Calculus Workbook

Calculus Workbook
Compiled by: Jerry Morris, Sonoma State University
Note to Students: (Please Read) This workbook contains examples and exercises that will be referred to regularly during class. Please
purchase or print out the rest of the workbook before our next class and bring
it to class with you every day.
1. To Purchase the Workbook. Go to Digi-Type, the print shop at 1726 E. Cotati Avenue (across from
campus, in the strip mall behind the Seven-Eleven). Ask for the workbook for Math 161 - Calculus
1. The copying charge will probably be between $10.00 and $20.00. You can also visit the Digi-Type
webpage (http://www.digi-type.com/) to order your workbook ahead of time for pick-up.
2. To Print Out the Workbook. Go to the Moodle page for our course and click on the link Math
161 Workbook, which will open the file containing the workbook as a .pdf file. BE FOREWARNED
THAT THERE ARE LOTS OF PICTURES AND MATH FONTS IN THE WORKBOOK, SO SOME
PRINTERS MAY NOT ACCURATELY PRINT PORTIONS OF THE WORKBOOK. If you do choose
to try to print it, please leave yourself enough time to purchase the workbook before our next class
class in case your printing attempt is unsuccessful.
Sonoma State University
Table of Contents
Review Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Preliminary Review Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Chapter 2 Limits and Derivatives

Section 2.2 The Limit of a Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Section 2.3 Limit Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Section 2.4 Continuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Section 2.5 Limits Involving Infinity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Sections 2.1/2.6 Tangents, Velocities, and Other Rates of Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Section 2.7 Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Section 2.8 The Derivative as a Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Section 2.9 What does f say about f ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Chapter 3 Differentiation Rules

Section 3.1 Derivatives of Polynomials and Exponential Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 3.2 Product and Quotient Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 3.3 Rates of Change in the Natural and Social Sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sections 3.4/3.5 The Chain Rule and Trigonometric Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 3.6 Implicit Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 3.7 Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 3.8 Differentials and Linear Approximations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
37
41
43
49
53
57
Chapter 4 Applications of Differentiation

Section 4.1 Related Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sections 4.2/4.3 Information Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 4.2 Maximum and Minimum Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 4.3 Derivatives and the Shapes of Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 4.5 Indeterminate Forms and LHospitals Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 4.6 Optimization Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 4.8 Newtons Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 4.9 Antiderivative Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
65
65
68
75
78
86
88
Chapter 5 Integrals
Section
Section
Section
Section
Section
Section
5.1
5.2
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
Areas and Distances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

The Definite Integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Integration Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Evaluating Definite Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
The Substitution Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Calculus Workbook
Math 161 Review Examples

Example 1. Let f (x) =
1
x
x
.
x+1
= 2 for x.

(b) Simplify f x1 .
(a) Solve f
Example 2.
(a) Let f (x) = x2 . Calculate and simplify the expression
(b) Repeat part (a), but this time let f (x) =
f (x + h) f (x)
, given that h 6= 0.
h
1
.
x+1
Example 3. At Bills Gas n Snacks, it is determined that the demand for gas in a fixed period of time is 100
gallons when the price per gallon is $1.50, and that the demand decreases by 5 gallons for each 4 cent increase in
price.
(a) Find a formula for demand as a function of price; that is, find a formula for f so that d = f (p).
(b) Calculate f (0), and explain its economic significance.
Example 4. Solve for x in each of the following equations.

(a) 5x8 = 4
(b) 5 8x = 4
(c) 21 x(ax + 1)1/2 +
ax + 1 = 0
Example 5. Find a formula for A(x), where A is the area of an equilateral triangle of side length x.
Example 6. Find a formula for the exponential function
f (x) = Cax whose graph is given to the right.

5
8
H3, L
9
x
x2 x 6
and g(x) = x 3. Are f (x) and g(x) the same function? Explain.
x+2
Math 161 Preliminary Review Problems

Note. The following problems deal with review topics that should already be familiar to you from previous
algebra, trigonometry, and precalculus courses. Being able to do problems similar to those below without
the aid of a calculator will be important to your success in Math 161.
1. Find a formula for the straight line passing through the point (2, 4) and parallel to 5x y = 2.
2. The cost of a box of apples starts at $20.00 and decreases by 35 cents per day. Find a formula for the cost, C,
of the box of apples after t days have passed.
3. Let g(x) = x2 + 3x + 4.
g(a + h) g(a)
(a) Calculate
, where h 6= 0, and simplify the result. Your final answer should contain no
h
fractions and no negative exponents.
(b) Solve the equation g(2x) = 2 for x.
4. Let f (x) = x x1 .
(a) Calculate and simplify f (x 4).
(b) Calculate and simplify f (x) 4.
(c) Solve the equation f (x 4) = 0 for x.
5. Solve each of the following equations for the the variable x, giving your solutions in exact form. For part (b),
find all solutions between 0 and 2 exactly.
(a) 10e2x = 7 2ax
(b) 2 sin x + 1 = 0
(c)
2(a x)
x2/3 = 0
33x
6. To the right, you are given a graph that shows a function

P = f (t), where P is the population of a group of foxes
after t months.
(a) Estimate f (20) and explain what this quantity represents in the context of this problem.
P
1000
900
800
700
600
f (20 + h) f (20)
and explain
(b) For h = 10, estimate
h
what this quantity represents in the context of this
problem.
500
(c) Estimate the average rate of change of the fox population during the first 20 months. Include appropriate units with your answer.
100
400
300
200
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Calculus Workbook
Section 2.2 The Limit of a Function

Definition. We say that lim f (x) = L, which is read the limit as x approaches a of f (x) equals L, if
xa
we can make f (x) arbitrarily close to L by taking x values sufficiently close to a but not equal to a.
x+1
3
if x 6= 1
. Calculate lim f (x)
if x = 1
x1
and lim f (x).
x2
2
1
-2
-1
-1
-2

the existence of lim f (x).
|x 2|
. Fill in the tables below and discuss
x2
4
3
x2
x
1.9
1.99
1.999
1.9999
f (x)
x
2.1
2.01
2.001
2.0001
f (x)
-2
-1
-1
-2
Theorem. xa
lim f (x) = L is true if and only if lim+ f (x) = L and lim f (x) = L.
xa
xa
Notes on Limits:
Exercises.
1. Consider
of the items that follows.
the function f and g given below. Then, calculate each
2x + 4 if x < 1
5 x if x 6= 2
f (x) =
g(x) =
x2
if x 1
1
if x = 2
4
2
2
1
1
-2
-1
2
1
-1
(a) f (1)
(b) lim f (x)
(d) g(2)
(e) lim g(x)
(c)
(f) lim g(x)
x1+
x2+
lim f (x)
x2
x1
2. (a) Does lim f (x) from Exercise 1 exist? Explain.

x1
(b) Does lim g(x) from Exercise 1 exist? Explain.

x2
3. Let f (x) = x2 3. Is it true that lim f (x) = f (3)? Justify your answer.
x3
Calculus Workbook
2x 1
accurate to 2 decimal places.
x0
x
4. Estimate the value of lim
5. Use the graph of f (x) given below to estimate the value of each of the following to the nearest 0.1 of a unit.
y
f(x)
(a) f (2)
(b) lim f (x)
(g) f (2)
(h) lim f (x)
(c) f (0)
(d) lim f (x)
(i) lim+ f (x)
x2
x2
x6
(j) lim f (x)
x0
x3
(e) lim+ f (x)
(k) lim f (x)
x0
x3
(f) lim f (x)

x0
6. Let f (x) = sin

x
(a) Fill in the table below, and then make a guess as to the value of lim f (x).
x0+
x
f (x)
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
(b) Shown
to the right is the graph of the function f (x) =
sin
. Now, what do you think about the value of
x
lim+ f (x)? Explain.
x0
f (x) = sin(/x)
1
0.75
0.5
0.25
0.2
-0.25
-0.5
-0.75
-1
0.4
0.6
0.8
Section 2.3 Limit Laws

Properties of Limits
P1. If the graph of f has no breaks or jumps at x = a, then
lim f (x) =
xa
P2.
P3.
P4.
P5.
P6.
P7.
P8.
lim c =
xa
lim [f (x)]n =
xa
lim
xa
p
n
f (x) =
lim [f (x) + g(x)] =
xa
lim [f (x) g(x)] =
xa
lim [c f (x)] =
xa
lim [f (x) g(x)] =
xa
P9. (Limits of Quotients) If lim f (x) = c and lim g(x) = d, then we have the following possibilities for
xa
f (x)
lim
:
xa g(x)
(i) If d 6= 0, then
(ii) If c 6= 0 and d = 0, then
(iii) If c = 0 and d = 0, then
xa
Calculus Workbook
The Squeeze Theorem. If f (x) g(x) h(x)

when x is near a (except possibly at a) and if
lim f (x) = lim h(x) = L,
xa
xa
then
.
Exercises
1. Calculate each of the following limits.
(a) lim (x3 + 4x 5)
x2
(b) lim
x1

x3 2x2 + 4
2x + 5
x2 + 2x + 4
x (x 3)
(c) lim 2
x3 x 8x + 15
10
9+h3
(d) lim
h0
h
(e) lim
x3
1
x3
2. Calculate lim g(x), where g(x) =

x1
x2 + 1 if
0
if
x 6= 1
.
x=1
Calculus Workbook
|x|
does not exist.
x0 x
3. Show that lim
i
h
4. Compute lim x sin
using the Squeeze Theorem.
x0
x
11
12
Section 2.4 Continuity

y
Definition. We say that a function f is continuous at a if lim f (x) = f (a). (Graphically, continuity means
xa
that f has no breaks or jumps at x = a.) In particular, if f is continuous at x = a, then the following three
things must be true:
1. f (a) must exist.
2. lim f (x) must exist.
xa
3. lim f (x) must equal f (a).

xa
Example 1. Is f (x) =
x2 1
x+1
if
if
x 6= 1
continuous at x = 1? Justify your answer.
x = 1
13
Calculus Workbook
1
Example 2. Is f (x) = (x1)
2 continuous at x = 1?
List of Continuous Functions.

1. Polynomials
2. Rational Functions (on their domains)
3. Root and Power Functions
4. Constant Multiples of Continuous Functions
5. Combinations of Continuous Functions: Sums, Differences, Products, Quotients, Compositions
Example 3.
2
x + 4x + 6
x+4
Let f (x) =
2x 1
if x 1
if 1 < x < 1 . Where is f (x) continuous?
if x 1
14
The Intermediate Value Theorem (IVT)
Suppose f is continuous on [a, b], and let N be any number

strictly between f (a) and f (b). Then
f(a)
f(b)
a
Exercises.
1. Sketch the graph of a function f (x) such that all of the following are true: limx2+ f (x) and limx2 f (x)
both exist, f (2) = 1, and f (x) is continuous everywhere EXCEPT at x = 2.
2. Let f (x) =
of x.
cx2 1
cx + 2
if x < 2
. Find the value of the constant c so that f (x) is continuous for all values
if x 2
15
Calculus Workbook
Section 2.5 Limits Involving Infinity

Preliminary Example. Calculate the following limits.
lim f (x) =
f (x) =
x2 + 1
x2 1
lim f (x) =
5
4
3
2
1
lim f (x) =
x1+
lim f (x) =
x1
x
lim f (x) =
-3
-2
-1
x1+
lim f (x) =
x1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
Definition.
1. f has a horizontal asymptote at y = a if
or if
2. f has a vertical asymptote at x = a if
or if
Indeterminate Forms. If you encounter any of the following forms when evaluating a limit, the limit
may or may not exist (i.e. further investigation is required).
(i)
0
0
(ii)
(iii)
(iv) 0
16
Exercises.
1. Sketch the graph of a function that satisfies all of the following properties at once.
(a)
(b)
lim f (x) =
x2+
lim f (x) =
x2
(c) lim f (x) =

x
(d)
lim f (x) = 0
(e) lim f (x) =

x3
4
2. Calculate the following limits.
7x3 + 4x
x 2x3 x2 + 3
(a) lim
(b) lim ( 1 + x x)
x
17
Calculus Workbook
(c) lim
x0+
1
x
(d) lim csc t

t +
(e) lim (x 2 x 4 )
x0+
18

3. Let f (x) =
2x2 + x 1
. Find all vertical and horizontal asymptotes of f (x).
x2 2x 3
19
Calculus Workbook
Sections 2.1 & 2.6 Tangents, Velocities, and Other Rates of Change
f(x)
x
Let t = tangent line to f (x) at x = a
Slope of secant line P Q =
As h 0, the slope of the secant line P Q approaches
. Therefore:
The slope of the tangent line, m, to the curve y = f (x) at the point (a, f (a)) is given by
m=
or
m=
20
Example 1. If a ball is thrown into the air with a veloc-
fHtL
ity of 50 feet per second, its height in feet after t seconds

is given by f (t) = 50t 16t2 (see graph to the right).
(a) Find the slope of the secant line over the following
intervals: (i) [1, 2]
(ii) [1, 1.5]
Then draw in these lines on the figure to the right.
1.5
(b) Use the table below to estimate the slope of T, the tangent line to f (t) at t = 1.
Interval
Slope of secant line
[1, 1.5]
10
[1, 1.1]
16.4
[1, 1.01]
17.84
[1, 1.001]
17.98
Example 2. The graph to the right gives the height of a

stone, in meters, thrown upward over the edge of a cliff on
the surface of the moon, where t is measured in seconds.
[1, 1.0001]
17.9984
h
80
70
(a) Estimate the average velocity of the stone on the

interval [8, 16].
60
50
40
30
20
10
t
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
(b) Estimate the instantaneous velocity of the stone at

t = 8 seconds.
21
Calculus Workbook
Exercises.
1. Use algebra to find the exact slope of the line T from Example 1 on page 20.
2. Find the slope of the tangent line to y =
1
x
at x = 2.
22
Section 2.7 Derivatives

y
Definition. The derivative of f (x) at x = a, is given by
t
f(a+h)
f(a)
f(x)
a
Several Ways To Calculate the Above Limit
a+h
Examples and Exercises

1. Let f (x) = x2 + 6x 7. (See graph to the right.)
Use the limit definition of the derivative to calculate f (1) and f (4). What do these two numbers
represent geometrically?
f (x)
y
4
2
1
-1
-2
-4
-6
-8
23
Calculus Workbook
x
2. Let f (x) = 2 . (See graph to the right). Use the

table method to approximate f (0) accurate to the
nearest 0.001.
f (x)
y
4
3
2
1
-1
3. The demand for Minnesota Vikings T-Shirts (as a function of price) is given by the function d(p) =
where p is measured in dollars.
(a) Calculate d(10) and d (10) and interpret them in practical terms.
200
2,
p
24

(b) Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve at (10, 18).
4. Consider the graph given to the right. Use the

graph to rank the following quantities in order
from smallest to largest:
0,
f (0),
f (1),
f (3),
f (6)
f(x)
25
Calculus Workbook
Section 2.8 The Derivative as a Function

Preliminary Example. Below and to the right, you are given the graph of a function f (x). With a
straightedge, draw in tangent lines to f (x) and estimate their slopes from the grid to fill in the table to the left.
Then, sketch a rough graph of f (x).
x
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
f (x)
3
2
1
x
-3
-2
-1
-1
-2
-3
Definition. The derivative function f (x) is defined by

f (x) = lim
h0
f (x + h) f (x)
h
Some Interpretations of the Derivative.

1. f (x) is the slope of the
to f at x.
2. If y = f (x), then f (x) is the instantaneous rate of change of y with respect to x. For example, if s(t)
represents the displacement of an object (in meters) after t seconds, then s (t) represents the
of the object in
at time t.
A Point of Terminology. If the derivative of a function exists at a point, then we say that the function is
differentiable at that point.
Theorem. Let f (x) be a function. If f is differentiable at a number x = a, then f is continuous at x = a.
26
Example 1. Calculate a formula for f (x) if f (x) = x4 .

4
2 2
Hint: (x + h) = x + 4x h + 6x h + 4xh + h
y
1
0.5
-1
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1
Example 2. Given the graph of y = f (x) shown below, sketch a graph of f (x) on the same set of axes.
27
Calculus Workbook
Exercises.
1. Use the limit definition of the derivative to find a formula for f (x) if f (x) =
x.
2. Consider the functions f and g that are given below.

(a) Given below is the graph of a function f. Sketch an
accurate graph of the derivative f .
(b) Given below is the graph of a function g. Sketch a

rough graph of the derivative g .
1
1
3. Consider the graph of f given to the right.

(a) On what interval(s) is f continuous?
(b) On what interval(s) is f differentiable?
28

4. Use the limit definition of the derivative to find a formula for f (x) if f (x) =
1
.
2x + 1
29
Calculus Workbook
Section 2.9 What Does f Say About f ?
Description of f (x)
A function f (x) is called increasing on an interval if the graph of
f (x) rises from left to right.
A function f (x) is called decreasing on an interval if the graph of
f (x) falls from left to right.
A function f (x) is called concave up on an interval if the graph
of f (x) looks like part of a right-side up bowl.
A function f (x) is called concave down on an interval if the graph
of f (x) looks like part of an upside down bowl.
Definition
We say that a function f (x) has a local maximum at x = a if f (a) f (x) for all x values near
a.
We say that a function f (x) has a local minimum at x = a if f (a) f (x) for all x values near
a.
Picture
Condition
30

1. In the graph below, you are given a function f (x) and its first and second derivatives. First, decide which is
which. Then, answer the following questions.
(a) On what intervals is f (x) increasing? dey
creasing?
2
-2
-1
-1
(b) On what intervals is f (x) concave up? concave down?
2. The graph to the right gives the position, s(t), of a biker

(in feet) from her starting position after t seconds. Positive
values of s(t) indicate that she is east of her starting point,
and negative values indicate that she is west of her starting
point.
(a) Explain the meaning of s (t) and s (t) in the context of
this problem.
-2
sHtL
4
2
1
-2
-4
(b) Where is s (t) positive? Where is s (t) positive? Explain the significance of each answer.
31
Calculus Workbook
f(x)
3. Given to the right is f (x), the graph of the

derivative of f (x).
(a) On what interval(s) is the original function f (x) increasing? decreasing?
(b) On what interval(s) is the original function f (x) concave up? concave down?
(c) Where does f (x) have local maximum values? local minimum values?
(d) Where is f (x) the steepest?
4. In the space to the right, sketch the graph of one

function f (x) that has all of the following properties.
(a) f (0) = 0.
(b) f (x) > 0 on (, 2) and on (2, ).
f (x) < 0 on (2, 2).
(c) f (x) > 0 on (, 3) and on (0, 3).
f (x) < 0 on (3, 0) and on (3, ).
32

5. Suppose that f (x) =
x
.
1 + x2
(a) On what intervals is f increasing? decreasing?
(b) Estimate the intervals on which f is concave up and the intervals on which f is concave down.
33
Calculus Workbook
Section 3.1 Information

Alternate Notations for the derivative of y = f (x)
1. f (x) or f
2. y
dy
3. dx
the derivative of y with respect to x
d
[f (x)]
4. dx
List of Shortcut Formulas

1.
d
dx [c]
2.
d
n
dx [x ]
3.
d
dx [cf (x)]
4.
d
dx [f (x)
+ g(x)] =
5.
d
dx [f (x)
g(x)] =
6.
d
x
dx [e ]
=
=
=
Section 3.1 Derivatives of Polynomials and Exponential Functions

Example 1. Let f (x) = x4 2x3 . Find f (x)
Example 2. Let y = x2 + x + 4 +
1
. Find y .
x3
34
Example 3.
d
Calculate
dt
3t2
4
+t t
3 2
t
Exercises
1. Let f (x) = 2ex 3x2 x, whose graph is given to the right.

Sketch in the tangent lines to f (x) at x = 1, x = 2, and
x = 3, and calculate their slopes.
y
8
6
4
2
1
-2
-4
-6
-8
Calculus Workbook
2. Let f (x) = 1 + 2ex 3x.
(a) At what value(s) of x does f (x) have a horizontal tangent line? Give answer(s) in exact form and as
decimal approximations.
(b) At what value of x does f (x) have a tangent line parallel to the line 3x y = 5?
3. Find the equation of the tangent line to f (x) = x3 2x2 + 4x + 1 at x = 1.
35
36

4. A jogger is running along the side of a straight
east-west highway. Her displacement (in feet)
from her home is given by
3
s(t)
40
30
s(t) = 0.045t 0.0023t ,
20
where t is measured in seconds. Positive values

of s(t) indicate that she is east of home, while
negative values of s(t) indicate that she is west of
home.
10
5
10
15
20
-10
(a) Explain in words what the first and second derivatives of displacement represent. What are their units
in this problem?
(b) Calculate the displacement, velocity, and acceleration of the runner at t = 5 seconds. Include the proper
units for each.
(c) Is the runners velocity ever zero? Is her acceleration ever zero? If so, calculate these times.
(d) What is the runners velocity at the instant that she passes her home running west?
37
Calculus Workbook
Section 3.2 Product and Quotient Rule

d
[f (x) g(x)] =
dx

d f (x)
=
dx g(x)
Example 1. Calculate
d 2 3
x x .
dx
Example 2. Let f (x) = (1 + x2 3x4 )(x7 8x4 ). Calculate f (x).
Example 3. Let y =
x2
. Calculate
c + xex
dy
dx .
38
Example 4. Let f be a differentiable function. If y = x4 f (x), find formulas for y and y .
Exercises
1. Find the derivative of each of the following functions. You may assume that a, b, c, and d are constants.
ax + b
(a) f (x) = (x2 x) ex
(b) g(x) =
cx + d
39
Calculus Workbook
2. Find the equation of the tangent line to y =
1
at x = 0.
1 + x + xex
40

3. Let f and g be the functions given by the graph
below, and define the following new functions:
g(x)
u(x) = f (x)g(x),
f (x)
v(x) =
,
g(x)
w(x) = ex f (x).
f(x)
Calculate u (1), v (8), and w (8) Make it clear

which answer is which.
10
41
Calculus Workbook
Section 3.3 Natural/Social Sciences

1. A particle moves along the x-axis, its position at time t
given by x(t) = 10t3/2 /et , where t is measured in seconds
and x(t) is measured in meters (see the graph to the right).
xHtL
5
4
(a) Fill in the entries in the table below and interpret

their meaning in the context of this problem.
t
x(t)
3
2
1
1
(b) Find a simplified formula for the velocity, v(t), of the particle.
(c) When is the particle moving to the left? When is it moving to the right?
(d) Given to the right is a graph of the displacement of the

particle, x(t), together with its acceleration (the lighter
of the two graphs). Use the graph to estimate when the
particles speed is increasing.
4
2
t
1
-2
-4
42

2. The volume of water, V (in gallons) in a leaking tank after t minutes is given by V = 10000(1
the rate at which water is draining from the tank after t = 10, 20, and 30 minutes.
t 2
50 ) .
Find
3. Consider a blood vessel with radius R = 0.008 cm and length k = 2 cm. Suppose that blood viscosity is
= 0.027 and that P = 4000 dynes per square centimeter is the pressure difference between the ends of the
vessel. The law of laminar flow states that the velocity, v, of the blood is given, in cm/sec, by
v=
P
(R2 r2 ),
4k
where r is the distance away from the center of the blood vessel, in centimeters.
(a) Where is v the greatest, in the center of the blood vessel or near the vessel wall?
(b) Calculate
problem.
dv
dr ,
the velocity gradient, at r = 0.002 cm, and interpret the result in the context of this
43
Calculus Workbook
Sections 3.4 and 3.5 The Chain Rule and Trigonometric Functions
The Chain Rule. If y = f (u) is differentiable and u = g(x) is differentiable, then
1.
dy du
dy
=
dx
du dx
2.
d
f (g(x)) = f (g(x)) g (x)
dx
Note:
Example 1. Let y = (3x2 2x 5)4 . Find
Example 2. Let y = 2ex + 1. Find
Example 3. Find
d x3 2x2 +1
e
.
dx
dy
dx .
dy
dx .
44
Example 4.

t4
Let f (t) =
. Find f (t).
3 2
t +1
Example 5. Suppose f and g are differentiable functions with the
values given in the table to the right. Find h (2) if h(x) = f (g(x)).
Exploration. Given the the right is a graph of

the function f (x) = sin x. On the same set of axes,
sketch rough graphs of f (x) and f (x), labeling
both of them. Then, use your graphs to guess
formulas for as many of the derivatives in the box
on page 45 as you can.
x
2
4
f (x)
7
2
g(x)
4
1
f (x)
3
5
g (x)
6
8
y
x
45
Calculus Workbook
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

d
sin x =
dx
d
cos x =
dx
d
tan x =
dx
d
cot x =
dx
d
sec x =
dx
d
csc x =
dx

1. Find the equation of the tangent line to f (x) = (x2 + 1)1 at x = 1.
46

2. Use the fact that
3. Find
d
dx (sin x)
d
x
dx (sin(xe )).
= cos x and
d
dx (cos x)
= sin x to prove that
d
dx (tan x)
= sec2 x.
47
Calculus Workbook
4. Find the derivative of each of the following functions.
r
x2 + 9
(a) f (x) =
x+3
(c) y = xex
(e) f (x) =
q
cos(sin2 x)
(b) f (t) = sin(t2 )
(d) g(t) = tan2 t
48

5. The population, P (in billions) is well-modeled by the equation P = 6e0.013t , where t is the number of years
after the beginning of 1999. First, predict the population of the world in 2009. Then, predict the rate at
which the worlds population will be growing in 2009. Include units with your answers.
6. Let f be a differentiable function, and let g(x) = [f ( x)]3 .

(a) Calculate g (x).
(b) Use the values in the table below to calculate g (4).

x f (x) f (x)
2
1
-2
4
-3
4
49
Calculus Workbook
Section 3.6 Implicit Differentiation

Preliminary Example. Consider the circle x2 + y 2 = 25, whose
graph is shown to the right. Find a formula for
y first.
dy
dx
Example 1. Let x2 + 3xy + 4y 2 = 4. Find y .
without solving for
50
Example 2. Let
1
x
= y 3 + xey . Find y .
Exercises
1. Find y if 4 cos x cos y = 3y.
51
Calculus Workbook
2. Find y if exy + y 2 = 2x.
3. Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve x3 +

x2 y + 2y 2 = 2 at the point (1, 0.5). Then, sketch this line
on the diagram to the right.
x3 + x2 y + 2y 2 = 2
y
1.5
1
0.5
0.5
-0.5
-1
1.5
52

4. Use the new derivative shortcut formulas below to calculate the derivatives of the following functions.
d
1
[sin1 x] =
dx
1 x2
(a) f (x) = sin1 (x2 )
(b) g(x) = [tan1 ( x)]2
d
1
[tan1 x] =
dx
1 + x2
53
Calculus Workbook
Section 3.7 Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions

Preliminary Example. Given to the right is a graph of
f (x) = ln x. First, sketch a rough graph of f (x), and then use
implicit differentiation to derive a formula for f (x).
y
1
-1
-2
New Derivative Formulas

1.
d
[ln x] =
dx
2.
d x
[a ] =
dx
3.
d
[loga x] =
dx
(where a is constant)
(where a is constant)
Summary of Derivatives Involving Exponents

Let a be a constant.
4.
d a
[x ] =
dx
d x
[a ] =
dx
i
d h
f (x)g(x) =
6.
dx
5.
(Variable Base, Constant Exponent)

(Constant Base, Variable Exponent)
(Variable Base, Variable Exponent)
54
Example. Find the derivative of each of the following:

(a) y = [ln(sin x)]3
(b) y = 2x ln x
(c) y = xx
(d) y = (sin x)x
55
Calculus Workbook
Exercises
1. Let s(t) = sin(t2 ) be the displacement of a particle (in feet) from the origin after t seconds. Find the velocity
and acceleration of the particle.
2. For each of the following functions, find y . Then, find the slope of the tangent line to the curve at x = 1.
Compare with the provided graphs to see if your answer is reasonable.
(a) y = cos(x ln x)
y = cos(x ln x)
y
1
-1
(b) y =
arctan(x2 )
x2
y = arctan(x2 )/x2
y
1
-2 -1
1 2
56

x2 +3
y = xx
(c) y = x
+3
y
5
4
3
2
1
1
(d) exy + 1 = x + y 2 e
(Hint: When x = 1, y = 1.)
3. For the curves in parts (b) and (c) of problem 2, find the equation of the tangent line at x = 1.
57
Calculus Workbook
Section 3.8 Differentials and Linear Approximations

Assume: f (a) and f (a) are either given or can
be easily computed.
L(x)
f(x)
a + x
Example 1. Let f (x) = ln x. Find the linearization of

f (x) at x = 1 and use it to approximate ln(1.1) and ln(1.2).
Also, fill in the table to the right.
x
1.1
1.2
ln x
L(x)
Error (f (x) L(x))
58

Assume: f (x) and f (x) are either given or can
be easily computed.
L(x)
y
dy
f(x)
x=dx
x+ x
Example 2. Let y = x.
(a) Find the differential dy.
(b) Evaluate dy and y if x = 1 and x = dx = 0.1.
Calculus Workbook
Exercises
1. Let f (x) = x10 . Find the linearization of f at x = 1 and use it to approximate 0.9510 .
2. Let y =
1 + 2x.
(a) Find the differential dy.
(b) Evaluate dy and y if x = 0 and dx = x = 0.1.
59
60

3. Let f (x) = e2x .
(a) Find the linear approximation of f at x = 0.
(b) If we want to calculate e0.01 , what value of x would we need to substitute into the function f ?
(c) Use your linear approximation from part (a) to estimate the value of e0.01 .
61
Calculus Workbook
Section 4.1 Related Rates
(Taken from Stewart)
Problem 1. Air is being pumped into a spherical balloon so that its volume increases at a rate of 100 cubic
centimeters per second. How fast is the radius of the balloon increasing when its diameter is 50 centimeters?
62
Problem 2. A ladder 10 feet long rests against a vertical wall. If the bottom of the ladder slides away from the
wall at a speed of 2 feet per second, how fast is the angle between the top of the ladder and the wall changing when
the angle is 4 radians?
Recommended Steps in a Related Rates Problem

1. After drawing a diagram (if possible) and giving variable names to all quantities that are functions
of time, write down your GIVEN INFORMATION and what you are trying to FIND using derivative
notation.
2. Write an EQUATION that relates the various quantities in the problem. If necessary, eliminate one of
the variables (as we do in problem 3 on page 63).
3. Take the DERIVATIVE of both sides of the equation WITH RESPECT TO t.
4. AFTER you have taken the derivative of both sides, SUBSTITUTE IN THE GIVEN INFORMATION
AND SOLVE the equation for what you want to find.
CAUTION! Do NOT plug in the given information into your equation until AFTER you have taken the
derivative of both sides.
Calculus Workbook
Problem 3. A water tank has the shape of an inverted circular cone with base radius 2 meters and height 4
meters. If water is being pumped into the tank at a rate of 2 cubic meters per minute, find the rate at which the
water level is rising when the water is 3 meters deep.
63
64
Problem 4. A kite 100 feet above the ground moves horizontally at a speed of 8 feet per second. At what rate is
the angle between the string and the horizontal decreasing when 200 feet of string have been let out?
Calculus Workbook
65
Section 4.2 and 4.3 Information
Definition. Let f (x) be a function whose domain is D.

1. An absolute maximum of f (x) on D occurs at x = c if f (c) f (x) for all x in D.
2. An absolute minimum of f (x) on D occurs at x = c if f (c) f (x) for all x in D.
3. A local maximum of f (x) occurs at x = c if f (c) f (x) for all x in some open interval containing c.
4. A local minimum of f (x) occurs at x = c if f (c) f (x) for all x in some open interval containing c.
Note. The maximum or minimum value of a function is a value of the output variable. The place where a
maximum or minimum value occurs is a value of the input variable.
Definition. A critical number of a function f is a number c in the domain of the function f such that either
f (c) = 0 or f (c) does not exist.
Extreme Value Theorem. If f is continuous on a closed interval [a, b], then f has an absolute maximum
and an absolute minimum on [a, b].
Review from Section 2.9:
f (x) > 0
f (x) is increasing
f (x) < 0
f (x) is decreasing
f (x) > 0
f (x) is concave up
f (x) < 0
f (x) is concave down
First Derivative Test. Suppose that c is a critical number of a continuous function f.

(a) If f changes from positive to negative at c, then f has a
at c.
(b) If f changes from negative to positive at c, then f has a
at c.
(c) If f does not change sign at c, then f has no local maximum or minimum at c.
Second Derivative Test. Suppose f is continuous near c.

(a) If f (c) = 0 and f (c) > 0, then f has a
at x = c.
(b) If f (c) = 0 and f (c) < 0, then f has a
at x = c.
Section 4.2 Maximum and Minimum Values

Preliminary Example. For the function f given below, locate all local and absolute maxima and minima on
the interval [0, 10].
16
General Rule. To find the absolute maxi-
14
mum and the absolute minimum of a continuous function on a closed interval (i.e., an interval that contains its endpoints), compare the
output values of the function at the following
locations:
f(x)
12
10
8
1.
2.
4
2
2
10
66
Example. Find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum value of f (x) = x + x3 on the interval [1, 4].
Exercises
2
1. Find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum value of f (x) = xex on the interval [0, 2].
Calculus Workbook
67
2. (Taken from Hughes-Hallett, et. al.) When you cough, your windpipe contracts. The speed, v, at which the
air comes out depends on the radius, r, of your windpipe. If 0.5 cm is the normal (rest) radius of your
windpipe, then for 0 r 0.5, the speed is given by v = (150 300r)r2 . What value of r maximizes the
speed?
3. Give an example of a function f and a domain such that the function has no absolute maximum value and no
absolute minimum value on that domain.
68
Section 4.3 Derivatives and the Shapes of Curves

f (x) = x3 + 3x2 24x 10
Preliminary Example. Consider the

graph of f (x) given to the right. Label
any points on the graph that look like local maxima or local minima. Also label
any inflection points (just estimate as best
as you can).
80
60
40
20
x
-6
-4
-2
-20
-40
(a) Make a first-derivative sign chart to determine where f is positive and where it is negative. Then, list all the
information about f that you can based on the chart.
(b) Make a second-derivative sign chart to determine where f is positive and where it is negative. Then, list all
the information about f that you can based on the chart.
Calculus Workbook
Exercises
1. Let f (x) = 3x5 10x3 + 20.
(a) Find all critical numbers of f (x), as well as all intervals on which f (x) is increasing/decreasing.
(b) Find all local maximum and local minimum values of f (x).
(c) Find all intervals on which f (x) is concave up/down, and list all inflection points of f (x).
69
70

2. Let f (x) = x2/3 (4 x)1/3 .
(a) Given that f (x) =
(b) Given that f (x) =
8 3x
, find the intervals on which f is increasing/decreasing.
3x1/3 (4 x)2/3
32
, find the intervals on which f is concave up/concave down.
x)5/3
9x4/3 (4
(c) Find all local maxima, local minima, and inflection points of f.
Calculus Workbook
3. Let f (x) =
x2 + 8
.
2x
(a) Find all local maximum and local minimum values of f.
(b) Find all intervals on which f is concave up/concave down. Does f have any inflection points?
71
72

4. Given to the right is the graph of the DERIVATIVE of a function. Use this
graph to help you answer the following questions about the ORIGINAL
FUNCTION f.
Graph of f (x), NOT f (x)

2
1
(a) What are the critical points of f ?

1
1
2
(b) Where is f increasing? decreasing?
(c) Does f have any local maxima? If so, where?
(d) Does f have any local minima? If so, where?
(e) Where is f concave up? concave down?
5. Given to the right is the graph of the SECOND DERIVATIVE of a function. Use this graph to help you answer the following questions about the
ORIGINAL FUNCTION f.
Graph of f (x), NOT f (x)

3
2
(a) Where is f concave up? concave down?

1
1
1
(b) Does f have any inflection points? If so, where?
73
Calculus Workbook
3
6. Consider the function f (x) = 51 x5 2501
3 x + 2500x on the
interval [0, 60].
(a) Use the fact that f (x) = (x50)(x+50)(x1)(x+1)

to find the x and y coordinate of all local maxima and
local minima of f on the interval [0, 60].
(b) Explain why the local minimum of f is visible on the
graph to the right, but the local maximum of f is
not visible.
Graph of f (x)
10
20
30
40
50
x
60
74
The Mean Value Theorem

Mean Value Theorem. If f is a differentiable
function on the interval [a, b], then there exists a number c between a and b such that
Example. Consider the function f shown to the right.
(a) Estimate the value(s) of c that satisfy the conclusion of

the Mean Value Theorem on the interval [0, 9]. Also draw
in the corresponding secant line and tangent lines.
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9
(b) Estimate the value(s) of c that satisfy the conclusion of the Mean Value Theorem on the interval [2, 6].
75
Calculus Workbook
Section 4.5 Indeterminate Forms and LHospitals Rule

Preliminary Example. Use a table of values to estimate the value of lim
x0
exact value of the limit?
The 5 basic indeterminate forms:
0
,
0
sin(2x)
. Is it possible to find the
3x
LHospitals Rule. Suppose f (x) and g(x) are differentiable and g (x) 6= 0 near a (except possibly at a). Then if
f (x)
has one of the five indeterminate forms listed above, we have
lim
xa g(x)
f (x)
f (x)
= lim
xa g (x)
xa g(x)
lim
Caution: To use LHospitals rule, your limit MUST BE in one of the 5 basic indeterminate forms.
Other Indeterminate Forms
Products: 0
or
Differences:
Powers: 00 ,
0 ()
0 , or 1
(x)
. Therefore, when you encounter
Caution: LHospitals rule can only be applied to a limit involving a RATIO fg(x)
one of the other indeterminate forms in the box above, you will first need to rewrite your expression as a ratio
BEFORE you can apply LHospitals rule.
ex
.
x x3
Example. Calculate lim
76
Exercises
Directions. Calculate each of the following limits exactly.
1. lim
sin x
x
3. lim
x
ex
x0
x0
4. lim
ln(ln x)
2. lim
ln x
x
Calculus Workbook

x
5. lim+ (x 1) tan
2
x1
6. lim
1
1+
x
x
77
78
Section 4.6 Optimization Problems

Preliminary Example. A farmer with 2400 feet of fencing wants to fence off a rectangular field that borders
on a straight river. She needs no fence along the river. What are the dimensions of the field that has the largest
area?
Key Steps in Optimization Problems

(A) SETUP
Draw and label a diagram, if possible.
Identify what is given and what you need to find.

(B) EQUATION
Find an equation involving the the quantity to be maximized or minimized. If the equation has
more than one input variable, use the given information to eliminate a variable.
(C) FIND ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM OR MINIMUM
Remember to look at critical points and at endpoints (if there are any). Be aware that in many
applied problems, there wont be endpoints.
79
Calculus Workbook
(Adapted from Stewart)
1. A closed rectangular box with a square base and top must have a volume of 32000 cubic centimeters. If it
costs 4 cents per square centimeter to construct the bottom and the top and 2 cents per square centimeter to
construct the sides, find the dimensions that minimize the cost of making the box. Also find the minimum
cost.
80

2. Consider the portion of the graph of the parabola y = c x2 that lies above the x-axis, where c is a positive
constant. Find the largest possible area of a rectangle with its base on the x-axis and its other two vertices on
the parabola. Note that your answer will be in terms of the constant c.
Calculus Workbook
81
3. A metal can manufacturer needs to build cylindrical cans with volume 300 cubic centimeters. The material
for the side of a can costs 0.03 cents per cm2 , and the material for the bottom and top of the can costs 0.06
cents per cm2 . What is the cost of the least expensive can that can be built?
82

4. Find two numbers x and y whose difference is 100 and whose product is a minimum.
Calculus Workbook
5. If 1200 cm2 of material is available to make a box with a square base and an open top, find the largest
possible volume of the box.
83
84

6. Suppose that we have a 10-foot-long piece of wire. We are allowed to do one of three things with the wire: (i)
bend the entire wire into a circle, (ii) bend the entire wire into a square, or (iii) cut the wire in one place and
bend one of the two pieces into a circle and the other into a square. Out of all possible scenarios, we would
like to know the maximum and the minimum total area that we could obtain.
(a) If we bend the entire wire into a circle, calculate the area of that circle.
(b) If we bend the entire wire into a square, calculate the area of that square.
(c) If we cut the wire in the middle, and bend half of the wire into a circle and half into a square, what is
the combined area of the circle and the square? Draw a picture to illustrate this situation.
(d) Now, lets generalize this process. Suppose that we cut off a piece of the wire x feet long to bend into a
circle, and that we bend the remaining piece into a square. Find, in terms of x, (i) a formula for the area
of the circle, and (ii) a formula for the area of the square.
Calculus Workbook
(e) Write down a formula for the combined area, A, of your circle and square in the previous part of the
problem, as a function of x. Then, find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum value of your
function.
85
86
Section 4.8 Newtons Method

Goal. Find a solution to the equation
x6 + 6x 9 = 0.
f (x) = x6 + 6x 9
80
60
40
20
0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.2
87
Calculus Workbook
Newtons Method. Let x1 be an initial guess for a solution to the equation f (x) = 0. Then
xn+1 =
f (xn )
+ xn .
f (xn )
Notes.
1. By repeatedly using the above formula, we generate a sequence of numbers x2 , x3 , x4 , . . . .
2. Our hope is that, as we calculate more and more numbers using the above formula, the numbers will get
closer and closer to an actual solution to the equation f (x) = 0. When this does happen, we say that the
sequence converges.
Example. Use Newtons Method to approximate the solution to the equation x6 + 6x 9 = 0 that lies between
x = 1 and x = 2.
88
Section 4.9 Antiderivative Problems

Preliminary Example.
d 2
x =
dx
Definition. A function F is called an antiderivative of f on an interval I if
f (x)
Antiderivative of f (x)
2x
3x2
cos x
ex
sec2 x
k (constant)
0
sin x
x2
x3
xn
x1
Check:
Calculus Workbook
1. Find the most general antiderivative of f (x) = x2 3 x 5 cos x.
2. Suppose that f (x) =
2
x2
+ 6x.
(a) Find a general formula for f (x).
(b) Find f (x) such that f (1) = 4 and f (1) = 0.
3. Find f if f (x) = 6x, f (1) = 2, f (2) = 18.
89
90

4. A stone is dropped from the top of the KSDN radio tower in Aberdeen, South Dakota, which stands 600
meters above the ground. You may assume that stone experiences a constant acceleration of 9.8 meters per
second squared toward the ground.
(a) Find the distance of the stone above the ground at time t.
(b) How long does it take the stone to reach the ground?
(c) With what velocity does the stone strike the ground?
(d) Find the distance of the stone above the ground if, instead of being dropped, it is thrown upward with
an initial velocity of 5 meters per second.
Calculus Workbook
91
5. A stone was dropped off a cliff and hit the ground with a speed of 150 feet per second. What is the height of
the cliff? You may assume that the stone experiences a constant acceleration of 32 feet per second squared
toward the ground.
92

6. What constant deceleration is needed to stop a braking car in 4 seconds if its initial speed is 70 feet per
second?
93
Calculus Workbook
Section 5.1 Areas and Distances

Example 1. The following data is gathered as a small plane travels down the runway toward takeoff. How far
did the plane travel in the 10 second period? (Give a range of values.)
time (sec)
velocity (ft/sec)
0
0
ftsec
200
150
100
50
1
9 10
sec
2
99
4
140
6
171.5
8
198
10
221.4
94
Example 2. Suppose that the same small plane as in Example 1 is traveling toward takeoff, but that now, we are
given the velocity of the plane every second (as shown in the table below). Give a new range of values representing
the distance that the plane could have traveled, and illustrate your estimates with a new rectangles diagram.
time (sec)
velocity (ft/sec)
0
0
1
75
2
99
3
125
4
140
5
162
6
171.5
7
182
8
198
9
215
10
221.4
ftsec
200
150
100
50
1
9 10
sec
95
Calculus Workbook
Section 5.2 The Definite Integral

Example 1. Use a left sum and a right sum, with n = 4, to estimate the area under the curve f (x) = x2 + 2 on
the interval 0 x 8.
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
5
Example 2. Use a left sum and a right sum, with n = 3, to estimate the area under the curve g(x) (shown
below) on the interval 0 x 3.
3
96
Goal. Describe, in general, a way to find the exact area

under a curve.
y=f(x)
n = number of rectangles
x = width of one rectangle
x0=a
x1
x2
x3 .................... b= xn
Left Sum =
Right Sum =
Definition. The definite integral of f (x) from a to b is the limit of the left and right hand sums as the
number of rectangles approaches infinity. We write
Z
f (x) dx = lim [Right-hand sums] = lim [Left-hand sums]

n
Example 3. Use the results of Examples 1 and 2 to give your best estimate of
Then, explain what these integrals represents geometrically.
(x + 2) dx and
g(x) dx.
97
Calculus Workbook
Example 4. Use a middlesum with n = 4 to estimate

the value of
Z
h(x) dx,
where the graph of h is given to the right.
0.25
0.5
0.75
-1
Example 5. Let f be the graph of the function shown

to the right. Calculate each of the integrals that follow
exactly.
3
1
f (x) dx
3
6
f (x) dx
f (x) dx
f (x) dx
f (x) dx
f (x) dx
f (x) dx
f (x)
6
98
Example 6. Let f Zbe the function defined on 0 x 12, some of whose values are shown in the table below.
12
f (x) dx.
Estimate the value of
x
f (x)
0
20
3
10
6
5
9
2
12
1
Section 5.2 Integration Practice

1. Given to the right is the graph of the function f (x) = ln(x/3).
Z 5
(a) Using the picture above, decide whether
ln(x/3) dx is
positive or negative.
(b) Use a middlesum with n = 4 to estimate the value of
ln(x/3) dx.
Calculus Workbook
2. Given to the right is the graph of a function
y = f (x). Use the graph to calculate the value
of each of the following integrals. You may
assume that the portion of the graph of f (x)
that looks like a semicircle really is a semicircle.
(a)
(c)
0
Z 7
2
f (x) dx
f (x) dx
(b)
(d)
99
2
f(x)
1
2
3
Z 8
f (x) dx
f (x) dx
10
1
2
3. Use the graph of the function g(x) to the right to estimate the value of
Z 12
g(x) dx. Use a leftsum, a rightsum, and a middlesum. Use n = 6
rectangles in all 3 cases.
g(x)
3
2
1
2
8 10 12
100
Properties of the Integral

1.
f (x) dx +
2.
f (x) dx =
f(x)
f (x) dx =
3.
f (x) dx =
4.
[f (x) g(x)] dx =
5.
cf (x) dx =
(if c is constant)
Comparison Properties
6. If f (x) g(x) for all a x b, then
g(x)
.
f(x)
a
7. If m f (x) M for all a x b, then
M
f(x)
m
a
101
Calculus Workbook
Section 5.3 Evaluating Definite Integrals

Preliminary Example. A small plane starts at the end of a
runway and accelerates toward takeoff. Let s(t) represent the position
of the plane (in meters) relative to its starting point after t seconds.
Let v(t) represent the velocity of the plane (in meters per second)
after t seconds. Write down 2 expressions that represent the change
in position of the plane between t = a and t = b seconds.
v(t) (m/sec)
t (sec)
Net Change Principle. Let f (x) be continuous on the interval [a, b]. Then
Z
f (x) dx = f (b) f (a).
In other words, the integral of a rate of change gives the net change.
Evaluation Theorem. Let f (x) be continuous on the interval [a, b]. Then
Z
f (x) dx = F (b) F (a),
where F is an antiderivative of f.
Notes.
1. The two theorems above say exactly the same thing.
2. The evaluation theorem gives us a way to calculate the exact value of
an
of f.
Z
x dx.
f (x) dx provided that we can find
102
sin x dx.
10 5x
dx.
Definite Versus Indefinite Integrals
Definite Integral:
f (x) dx
Indefinite Integral:
Note.
f (x) dx
103
Calculus Workbook
Exercises.
1. Evaluate the following definite integrals.

Z 1
Z 1
2
3
x
+
dt
(a)
(2e 4 cos x) dx
(b)
t4
t
5
2
(c)
x(x2 + 1)2 dx
104
2. The velocity of a biker riding along a straight east/west

1 2
highway is given by v(t) = 50
t t + 8 feet per second,
where t is measured in seconds. (See graph to the right.)
Positive velocities indicate eastward travel, while negative
velocities indicate westward travel.
Z 10
(a) Evaluate and interpret
v(t) dt in the context of
0
this problem.
(b) Evaluate and interpret
10
20
40
v(t) dt in the context of this problem.

0
(c) Calculate the total distance traveled by the biker between t = 0 and t = 40 seconds.
30
40
105
Calculus Workbook
Section 5.4 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Preliminary Example. Let f be the function shown in the diagram
to the right, and define
g(x) =
y
8
f (t) dt.
f
1
-4
Example. Calculate
d
dx
t2 dt
and
d
dx
cos t dt.
106
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. If f is continuous on [a, b], then the function g defined by
g(x) =
f (t) dt
axb
of f. In other words,
is a(n)
d
dx
f (t) dt =
Example. Find a formula for the derivative of each of the following functions.
(a) g(x) =
sin(t ) dt
(b) h(x) =
1
dy
3
y +2
(c) k(x) =
Exercises.
1. Find a formula for the derivative of each of the following functions.
Z x
(2t + 1) dt
(a) f (x) =
3
(b) g(x) =
2
x
u2
du
u2 + 1
p
1 + 3t2 dt
Calculus Workbook
Z
(c) h(x) =
107
x2
et dt
2. Let f be the function whose graph is given to the right.

Define
Z x
f (t) dt.
F (x) =
0
2
1
Fill in the entries in the table that follow:
x
F (x)
F (x)
F (x)
1
1
2
108
3. Let F (x) =
f (t) dt, where f (x) is the function whose graph is given below.
f
2
2
(a) What are the critical points of F (x)?
(b) Where is F (x) increasing? decreasing?
(c) Locate all places where F (x) has a local maximum or a local minimum, and make it clear which are
which.
(d) Where is F (x) concave up? concave down?
(e) Estimate F (0) using a method of your choice.
109
Calculus Workbook
Section 5.5 The Substitution Rule

Preliminary Example. Evaluate
Example 1. Evaluate
sin x
dx.
cos2 x
2x
p
1 + x2 dx.
110
Example 2. Evaluate
x ex dx.
Example 3. Evaluate
ln x
dx.
2x
The Substitution Rule. Under nice conditions (see formulas 4 and 5 in the text for the precise
statement of the conditions), we can choose u = g(x) to obtain the following formulas:
Z
Z
1.
f (g(x))g (x) dx = f (u) du
2.
f (g(x))g (x) dx =
u(b)
f (u) du
u(a)
Comments on the Substitution Rule:

1. When making a substitution, the goal is to transform an existing integral into an easier integral that we can
then evaluate.
2. While there is no set method that will always work when it comes to choosing your u, here are some
guidelines that will often work:
(a) Choose u so that du appears somewhere in your integrand.
(b) Choose u to be the inside portion of some composite function.
Calculus Workbook
111
Justification of the Substitution Rule:
Exercises
For problems 1-10, evaluate each of the following integrals. Keep in mind that using a substitution may not work on
some problems. For one of the definite integrals, it is not possible to find an antiderivative using any method. Once
you have figured out which one this is, use the midpoint rule with n = 4 to approximate the value of the integral.
Z
1.
sin x cos x dx
2.
x sin (x2 + 5) dx
112
3.

Z
4.
5.
e1/x
dx
x2
tan x dx
ex dx
Calculus Workbook
Z 4
2x 3
dx
6.
x2
1
7.
ex
dx
ex + 1
ex + 1
dx
ex
8.
113
114
9.
1
dx
1 + 4x2
10.
x2
dx
1x
11. Let a be any positive real number.

(a) Explain why ax = ex ln a
(b) Use part (a) together with a u-substitution to evaluate
ax dx.

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Calculus Workbook

Compiled by: Jerry Morris, Sonoma State University

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Chapter 2 Limits and Derivatives

Chapter 3 Differentiation Rules

Chapter 4 Applications of Differentiation

Areas and Distances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Math 161 Review Examples

Example 4. Solve for x in each of the following equations.

(c) 21 x(ax + 1)1/2 +

f (x) = Cax whose graph is given to the right.

Example 7. Let f (x) =

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Math 161 Preliminary Review Problems

(b) Calculate and simplify f (x) 4.

(c) Solve the equation f (x 4) = 0 for x.

6. To the right, you are given a graph that shows a function

Section 2.2 The Limit of a Function

Example 1. Let f (x) =

and lim f (x).

Example 2. Let f (x) =

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(f) lim g(x)

2. (a) Does lim f (x) from Exercise 1 exist? Explain.

(b) Does lim g(x) from Exercise 1 exist? Explain.

4. Estimate the value of lim

(i) lim+ f (x)

(j) lim f (x)

(e) lim+ f (x)

(k) lim f (x)

(f) lim f (x)

6. Let f (x) = sin

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Section 2.3 Limit Laws

lim [f (x) + g(x)] =

lim [f (x) g(x)] =

lim [f (x) g(x)] =

(ii) If c 6= 0 and d = 0, then

(iii) If c = 0 and d = 0, then

The Squeeze Theorem. If f (x) g(x) h(x)

lim f (x) = lim h(x) = L,

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2. Calculate lim g(x), where g(x) =

3. Show that lim

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Section 2.4 Continuity

3. lim f (x) must equal f (a).

List of Continuous Functions.

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The Intermediate Value Theorem (IVT)

Suppose f is continuous on [a, b], and let N be any number

Section 2.5 Limits Involving Infinity

2. f has a vertical asymptote at x = a if

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(c) lim f (x) =