can be performed numerically
by dividing the entire wavelength spectrum into a
number of bands such that
T, K
FIG. 7. Effect of a on the Planck mean absorption coefficient
K,*.
Y2,
2000
T, K
K: = f &b.i(T)A~i
i= I
f L0-W.i
I i= I
(28)
K: = i K?&.i(T)A~i
-f: L&Wi.
i= ,
I i= I
(29)
1911
.,
m=L5-0.0015i
$1
9%
X
y(lI
1200
1400
1600 2000
1600
T. K
1200
m=L5-0.00%
1-I
1400
1600
1800
2000
T, K
FIG.
1I. Comparison of the Planck mean extinction
coefficient K: based on wavelength-independent indices with
that based on wavelength-dependent data.
5. CONCLUSIONS
I
!Ol I
1400
1600
1800
21
T, K
10. Comparison of the Planck mean scattering
coefficient K: based on wavelength-independent indices with
that based on wavelength-dependent data.
FIG.
1912
REFERENCES
(1981).
114 (1984).
26, 107-121
Sci. Technol.
51, 51-74
(1987).