ST 7016 Pfs

SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE
www.vidyarthiplus.com
SEMBODAI RUKMANI VARATHARAJAN ENGINEERING

COLLEGE
SEMBODAI 614809
(Approved By AICTE,Newdelhi Affiliated To ANNA UNIVERSITY::Chennai)
ST 7016 PREFABRICATED
STRUCTURES
(REGULATION-2013)
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL
ENGINEERING
LECTURE NOTES
PREPARED BY
UDHAYAKESAVAN.K
AP/CIVIL.
KESAVAN.K/CIVIL/SRVEC
Unit 1
PREFABRICATED STRUCTURE:
Prefabricated structures are structure in which the parts are fabricated and
assembled in a central assembly point
NEED FOR PREFABRICATION:
Economy in cost
To improve the quality
To speed up construction
To use locally available materials with required characteristics
To use the material which posses their characteristics like light weight,
easy availability, thermal insulation, non- combustible.
ADVANTAGES:
Construction time is reduced.
On- site construction and congestions are minimized.
Less workers are needed.
Fewer expansion joints are required.
DIS- ADVANTAGES:
Careful handling of prefabricated components
Large prefabricated sections are required
Transportation cost may be higher
CHARACTERISTIC TO BE SELECTED WHILE SELECTING
THE MATERIALS:
Thermal insulation property
Easy workability
Durability
Non- Combustibility
Sound insulation
PREFABRICATED SYSTEMS:
The system of prefabricated construction depends on
The extent of the use of prefabricated components
The materials
Sizes
TYPES OF PREFABRICATION COMPONENTS:
Reinforced/Pre-stressed concrete channel unit
Reinforced/Pre-stressed concrete slab unit
Reinforced/Pre-stressed concrete beams
Reinforced/Pre-stressed concrete columns
Reinforced/Pre-stressed concrete hollow core slab
Reinforced/Pre-stressed concrete wall elements
Reinforced concrete waffle slab/shell
Hollow/solid blocks and battens
Precast planks and joists for flooring and roofing
Precast joints and trussed girder
Light weight/cellular concrete slabs
Precast lintel and chajjas
Reinforced/Pre-stressed concrete trusses
Reinforced/Pre-stressed roof purlins
Precast concrete L-panel unit
Prefabricated brick panel unit
Prefabricated sandwich concrete panel
Precast foundation
TYPES OF PREFABRICATED SYSTEMS:
Partial Prefabricated System
Full Prefabricated Systems
Large Panel Prefabricated Systems
Box type construction
PARTIAL PREFABRICATION SYSTEM:

It should be in the form of in-situ frame work or load bearing walls
It should be used in the roofing and flooring components
FULL PREFABRICATION:
In this system all structural components are prefabricated
It should be used for brick masonary or brick work
MODULAR CO-ORDINATION:
The principle object of this is to assist the building design.
OBJECTIVE :
Facilitates co-operation b/w building designers, manufactures ,
distributors , contractors and authorities.
Optimizes the number of standards sizes of buildings components.
Simplifies site operations
Ensures dimensional co-ordination b/w installation as well as with the

rest of the building
PURPOSE OF MODULAR
CO-ORDINATION:
To reduce the variety of component sizes produced.
To allow the building designers greater flexibility in the arrangement

of the components
BASES OF MODULAR CO-ORDINATION:

MODULES (M) :
It is a standard unit of size
Used to co-ordinate the dimension of the buildings and components
1M = 100mm
MULTI MODULE:
Whose size is a selected multiple of the basin module
The International standardizes values of the dimensions are 3M , 6M ,

12M , 30M , 60M
MODULAR GRID:
A rectangular co- ordinate reference system in which the distance b/w

consecutive lines is the basic module or multi module.
ADVANTAGES OF STANDARIZATION:
Easier in design
Easier in manufacture
Use of specialized
FACTORS INFLUENCING STANDARIZATION:
To limit the number of types of elements and to use the large

quantities.
To limit the size and a number of prefabricate by the weight.
To use the largest sites to the extent possible, this resulting the less
number of joints
To select the most rational type of member for each element from the
point of production, assembly , serviceability and economy.
TRANSPORTATION
Transport of precast elements inside the factory and to the site of
erection.
It must be carried out with extreme care to avoid any jerk and distress in
elements and handled.
While transporting the elements care should be taken to avoid excessive

cantilever actions and desired supports are maintained.
Subsequent packing must be kept strictly.

Special care should be taken at location of sharp bends and on uneven to
avoid undesirable stress in the elements.
ERECTION:
Items to be included in precast elements:
Welding of cleats
Putting up and removing of the necessary scaffolding or supports.
Adjustments to get the stipulated level, line and plumb.
Tying up of erection ropes connecting to the erection hooks.
Slinging of the precast elements.

Transport of people , workers or visitors by using cranes and hoists

should be strictly prohibited on an erection site.
In the transverse direction the rails shall lie in a horizontal plane.

Welding of the inserts, laying of reinforcement in joints and grouting the
joints.
Finishing the joints to bring the whole work to a work man like finished
product.
Factors affecting erection
Joints and additional erection cleats
Structural design criteria affecting construction
Temporary bracing
Lifting points
Loads and conditions likely to be experienced during the lifting and
erection
Joint positions (as they affect erection sequences)
Accessibility of connections
Fixings for working platforms, hand rails etc
Preferred type and number of cranes to erect members of particular size
and shape, and for vertical and horizontal bracing requirements
Capacity to withstand accidental vehicle impact
Stability of structure during erection
Verifying the adequacy of the base connections
Checking stability under construction load conditions
Erection crew
An experienced supervisor
Riggers
Doggers
Crane operator.
Sequential erection procedure
Site limitations
Member sizes
Access for positioning and lifting of members
Crane size, mobility and access, and use of other large plant
The erection sequence
The stability requirements of the structure at all stages during erection
Requirements for working at height
Overhead obstructions, including overhead power lines
Weather restrictions
Specialty bolting or site welding requirements, included on the marking
plan.
Marking plan
The marking plan includes:
Location of each element
Configuration of braces and any temporary bracing/supports
Clear markings to identify each member.
Safe work method statement
The SWMS must list the high risk construction work, as a minimum
and describe how the risks are to be controlled.
High risk construction work in erection may include:
A risk of falling more than two metres
Structural alterations that may require temporary support to prevent
collapse
Working near live power lines
Tilt-up or precast concrete (which may be part of the project).
Working on or adjacent to roadways or railways used by road or rail
traffic
Any movement of powered mobile plant, for example, the use of EWPs.
Managing risk at the erection stage
The key risks involved in erection, and the controls for each of these are
outlined below.
Falling from a height while rigging
Falling objects
Collapse of the structure during construction
Being struck by plant
Plant contacting underground or overhead utility services
Being struck by objects such as steel members
Risk control
The erector should reduce the need for work at height by:
Constructing as much of the steelwork as possible (such as modules or
frames)
At ground level, or from erected floor slabs ordecks in the structure, and
where reasonably practicable, releasing the lifting sling or device from
ground level by the use of long slings, remote release shackles or other
suitable devices.
The erector should prevent the risk of a fall of a person working at a
height by using in order of effectiveness:
Passive fall prevention devices, for example, work platforms and EWPs
Work-positioning systems such as travel-restraint systems and industrial
rope-access systems, and/or fall arrest systems such as catch platforms
and safety-harness systems.
Risk control from falling objects
Restricting access when there is overhead work by establishing, where
practicable, exclusion zones
Preventing, where practicable, loads being lifted or transported over
people or amenities
Ensuring only rigger/dogman slings loads and, where appropriate, fix tag
lines
Using lifting beams to position members where necessary to ensure the
stability of the member
Considering perimeter screens, guardrails with integral toe-boards and

wire mesh, debris nets, cantilever work platforms, scaffolding sheathed
with protective material and/or lanyards to secure tools and equipment
Using materials boxes which are fully sheeted to enclose the load
Ensuring safety helmets are worn at all times.
Risk control before erection
Ensure a sequential erection procedure is prepared, which has been
approved by the erection engineer and is consistent with the marking
plans
Ensure that an experienced steel erection supervisor is present at all times
to oversee the implementation of the sequential erection procedure
Ensure an adequate exclusion zone to prevent risk to other people not
involved in the erection
Only start the erection of a member or sub-assembly when equipment to
ensure the structures stability is available and being used
Ensure temporary guys or bracing are securely anchored
Place adequate visual barriers between guys and plant/vehicle movement
areas.
Risk control during erection
Verify the stability of the structure in accordance with the erection
engineers specifications:
at the end of each work day
when fastenings may be incomplete
during strong winds or when strong winds are forecast
Seek approval from the builder (or erection engineer where appropriate) to
cease work at unscheduled points where the structure has not been
completed to the specifications of the erection engineers design
Obtain, from the builder, the erection engineers written approval before
loads are placed onto the structure
Where possible, start erection in a nominated braced bay (if this is not
possible, make sure that the erection engineer is involved in developing an
alternative site-specific sequential erection procedure)
Check the fittings for the support of columns during erection, to ensure
adequate structural capacity for the erection conditions
Make sure that all beams are secured before releasing the slings
Make sure that all bolted connections are effective to ensure the stability
of the steel structure.
Risk control for struck by plant
Powered mobile equipment, the erector should consider: crane selection,
access and siting in accordance with AS 2550 Parts 1, 4 and 5 (cranes,
hoists and winches)
Protection of the public
The location of any excavations or underground services that may affect a
crane load
The proximity of overhead power lines
The capacity of the ground or supporting surface to bear the load
Check the type and amount of packing required under the cranes
outriggers to support the proposed loads
Written procedures for setting up and dismantling of the crane and the
lifting method
Procedures for visual and audible signals between the crane operator and
the erection crew
Ground support conditions
Selection of lifting gear
Emergency procedures
Prevailing or forecast weather conditions
The need to avoid lifting loads over people.
The weight of the load and its centre of gravity as well as the weight of
the lifting gear must be carefully calculated.
Cranes of similar characteristics should be selected.
The position of each crane should minimise movement and slewing.
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The lifting capacity of each crane must be 20% greater than the share of
the load.
Risk control near overhead lines
Identify all power lines services before permitting any crane or other
mobile plant on site
Check that material and plant is moved or operated outside the No Go
Zone of 3000 mm from an overhead electrical cable on a pole or 8000
mm if the electricity cable is on a tower line (If erecting scaffolding, the
No Go Zone during this process is 4.6m distant and 5m below from the
nearest power line)
If work or plant is able to encroach on this clearance, the erector must
obtain permission from the electricity company or develop a SWMS and
work in accordance with it.
Risk control near underground services
Ensure that, unless permission has been obtained from the utility
company, work is not carried out closer to the services than:
3 metres in the case of an underground asset registered under the Pipelines
Act or an electricity cable with an in-service voltage greater than 66 kV,
or in the case of other services, 500 mm for plant and equipment and 300
mm for individuals
Unit 2
TERMINOLOGY
A reinforced concrete slab can be precast/prefabricated in a factory and
transported to site by trucks.
They are lowered and erected into place between steel or concrete beams
by means of crane.
They may be prestressed (in the factory) or post tensioned (on site).
USES
Used for floor and roof decks.
Precast slab elements are frequently used with other vertical load bearing
systems such as site cast concrete, reinforced masonry, or steel.
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COMMERCIAL FORM
The choice of roof and floor slab elements depends mainly on span
requirements.
Following are the commercial forms,
ASSEMBLING CONCEPT
Precast slab is assembled such that vertical support can be provided by,
Precast columns and beams at bottom of slab,
Wall panels at sides,
or a combination of all three.
PLACING OF PRECAST CONCRETE SLAB
There are two modes of placing of precast concrete slab,
"Half" precast slab (composite slab)
"Full" precast slab
DEFINITION
In half precast slab, the precast slab acts along with a topping.
The precast slab can be prestressed and placed in the final location. After
placing the precast slab, a topping slab is overlaid on the precast slab
LOADS
The half precast slab should be designed for the loads coming from the
topping slab in addition to other dead loads, live loads and impact loads.
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Treated and designed as one way slabs when the precast slab and topping
concrete are lightly connected and as two way slabs when rigidly
connected.
DESIGN ASPECTS
The Precastprestressed concrete slab below is provided with shear
reinforcement which extends out of the slab. This extended portion of
shear reinforcement is used as bottom formwork to support the cast-in-situ
topping slab.
ADVANTAGES
Greater floor strength and stiffness
Greater fire resistance
Greater acoustic isolation
Allow easy integration of electrical services into floor system
Create a smoother, flatter floor surface.
Reduction in form work, cost and time of construction
The grades of concrete in the two portions can be different according to
strength required.
TERMINOLOGY
In full precast slab, the precast slab acts alone
There is no topping cast in-situ slab.
Has very few application
Tight and strong connection between panels are required.
Used when concreting is difficult, e.g., in case of steeply slanting roof
Structural integrity can be maintained as it is monolithic
TYPES OF SLAB
Rectangular slabs can be divided into the two groups based on the support
conditions and length-to-breadth ratios.
The slabs are presented in two groups,
One way slab
Two way slab
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DEFINITION
When a slab is supported only on two opposite edges, it is a one-way slab
It spans in the direction perpendicular to the edges. The spanning
direction in each case is shown by the double headed arrow.
One-way slabs are analysed and designed for the spanning direction similar
to rectangular beams. The analysis and design is carried out for the width of
the plank or a unit width (say 1 m) of the slab.
A hollow core slab is also an example of a one-way slab.
A ribbed floor (slab with joists) made of precast double tee sections, is
analysed as a flanged section for one-way bending.
If a rectangular slab is supported on all the four sides and the length-tobreadth ratio is less than two, then it is a two-way slab.
If a slab is supported on three edges or two adjacent edges, then also it is a
two-way slab.
DEFINITION
The two-way action of the slab comes into play and the loads on the slab
are transferred to all four supports.
The spanning direction in each case is shown by the double headed arrow.
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EXAMPLE OF PRECAST SLAB

A circular precast slab is also an example of a two-way slab.
A hollow core slab is sometimes designed as a two-way slab due to
transportation limitations of big sized one way slabs.`
ADVANTAGES
Simplified and faster construction through elimination or reduction in
formwork.
Higher strength materials and better quality.
Reductions in depth of 20 to 40%.
Reductions in the forces in columns and foundations.
Considerable reductions in manual labour and therefore in labour costs.
Elimination or reduction in the number of conventional beams.
Simplified cutting of holes for electrical or water supply lines.
Various Types OfConections
Beam To Column Connection With Steel Plate Corbel
Beam To Column Connection With Angle Corbel
Beam To Column Connection With Built Up Steel Corbel
Beam To Column Connection With Steel Joist Corbel, Encased In The
Beam
Beam To Column Connections With Vertical Steel Bearing Plates
Beam To Column Connection With Concrete Corbel
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Beam To Column Connection With Steel Joist Hanger

A Beam column joint is said to be desirable if it is able to transmit large
amount of vertical shear forces.
Depending on the type of bearing and the size of the bearing surface,
different beam column joints will be able to transmit various magnitudes
of vertical shear force.
BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTION WITH STEEL PLATE CORBEL
The beam is supported on a horizontal steel bearing plate which is cast
into the column and is tack welded to the main reinforcing bars
This connection for SSB beams may be considered if the vertical shear
force is very small
The plate should have sufficient thickness to prevent it from bending. In
determining the thickness, the maximum cantilever moment may be
assumed to occur at the column reinforcing bars.
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To avoid point bearing ,special care should be taken to install the beam
perpendicular to column face
For lateral location of the beams ,saddle plates may be used.
The bearing plate must be provided with permanent protection against
corrosion and against fire.
. BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTION WITH ANGLE CORBEL

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This connection for SSB when carried out according to variant A is

only able to transmit small vertical shear force and could be generally
considered only for temporary structures
VARIANT A
In variant A the angles are connected with the horizontal flange up and by
mild steel bolts
Point bearing on the column face can be avoided by applying an epoxy
layer at the interface with the vertical angles just prior to placing the
angles
The entire corbel construction should be prefabricated and must be cast in
which makes manufacture of corbel more complicated
This should not be considered for fire proof buildings.
VARIANT B
In variant B ,the angles with the horizontal flange down are connected by
vertical flat bars welded to the ends of the angles.
In the column ,the bearing surface is increased by horizontal flat bars
welded to the undersides of vertical flat bars.
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Ensures a better anchorage and greater stiffness of the corbel and lateral
location of the beams.
BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTION WITH BUILT UP STEEL

CORBEL
This connection for SSB will be able to transmit a large vertical shear
force.
The beams are supported on a built up steel corbel which is cast into the
column.
VARIANT A
In variant A the corbel consists of two vertical flat bars to which the
horizontal bearing plates are welded
In column the bearing surface is increased by horizontal flat bars welded
to the undersides of the vertical flat bars.
The max B.M in the vertical flat bars is assumed to occur over the centre
of the horizontal connection plates.
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VARIANT B
The corbel consists of two vertically placed channels to which, outside the
column horizontal bearing plates are welded
An additional tie must be provided immediately under the corbel, in an
end column also above the corbel to counteract the splitting forces
BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTION WITH STEEL JOIST
CORBEL, ENCASED IN THE BEAM
This connection for SSB can depending on the size of the bearing surface,
transmit a fairly large vertical shear force .
In this case the beams are supported on a steel joist corbel which extends
into a recess in the end of the beam.
VARIANT A
The corbel is formed by a cast-in broad flange rolled steel I section .
Additional tie is provided to counteract the splitting forces.
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VARIANT B
Could be considered if the beams must also be located vertically .

The corbel consists of two rolled steel I sections with splice plates welded
in between the webs, so that the bolts can pass through a hole in the beam.
Additional tie under the corbel to couteract the splitting forces.
Corbel must be provided with a permanent protection against corrosion
and fire
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BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTIONS WITH VERTICAL STEEL

BEARING PLATES
The beams are supported on vertical steel plates against the column faces.
The beam ends are also provided with a vertical steel plate.
The entire bearing construction is contained within the beam section.
This connection will be able to transmit large vertical shear force . Due to
limited bearing surface this connection should be considered only for
short beams.
Anchorage of steel plates must not only cater for transmission of vertical
shear but also prevent the plates from being pulled out.
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To avoid point bearing ,care must be taken to install the bearing plates
perpendicular to the column face
Disadvantage is that only very small tolerances can be allowed.Temporary
safety measures during erection are necessary and permanent stability
after erection are required.
BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTION WITH CONCRETE
CORBEL
The beams are supported on concrete corbels
This connection is generally applied to simply supported beams
VARIANT A
The concrete corbels protrudes under the beams .
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VARIANT B
The beams have notched ends and are supported on corbels.
The notched ends must be reinforced against The vertical shear force and
also against torsion if it is eccentrically loaded.
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VARIANT C
Columns are provided with concrete corbels which are bolted to the
column faces .
It is advisable to use high tensile bolts and provide an Epoxy layer at the
column and corbel interface. The bolts and nuts must have permanent
protection against corrosion and fire.
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To prevent the beams from toppling , beam and column interface could be
shaped to form a tongue and groove joint.
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BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTION WITH STEEL JOIST

HANGER
Beams are supported by means of steel joist hangars on concrete corbels.
This connection is suitable for limited construction depths.
The hangar construction must be designed to transmit the total vertical
shear force. Since the connection cannot transmit torsion , it is unsuitable
for edge beams.
The hanger construction consists of two vertical channels with flanges

facing each other which are welded to anchor bars projecting from top of
beam
During erection , these channels are placed on an equalizing pad on top of
the corbel.
The beam is secured vertically and laterally by tightening a nut with
washer on a bolt which projects from the corbel through the slot in
between the channel flanges.
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TYPES OF COLUMN COLUMN CONNECTIONS

Column to column connection by bolts
Column to column dowelled connection
Column to column connection by welded steel bearing faces
Column to column connection by welded-on steel flat bars
Column to column connection by butt-welding of reinforcing bars
Column to column connection by lap-welding of reinforcing bars
Column to column connection by coupling of reinforcing bars
Column to column connection by post-tensioning
Column to column hinge connection
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29
The upper column is

seated on a leveling pad of slightly flexible material .
After plumbing and bracing the upper column,nuts with washer are
tightened on bolts.
The joint between the upper and lower column is filled with mortar.
The upper column must remain braced until the mortar has regained
sufficient strength and the nuts have been retightened.
Type B is less complicated but care must be taken while transporting and
erection against injuries and corrosion.
To avoid transporting difficulties due to the long starter bars, both upper
and lower column can be provided with dowel holes in which, at the time
of erection ,starter bars are embedded with grout.
The main column reinforcing bars may be used for starter bars(fig 2).
The upper column is seated on a leveling pad.
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After plumbing and bracing the upper column, the joint at interface and
the holes are grouted.
To improve the shear transmission ribbed reinforcing bars should be used
and the holes should have ribbed walls.
In type B ,provisions must be taken to prevent dowel holes from
becoming contaminated.
In type A , the steel bearing faces either are built up from a channel
section closed off by plates welded to it or is also formed by a plate
having sides bent up and connected to welds.
Prior to casting the column the steel bearing must be welded to the main
column bars .
This connection can be executed with a short dowel projecting centrally
from lower column which fits into a hole in the bearing of the upper
column.
In type B connection the bearing surfaces are formed by steel plates these
should be sufficiently heavy to keep deformations due to welding to a
minimum.
The upper column foot and lower column head should be provided over a
distance with a splitting reinforcement
Type A may be considered if moment transmission is required in both
main directions. In this case both column ends must be recessed and steel
covered on all four sides to allow the tension connections by means of
vertical flat bars to be made in both directions.
Type B is considered if moment transmission is only required in one of
the main directions .in this case only two tension connections are
necessary .
Prior to casting the columns the vertical flat bars covering the column foot
or head must be welded to the main column bars which form bond overlap
with the main column bars.
The upper column is seated on a leveling pad.After plumbing the upper
column the connection plates are welded on.
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Unit 3
PREFABRICATED STAIR CASE
Stairs arrangement
Cantilever
Helical
Stairs with strings and trimmer beams
Connection details
Reinforcement details
SIZE
It is entirely dependent on the available floor area.
Usually 4 to 6 ft wide.
Open staircases should be used in places where space is not exceeding
2,50,000cu.ft.
Placed in a place where natural lighting and ventilation is available.
OPEN WELL STAIRCASE
Used mostly as fire exits in tall buildings to use lesser area.
SLOPE
Slope of flight provided is dependent upon the safety and ease of using.
12in tread X 5.5in. Rise is universally adopted.
In public buildings 14in. X 4.45 in. is adopted for tread and rise.
For safety in indoors ,
Tread should not be greater than 10 in.
Rise should not be greater than 7.5 in.
DESIGN
Stairs,landings and cantilever across balconies should be designed for the
following imposed loads:
For class 30 30 lb/sq.ft
For class 40,50,60-60 lb/sq .ft.
For all other classes 100lb/sq.ft.
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DISTRIBUTION OF LOAD
In case of stairs with open wells where spans partly crossing at right
angles occur,the load on the common areas is taken as one half in each
direction.
Where flights or landings are built in walls a distance of not less than
4.5in is provided.the effective breadth of beam is increased by 3 in.
EFFECTIVE SPAN OF STAIR
The effective span of stairs without stringer beams should be taken from the
conditions below:
Where supported at top and bottom risers by beams spanning parallel with
the risers, the distance is centre to centre of beams
Where spanning on to the edge of a landing slab which spans parallel with
the risers a distance equal to going distance plus at each end either half
width of the landing or 3 ftwhich ever is smaller.
Where the landing slab spans in the same direction as the stairs they
should be considered as acting together to form a single slab and the span
determined as in point 1 .
FLOOR INSULATED AGAINST IMPACT SOUND
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Quilt
A quilt is a type of bed cover, traditionally composed of three layers of
fiber: a woven cloth top, a layer of batting or wadding and a woven back
Screed:
A floor screed is usually a cementitious material made from a 1:3 or 1:4.5
ratio of cement to sharp sand.
Linoleum flooring is just the normal vinyl flooring
STAIR ARRANGEMENT
The most common arrangement of stairs is a 3 flight stair with a open well
at the centre with 2 intermediate quarter landings and a half landings and a
half landing at each floor level.
The stairs are supported in the wall at one side and the span without
stringer beam to the landings and hence to the walls
Precast stair with stringers and trimmers is a convinient design when
considerable repetition is possible and the stair is in a 2 flights per storey.
The seating recess in the trimmers are made to suit the slope of the strings
upwards in one direction and downwards in the other direction.
CANTILEVERED STEPS
cantilever stairs is a stunning feature stairs which creates an amazing
impact as the steps appear to seamlessly float from the wall.
cantilevered stairs can be used in both interior and exterior applications.
HELICAL STAIRS
The design of a helical stair can be placed upon accurately precast steps
post tensioned together with a number of tendons anchored in the
foundation and tensioned at the top.
Careful grouting is essential since the torsional resistance of the central
string is critical.
Some stiffening will result from hand railing and this will assist in the
distribution of any concentrated eccentric load.
CONNECTION DETAILS
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Structural insulated panels (or structural insulating panels), SIPs, are a

composite building material. They consist of an insulating layer of rigid
polymer foam sandwiched between two layers of structural board.
The board can be sheet metal, plywood, cement or oriented strand
board(OSB) and the foam either expanded polystyrene
foam(EPS),extruded polystyrene foam (XPS), polyisocyanurate foam,
or polyurethane foam.
SIPs share the same structural properties as an I-beam or I-column. The
rigid insulation core of the SIP acts as a web, while the OSB sheathing
exhibits the same properties as the flanges.
SIPs combine several components of conventional building, such as studs
and joists, insulation, vapour barrier and air barrier.
They can be used for many different applications, such as exterior wall,
roof, floor and foundation systems.
MATERIALS
SIPs are most commonly made of OSB panels sandwiched around a foam
core made of expanded polystyrene (EPS), extruded polystyrene (XPS) or
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rigid polyurethane foam, but other materials can be used, such as

plywood, pressure-treated plywood for below-grade foundation walls,
steel, aluminum, cement board such as Hardibacker, and even exotic
materials like stainless steel, fiber-reinforced plastic, and magnesium
oxide.
Some SIPs use fiber-cement or plywood sheets for the panels, and
agricultural fiber, such as wheat straw, for the core.
The third component in SIPs is the spline or connector piece between SIP
panels. Dimensional lumber is commonly used but creates thermal
bridging and lowers insulation values.
To maintain higher insulation values through the spline, manufacturers
use Insulated Lumber, Composite Splines, Mechanical Locks,
Overlapping OSB Panels, or other creative methods.
Depending on the method selected, other advantages such as full nailing
surfaces or increased structural strength may become available.
BENEFITS AND DRAWBACKS
The use of SIPs brings many benefits and some drawbacks compared to a
conventional framed building.
A well-built home using SIPs will have a tighter building envelope and
the walls will have higher insulating properties, which leads to fewer
drafts and a decrease in operating costs.
Also, due to the standardized and all-in-one nature of SIPs, construction
time can be less than for a frame home, as well as requiring fewer
tradesmen.
The panels can be used as floor, wall, and roof, with the use of the panels
as floors being of particular benefit when used an uninsulated space. As a
result, the total life-cycle cost of a SIP-constructedbuilding will, in
general, be lower than for a conventional framed oneby as much as
40%.
Whether the total construction cost (materials and labour) is lower than
for conventional framing appears to depend on the circumstances,
including local labour conditions and the degree to which the building
design is optimized for one or the other technology.
36
DIMENSION AND CHARACTERISTICS

In the United States, SIPs tend to come in sizes from 4 feet (1.22 m) to 24
feet (7.32 m) in width. Elsewhere, typical product dimensions are 300,
600, or 1,200 mm wide and 2.4, 2.7, and 3 m long, with roof SIPs up to
6 m long. Smaller sections ease transportation and handling, but the use of
the largest panel possible will create the best insulated building.
At 1520 kg/m, longer panels can become difficult to handle without the
use of a crane to position them, and this is a consideration that must be
taken into account due to cost and site limitations. Also of note is that
when needed for special circumstances longer spans can often be
requested, such as for a long roof span.
Typical U.S. height for panels is eight or nine feet (2.44 to 2.75 m). Panels
come in widths ranging from 4 to 12 inches thick and a rough cost is 200300 rs/ft2 in the U.S. In 4Q 2010, new methods of forming radius, sine
curve, arches and tubular SIPs were commercialized.
Due to the custom nature and technical difficulty of forming and curing
specialty shapes, pricing is typically three or four times that of standard
panels per foot.
PLASTIC SECTION
The Plastic Sections are fabricated using quality raw material in
accordance with international quality standards.
These easy to install sections are light in weight and do not require any
painting or varnishing.
Available in wide color range, these are highly durable and there is no
chance of cracking, splitting, rotting or warping.
For thermal or sound insulation, the sections are available with glass wool
or polyurethane foam.
The range is resistance to termite and borer and is reusable.
Unique Features:
No splitting, cracking, warping or rotting
No painting or varnishing
Light-in-weight
Consistency in quality
37
Easy to install
Time and labour saving
High durability
Wide colour range
High aesthetic appeal
Reusable
Available with Polyurethane Foam or glass wool for improved thermal
and sound insulation properties in selected sizes
Unit 4
LARGE PANEL PRECAST CONCRETE BUILDINGS
STRUCTURAL CONSIDERATION
Load bearing wall system
Structural integrity
Design computations
Connections
Production technology
Erection & installation
Architectural treatment
LOAD BEARING SYSTEM
The structural solution of the large panel buildings are characterized by
the orentation of the load bearing walls & whether the slab are one way or
two way slabs.
There are three basic structural solutions,
1.Cross wall load bearing systems.
2.Long wall load bearing system.
3.All wall load bearing system
CROSS WALL LOAD BEARING SYSTEM
This system has one way slabs. only the external walls in the cross
direction are load bearing.the longitudinal walls are non load bearing.
The one way floor slab have a span of 6 to 7 m ,for these span, non
prestressed floor slab can be used hollow cores.
38
The floor slab have to be connected together to form diaphram that

transmit the horizontal forces to the walls.
LONGITUDINAL WALL LOAD BEARING SYSTEMS
This system has one way slabs. only the external walls in the longitudinal
direction are load bearing.
The one way floor slab have a longer span of 9 to 12 m
For these span, non prestressed floor slab can be used hollow cores.
ALL WALL LOAD BEARING SYSTEM
These system has two way floor slab.
The floor slabs are generally room size,with a thickness of 150 mm.
This is sufficent for span 4 to 4.2 m
This is used for all wall load bearing system, especially for high rise
buildings,because it is easier to achieve stability in both directions.
STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY
Structural integrity means that the stress normally carried in any one
structural component can be safely transferred to adjacent components
without overloading them & causing them to fail.
It is more difficult to achieve with the cross wall and longitudinal wall
systems,because the one way slab will collapse when there is no supports
unless special connections are provided.
The all wall load bearing system only easy to achieve structural stability.
CONNECTIONS
The quality of the large panel is mainly depending upon the connections.
Ideally,The connections should be simple ,installed quickly&efficently.
Welded,bolted connections are eleminated,only concrete grouting is used
in this system.
There are two types connections,
a. horizontal connection
b. vertical connection
39
horizontal
VERICAL
Corrugated tubes forms the holes in the top & bottom of the walls
After the bottom wall is erected the bar is placed into the tube,then filled
with the concrete .
After the upper wall is erected over the reinforcing bars.thenthe upper
part tube is filled with concrete.
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Prefabricated elements are casted in factory or field,the factory is divided
into production lines.
Production technology is based on the circulating system,such
as,Horizontal production:externalsanwich walls are produced on
horizontal production.
40
Vertical production:internalwalls,partitions&floor slabs are produced

vertical production.
ERECTION AND INSTALLATION
Erection in building is done by tower craness.
The crane erects 30 to 50 elements per gay.
The weight of the element in all wall load bearing system does not
exceed 10 metric tonnes.
In all wall load bearing system the electrical,plumping accessories are
embedded in the floor slab & walls.it difficult in hollow core,one way
slab.
doors,& windows are embedded during the precasting.
41
Finishing is simplified,wall paper can be directly applied on the walls

without preliminary plastering.
ARCHITECTURAL TREATMENT
Architectural treatment are givenfor achieving the good appearnce.
It means arrangement of balconies,windows,doors and use of colors and
texture on the surface of external elements my using new technology.
It gives a verity of architectural expressions.
Unit 5
Thin-shell structures are light weight constructions using shell elements .
These elements are typically curved and are assembled to large structures.
Typical applications are boat hulls and roof structures in building.
A thin shell is defined as a shell with a thickness which is relatively small
compared to its other dimensions and in which deformations are not large
compared to thickness.
A primary difference between a shell structure and a plate structure is
that, in the unstressed state, the shell structure has curvature as opposed to
plates structures which are flat.
Thickness of shells
The thickness of the slab elements are normally governed by the number
of layers of reinforcing bars. For shells of double curvature, there are
usually only two layers.
Preliminary Design for Types of Shells :
Barrel Shells
Folded Plates
Umbrella Shells
Four Gabled Hypars
Domes of Revolution
Translation Shells
BARREL SHELLS
A barrel shells acts as a beam in the long direction and as an arch in the
curved area. The arch is supported by internal shears.
42
The area of reinforcing is , the force divided by the allowable stress.
A = Force / Stress
The force in the reinforcing is equal to the bending moment divided by the
effective depth.
The edge spans of the shell should be
supported by intermediate columns.
The stiffness of a barrel shell at the
outside edges is simply not stiff or strong enough to carry the required
loads. The shell reinforcing at the edge members acts more like a typical
arch and should be reinforced with two layers of bars.
FOLDED PLATE
The design of folded plate roof structures follows the design of barrel
shells, but is much simpler because the elements are all essentially beams.
Support the folded plate at its longitudinal edges by frequent columns.
UMBERLLA SHELL
The principal elements are:
The shell element with stresses predicted by the membrane equation.
The interior rib created by the intersection of the shell elements.
The exterior rib supporting the shell, particularly in the exterior corners
.The central column and the connection to the shell. Loads are transferred
directly to the supporting ribs through shear.
43
The membrane equation for a shell:
Shear = Tension = w X a X b / 2f,

where w = unit load, a and
b = the dimensions of the individual panel,

and f is the vertical height of the panel.
FOUR GABLED HYPARS

The shell acts as an arch in one direction and as a centenary in the other.
The membrane theory would predict that the stresses would be the same
but of different sign. The top ridge member is in compression and may
require additional area above that of the shell. The slanting side ribs are
also in compression and to some extent in bending, and should be
designed for some of the weight of the rib.
DOME OF REVOLUTION
There will be some bending moment at the junction of the shell and the ring
beam, so it is usual to gradually increase the thickness at this point and add
moment reinforcing.
TRANSLATION OF SHELLS
The translation shell is simply a square dome as shown by the sketch. The shape
is generated by a curve moving along another curve.
If the curves are circles, then every vertical section is the same. The dome is
usually supported by arches. There are three principal design areas:
The central dome area which is designed like a spherical dome. The corners
where there is considerable tension from the ring beam affect.
The arches which take their share of the total load. They are loaded in shear
including the weight of the arches themselves.
44
SHORT SHELLS
Barrel vaults:
Length of the barrel is longer in comparison to the width.
Short shells:
A cylindrical shell having a large radius in comparison to the length
BASIC ELEMENTS OF SHORT SHELLS
The principle parts of a short shell structure are:
The abutment.
The arch structure.
The shell spanning between arches.
An edge beam may be provided at the springing level of the shell for additional
support. This edge beam can be omitted in small structures if the shell is
thickened.
In structures making use of the short shell, the principle structural element is the
stiffener, this may be:
A reinforced concrete arch
Steel arche
Truss
The arch is placed on top of the shell so that forms may be moved through the
barrel. The curve of the shell is determined by the proper shape of the arch. It
may be a circle for small structures or may conform to the thrust line of the arch
for long span structures. The minimum shell thickness should be at the top in the
center of the span. A thickness as low as 40 MM is used in some designs. At the
arch, the shell thickness is increased slightly for local stresses. The thickness
increases toward the springing line of the arch and if not supported by an edge
45
beam, the thickness here should be based on the thickness for a slab spanning
the same distance. The edge beams act like the folded plate structures. The short
shell carries loads in two ways:
As an arch carrying load to the lower elements.
As as a curved beam to the arches.
The thickness of the shell can be quite thin due to these properties. The short
shell serves only a minor role. The emphasis is on the arch shape. Many
structures built with short shells, such a large hangars and auditoriums, could
have been built with little more dead load by using a ribbed slab or other
lightweight concrete framing system rather than the shell.The architecture of
short shells, therefor, must be based on the exploitation of the shape of the arch
rather than on the shell itself.
TYPE OF SHORT SHELLS:
PURE ARCH AND SHELL
CANTILEVER ABUTMENT
MASSIVE ABUTMENT
RIGID FRAME
PURE ARCH AND SHELL

The classic simplicity of this structure may be used with startling effect. There
are only two structural elements and these are clearly expressed so that their
function is evident. Obviously, if the shells are obscured by the walls necessary
to enclose this space, much of the effect is lost. However, window walls would
be in keeping with the spirit of the design and can be made to follow the curve
of the arch.If this structure is to be used as a canopy, the obvious curve of the
arch is a ellipse because the arches can spring almost vertically from the ground
and the slanting member will not be as great a hazard to peoples heads.The
curve requiring the least material would be the thrust line, or funicular curve, for
the loads on the structure. This form would have considerable curvature at the
top but would be practically straight from the edge of the shell to the ground.
The larger the arch span, the greater the saving of concrete and reinforcing by
the use of a funicular curve.
funicular curve
46
The span of the arch may be reduced and the depth and thickness may be
made smaller if the support of the arch is placed at the end of a beam
cantilever from the wall of the building. This design provides space under the
cantilevers for seating by using area that would otherwise be required for the
arch rib. The design of this structure requires a balance between the height of
the arch and the span so the thrust line will be located in the optimum
position.This structure is most suitable for a large monumental auditorium
structure rather than a building where economy is the principle
consideration.The large volume of concrete and reinforcing steel in the
abutment would not be required if the abutment could follow the thrust
line.The abutments to the arch in this structure have been made in the form of
an inverted U rigid frame.
If the abutments are made heavy and rigid, then the arch may be lighter so it
may be more economical to use the large mass of concrete at the lower elevation
to save concrete in the arches. In a monumental structure, such as an auditorium,
the side spaces can be used as archways for access to the seating area. Instead of
the U frame, which is subjected to very heavy bending moments, a triangular
frame may be used with the apex at the springing of the arch. The structural
members of this abutment can be quite thin because they follow the thrust line of
the forces better than does the U frame. An architectural problem of the short
shell structure is the proper design of the end walls. On a long span structure
there will be large blank areas that require careful architectural treatment to
make the structure pleasing. Short shells may be used with concrete rigid frames
as the principle structural element. The rigid frame without a horizontal tie at the
low point of the shell is suitable only for short spans because of the massive
proportions required for the knees. It is not necessary to have the spans of all the
rigid frames equal, and the bending moments in the frames may be reduced if
shorter side spans are used. The ribs are shown in this sketch and are placed
below the shell. To save the cost in the forming, it may be better to place the ribs
above the shell so they may be moved with very little decentering. Skylights
may be used in a short shell and they may be continuous transversely if they are
placed in every other span so the shell on each side of the skylight cantilevers
out from the adjacent span. Rigid frames are usually built with tie rods
connecting the base of the columns, especially if soil conditions will not permit
lateral loads on the soil material.
ROOF TRUSS
Truss Types
Trusses are categorised into 3 groups depending on the shape of the top chord
Triangular Roof Trusses
47
Crescent roof Trusses
Other Types
Triangular Roof Trusses

Simple Triangular geometric shape
Web Bracing
Straight Top Chord
Crescent Roof Trusses

Top Chord is manufactured with a curved top chord
The Harbour bridge is a good example
48
Other Types
Top Chords may be parallel such as floor joist trusses
Or they may be nearly parallel such as bridges
Parallel Chord Trusses
Used as Rafters
Advantages
Lighter
Larger Spans
Allow for easy access for services
Disadvantages
Cannot be site modified
Truss Manufacture
Designed by Structural Engineer
No Site Modification or repair without engineer supervision
Trusses manufactured in controlled factory conditions to ensure design is
strictly followed
Nailing Plates
Claw Type, only suitable for use with a press
Knuckle type, can be nailed with a hammer or pressed
Member Sizes must be specified by engineer
Trusses Manufactured in factory in controlled environment
Members are assembled and cut in jigs and presses
Camber
49
Trusses are manufactured with camber in the bottom chord

1. To allow for calculated deflection while dead loads such as Roof
Covering & Ceiling Linings
2. Bottom chord should not be supported between supports, unless
specifically designed.
Support to Trusses
Top Plates Based on AS 1684 Span Tables
As no internal support walls, spans are large
Loads imposed on top plates are greater than conventional roofs
Top Plates
Using Nominal Thickness Top Plates (i.e. 90 x 35)
Place Studs directly under trusses
If Trusses are not placed directly over studs
Top Plates may be overloaded and deflect and/or fail
Lintels
Similarly Lintels should be sized according to AS 1684
As the spans are larger than a conventional roofs , large members may be
required
An options may be to use C & Z metal lintels
Lifting Roof Trusses
50
Never lift by the Apex

This will damage the roof trusses
Storage of Trusses
Trusses should be inspected on delivery
No site repairs without design engineers supervision
Stored flat on timber dunnage
Carrying of Trusses
Erection of Trusses
Note All Trusses need to Temporarily Braced during Installation
The
purpose of temporary bracing is to hold the trusses plumb & true until
permanent bracing is installed.
51
ROOF PANELS
The fully standardized precast concrete elements are those
used for making floor and roof slabs. These may be supported by bearing walls
of precast concrete or masonry or by frames of steel, in-situ concrete, or precast
concrete. Roof panels of lightweight precast-concrete panels typically span 5 to
10 ft between supports.Panel thicknesses range from 2 to 4 in, and widths are
usually 16 to 24 in. Depending on the product, concrete density can vary from
50 to 115 lb per ft3.
Four kinds of precast slab elements are commonly produced for:
For short spans, minimum slab depths of solid slabs are appropriate.
For intermediate spans , hollow-core precast elements suitable, internal
longitudinal voids replace much of the nonworking concrete.
For longer spans, deeper elements single Tee must be used, but
sometimes site cast counterparts, become inefficient because they contain
too much deadweight of nonworking concrete.
For the longest spans, still deeper elements are required (double tees and
single tees).This eliminate still more nonworking concrete.
MANUFACTURE AND ERECTION PROCESS
Precast floors are composed of units, which are totally cast at the plant.
After erection, the units are connected to the structure & the longitudinal
joints are grouted. In some cases a cast in-situ structural topping screed is
added.
Partially precast floors are composed of a precast part & a cast in-situ
part. Both parts are working together at the final stage to achieve the
composite structural capacity.
A concrete topping is poured over them and finished to a smooth surface.
The topping, usually 2 inches (50 mm) in thickness, bonds during curing
to the rough top of the precast elements and becomes a working part of
their structural action.
The topping helps the precast elements to act together as a composite
structural unit rather than as individual planks in resisting concentrated
loads and diaphragm loads.
52
Structural continuity across a number of spans can be achieved by

casting reinforcing bars into the topping over the supporting beams or
walls. Underfloorelectrical conduits may also be embedded in the
topping.
Greater floor strength and stiffness
Greater fire resistance
Greater acoustic isolation
Allow easy integration of electrical services into floor system
ADVANTAGES
Prefabricated construction, as the slab components are readymade, self
supporting, shuttering and scaffoldingis eliminated with a saving in
shuttering cost.
In traditional construction, the repetitive use ofshuttering is limited, as it
gets damaged due tofrequent cutting, nailing etc.
After laying slab, the finishes and services can be donebelow the slab
immediately. While in the conventional in-situ RCC slabs, due to props
and shuttering, the work cannot be done, till they are removed. Saving of
time means saving of money.
LIMITATIONS OF PREFABRICATED SLABS
As the precast elements have to behave monolithic on erections, extra
reinforcement may be necessary in some cases.
Extra reinforcement is required to take care ofhandling and erection
stresses.
Temporary props may be required in some cases,before the in-situ
concrete joints achieve strength.
The cracks may develop at the joints between the precast and in-situ
concrete due to shrinkage and temperature stresses. To overcome them,
extra steel is required across the joint.
As there are chances of leakage/seepage through the joints between the

precast components, extra care is required to make them leak proof.
53
PREFAB COLUMN
Columns are vertical load carrying members in a framed structure.
A prefabricated column can be manufactured in various cross sections like
square, rectangular and circular.
The minimum cross section depends on the type of beam column
connection employed, typically it ranges between 250 to 300mm.
Maximum dimension is limited to 600mm x1200mm.
The characteristic compressive strength of concrete should be above
50N/mm2 because of the early strength required for lifting the
prefabricated column in factory.
DIMENSIONS
Height
Floor to floor clear height shall be,
Multiples of 1M For height 2.8m
Multiples of 2M For height 2.8m
Lateral Dimension
Overall lateral dimension or diameter of column shall be,
multiples of M/4
DESIGN
The structural design of precast columns is similar to that of ordinary
reinforced concrete.
The main difference is that the ultimate failure load is a function of cross
section of the precast component and the type of connections, while it
depends on cross section alone in case of RC columns.
A impact allowance of 50% should be provided while designing.
Following are the points to be considered while designing the column
section,
The size of section should be predetermined in accordance to factory
handling and transportation.
54
Design should be carried out such that safety is ensured during frame
erection and its stability,
Ultimate limit state calculations should be carried out to satisfy the service
requirements of each project.
MANUFACTURING
Most of the columns are manufactured horizontally.
Columns upto 3m length with complex profiles are cast vertically.
The moulds are made of steel accurately with dimensional tolerances of <
3mm.
Main bar diameter Minimum -12mmMaximum - 40mm
Links Diameter not less than of size of main bars. Spacing not more
than 12 times dia the main bar
LIFTING AND ERECTION
Generally columns are manufactured in largest possible length that can be
erected in site.
Maximum lengths of 25-30m are possible.
The maximum length of the column depends on the lifting capacity of the
crane.
The maximum length to depth ratio suitable for lifting purposes is 50:1.
Such slender columns needs to be prestressed axially to about 3N/mm2 to
prevent damage due to flexural cracking.
The lifting point are positioned at 0.2L from the ends of the column.
CONNECTIONS
The connection between two precast columns and also between precast
column and beam are designed according to manner in which moments
and shear forces are transferred through them.
The connections can be achieved by,
Placing in-situ concrete at junctions with overlapping reinforcing bars
55
Providing steel inserts and concreting the joints thus formed.

Bolted connections can also be used to connect the precast columns and
beams together which are covered by in-situ concrete.
CORBELS
Corbels are short cantilever brackets projecting from columns.
They are generally provided to support rails, which transmit heavy loads
from moving cranes in heavy duty factory workshops.
DIMENSIONS
They can also be used for fixing false ceiling panels.
The dimensions of corbel should be such that,
span/depth(av/d) ratio is less than 1.0
depth (Df ) at the end face is not less than one half of the depth Ds at
support.
56
corbel projecting from column
57

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SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE

SEMBODAI RUKMANI VARATHARAJAN ENGINEERING

SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE

To improve the quality

To use locally available materials with required characteristics

On- site construction and congestions are minimized.

Less workers are needed.

Fewer expansion joints are required.

SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE

SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE

PARTIAL PREFABRICATION SYSTEM:

Optimizes the number of standards sizes of buildings components.

Simplifies site operations

Ensures dimensional co-ordination b/w installation as well as with the

To reduce the variety of component sizes produced.

To allow the building designers greater flexibility in the arrangement

BASES OF MODULAR CO-ORDINATION:

Whose size is a selected multiple of the basin module

The International standardizes values of the dimensions are 3M , 6M ,

SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE

A rectangular co- ordinate reference system in which the distance b/w

FACTORS INFLUENCING STANDARIZATION:

To limit the number of types of elements and to use the large

To limit the size and a number of prefabricate by the weight.

While transporting the elements care should be taken to avoid excessive

Subsequent packing must be kept strictly.

Putting up and removing of the necessary scaffolding or supports.

Adjustments to get the stipulated level, line and plumb.

Tying up of erection ropes connecting to the erection hooks.

Slinging of the precast elements.

SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Transport of people , workers or visitors by using cranes and hoists

In the transverse direction the rails shall lie in a horizontal plane.

SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE

SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE

SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Considering perimeter screens, guardrails with integral toe-boards and

SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE

SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE

SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE

SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE

SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE

SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE

EXAMPLE OF PRECAST SLAB

SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Beam To Column Connection With Steel Joist Hanger

SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE

. BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTION WITH ANGLE CORBEL

SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE

This connection for SSB when carried out according to variant A is

SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE

BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTION WITH BUILT UP STEEL

SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE

SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Could be considered if the beams must also be located vertically .

SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE

BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTIONS WITH VERTICAL STEEL

SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE