Proceedings of Bridge Engineering 2 Conference 2010

April 2010, University of Bath, Bath, UK

A CRITICAL ANALYIS OF THE RESUND BRIDGE,

CONNECTING COPENHAGEN TO MALM
S.Hughes1
1

Undergraudate Student- University of Bath

Abstract: This paper aims to provide a critical analysis of The resund Bridge, connecting Copenhagen (Denmark) to
Malm (Sweden). The analysis will include a discussion on the aesthetic, structural design, foundations, construction
sequence, sustainability aspects of the bridge and the structural checks calculated under different load combinations.
Attention will be paid to the short fabrication and construction time of the bridge.

Keywords: resund Bridge, cable-stayed, double-deck, girder, Svanen.

1 Introduction
The resund Bridge is the longest cable-stayed
bridge in the world which carries both rail and road
traffic, and connects the Danish capital Copenhagen to
Malm in Sweden. The resund Link crosses the
Baltic Sea and is made up of an artificial island
stretching 4 km, a 3.5 km underwater tunnel and a
bridge spanning 7.7 km. In 2003, the resund Bridge
was awarded the IABSE (International Association for
Bridge and Structural Engineering) Outstanding
Structure Award for the innovative planning and
construction
management
techniques,
and
environmental considerations.

Design build and finance the link. Arup were appointed

as the designers and Sundlink Contractors were
commissioned to construct the US$1.3 billion link
between 1995 and 2000. The aim was to build a fast
connection between the two countries, in order to form
an economic powerhouse. Reducing the journey time
to 35 minutes from Copenhagen Central Railways
Station to Malmo Central Railway Station allowed the
two cities to be brought closer together to share their
resources. The opening of the resund Bridge has
allowed 17,000 people to commute across the bridge
every day, which has reduced the issue of labour
shortages in Denmark and improved the housing
market in Sweden. The bridge has also improved trade,
tourism and relations between the two countries and
has allowed Sweden to be connected to mainland
Europe.

Figure 1: resund Bridge

In 1991, the governments of Denmark and Sweden
came together and agreed to connect the two cities of
Copenhagen and Malm. Companies from both
countries formed the resund Bridge Consortium
(resundsbro Konsortiet), a 50:50 venture between the
two governements (Fig 2). The consortiums aim was
to plan,

Figure 2: The ownership structure of the resund

Consortium [1]

approach spans, which makes the design of the bridge

minimal.

2 Aesthetics
Analyzing the aesthetics of the resund Bridge is
purely subjective, however Leonhardt Fritzs ten rules
of aesthetics will be used to gain an objective view of
the bridge.
2.1 Fulfillment of function
The cable-stayed bridge is simple structure,
where the load paths can be seen clearly from the harp
shape formation of cables The symmetrical cables, all
at an inclination of 30 result in the pylons looking
balanced and in equilibrium. When drivers enter and
leave the high bridge the function of the bridge is clear,
without the cables interfering with the road line. The
principal horizontal girder makes a clear statement of
its structural purpose. The absence of a cross beam
above the road deck keeps the bridge design looking
free and ensures the cables are the most important
visual aspect when driving across the bridge.

Figure 3: View of the cables

2.2 Proportions
The deck seems to be much deeper than
expected for a cable-stayed bridge. In the initial design
stages, a single-level more elegant solution was drawn
up. The design would result in the rail and roadway
being on the same level, causing the deck to be very
wide. This proved to be a structural inefficient option
and the two-level bridge deck was a more logical
alternative, whilst providing the stiffness and rigidity
needed for high speed freight trains. Due to the large
cross section of the deck, the pylons are a lot more
slender compared to other cable-stay bridge such as the
Stonecutters Bridge in Hong Kong.

2.3 Order
The resund Bridge is well ordered when
viewed in elevation. The pylons are evenly spaced at
160m apart from those nearest the pylons, which are
140m. The symmetry of the cables gives a clean
appearance. The width of the pier is only slightly wider
than the truss, and the deep girder lends itself to longer

2.4 Refinement
The angles of the warren truss are at the same angle as
the cable-stays, creating a visual refinement which can
be seen when the bridge is viewed in elevation. The
pylon legs are pentagonal shape in cross section, and
taper towards the top. The pylons are still able to
provide stability as the harp only delivers a small load
to the top of the pylon, creating a slender pylon that
does not look as visually imposing. The detailing of
the top of the piers, where connections only occur at
the edge of the truss, gives the piers a more slender
look (Fig 4). To give train users a clear view of the
resund Strait, a more open bracing system on the
trusses has been used, which in turn makes the
appearance of the bridge lighter.

Figure 4: Refinement detail of piers

2.5 Integration with environment
The alignment of the bridge is curved form the
artificial island to Malmo, creating a subtle bridge line
against the back drop of the Baltic Sea.
2.6 Character
The resund Bridge does seem to lack
character, perhaps due to the simplistic design and the
fact it stretches such a long distance over a huge body
of water. However, the resund Bridge stands out as a
major landmark and an important connection between
Copenhagen and Sweden.

2.7 Surface Texture and Colour

The use of colour is understated in the
resund Bridge. The warm grey concrete piers have
not been painted, and will reduce maintenance costs of
the life time of the bridge. The white pylons create a
sleek backdrop against the sea and are floodlit during
the night. This highlights the importance of the pylons

and provides lighting to night time drivers, and makes

the drive across the bridge less of a daunting task. The
truss is painted black, giving the deck a sense of depth,
however as the cross section is already deep it can be
argued that painting the deck black results in the deck
looking chunkier. The dark cables stand out against the
blue sea and sky, and make them more visible during
the day. Dark cables are a prominent feature of the
bridge and give the impression that they are able to
support a large load . Visitors to the bridge are able to
see the cables from a distance, creating a definitive
entrance and exit to the high bridge (Fig 5)..

3.2 Components of the resund Link

The resund Bridge is made up of a three
main sections. A 3,014m Western approach bridge
leading from the artificial island, a 3,739m Eastern
approach bridge leading to the Swedish coastline and a
1,092m high bridge, with a main span of 490m. The
central span of 490m is the longest cable stayed bridge
in the world carrying both rail and road traffic. The
main span is suspended off stay cables from four 204m
high concrete pylons.

Figure 6: The resund Fixed Link [2]

Figure 5: View of the bridge when driving across
2.8 Complexity
The resund Bridge is not a complex structure,
and fulfills the structural requirements needed. No
elements are unnecessary and the structural design is
kept to a minimum.
2.9 Incorporation of nature
The curved plan of the bridge, coming from sea level
and leading to Malm incorporates the surroundings
around it, harmonising the curvature of the land and
sea. However, it can be argued that this was the most
logical route the bridge could take.

3.2.1 The Deck

The double deck arrangement allows the
separation of road and rail traffic. The upper deck is
made up of a post-tensioned concrete deck, which
supports four lanes of traffic. The deck is cantilevered
4.1m to both sides of the trusses, and results in an even
distribution of positive and negative moments in the
slab. The concrete road deck is connected to the steel
truss by shear studs, which transfer longitudinal shear
forces to the truss.

3 Structural Design
3.1 Choice of Bridge Type
When deciding upon a design for the bridge, a
number of considerations had to be taken into account.
On the shoreline of Denmark was Copenhagen
International airport. Building high towers would run
The risk of a collision from airplanes. A bridge that
was built too low may cause ships to collide, so an arch
design was therefore ruled out. Designers decided
against a suspension bridge, as the flexibility would
result in the tracks bending, and trains would not
operate on tracks that are subject to deflection. A cablestayed bridge was the best option to achieve the
rigidity needed at an economical cost.

Figure 7: High Bridge girder cross section [3]

The lower part of the deck was designed as a
steel warren truss section, made up of unilateral
triangles and supports two railway tracks. The truss
members are made as closed boxes with stiffeners
inside, and are inclined about 30 degrees in order
match the inclination of the cable-stay members.

In order for the main cable stay span to be

able to deal with road and heavy freight trains, the
cross section is slightly different to the approach spans.
The railway deck is made up of a closed steel box deck
instead of a concrete deck, in order to reduce the dead
load where sagging moments are an issue.

forces in the cables are translated into a

compressive force in the pylon. There are 40 cables in
total (20 supporting off each pylon), each consisting of
seven 5mm threads gathered in bundles of 63-73, with
a cross sectional area of 108 cm2. To reduce the
vibrations caused by rain and wind, the cables are
covered with polyethylene double helical spiral 2mm
thick. However, this did not reduce the issue of
oscillations of the longest cables. Dampers were
therefore installed at the stay anchors at deck level.
There are also dampers to limit horizontal movement
from brake forces from trains.

Figure 8: View inside the steel girder

3.2.2 Pylons
The pylons transfer the vertical loads carried
by the cables to the ground. The H- shaped pylons of
the resund Bridge, with the cross beam below the
bridge deck result in 150 m of free standing concrete
columns. The pylons legs therefore must be subjected
to compression, from their dead load and vertical loads
acting on the bridge deck. As a result the cable planes
must be vertical.
3.2.3 Cables
Cable-stay bridges work when the forces
either side of the pylon are in equilibrium. This has the
effect of reducing the moments in the pylon, and
therefore the need of moment bearing foundations. The
harp shape formation, with relatively steep cables and
immediate supports on the side spans, provide the
rigidity needed for passenger and freight trains. This
symmetrical harp shape formation has been used in the
resund Bridge (Fig, 10). The 30 inclined cables
cause a compressive force in the bridge, the tensile

Figure 10: Structural system of a cable-stayed

bridge [4]
4 Loading
To analyse the bridge the loads acting on the
bridge need to be identified, these include dead, dead
loads, live as well as loads caused by temperature and
the wind. The Serviceability Limit State (SLS) and
Ultimate Limit State (ULS) conditions will be used in
accordance to BS 5400 [5]. ULS conditions determine
the load conditions which would cause the structure to
fail, and SLS to ensure the bridge is serviceable. In
this case for the steel girder and concrete f3 is taken as
1.00 for the SLS and 1.10 for the ULS. fl varies for
different load cases and is given the 490m long high
bridge will be analysed with different load cases to
establish the worst case scenario.
4.1 Dead Loads
The dead load is made up of the weight of the
steel girders, the closed box section inside the girder,
the concrete trough which the trains run on and the
concrete roadway deck. A conservative approach has
been used by modelling the high bridge railway deck
the same as the approach bridge.

Figure 9: An oblique view of the cables

Component
Steel Girder
Steel Box Section
Concrete Railway
trough
Concrete Roadway
Deck
Total (per m)

Unfactored
Load (kN)
152,450
5,320
21,600

Factor
(fl)
1.05
1.05
1.15

Factored
Load
176,080
6,144
27,324

27,000

1.15

34,155

421 kN/m

498
kN/m

Table 1: Factored Dead Loads

4.3.1 HA Loading
HA loading is made up on a uniformly- distributed
load (UDL) acting over the notional lanes of the bridge
plus a knife-edge load (KEL) acting at the most critical
location. The UDL can be worked out using Eq. 1
below (Ref x).
( )0.1

(1)

This gives UDL of 19.3 kN/m per notional lane. The

knife edge load per notional lane is taken as 120 kN.

4.2 Superimposed Dead Loads

4.3.2 HB Loading
Superimposed dead loads are made up of the
loads on the bridge which are non-structural. These
include, the asphalt surface, lighting and services and
crash barriers. As the resund Bridge also carries
railway traffic, there are additional superimposed loads
such as the ballast, sleepers and track.
The road surface is 700 mm of asphalt (Ref x),
spread evenly across the 23.5m road. 1 kN/m2 has
been assumed for all lighting, services and road
furniture over the whole deck area, giving
approximately 20 kN/m.
Asphalt Surfacing:
0.07 m x 23.5 m x 23 kN/m2 = 37.8 kN/m
The ballast covering the surface of the railway
deck will create an additional superimposed load. The
density of the deck is assumed to be 16 kN/m3 and the
depth has been taken as 0.5m (Fig 7). Any additional
loads from the railway track and sleepers have been
including in the loading for the ballast, giving an
unfactored load of 40 kN/m. The loads are then
multiplied by the partial load factors fl for
superimposed dead loads, 1.75 for ULS conditions.
Table 2: Superimposed Loads
Component
Asphalt Surface
Lighting and Services
Ballast
Total (per m)
Total factored load (per m)

Weight (kN)
37.8
20
40
97.8 kN/m
188.3 kN/m

4.3 Live Loading

To work out the traffic loading on the bridge, the
number of notional lanes must be calculated. The
lane/lanes are then loaded with HA and HB loads to
determine the worst possible case. The resund Bridge
has a 23.5 m wide carriageway which is modelled as 6
notional lanes, 3.9 m wide. The dual carriageway
carried by the bridge is separated by a central
reservation and has barriers on outside lanes.

HB loading takes into account abnormal large

loads on the bridge, due to trucks transporting long,
wide and heavy objects. These might include xxx being
transported to and from Malmo to Copenhagen,
although it is likely that heavy freight will be
transported by trains. Full HB loading will be used as
45 units, where each axle represents 10 kN. HB
vehicles are made up of 16 wheels arranged on four
axles, each wheel therefore carries 112.5 kN.

4.3.3 Train Loading

The lower deck accommodates two railways tracks
and the loading of these trains has to be considered.
Standard RU railway loading ahs been used and the
loading arrangement is shown in Fig 11 (Ref x) and
will be applied to both tracks.

Figure 11: Standard Type RU Live Loads

4.4 Wind Loading
Wind loading is a major factor affecting the
resund Bridge. Horizontal and longitudinal wind
loading will be considered. The wind gust can be
calculated by using Eq. 2. The wind speed will be
taken as 15 m/s (Refx), the wind coefficient (K1) as
1.54 and the gust factor (S2) as 1.36.
Vc = c K1 S1 S2
Vc = 31.4 m/sec

(2)

The dynamic pressure head can then be calculated

using Eq. 3 below.
q = 0.613 Vc 2
q = 604 N/m2

(3)

4.4.1 Horizontal Wind Loading

The horizontal wind load (Pt) can no be
considered using Eq.4 below. A1 is the solid projected
area which is resisting the wind. The main span of the
resund Bridge is 490m and the depth of deck is taken
as 11.7m. The solidity ratio is approximately 0.3 due
to the open box nature of the truss, which gives a drag
coefficient CD 1.7.

= x T x E
= 12x10-6 x 27 x 210,000
= 68 N/mm2

(7)

Expansion joints installed were installed along the

bridge deck to deal with the temperature variations.

4.5.3 Temperature differences between deck

Pt = q A1 CD
Pt = 604 x (245 x 11.7 x 0.3) x 1.7
Pt = 883 kN

(4)

4.4.2 Longitudinal wind loading

Heat transfer across the deck can create

temperature variations. These variations can cause
stresses in the deck which in turn can lead to bending
moments in the deck, affecting the strength of the deck.
Fig 12. shows the possible heat transfer across the steel
and concrete deck.

Longitudinal wind loads acting on all parapets

and piers must also be considered. As the bridge deck
is a girder structure, Eq 5 will be used to calculate
longitudinal wind load (PLS) (is specified is BS-5400
5.3.4.2- charis cos) . A3 is the plan area and the
coefficient of uplift, CL can be taken as 0.4.
`

PLS = 0.5 q A3 CL
(5)
PLS = 0.5 x 604 x (245 x 23.5) x 0.4
PLS = 696 kN

Figure 12: Variations in temperature through the

bridge deck

5 Structural Analysis

4.5 Temperature
Temperature effects are important in bridges,
as fluctuations in temperature can cause cracking of the
concrete bridge deck, which can result in the bridge
experiencing significant stresses. There are two
temperature effects in bridges, overall temperature
increases and temperature difference between the top
and bottom deck.
4.5.1 Effective Temperature
The resund Bridge connects Sweden to
Copenhagen, and these two countries have slightly
different climates. The bridge may experience
temperature variation during different times of the year
or from one end of the bridge to the other. The
temperature range has therefore been taken as 40
degrees acting over the length of the bridge. The
coefficient of thermal expansion for steel is = 12x10-6

5.1 Deck
The analysis of the bridge deck will be
simplified by modelling it as a continuous beam with
rigid supports representing the cables. The bending
moment will be calculated with a UDL of dead and
superimposed loads applied across all lanes and a
knife-edge load applied at midspan. The bending
moment for the high bridge can be calculated using Eg.
8.
M = Wl2 + Pl
10
4

(8)

M = 498 x 202 + 120x 20

10
4
M= 20.5 MNm

L = T x L x

(6)

L = 40 x 7,845 x 12x10-6
L = 2540mm
The stresses along the bridge can therefore be
calculated (Eq. 7) using 210,000 N/mm2 as the youngs
modulus of steel.

The worst possible case results in a bending

moment of 20.5 MNm at the end supports. The
bending moment diagram of the deck can be seen
below (Fig 13).

dead load of 8,422 kN, but the shortest cable supports

22.5m length of deck amounting to a dead load of
9,474 kN. The cables are orientated at 30 to the
horizontal.
Figure 13: Rigid support bending moment
diagram
The stresses in the deck caused by the bending moment
can then be calculated, by using Eq. X. The bridge
section is a steel box girder, and contains steel
stiffeners, the I value is taken as 5.4 x 1014.

The tension of the cable which supports 20m =

8,422/ sin 30 = 16.8 MN, and the tension of the cable
which supports 22.5m = 9,475/sin 30 = 18.9 MN.

5.2 Compression in the deck

= My
I

(9)

= 20.5 x 10 6 x 5850
5.4 x 1014
= 2.2 x 10 -4
The small stress experienced by the deck shows the
rigidity of the warren truss.
The deck can also be modelled as a simply supported
beam with a fixed end at the pylon end and a pinned
end, where the dead load of the deck is taken by the
cables. The bending moment can then be calculated
with a UDL of live loads (HA and train loads) and a
point load acting 2/3 along the deck to produce the
worst possible case. Producing a maximum moment of
767.2 MNm
M = W(0.75leff)2 + Pa2b(2l+b)
8
2l3
(10)

As the cables are inclined, they cause a

compressive force in the deck, this can be calculated by
considering the horizontal component of the force
worked out from the cables.
The compression in the 20m sections = cos 30 x 16.8
= 14.5 MN, and in the 22.5m sections = cos 30 x 18.9
MN = 16.4 MN.
5.3 Torsion
The symmetrical evenly spaced cable stays along the
pylons provide good resistance to torsion. Torsional
moments are resisted by the steel box section which
has torsional rigidity.

6 Construction
The resund Bridge was constructed on time and
on budget, which is unusual for the size and
complexity of the project. Prefabrication was used
extensively to ensure quality and efficient construction,
with elements being of a high standard. Construction of
bridge sections on land, also reduced the amount of
time spent at the bridge line and the risk that the
marine enrinonement would be polluted or disturbed.
Construction of the resund Bridge started with
the 204m high towers, which were fabricated in Malm
harbour. The two towers were the only major elements
to be constructed in-situ . The tower was constructed in
4m sections every 7-10 days, using climbing
formwork. Ensuring one tower was always 12m taller

Figure 14: Simply supported beam bending

moment diagram
Using computer analysis the actual bending moment
diagram would produce a jelly mould bending
moment diagram, where the cables take some of the
dead load.

5.2 Tension in Cables

The post tensioned forces needed in the cable can
be calculated by assuming the dead load that each
cable takes. All the cables support 20m length of deck
as the cables are evenly distributed, which amounts to a

Figure 15: Construction of the pylon towers

than the other reduced the risk of the cranes

becoming tangled up with each other. As new sections
of the tower are cast, the weight of these segments will
cause compression forces in the cross section below.
This will result in pre-stressing and will increase the
pylons ability to transfer moments due to lateral loads
(wind). When the towers reached 44m, the cross beam
was installed.

the railway deck is likely to experience tension, the aim

was to reduce these tension forces during construction.
The steel girders were therefore constructed with only
part of the railway deck in place, thus reducing the
dead weight of the girder. The concrete trough and
steel connections were then fitted once the girders were
finally installed on the piers.

Dredging to depth of 6-10m of the sea floor, took

place to prepare it for the caissons, which support the
piers and pylons. The pylon caissons for the high
bridge were built in the dry dock. With each pylon
weighing 18 mkg, there were no vessels which were
cable of carrying the towers out to sea, so the engineers
constructed a catamaran to lift and transport the
caissons. Once the dry dock was flooded the catamaran
could be floated out. At bridge line, the caissons were
lowered into a pit, and GPS, divers and underwater
camera were used to guide the pylons to 8 cm of their
target. The pier and pylons were placed on three prepositioned concrete pads. The underside of the caisson
was grouted in place and then ballasted

The cable-stayed deck, which is made up of eight

sections, two of which are 120m and six of 140m in
length, was constructed in Karlskrona in Sweden,
about 200 km from site. These sections and the two
approach bridge were shipped on a roll-off roll-on ship
to the North Harbour. The bridge elements were then
transported by the Svanen crane to the work site.
As the resund is not very deep, three temporary
towers were constructed in order to hold up the main
span prior to the installation of cable.
After the superstructure was constructed from the
midspan to the end of the side spans, the cables were
erected. Each cable consists of around 70 strands. And
one single strand was pulled up 70 times. As a result
the load was transferred from the temporary piers to
the cables.

Figure 16: Caisson construction in the dry dock

The heavy lifting vessel Svanen, which has a
lifting capacity of 8,700 tons, was used to collect the
caisson and pier shafts to the bridge line. The first
stages of constructuction were on the Eastern
Approach Bridge and the High Bridge, in order to
minimise the disturbance to sea traffic in the resund
waters.
The steel truss and concrete road deck, were
fabricated and painted in Cadiz in Spain. To reduce
temperature variations in the workshop, large air
condition plants were installed. The approach span
girders were then transported on specially equipped
barges and tugboats to a harbour in Malmo.
The prefabricated railway troughs were then
installed. The Svanen was also used to erect the steel
truss in place. Lifting the trusses using Svanen
resulted in the girders being cantilevered 40m at either
end. This caused large tension forces in the concrete
road deck, a load that had not been accounted for. As

.
Figure 17: Svanen lifting the girder into the bridge line
6.1 Bearings
The truss girders are supported on pot
bearings, which consist of a rubber disk within a steel
cylinder, which allow for rotation. The approach spans
have longitudinal fixed bearings on two piers and the
high bridge also have longitudinal fixed bearings as
well as partially fixed bearings. Fixed bearings limit
longitudinal movements due to temperature variations
but are able to take longitudinal forces due to ship
collisions or earthquakes. Hydraulic units are installed
at the expansion joints between the approach spans and
side spans of the cable-stayed bridge, which allow for
movement from temperature variations and absorb and
transfer braking forces which would otherwise be taken
by the cable-stays and result in bending of the pylons.

7 Durability
The resund Bridge has a design life of 100
years, if maintained well. The smooth outer surfaces of
members ensure moisture and dirt do not accumulate.
It is likely that some structural elements will need
replacing if they become damaged or worn out.

The 204m pylons are designed as free standing

columns with a cross beam below the deck. The pylons
are joined in the sea bed water by a caisson foundation,
thereby reducing the blocking of water in the strait.
The pylons and caissons are founded on Copenhagen
limestone which has been horizontally excavated. The
rock has enough capacity to take the load from the
bridge.

7.1 Corrosion
9 Sustainability
Arup design and research team were
commissioned to develop the corrosion protection for
the resund Bridge. The brief was to provide the
maximum possible protection, by using a thick barrier
coat over a primer. Table 1 below details the
specification of the coatings used.
Table 3: Coating Specification [6]
Coating
Primer
Barrier 1
Barrier 2
Finish

Material
Zinc rich epoxy
Epoxy micaceous iron oxide
Epoxy micaceous iron oxide
Polyurethane

Thickness(m)
40
150
150
50

Arup also reviewed the steelwork design and

proposed changes to the design in order to increase
water run off on the structure. The recommendations
included, ensuring water run-off at node points and
highlighting details that could cause an issue with
water retention. The design team also visited the
workshops in Sweden and Spain where parts of the
bridge were being fabricated and continued to make
visual inspections of the steel elements, which were
essential in order to highlight areas which would need
remedial work.
8 Foundations and Pier Design
The approach spans are supported on reinforced
concrete piers with raft foundations. The lower part of
the pier and the caissons (35m x 37m) are filled with
concrete and sand to provide the dead weight needed to
resist impact forces from ships and potential lover
turning. The caissons have been designed to withstand
a longitudinal collision force of 560 MN and a
transverse collision force of 428 MN.

Figure 18: Cross section of the pylon caisson

The resund Bridge was built to have minimal

impact on the marine environment, during and after
construction. High standards of environmental
protection were ensured, by monitoring and protecting
the flora and fauna. The road and high speed rail
connection have brought the two countries closer
together, and train passenger numbers increased by
25% in 2007 compared to 2006. Air pollution in the
region subsequently has reduced by about 50 %. A
number
of
environmental
and
conservation
organisations were consulted on the project and in
2001, the Danish and Swedish authorities concluded
that environmental requirements had been met.
The Swedish Water Council also ensured the
bridge would have minimal blocking of the resund
strait. The design of the bridge ensured that pylons
would have minimal effects on water flow. The bridge
pylons have since become habitats for algae and
mussels providing food for fish and birds in the Baltic
Sea.
During construction 5,000 local workers were
employed and involved in the project and materials
such as steel and granite were sourced from Denmark
[7]. An employment programme was set up to train
workers in order for them to have the necessary skills
for the project. The programme also helped train
unemployed workers in carpentry and steel work and
allowed skilled Civil Engineers to gain the special
requirements needed for the project.
The shallow waters of the resund strait meant
bridge lighting had to be carefully considered.
Illumination of the bridge is therefore kept to a
minimum so not to detract and fish migrating birds.

10 Serviceability
In 2000, shortly after the bridge had been opened the
bolts on the guard rail were seen to be corroding.
Preventing the bolts rusting through was an essential to
reduce the risk of failure. This required removing the
nuts from the 16,000 bolts, blasting the bolts clean and
coating the bolts with gel to prevent moisture ingress.
The resund Bridge was built to contain a large
number of dehumidifiers, which keep the air
temperature to 60% relative humidity. The lack of

moisture reduces the risk of rusting of the steel

elements.
11 Maintenance
The resund Bridge was built with a hanging
gantry underneath the steel girder. The hydraulic arm
can carry workers outside the truss and allows for easy
access to the bridge without interuppting the flow of
traffic. without interrupting the flow of traffic. Access
to the concrete piers is achieved by lowering a
maintenance box from the gantry to sea level. This
allows workers to check the cement for cracks and
change light bulbs which guide ships through the
navigation channel.

needed for the building of the bridge and sourced

materials locally, demonstrating the sustainability
aspects of the project. The construction of the bridge
was completed on time and on budget for a project as
complex as the resund Link, and demonstrates how
two countries can come together to combine their
resources and produce a momentous bridge.

15 Acknowledgments
Thank-you to Sven Junkers, Noel Morrin and Hakan
Camper (Skanska) for their help, information and
patience during this project. Thank-you also to Mark
Evernden for his help and advice during writing this
paper.

12 Future Improvements
The use of the resund Bridge is set to increase as
the region continues to prosper. From Figure 19, the
number of journeys made by cars has continued to
increase since the opening of the bridge. The two lanes
of traffic in each direction may not be able to manage
with this continued rise. Widening of the road is
possible, however the construction work needed for
improvement may result the flow of traffic being
interrupted , which would in turn affect the journeys of
thousands of commuters and bridge users.

15 References
[1] UCL Project Profile. The resund Link [Online]
Available at:
http://www.omegacentre.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/studies/case
s/pdf/Oresund-20081010.pdf
[2] Oresundsbro Konsortiet, 2011. The Oresund Bridge
and its region [Online]
Available at:
http://uk.oresundsbron.com/page/34
[3] Nissen, J, Bridge Publication. The Oresund Bridge
Publications
[4] Bridge 2 Paper, 2010. A Critical Analysis of the
Puente De La Unidad, Mexico
[5] British Standards Institute ,2006. BS5400: 2006.
Steel, Concrete and Composite [Online]
Available at:
http://people.bath.ac.uk/cmb27/proceedings/proceeding
s.htm

Figure 19: Daily traffic across the Oresund Bridge

[6] Nissen, J. and Falbe-Hansen, K., 2000, The

Oresund Bridge Completion, The Arup Journal 3/2000

13 Conclusions
The resund Bridge has successfully connected
and integrated the two cities of Malmo and
Copenhagen, as well as improving the development
and economic growth of the region. Around 17,000
people commute across the bridge on a daily basis, and
the reduced journey time between Copenhagen and
Malmo has alleviated the labour shortages in Denmark
and has improved the housing market in Sweden.
The programme trained unemployed workers in skills

[7] Skanska, 2009. Oresund Bridge, Sweden and

Denmark- Aspects of Sustainability [Online]
Available at:
http://skanska-sustainability-casestudies.com/pdfs/49/49_Oresund_v001.pdf