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    Qip Ice 21 Intake & Exhaust Valves

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    ChetanPrajapati
    This document provides an overview of poppet valves and valve actuation mechanisms in internal combustion engines. It discusses the basic components and operation of intake and exhaust valves, including valve timing diagrams. It also describes more advanced valve designs like overhead camshafts, variable valve timing, and multi-valve cylinder heads. Valve sizing considerations and the impact of valve timing on engine performance are summarized.

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    Qip Ice 21 Intake & Exhaust Valves

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    ChetanPrajapati
    175 views32 pages
    This document provides an overview of poppet valves and valve actuation mechanisms in internal combustion engines. It discusses the basic components and operation of intake and exhaust valves, including valve timing diagrams. It also describes more advanced valve designs like overhead camshafts, variable valve timing, and multi-valve cylinder heads. Valve sizing considerations and the impact of valve timing on engine performance are summarized.

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    This document provides an overview of poppet valves and valve actuation mechanisms in internal combustion engines. It discusses the basic components and operation of intake and exhaust valves, including valve timing diagrams. It also describes more advanced valve designs like overhead camshafts, variable valve timing, and multi-valve cylinder heads. Valve sizing considerations and the impact of valve timing on engine performance are summarized.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    175 views32 pages

    Qip Ice 21 Intake & Exhaust Valves

    Uploaded by

    ChetanPrajapati
    This document provides an overview of poppet valves and valve actuation mechanisms in internal combustion engines. It discusses the basic components and operation of intake and exhaust valves, including valve timing diagrams. It also describes more advanced valve designs like overhead camshafts, variable valve timing, and multi-valve cylinder heads. Valve sizing considerations and the impact of valve timing on engine performance are summarized.

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    of 32

    Lecture-21

    Prepared under
    QIP-CD Cell Project

    Internal Combustion Engines

    Ujjwal K Saha, Ph.D.

    Department of Mechanical Engineering

    Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati


    1

    Poppet valves

    The poppet valve is so called because it pops


    up and down. Also, known as mushroom valve
    as the valve head looks like a mushroom.
    2

    Intake Valves
    Intake valves of most engines are poppet
    valves that are spring-loaded closed and
    pushed open at the proper time by the
    camshaft. They have the advantage of being
    cheap, good seating, easy lubrication and
    good heat transfer to the cylinder head.

    Components include:

    E
    D
    C
    B

    G
    A

    A. valve seat,
    B. head,
    C. stem,
    D. guide,
    E. spring,
    F. camshaft, and
    G. manifold.

    Poppet Valve Actuation with Overhead Camshaft

    Camshaft
    Spring

    Spark
    plug

    Guide
    Stem
    Air manifold
    Valve head
    Valve seat

    Piston
    4

    Valve Mechanisms
    rocker
    valve
    push rod

    piston
    valve lifter
    camshaft

    Timing marks

    cam

    crankshaft
    5

    1. Cam
    2. Tappet
    3. Valve
    4. Spring
    5. Spring Retainer
    6. Valve guide

    1. Tappet Clearance
    2. Tappet
    3. Valve

    1. Cam Projection
    2. Tappet
    3. Push rod
    4. Rocker arm
    5. Valve
    7

    Valve Float

    The valve spring normally keeps the top of the valve


    stem in contact with the cam lobe
    At very high engine speeds, and thus high camshaft
    speeds, it is difficult to maintain contact between the
    cam lobe and the top of the valve stem as a result
    the valves stay open longer than desired.

    Spring

    Valve Opening and Closing

    Valve displacement (l)

    In thermo cycles, it is assumed the valves open and


    close instantaneously. In reality, a cam is used to
    progressively open and close the valves, the lobes are
    contoured so that the valve land gently on the seat.

    Duration
    Valve starts
    to open

    CA
    Valve completely
    closed
    9

    Various parts of valves with


    typical exhaust temperatures
    10

    Some valves have a hollow stem to

    reduce the valve weight. Lighter valves


    reduce the effect of inertia.
    To help cool exhaust valves, hollow stems

    are partly filled with metal sodium. Sodium


    melts at 97.80C. When the engine runs,
    sodium is a liquid, and the valve movement
    throws the sodium up and down in the stem.
    This circulation takes heat from the valve
    head and carries it up to the cooler stem. A
    sodium filled exhaust valve runs about
    93.30C cooler than a non-filled valve.

    11

    Intake
    valve:
    a
    chromium-nickel alloy.

    Exhaust
    valve:
    a
    silicon-chrome alloy
    since it operates at
    higher
    temperatures
    (about 1200oF).

    12

    When flow separates from the surface


    at the corners, actual flow area is less
    than the geometric passage area.
    13

    14

    l = valve lift when the valve is fully open


    d v = valve diameter

    Generally,
    lmax

    dv

    Disch arg e Coefficient ,


    CDv

    Aact
    =
    Apass

    The passage area of flow,


    Apass = d v l
    15

    Various empirical relations are available for


    sizing the intake valves. The following
    equation gives the minimum valve intake
    area necessary for a modern engine:

    Ai = CB

    Up
    ci

    dv 2

    where :
    C = cons tan t having avalue of about 1.3
    B = bore
    U p = average piston speed
    ci = speed of sound at inlet conditions
    dv = diameter of valve
    Ai = total inlet valvearea for onecylinder
    ( whether it has one, two or three valves)
    16

    For a given combustion chamber size, two


    or three smaller valves will give more flow
    area than one larger valve.

    These multi-valve engines involve a greater


    complexity of design with more camshafts
    and mechanical linkages.

    Use of multi valves makes the valves


    smaller and lighter, and can be used in
    conjunction with lighter springs with
    reduced forces in the linkages.
    17

    Usage

    Used in early overhead valve engines


    (1950s-1980s), and a few modern engines.
    (b) Used in present day automobile engines.
    (c) Used in some modern high-performance
    engines.
    (a)

    18

    Advanced Design
    Some engines are so designed that one

    intake valve operates at low speed; and as


    the speed is increased, the 2nd (and
    sometimes the 3rd) valve actuates, giving
    additional flow area.

    This allows the increased control of flow of

    air within the cylinder at various speeds


    resulting in more efficient combustion.

    Usually, the low speed valve closes at a

    relatively early point aBDC, and the high


    speed valve closes at a later position to
    avoid lowering the volumetric efficiency.
    19

    Valve Timing Diagrams

    (a) Small valve overlap

    (b) large valve overlap


    20

    Exhaust Valves

    Exhaust valves are usually smaller than the


    intake valves, even though the mass flow is
    constant.

    Pressure differential across


    the intake valve < 1 atmosphere
    Pressure differential across the exhaust valve
    (during blow-down) > 3 to 4 atmosphere
    For choked flow,

    (sonic flow)exhaust valve > (sonic flow)intake

    valve

    This is due to high gas temperature.


    21

    Exhaust Valves

    Ai = CB

    Up

    Aexh = CB

    ci
    Up
    2

    For
    multi-cylinder
    engines, Ai and Aexh
    are total areas in
    one cylinder.

    cexh

    Aexh ci
    =
    =
    Ai cexh
    kRTi
    Ti
    =
    =
    kRTexh
    Texh
    = 0.8 to 0.9
    22

    Valve Sizing
    In order to avoid choked flow the intake valves are sized based on:

    Av 1.3b 2

    Up

    ci
    where Av is the average valve area, b is the cylinder bore, U p is average
    piston velocity, ci speed of sound of gas in intake port.
    Exhaust valves can be smaller since the speed of sound of the exhaust
    gas expelled is significantly larger.
    Since there is only so much room available for valves it is common to
    have multiple intake and exhaust valves per cylinder. This increases
    valve area to piston area ratio permitting higher engine speeds.

    23

    Valve Sizing
    Heads are often wedge-shaped or domed, this permits Av/Ap up to 0.5.
    Double overhead cams per cylinder bank are used to accommodate
    multiple valves, one cam for each pair of intake and exhaust valves

    24

    Valve Overlap
    In real engines in order to ensure that the valve is fully open
    during a stroke, for high volumetric efficiency, the valves are
    open for longer than 180o.
    The exhaust valve opens before BC and closes after TC and
    the intake valve opens before TC and closes after BC.
    At TC there is a period of time called valve overlap where both
    the intake and exhaust valves are open.

    2
    4

    e
    i
    TC

    5
    1
    BC
    BC

    TC

    BC

    CA

    25

    Valve overlap
    When the intake valve opens bTC the cylinder pressure is at
    roughly Pe
    Part throttle (Pi < Pe): residual gas flows into the intake port.
    During intake stroke the residual gas is first returned to the
    cylinder then fresh gas is introduced. Residual gas reduces
    part load performance.
    WOT (Pi = Pe): some fresh gas can flow out the exhaust valve
    reducing fuel efficiency and increasing emissions.
    Supercharged (Pi > Pe): fresh gas can flow out the exhaust
    valve.

    Pe

    Pi

    Throttled
    Pi < Pe

    Pi

    Pe

    Supercharged
    Pi > Pe

    26

    Engine Operating Conditions


    Conventional engines operate at low rpms, with idle and part
    load fuel economy being most important.
    High performance engines operate at high rpms, with WOT
    torque (i.e., volumetric efficiency) being most important.

    Engine load

    WOT bmep

    sfc

    Engine speed:
    Idle - 1000 rpm
    Economy - 2500 rpm
    Performance - 4000 rpm

    27

    Valve Timing

    Conventional

    Performance
    EVO

    EVO
    IVO

    IVO

    e
    i

    IVC
    EVC

    TC

    180o

    BC

    e
    i
    TC

    IVC
    EVC
    180o

    BC

    @1000 rpm intake duration: 230o = 38.4 ms


    @2500 rpm
    230o = 15.4 ms
    @5000 rpm
    230o = 7.7 ms, 285o = 9.5 ms
    28

    Honda Variable valve Timing and


    lift Electronic Control (VTEC)

    Each pair of valves has three cam lobes, two that


    operate the valves at low-rpm, and a third that
    takes over at high rpm (4500 rpm).
    During
    low-rpm
    operation,
    the
    two
    rocker arms riding the
    low-rpm lobes push
    directly on the top of
    the valves. At high rpm
    a pin locks the three
    rocker arms and the
    valves follow the larger
    center cam lobe.
    First introduced in 1991
    Honda NSX model.
    29

    Solenoid Activated Valves


    Needs a large alternator to supply high current, also gently seating the
    valve is difficult, needs sophisticated electronics

    30

    References
    Crouse WH, and Anglin DL,
    DL (1985), Automotive Engines, Tata McGraw Hill.
    2. Eastop TD, and McConkey A, (1993), Applied Thermodynamics for Engg.
    Technologists, Addison Wisley.
    3. Fergusan CR, and Kirkpatrick AT, (2001), Internal Combustion Engines, John
    Wiley & Sons.
    4. Ganesan V, (2003), Internal Combustion Engines, Tata McGraw Hill.
    5. Gill PW, Smith JH, and Ziurys EJ, (1959), Fundamentals of I. C. Engines, Oxford
    and IBH Pub Ltd.
    6. Heisler H, (1999), Vehicle and Engine Technology, Arnold Publishers.
    7. Heywood JB, (1989), Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw Hill.
    8. Heywood JB, and Sher E, (1999), The Two-Stroke Cycle Engine, Taylor & Francis.
    9. Joel R, (1996), Basic Engineering Thermodynamics, Addison-Wesley.
    10. Mathur ML, and Sharma RP, (1994), A Course in Internal Combustion Engines,
    Dhanpat Rai & Sons, New Delhi.
    11. Pulkrabek WW, (1997), Engineering Fundamentals of the I. C. Engine, Prentice Hall.
    12. Rogers GFC, and Mayhew YR,
    YR (1992), Engineering Thermodynamics, Addison
    1.

    Wisley.

    13. Srinivasan S, (2001), Automotive Engines, Tata McGraw Hill.


    14. Stone R, (1992), Internal Combustion Engines, The Macmillan Press Limited, London.
    15. Taylor CF, (1985), The Internal-Combustion Engine in Theory and Practice, Vol. 1 & 2,
    The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
    31

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