Celstran Injection Molding PDF

Long Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics
Injection Molding Guide
Plastic Materials
Celstran & Injection Molding
Process & Handling
Trouble Shooting Guide
Table of Contents
Introduction
Thermoset Polymers ............................................. 3
Thermoplastic Polymers......................................... 3
Chapter 1
Celstran Materials & Injection Molding

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
Celstran Long Fiber Reinforced Materials ............ 4

Molding Celstran Materials ............................. 5
The Molding Process ..................................... 5
Injection Molding Equipment............................ 6
Sprues, Runners, Gates, & Venting.................... 8
Basic Design Principles.................................. 8
Warpage Considerations ................................. 9
Shrinkage Considerations ............................... 9
Chapter 2
Celstran Processing
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
Storage of Celstran Materials ......................... 10

Celstran Material Handling ............................ 10
Feeding of Celstran Materials......................... 10
Use of Regrind Celstran Materials ................... 10
Celstran Stainless Steel Materials ................... 10
Celstran as a Blending Concentrate .................. 11
Drying Celstran Materials.............................. 12
Celstran Long Fiber Reinforced Nylon PA6/6 ....... 13
Celstran Long Fiber Reinforced Nylon PA6.......... 14
Celstran Long Fiber Reinforced PP................... 15
Celstran Long Fiber Reinforced TPU ................. 16
Celstran Long Fiber Reinforced PPS ................. 17
Celstran Long Fiber Reinforced POM ................ 18
Celstran Long Fiber Reinforced PET ................. 19
Celstran Long Fiber Reinforced PEHD ............... 20
Shutdown Conditions ................................... 21
Safety Precautions ...................................... 21
Chapter 3
Troubleshooting Guide
3.1 Fiber Length Degradation .............................. 22
3.2 Short Shots, Pit Marks, & Surface Ripples ......... 22
3.3 Flashing................................................... 22
3.4 Splay Marks, Silver Streaks, & Splash Marks...... 22
3.5 Nozzle Problems......................................... 23
3.6 Discoloration ............................................. 23
3.7 Burn Marks ............................................... 23
3.8 Sticking Problems ....................................... 23
3.9 Weld Lines................................................ 24
3.10 Sinks and Voids.......................................... 24
3.11 Warpage and Part Distortion .......................... 24
3.12 Brittleness ................................................ 24
3.13 Delamination............................................. 24
3.14 Poor Dimensional Control.............................. 24
3.15 Un-melted Pellets ....................................... 24
Troubleshooting Check List.................................... 27
List of Figures
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
page
Celstran Manufacturing Process ................................... 4

Schematic Cutaways of Pellets....................................... 4
Molding Sequence of a Single Stage Machine............... 5
Molding Machine Schematic.......................................... 6
Metering Screw for Celstran Materials ......................... 6
Three Piece Screw Tip Ring Valve.................................. 7
Non-return Valve Comparison ....................................... 7
Nozzle Tip Comparison .................................................. 8
Shrinkage Data for Celstran Materials ......................... 9
Flex. Mod. of Recycled PE vs. Celstran PEHD-GF60 . 11
Low Temp. Impact of POM vs. various Celstran POM ... 11
Notched Izod of PP vs. various Celstran PP............... 11
DTUL of recycled PET blended with Celstran PET .. 11
Hopper Dryer Unit Schematic ..................................... 12
Proc. Temps. - Nylon PA6/6 Celstran Materials ......... 13
Proc. Temps. - Nylon PA6 Celstran Materials ............ 14
Proc. Temps. - PP Celstran Materials......................... 15
Proc. Temps. - TPU Celstran Materials ...................... 16
Proc. Temps. - PPS Celstran Materials....................... 17
Proc. Temps. - POM Celstran Materials ..................... 18
Proc. Temps. - PET Celstran Materials ...................... 19
Proc. Temps. - PEHD Celstran Materials ................... 20
NOTICE:
To the best of our knowledge, the information contained in this publication is accurate, however we do not assume any liability whatsoever
for the accuracy and completeness of such information. Further, the
analysis techniques included in this publication are often simplifications
and, therefore, approximate in nature. More vigorous analysis techniques
and/or prototype testing are strongly recommended to verify satisfactory
part performance. Anyone intending to rely on such recommendation or
to use any equipment, processing technique or material mentioned in this
publication should satisfy themselves that they can meet all applicable
safety and health standards.
It is the sole responsibility of the users to investigate whether any
existing patents are infringed by the use of the materials mentioned in this
publication.
Any determination of the suitability of a particular material for any
use contemplated by the user is the sole responsibility of the user. The
user must verify that the material, as subsequently processed, meets the
requirements of the particular product or use. The user is encouraged to
test prototypes or samples of the product under the harshest conditions
likely to be encountered to determine the suitability of the materials.
Material data and values included in this publication are either based
on testing of laboratory test specimens and represent data that fall within
the normal range of properties for natural material or were extracted from
various published sources. All are believed to be representative. Colorants
or other additives may cause significant variations in data values. These
values are not intended for use in establishing maximum, minimum or
ranges of values for specification purposes.
We strongly recommend that users seek and adhere to the manufacturers or suppliers current instructions for handling each material they
use. Please call 1-800-833-4882 for additional technical information. Call
Customer Services at the numbers listed on the back cover of this publication for the appropriate Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) before
attempting to process these products. Moreover, there is a need to reduce
human exposure to many materials to the lowest practical limits in view
of possible adverse effects. To the extent that any hazards may have been
mentioned in this publication, we neither suggest nor guarantee that such
hazards are the only ones that exist.
Celstran materials are not intended for use in medical or dental implants.
Ticona/Celstran
Celstran Injection Molding Guide
Introduction
Introduction
There are two generally recognized classes of plastic materials when classified by chemical structure: THERMOSETS,
having cross-linked molecular chains and THERMOPLASTICS, which are made up of linear molecular chains.
Among the thermoplastics used for injection molding processes, there are a number of broad categories of resin groups:
General Purpose resins, usually commodity grades, are often referred to as neat resins due to their typical use in
unmixed form. Engineering gradesunreinforcedare formulated for higher performance applications. Filled resins
use a variety of other materials mixed with the resin for property or price considerations. Reinforced resins, typically with
added glass fibers, are sold as short pellets, 3 mm long, and long fiber pellets, 11 mm long.
Celstran materials, originally patented in the early 1980s, were the first in the new generation of long fiber reinforced
thermoplastics (LFRTP). The proprietary technology and subsequent manufacturing techniques were developed at
Polymer Composites Inc., (PCI), which focuses solely on the production of Celstran LFRTP materials. Celstran LFRTP
materials are used often in metal replacement applications; the automotive market is the largest. Other markets include:
power tools, lawn and garden, general appliances, furniture, and medical. Short glass applications, where dimensional
stability and impact properties need improvement, is another area where Celstran materials are considered.
Most of the information in this publication is presented with the assumption of a perfect or optimum processing
environment. While these conditions are preferred, variance from them can still yield good results, especially when
reviewed in the developmental stages of a program. Celstran technical representatives can help assess the key factors
that will influence molding and final part results when using Celstran LFRTP materials.
Thermoset Polymers
With all thermosets the polymerization is permanent and irreversible. The process of curing a
thermoset is analogous to cooking an egg. Once
cooked, reheating does not cause an egg to
remelt, just as thermosets cannot be remolded.
Similarly, as an egg burns from overheating, a
thermoset can be overheated, resulting in broken
chains and degraded properties.
Thermoset polymers require a two-stage polymerization process: the first is done by the material supplier, resulting in a linear chain polymer
with partially reacted portions. The second is
done by the molder, who controls final crosslinking. Short chains with many cross-links form
rigid thermosets, while longer chains with fewer
cross-links form more flexible thermosets.
Thermoplastic Polymers
Crystalline have an ordered, arrangement of molecule
chains. Amorphous have a random orientation of molecules, chains can lie in any direction.
Crystalline generally require higher temperatures to
flow well when compared to amorphous. In molding,
amorphous polymers generally do not flow as easily as
crystalline.
Reinforcement of crystalline polymers with fibers increases the load-bearing capabilities considerably,
particularly with highly crystalline polymers. Reinforcement with fibers marginally improves an amorphous polymers strength at higher temperatures.
Crystalline shrink more than amorphous, causing a
greater tendency for warpage. Fiber reinforcement of
crystalline polymers significantly decreases warpage.
Crystalline usually produce opaque parts due to their
molecular structure. Generally, amorphous polymers
yield transparent, water-clear parts.
Thermoplastics are fully polymerized, requiring

no further chemical processing before molding.
There are two kinds:CRYSTALLINE and AMORPHOUS. Crystalline polymers include: polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide (e.g., Celanese
nylon), acetal (e.g., Celcon), PBT (polybutylene
terephthalate, e.g., Celanex), and PPS (polyphenylene sulfide, e.g., Fortron). Amorphous polymers include ABS (acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene), polystyrene, and polycarbonate.
Some of the differences between crystalline and
amorphous polymers are:
Crystalline polymers have a relatively sharp melting
point. Amorphous polymers have no true melting point,
but merely soften gradually.
Chapter 1 Celstran Materials & Injection Molding
Chapter 1
Celstran Materials & Injection Molding

Celstran materials have a matrix resin which completely impregnates parallel reinforcing fibers which run the entire
length of the pellet. Celstran materials can be used easily in standard machinery with slight modifications for
maintaining full fiber length throughout processing.
1.1
Celstran Long Fiber Reinforced Materials
nates the rovings. A smooth rod of resin and
fibers, is drawn out - or pultruded - from the
processing die and then cooled. This continuous
rod is then chopped into uniform pellets, typically
11 mm long and 3 mm diameter (fig. 2).
MATERIAL MANUFACTURE
Celstran materials are long fiber reinforced thermoplastics using a number of engineering resins
as matrices for the various reinforcing fibers.
The Celstran manufacturing process combines
fibers with resins in a patented pultrusion technology to form consistently uniform materials (fig.
1). Continuous fiber rovings are pulled through,
spread, and separated in an impregnation head
and processing die. There, molten resin impreg-
FEATURES
Celstran materials retain their fiber length during
molding when processed properly. The intermingling of these long fibers in molded parts provides
exceptional dimensional stability, impact resis-
Celstran Material Manufacturing Process

1.
2.
3.
CREEL
RESIN
PULLER
RACKS
IMPREGNATION
4.
PELLETIZER
FIBER
ROVINGS
IMPREGNATION HEAD
AND
PROCESSING DIE
Typical Pellets:
11 mm long
3 mm dia.
RESIN
Figure 1 - Polymer Composites Inc. material manufacturing process schematic
tance, and excellent high temperature performance. Fiber length retention is central to optimum part performance. See section 1.4 for preferred injection molding equipment.
Long Fiber vs. Short Fiber Pellets

Typical Celstran
Long Fiber Pellet
11 mm long
3 mm diameter
fibers completely encapsulated
30-60% fiber (by weight)
fiber length = pellet length
parallel fibers
no random fibers
no loose fibers
Cutaways show
parallel fiber orientation
in Celstran vs. random orientation
of fibers in short fiber pellets.
MATERIAL GRADES
Various levels of fiber loading are available in
Celstran materials. The most common products
are reinforced with glass at 30%, 40%, 50%, and
60%, measured by weight. Other fibers available
include aramid, carbon and stainless steel. Colors other than natural are available and pellet
lengths other than 11 mm are manufactured on
request.
Typical Short
Fiber Pellet
3 mm long
random fibers
1 mm fiber length
Figure 2 - Schematic cutaways of typical pellets
1.2
Molding Celstran Materials
Skillful molding is central to the production of
high-quality plastic parts and is essential when
using Celstran long fiber reinforced materials.
Celstran materials high performance properties
can be reduced sharply by conditions which break
- or shorten - fiber length. Fiber length retention
is not as readily seen or measured during the
molding process as are surface imperfections,

improper color, or dimensional irregularities. Careful control and monitoring of the following factors
will preserve fiber length throughout processing,
making the difference between high-quality parts
and rejects.
1.3
The Molding Process
The molding process in a single-stage reciprocating screw injection molding machine is divided
into two phases: the PLASTICATION phase, and
the INJECTION phase (fig.3).
THE PLASTICATION PHASE:
THE INJECTION PHASE:

4) The screw comes forward, pushing the melt through
the nozzle tip, runners, and gates into the cavities of
the mold.
1) Dried material is fed from the hopper into the barrel

at the feed section, where it is taken up by the screw.
2) It is melted by conductive heat, shear energy and the
mechanical pressure of the compression zone.
3) The molten material, or melt, flows through the
metering zone, achieving a uniform homogeneous
melt.
After the injection phase is compete, the screw

returns to begin the plastication phase once more
as the melt in the mold begins to cool and solidify. The mold is then opened and the molded part
is ejected from the mold, usually with the aid of
an ejection system.
PLASTICATION
OIL IN
Limit Switches
(adjustable)
SCREW DRIVE ON
OIL OUT
INJECTION
OIL OUT
Limit Switches
(adjustable)
SCREW DRIVE OFF
OIL IN
Figure 3 - Molding sequence of a single-stage reciprocating screw injection molding machine.
1.4
Injection Molding Equipment
Single-stage Reciprocating Screw Injection Molding Machine

CLAMPING UNIT
INJECTION UNIT
Feed
Hopper
Injection Cylinder
(Barrel)
Heater
Bands
Screw Non-return
Rotating and
Tip Check Valve
Mold
Reciprocating Screw
Assembly
Nozzle
Figure 4 - Single-stage reciprocating screw injection molding machine schematic. (not to scale)
the machines maximum capacity. For example,

to promote a homogeneous melt, it may be
best
to
profile
temperatures according to shot size and barrel capacity. Use additional rear zone heat for
short residence time (a reverse temperature profile) and less rear zone heat for long residence
time (a forward temperature profile). NOTE: All
conditions are optimized or ideal for processing Celstran materials. Machine and process
capabilities can usually be adjusted to compensate for non-ideal conditions.
Celstran materials are most successfully molded

in machines of 100 tons or greater capacity.
Abrasion-resistant alloys should be used in the
barrel and screw. Barrels and screws made of
bimetallic-carbide alloy steels such as CPM 9V or
CPM10V are preferred. Preferred flight hardening
alloys for screws are Colmonoy 6 or Stellite 1.
A typical molding machine has two fundamental
units:(A)CLAMPING, and (B)INJECTION (fig. 4).
CLAMPING UNITS - There are three types of
clamping units: mechanical, hydraulic, and hydromechanical, and all, when used properly, are
suitable for processing Celstran materials.
Screw Design - A general purpose metering

type screw is preferred for optimum processing of
Celstran materials (fig. 5). This type of screw has
three sections: (1) the feed, (2) the transition and
(3) the metering section. The feed section has a
constant root diameter. The screw slopes up in an
involuted taper to the metering section which has
a larger constant root diameter than the feed
section.
INJECTION UNIT - Plasticizing Capacity - Engineering resins follow a time/temperature function (i.e.,their structure and properties are
changed by heat as well as the duration of the
heat). Material shot weight should be sized relative to residence time of the material in the cylinder of the molding machine. The plasticizing
capacity of a molding machine is optimized for
Celstran materials with a shot weight of 40-60% of
Typical design specifications for a preferred me-
Metering Screw for Celstran Materials

Valve
Metering
Depth
Screw
Tip
Metering Zone
Overall Length
Flight Length
Transition Zone
Feed
Depth
Outside
Diameter
Feed Zone
Figure 5 - Metering screw recommended for Celstran materials.
Shank Length
Three Piece Screw Tip Ring Valve

Passageways
Sized to
Provide Smooth
Open Melt Flow
High Polish
Precision Ground Mating Surfaces

for Effective Sealing
All components made from

high quality, high purity tool steel
Illustration used with permission from

Component Mfg. and Design Inc., Tel: 330-225-8080
Figure 6 - Disassembled view of a three piece screw tip ring valve assembly showing its component parts
tering screw design for the proper processing of

Celstran materials should meet the following
guidelines:
3-PIECE DESIGN - SCREW TIP, CHECK RING & SEAL

The screw tip should have generous passageways and flutes to provide smooth and open melt
flow. Any sharp edges or severe convolutions will
cause fiber degradation and should be avoided.
1) Zone distribution = 40% feed,

40% transition, and 20% metering.
2) Compression ratio = 2:1 to 3:1.
3) L/D ratio = 18:1 to 22:1.
4) Preferred screw diameter = 45 mm
5) Preferred Feed zone channel depth = 7.5 mm
Preferred Metering zone channel depth = 3.5 mm
6) Pitch = 1D
A free-flowing check ring non-return valve with

precision ground mating surfaces on the seal is
preferred for Celstran materials (fig. 6). Ballcheck non-return valves (fig. 7) are not recommended because they restrict flow and reduce
fiber length.
Barrier, double wave, and vented barrel mixing

screw designs are not suitable for optimum processing of Celstran materials and should not be
used.
NOZZLE AND NOZZLE TIP

It is imperative to use a general purpose design
nozzle and tip as illustrated in figure 8 (p.8). A
PLASTICATION PHASE
INJECTION PHASE
PREFERRED
Check Ring Open
Check Ring Closed
NOT RECOMMENDED
Ball-Check Open
Ball-Check Closed
Figure 7 - Preferred check ring non-return valve (above), and not recommended internal ball-check non-return valve (below)
FULL TAPER INTERNAL DESIGN
GENERAL PURPOSE INTERNAL DESIGN

Solid Line
shows 3/4 radius
ORIFICE
7/32
MINIMUM
(0.020 smaller
than sprue bushing)
Dashed line
shows
1/2 radius
TAPER
CONSTRICTS
FLOW
ORIFICE
TOO
RESTRICTED
1-1/2
1-1/2
NOT RECOMMENDED
PREFERRED
Figure 8 - General purpose and full taper nozzle tips - internal comparison
orifice should always be 0.020 smaller than the

sprue bushing size.) Do not use internally tapered
tips (often called nylon tips), or tips without a
constant diameter pathway.
generous orifice diameter will ensure the restriction-free flow of material. An orifice diam. of at
least 7/32 in. (5.56 mm) is preferred and will help
to streamline the material flow, allowing the long
fibers to pass through undamaged. (NOTE: The
1.5
Sprues, Runners, Gates, & Venting
GATES:
Large and rectangular, at least:
1/4 in x 1/8 in. (6.35 x 3.18 mm)
60-90% of wall thickness.
WIDTH = 1.5-2.0 x DEPTH
(use higher % for reinforced materials)
LAND LENGTH = 1/2 GATE DEPTH
Excessive land length causes jetting, insufficient
causes blushing and sinks at the gate.
Sprues, runners, gates, and venting are important

factors in the successful molding of Celstran
materials. The following guidelines are a general
starting point for optimum processing, but specific conditions are dependent on part and material specifications. Celstran design engineers
should be consulted for further information.
VENTING:
Vent wherever possible, at parting lines, runners,
ejector pins, bosses, ribs, projections, etc.
Preferred dimensions are:
VENT LAND = 0.002 in. (0.051 mm)
VENT CHANNEL = 0.005 in. (0.127 mm)
RUNNER VENTS = 0.004-0.005 in.
(0.102-0.127 mm) deep out to atmosphere
EJECTOR PINS (per side)=0.0065 in (0.165 mm)
SPRUES:
INITIAL DIA. = 1/4 in. (5.56 mm)
TAPER TO: 11/32 in. (8.73 mm)
RUNNERS:
Full-round systems are preferred.
DIAMETER = 1/4 in. (5.56 mm)
Trapezoidal runner systems are acceptable.
WIDTH = 1.25 x DEPTH of runner
1.6
Basic Design Principles
MINIMUM = 0.125 in. (3.18 mm)

MAXIMUM = 0.375 in. (9.53 mm)
Larger parts may require thicker walls. Thinner
walls may degrade fiber length, lower impact
values and increase crack propagation.
Design principles for Celstran materials are typical to other thermoplastic materials, but additionally, they must include factors about fiber behavior in the molding process. Fiber length and uniform dispersion throughout the finished part are
influenced by these five areas of concern:
2. RADIUSED CORNERS
Radiusing all corners, inside and outside, will
enhance flow and reduce stress concentration.
INTERNAL RADIUS=1/2 nominal wall thickness
GENEROUS RADII, where possible, will help
maintain consistent wall thickness in corners.
BOSS corner radii relieve stress from fasteners.
RIB corner radii will improve filling & packing.
1. CONSTANT WALL THICKNESS

Maintain constant wall (nominal) thickness,
including corners, ribs, and bosses. The following
dimensions are preferred:
THICKNESS - < 90% of nominal wall thickness

HEIGHT - 2.5-4.0x nominal wall thickness
BOSSES - always treat them as projections
3. DRAFT ANGLE
Always use the maximum allowable draft angle, a
minimum of 1/2 per side. Other adequate draft
factors are:
TEXTURES - require proportionately more draft
RIBS & BOSSES - to reduce ejection pressure
SHRINKAGE - Material grips the mold core as
it shrinks while it cools. Ejection damage can
result from inadequate draft angles.
5. KNIT (WELD) LINE LOCATION

Knit (or weld) lines occur where two flow fronts
meet in the mold, such as holes and any depression deeper than 60% of wall thickness.
LOCATION - Noncritical places
VENTING - Generous venting and overflow tabs
can help increase knit line strength by eliminating
any gas (air) in the mold.
4. PROJECTIONS
Projections must be properly designed to function well and to minimize stress on the wall.
Fundamental design guidelines include:
1.7
Warpage Considerations
GATES - Sized to avoid premature freeze-off
STRESS - Avoid molded-in stresses
- Minimize flow lengths
- Use proper fill time and pressure
- Use adequate holding times and pressures
To minimize warpage, the following guidelines

should be observed:
WALL THICKNESS - Maintain uniformity
RIBS & GUSSETS - Use them appropriately
RUNNERS - Balance systems for even filling
TEMPERATURES - Uniform for even cooling
1.8
Shrinkage Considerations
SHRINKAGE DATA (Inch per Inch)
Shrinkage in parts molded of Celstran materials
exhibit anisotropic shrinkage - they shrink less in
one direction-longitudinally - in the direction of
the flow - than in the other direction-transversely
- across the flow. The long fiber inhibits shrinkage
by taking up volume along its orientation, which
tends to follow the flow. Across the flow, the polymers shrinkage properties tend to dominate.
MATERIAL GRADE:
POM-G40-01
PA6-GF30-01
PA6-GF40-01
PA6-GF50-01
PA66-GF30-02
PA66-GF40-02
PA66-GF50-02
PA66-GF60-02
TPU-GF30-01
TPU-GF40-01
TPU-GF50-01
TPU-GF60-01
PPS-G40-01
PPS-G50-01
PET-G40-02
PET-G50-01
PBTG40-01-4
PBTG50-01-4
PP-GF30-01
PP-GF40-01
PP-GF50-01
PCG40-02-4*
Data for Celstran materials shrinkage rates in

test parts are listed in Figure 9. The molding of the
test parts was done under the preferred conditions as described in this guide, and tested in
accordance with ASTM D-955. The data as listed
provide a good starting point for the development
phase of a design project. Final performance,
however, is highly dependent on the individual
part, for further information, consult a qualified
Celstran design engineer. Call toll-free
1-888-235-7872.
LONGITUDINAL
0.00050.001
0.00050.001
0.00050.001
0.00050.001
0.0010.002
0.0010.002
0.0010.0015
0.00050.001
0.00050.001
0.00050.001
0.00050.001
0.00050.001
0.0020.003
0.0010.002
0.0020.003
0.0010.002
0.0010.002
0.0010.002
0.0010.002
0.00050.001
0.00050.001
0.00150.002
TRANSVERSE
0.0030.005
0.0030.004
0.00250.003
0.0020.003
0.0030.004
0.0020.003
0.00150.0025
0.0010.002
0.00150.0025
0.0010.002
0.00050.001
0.00050.001
0.0040.005
0.0030.004
0.0040.005
0.0030.004
0.0040.005
0.0030.004
0.0020.003
0.0010.002
0.00050.001
0.0010.002
Figure 9 - In Celstran LFRTP materials, shrinkage is less

longitudinally, due to the fibers volume taking up space.
* PC/ABS grade, gray in color.
All other rates are as tested with natural-colored materials. Any additives,
such as colorants, flame retardants, etc., may increase shrinkage rates.
Chapter 2 Celstran Processing
Chapter 2
Celstran Processing
To consistently produce high-quality parts with Celstran long fiber reinforced materials, preprocessing storage,
handling, drying, and feeding conditions must be closely monitored. General characteristics, processing data and
special considerations are included for standard products in each resin group of Celstran materials.
2.1
Storage of Celstran Materials
four package types, according to resin type and

customers handling and storage requirements.:
1. 55 lb (25 kg) bags - plastic and foil laminated bags,
for hygroscopic matrix resins.
2. 1,102 lb (500 kg) Gaylord pallet cartons - plastic
and foil laminated lined, for hygroscopic matrix
resins.
3. 55 lb (25 kg) bags - plastic-lined, for non-hygroscopic matrix resins.
4. 1,102 lb (500 kg) Gaylord pallet cartons - plastic
lined, for non-hygroscopic matrix resins
Bulk truck shipment of materials is also available.
Proper packaging and storage is essential for

optimum processing of Celstran materials. Warm
and dry conditions are preferred. Cold causes
surface condensation on the materials; warm
humid conditions can lead to moisture absorption. All Celstran materials should be protected
from moisture, although some resins are more
susceptible to moisture problems than others.
Celstran materials are usually shipped in one of
2.2
Celstran Material Handling
any system, smooth inner walls are preferred.

An alternative to pneumatic systems is the hoseauger system. Its benefits are: no filter, low maintenance, and no need for compressed air. Disadvantages are its larger floor space needs and any
modifications to adapt to dryers and hoppers.
The best transfer method for Celstran materials

is a typical pneumatic system with a filter, although filterless systems are also available. With
2.3
Feeding of Celstran Materials
tures of 90-110 F (32.2-43.3 C) are preferred.

Hopper types do not pose problems generally,
and some, such as spiral hoppers, enhance free
flow. Hopper magnets can cause pellet bridging,
but if necessary, plate, rare earth, and in-line
types are preferred. With a hopper dryer, proper
clearance must exist between the outside of the
dispersion cone and the hopper interior.
The size and geometry of feed throats can be

critical with machines of less than 150 tons. A
smooth hopper to throat transition is necessary
for a good flow, free of dead spots. Inside seams
must be flush. A circular section is preferred to
square or rectangular, and feed throat tempera-
2.4
Use of Regrind Celstran Materials
levels decrease structural properties, particularly

impact resistance, because average fiber length
is reduced.
Where warranted, usually for cost reduction, up

to 5% Celstran regrind materials may be used
with no significant change in properties. Higher
Runners, sprues, and rejects should be clean,

ground, and carefully mixed with virgin material.
Molding machine settings for best fiber dispersal
in Celstran S stainless steel materials are:
BACK PRESSURE - Minimum (50-100 psi)
SCREW SPEED - Low (50-100 rpm)
INJECTION SPEED - Slow to medium
MELT TEMP. - Keep at high end of preferred
NOTE: Do not use hopper magnets with any
Celstran S stainless steel materials. Call toll-free
1-888-235-7872.
2.5
Celstran Stainless Steel Materials
Celstran S materials are conductive, long stainless steel fiber reinforced thermoplastic molding
materials offering protection against electrostatic
discharge (ESD) and electromagnetic and radio
frequency interference (EMI/RFI).
10
2.6
Celstran as a Blending Concentrate
temperature properties are similarly improved.

Impact properties of unreinforced acetal materials
are significantly improved when blended with
Celstran long fiber reinforced acetal materials
(fig. 11). Impact value improvement at low temperatures is greater than at room temperature.
Celstran materials may be blended with unfilled,

recycled or other materials for improving stiffness,
impact, dimensional stability and/or improved
heat distortion properties. In addition, some offspec. materials, rather than being discarded, can
be reclaimed with Celstran blending. Blending
can be an effective strategy for lowering costs
while achieving higher property values than with
many virgin unreinforced materials.
Toughness or impact properties of polypropylene

are dramatically improved (fig. 12) when blended
with Celstran long fiber reinforced PP, transforming it into an exceptionally cost-effective, high
performance material.
Celstran PEHD-GF60-01 (PEHD, with 60% glass

fiber by weight), blended with unreinforced, recycled, PEHD at 6%, 10%, and 15% total glass by
weight, yields significant improvement in flexural
modulus (stiffness). At 15% glass, stiffness is
increased by 300% (fig. 10). Tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength, and heat distortion
Deflection temperature under load (DTUL) can be

significantly improved when Celstran PET is
blended with recycled, unreinforced PET( fig. 13).
Recycled PET can also yield impact properties
equal or greater than virgin unreinforced PET
when blended with Celstran PET material.
50%
Notched Izod (ft-lbs/in)
Flexural Modulus (X10 5psi)
0% glass
6%
(resin
glass
only)
weight
10%
glass
weight
20%
30%
30%
5
20%
20%
10%
0%
3
10%
10%
1
0%
0%
-40F
72F
300F
Figure 12 - Notched Izod properties measured at various

temperatures for unreinforced polypropylene, and
Celstran long fiber reinforced PP materials
at 10%, 20%, 30%, and 50% glass levels.
500
200
175
40%
400
25%
150
125
(Degrees Fahrenheit)
Instrumented Impact Total Energy

(inch-lbs.)
15%
glass
weight
Figure 10 - Flexural modulus of recycled PEHD

compared with Celstran PEHD-GF60-01 blended
to total glass weights of 6%, 10%, and 15%.
40%
100
13%
25%
75
13%
5%
50
25
30% 50%
50%
5%
0%
300
200
100
0%
-40F
0% glass
6%
(resin
glass
only)
weight
72F
10%
glass
weight
15%
glass
weight
Figure 13 - Deflection Temperature Under Load (DTUL)

of recycled, unreinforced PET and as blended to
6%, 10%, and 15% total glass weight with
Celstran PET-GF50-02.
Figure 11 - Impact properties at -40F and -72F for

unreinforced acetal, acetal blended with Celstran
to 5%, 13%, and 25% glass weights, as well as
straight 40% glass Celstran acetal material.
11
2.7
Drying Celstran Materials
It is important to use properly dried materials
when molding thermoplastic parts; improper
moisture levels are a common cause of processing and quality assurance problems. Undried
hygroscopic materials can suffer degradation of
properties. Non-hygroscopic materials should be
dried to eliminate any surface moisture condensation.
DRYING EQUIPMENT AND PROCESS
The preferred setup for preprocessing drying
equipment for Celstran materials is shown in the
schematic illustration below (fig. 14).
hopper (2), penetrating the material and carrying

moisture vapor up to the return line outlet. The
moisture-laden air passes through a filter (3). This
filter must be kept clean. A blower (4) forces the
moisture-laden air through on-stream desiccant
cartridges (5), where moisture is trapped. The
dehumidified air is then reheated (6) and delivered
back to the drying hopper.
While the on-stream desiccant cartridges are
removing moisture, another set is being regenerated (5A) by a separate regeneration blower (7)
and heater (8). The regenerated cartridges are
switched on-stream as they are needed, maintaining a continuous drying process.
A pneumatic loader (1) drops material into the

insulated drying hopper on demand. Drying begins as heated, dehumidified air enters the drying
1
PNEUMATIC
LOADER
Operational Schematic
of Hopper Dryer Unit
MOISTURE-LADEN AIR REMOVED
2
DRYING
HOPPER
DRIED AIR RETURNED
PARTICLE
FILTER
ON-STREAM
HEATER
REGENERATION
HEATER
BLOWER
VENT
5
4
BLOWER
ON-STREAM
DESICCANT
CARTRIDGES
On-stream
and
regenerating
cartridges
alternate
flow by
various means
such as
turntables,
valves, etc.
5A
5A
ON-STREAM
DESICCANT
CARTRIDGES
Figure 14 - Hopper dryer unit operational schematic
12
DRIED
MATERIAL
TO
MOLDING
MACHINE
2.8
Celstran Long Fiber Reinforced Nylon PA6/6 Materials
CHARACTERISTICS
Celstran long fiber reinforced nylon PA6/6 material is a crystalline engineering thermoplastic well-suited to
applications requiring toughness and strength. Compared to nylon PA6 materials, it has a higher melting
point and lower moisture absorption properties. In addition, it has excellent temperature, abrasion, and good
natural lubricity. Its chemical resistance is mixed, with an excellent tolerance to alkali environments, but a
poor candidate for most acid exposures. It is often used as a low-cost replacement for die-cast metal parts.
GRADES
Celstran long fiber reinforced nylon PA6/6 materials are currently available in 30%, 40%, 50%, and 60% glass
fiber loadings in general purpose (01) or heat stabilized nylon PA6/6 (02) and easy mold (07). Carbon fiber and
aramid fiber reinforced grades are also available. (Celstran carbon fiber reinforced nylon PA6/6 materials are
available in flame retardant (-10) grade.) Molding processing requirements are identical for all grades.
DRYING CONDITIONS
Celstran long fiber reinforced nylon PA6/6 materials should be dried for a minimum of 4 hr at 175 F (79.5 C).
Note that the material can be over-dried and may discolor.
START-UP CONDITIONS
The following table (fig. 15) shows the preferred processing temperatures for Celstran long fiber reinforced
nylon PA6/6 materials. To promote a homogeneous melt, it may be best to profile temperatures
according to shot size and barrel capacity:
PROCESSING TEMPERATURES10 F (5.55 C)

MATERIAL GRADE:
REAR ZONE
PA66-GF30-02
540 (282.2)
550 (287.8)
PA66-GF40-02
550 (287.8)
PA66-GF50-02
PA66-GF60-02
CENTER ZONE FRONT ZONE
NOZZLE
MELT
MOLD
560 (293.3)
550 (287.8)
560 (293.3)
200 (93.3)
560 (293.3)
570 (298.9)
560 (293.3)
570 (298.9)
200 (93.3)
560 (293.3)
570 (298.9)
580 (304.4)
570 (298.9)
580 (304.4)
200 (93.3)
570 (298.9)
580 (304.4)
590 (304.0)
580 (304.4)
590 (304.0)
200 (93.3)
Figure 15 - Processing temperatures for Celstran long fiber reinforced nylon PA6/6 materials.
INJECTION SPEED: Approx. 2-3 in/s (50.8-76.2 mm)

INJECTION PRESSURE: Medium to Maximum
BACK PRESSURE: 30-50 psi
SCREW SPEED: 30-50 rpm
CUSHION/PAD: 1/4 in (6.35 mm)
CYCLE TIME: Part dependent. Check for fully filled and packed out parts.
A full molded part does not necessarily mean a good part.
Mold temperatures should be verified with a pyrometer.
After the machine temperatures are stabilized, and after purge shots (2-10, depending on machine size),
readjust for proper melt temperature.
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
Use a general purpose design nozzle tip. Do not use a tapered, or nylon tip.
Dry to 0.18% moisture content prior to molding.
Do not immerse PA66-10 (flame retardant) air purge materials in water.
13
2.9
Celstran Long Fiber Reinforced Nylon PA6 Materials
CHARACTERISTICS
Celstran long fiber reinforced nylon PA6 material is a crystalline engineering thermoplastic which is similar to
nylon PA6/6 materials in toughness and strength, but with a slightly lower tolerance to heat. It flows more easily
than nylon PA6/6, making complex part filling - especially in thin sections - easier. Its chemical resistance is mixed,
with an excellent tolerance to alkali environments, but a poor candidate for most acid exposures.
It has significantly higher mechanical properties than short glass reinforced nylon PA6, and is easy to process.
GRADES
Celstran long fiber reinforced nylon PA6 materials are currently available in 30%, 40%, 50%, and 60%
glass fiber loadings in general purpose (01) or heat stabilized (03) resins. Carbon fiber reinforced grades
are also available. Celstran carbon fiber reinforced nylon PA6 materials are available in flame retardant
(-10) grade. Molding processing requirements are identical for all grades.
DRYING CONDITIONS
Celstran long fiber reinforced nylon PA6 materials should be dried for a minimum of 4 hr at 175 F (79.5) C).
Note that the material can be over-dried and may discolor.
START-UP CONDITIONS
nylon PA6 materials. To promote a homogeneous melt, it may be best to profile temperatures

MATERIAL GRADE:
REAR ZONE
PA6-GF30-01
500 (260.0)
510 (265.5)
PA6-GF40-01
510 (265.5)
PA6-GF50-01
PA6-GF60-01
NOZZLE
MELT
MOLD
520 (271.1)
520 (271.1)
520 (271.1)
200 (93.3)
520 (271.1)
530 (276.6)
530 (276.6)
530 (276.6)
200 (93.3)
520 (271.1)
530 (276.6)
540 (282.2)
540 (282.2)
540 (282.2)
200 (93.3)
530 (276.6)
540 (282.2)
550 (287.8)
550 (287.8)
550 (287.8)
200 (93.3)
Figure 16 - Processing temperatures for Celstran long fiber reinforced nylon PA6 materials.
INJECTION SPEED: Approx. 2-3 in/s (50.8-76.2 mm)

Use a general purpose design nozzle tip. Do not use a tapered or nylon tip.
Do not immerse PA6-10 (flame retardant) air purge materials in water.
14
2.10
Celstran Long Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene (PP) Materials
CHARACTERISTICS
Celstran long fiber reinforced PP material is a crystalline engineering thermoplastic offering a lower-cost
material comparable to short glass reinforced nylon in appropriate temperature applications but with much
higher impact strength. It can be used as a replacement for glass in mat thermoplastic sheet (GMT)
applications, offering design, processing, and cost advantages.
GRADES
Celstran long fiber reinforced PP materials are currently available in 30%, 40%, and 50% glass fiber
loadings. Celstran PP materials are manufactured with four resin grades: chemically-coupled PP
(02), chemically-coupled and heat stabilized PP (03), high-performance (09), and easy flow (10). Molding
processing requirements are identical for all grades.
DRYING CONDITIONS
Celstran long fiber reinforced PP should be dried for a minimum of 2 hr at 200 F (93.3 C).
START-UP CONDITIONS
PP materials. To promote a homogeneous melt, it may be best to profile temperatures

MATERIAL GRADE:
REAR ZONE
NOZZLE
MELT
MOLD
PP-GF30-02
390 (198.9)
400 (204.4)
410 (210.0)
400 (204.4)
410 (210.0)
150 (65.5)
PP-GF40-02
400 (204.4)
410 (210.0)
420 (215.5)
410 (210.0)
420 (215.5)
150 (65.5)
PP-GF50-02
410 (210.0)
420 (215.5)
430 (221.1)
420 (215.5)
430 (221.1)
150 (65.5)
Figure 17 - Processing temperatures for Celstran long fiber reinforced polypropylene materials.
INJECTION SPEED: Approx. 2 in/s (50.8 mm)

INJECTION PRESSURE: Low to Medium
15
2.11
Celstran Long Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) Materials
CHARACTERISTICS
Celstran long fiber reinforced TPU material is an amorphous engineering thermoplastic with crystallinelike properties. It has very high impact strength, excellent chemical resistance, good abrasion resistance,
good dimensional stability, and very low moisture absorption. It can be molded into complex parts with good
surface finish and is well-suited to a variety of demanding applications in challenging environments.
GRADES
Celstran long fiber reinforced TPU materials are available in two grades: standard TPU (01) and heat
stabilized TPU (04). TPU (04) grades are currently available only in 40% and 60% glass loadings. Heat
stabilized TPU (04) exhibits a Tg approximately 80 F (26.7 C), greater than that used in the standard
TPU (01) grade. The 04 grade will dry and process differently. Please see drying and processing sections.
DRYING CONDITIONS
Celstran long fiber reinforced TPU (01) should be dried a minimum of 4 hr at 175 F (79.4 C). Heat
stabilized TPU (04) requires at least 4 hr at 250 F (121.1 C). A dryer with an after-cooler is preferred. The
return air from the dryer hopper to the desiccating unit should be below 130 F (54.4 C). The desiccant
cannot remove moisture at higher air temperatures, because it is, in effect, constantly regenerating. If the
return air is above 150 F (65.5 C), there will be no drying. Moisture analysis should be done prior to
molding all grades of TPU and should not exceed 0.02%. Note that if TPU is over-dried, it may discolor and
will be difficult to process.
START-UP CONDITIONS
TPU materials. To promote a homogeneous melt, it may be best to profile temperatures

MATERIAL GRADE:
REAR ZONE
TPU-GF30-01
460 (237.8)
470 (243.3)
TPU-GF40-01
470 (243.3)
TPU-GF50-01
TPU-GF60-01
NOZZLE
MELT
MOLD
480 (248.9)
470 (243.3)
480 (248.9)
160 (71.1)
480 (248.9)
490 (254.4)
480 (248.9)
490 (254.4)
160 (71.1)
480 (248.9)
490 (254.4)
500 (260.0)
490 (254.4)
500 (260.0)
160 (71.1)
490 (254.4)
500 (260.0)
510 (265.5)
500 (260.0)
510 (265.5)
160 (71.1)
TPU-GF40-04
490 (254.4)
500 (260.0)
510 (265.5)
500 (260.0)
510 (265.5)
225 (107.2)
TPU-GF60-04
500 (260.0)
510 (265.5)
520 (271.1)
510 (265.5)
520 (271.1)
225 (107.2)
HIGH HEAT GRADES:
Figure 18 - Processing temperatures for Celstran long fiber reinforced polyurethane TPU materials.


CYCLE TIME: Part dependent. Check for fully
filled and packed out parts. A full molded part
does not necessarily mean a good part.

Melt temperature should not exceed 520 F (271.1 C).
If the drying unit has no after-cooler, dry TPU-04 material for 6-8 hr at 180 F (82.2 C).
Over-drying will lead to processing difficulties.
16
2.12
Celstran Long Fiber Reinforced Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) Materials
CHARACTERISTICS
Celstran long fiber reinforced PPS material is a crystalline engineering thermoplastic with excellent high
temperature performance and chemical resistance combined with inherent flame resistance, excellent
mechanical properties, and excellent dimensional stability. It is generally used in applications that take
advantage of its high temperature and/or its corrosive environment tolerance. This material can be easily
molded into thin wall sections.
GRADES
Celstran long fiber reinforced PPS materials are currently available in 40% and 50% glass fiber loadings.
Carbon fiber reinforced grades are also available.
DRYING CONDITIONS
Celstran long fiber reinforced PPS should be dried for a minimum of 4 hr at 270 F (132.2 C). The use of
an after-cooler may be necessary. Please see: DRYING CONDITIONS for PU materials (p. 16). Note that the
material can be over-dried and may discolor.
START-UP CONDITIONS
PPS materials. To promote a homogeneous melt, it may be best to profile temperatures

MATERIAL GRADE:
REAR ZONE
PPS-GF40-01
570 (298.9)
580 (304.4)
PPS-GF50-01
580 (304.4)
590 (310.0)
NOZZLE
MELT
MOLD
590 (310.0)
570 (298.9)
590 (310.0)
300 (148.9)
600 (315.5)
580 (304.4)
600 (315.5)
300 (148.9)
Figure 19 - Processing temperatures for Celstran long fiber reinforced PPS materials.

Due to highly crystalline structure of the PPS polymer, it is important to follow the preferred mold and
melt temperatures to maintain its mechanical properties. Residence times of more than three minutes may
lead to polymer degradation.
Dry PPS material to 0.02% moisture content prior to molding.
Oil or electric mold heaters are necessary to maintain mold temperatures with PPS materials.
17
2.13
Celstran Long Fiber Reinforced Acetal (POM) Materials
CHARACTERISTICS
Celstran long fiber reinforced acetal material is a crystalline engineering thermoplastic with high strength,
stiffness, and toughness over a broad range of conditions. It has exceptional dimensional stability, good
abrasion resistance, inherent lubricity, low creep at elevated temperatures, and good corrosion resistance.
It has excellent processing characteristics and is easily molded into thin sections. Celstran acetal materials
are often used as concentrates to improve the impact or wear properties of unfilled acetal.
GRADES
Celstran long fiber reinforced acetal materials are currently available in 40% glass fiber loading . Aramid
reinforced grades are also available.
DRYING CONDITIONS
Celstran long fiber reinforced acetal should be dried for a minimum of 3 hr at 180 F (82.2 C). Note that
the material can be over-dried and may discolor.
START-UP CONDITIONS
acetal materials. To promote a homogeneous melt, it may be best to profile temperatures

MATERIAL GRADE:
REAR ZONE
NOZZLE
MELT
MOLD
POM-GF40-01
380 (193.3)
390 (198.9)
400 (204.4)
400 (204.4)
400 (204.4)
180 (82.2)
Blend
(13% glass)
370 (187.8)
380 (193.3)
390 (198.9)
390 (198.9)
390 (198.9)
180 (82.2)
Blend
(25% glass)
375 (190.6)
385 (196.1)
395 (201.7)
395 (201.7)
395 (201.7)
180 (82.2)
Figure 20 - Processing temperatures for Celstran long fiber reinforced acetal materials.
CYCLE TIME: Part dependent. Check for fully

filled and packed out parts. A full molded part
does not necessarily mean a good part.

See MSDS for Celstran long fiber reinforced acetal (POM) materials for detailed safety information
(accompanying each shipment and available on request from manufacturer).
Do not heat material to temperatures above 460 F (240 C). Do not allow material to remain over 5 minutes
in heating cylinder of the machine at temperatures of 380 F (193 C) and above without molding or purging.
If overheating is observed or suspected, reduce the cylinder temperature and purge the material into a
bucket of water to cool it and minimize fumes. Stay clear of the nozzle and the machine hopper as much
as possible. Use a face shield, safety glasses and gloves. When purging, vent the molding area to
adequately remove fumes - which include formaldehyde.
Always purge machine thoroughly before and after using any acetal materials.
Never process acetal materials where they may come in contact with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) materials.
When using blended materials, special care should be taken to avoid segregation in the feed hopper.
18
2.14
Celstran Long Fiber Reinforced Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Materials
CHARACTERISTICS
Celstran long fiber reinforced PET material is a crystalline engineering thermoplastic with high strength,
stiffness, low creep at elevated temperatures, exceptional dimensional stability, and resistance to a wide
range of chemical attack. Unlike unreinforced or short fiber reinforced PET, it has very high impact strength.
Celstran PET is often used as a concentrate, blended with either neat virgin or recycled PET. Blending
significantly increases strength, impact, stiffness, and deflection temperature under load (DTUL) properties.
GRADES
Celstran long fiber reinforced PET material is currently available in 50% glass fiber loading (black only), in
the standard grade (01), and 40% glass fiber loading with a nucleated resin grade (02).
DRYING CONDITIONS
Celstran long fiber reinforced PET should be dried for a minimum of 4 hr at 300 F (148.9 C).
START-UP CONDITIONS
PET materials. To promote a homogeneous melt, it may be best to profile temperatures

MATERIAL GRADE:
REAR ZONE
PET-GF40-02
530 (276.7)
540 (282.2)
PET-GF50-01
520 (271.1)
530 (276.6)
NOZZLE
MELT
MOLD
550 (287.8)
540 (282.2)
550 (287.8)
300 (148.9)
540 (282.2)
530 (276.6)
540 (282.2)
300 (148.9)
Figure 21 - Processing temperatures for Celstran long fiber reinforced PET materials.

Close adherence to mold temperatures is essential to retain the high level of crystallinity ( and therefore the
structural properties) of the PET polymer. Oil or electric mold heaters are necessary to maintain mold
temperatures.
Moisture content is critical with PET materials. The maximum preferred moisture level is 0.015%.
When using blended materials, special care should be taken to prevent segregation in the feed hopper.
19
2.15
Celstran Long Fiber Reinforced Polyethylene (PEHD) Materials
CHARACTERISTICS
Celstran long fiber reinforced PEHD material is a crystalline engineering thermoplastic with a high glass
fiber loading. It is typically used as a concentrate, blended with either neat virgin or recycled PEHD.
Blending offers significantly increased strength, stiffness, and dimensional stability over unreinforced
PEHD.
BLOW MOLDING - Another use for Celstran concentrate is blending with neat PEHD to increase the melt
stiffness of the parison. As with injection molded parts, the stiffness and strength properties of the finished
blow-molded part are also improved. The additional stiffness allows parts to be ejected from the machine
earlier than with unreinforced parts. This reduces cycling times, speeds production, and can offer cost
savings if fixturing can be eliminated.
GRADES
Celstran long fiber reinforced PEHD material is currently available in 60% glass fiber loading.
DRYING CONDITIONS
Celstran long fiber reinforced PEHD should be dried for a minimum of 2 hr at 200 F (93.3 C).
START-UP CONDITIONS
PEHD materials. To promote a homogeneous melt, it may be best to profile temperatures

MATERIAL GRADE:
REAR ZONE
PEHD-GF60-01
400 (204.4)
405 (207.2)
Blend
(5% glass)
375 (190.6)
Blend
(10% glass)
Blend
Blend
NOZZLE
MELT
MOLD
410 (210.0)
400 (204.4)
410 (210.0)
150 (212.4)
380 (193.3)
385 (196.1)
375 (190.6)
385 (196.1)
150 (212.4)
375 (190.6)
380 (193.3)
385 (196.1)
375 (190.6)
385 (196.1)
150 (212.4)
(20% glass)
385 (196.1)
390 (198.9)
395 (201.7)
385 (196.1)
395 (201.7)
150 (212.4)
(30% glass)
385 (196.1)
390 (198.9)
395 (201.7)
385 (196.1)
395 (201.7)
150 (212.4)
Figure 22 - Processing temperatures for Celstran long fiber reinforced polyethylene (PEHD) materials.

CYCLE TIME: Part dependent. Check for fully filled and packed out part.
When using blended materials, special care should be taken to prevent segregation in the feed hopper.
20
2.16
Preferred Shutdown
When a machine is being shut down from molding Celstran long fiber reinforced materials, the machine
should be purged with polyethylene or polypropylene. When the heating cylinder is completely purged of
Celstran material the machine may be shut down.
2.17
Safety Precautions for Molding Celstran Materials
For the safety of all personnel involved in the molding area, the following safety precautions should be
followed when Celstran long fiber reinforced materials are being molded:
1. Safety glasses should be worn by all personnel in the molding area.

2. Overheating (usually caused by excessive temperatures or holdup times) should be avoided.
3. The molding machine should not be left unattended. If molding is to be stopped for more than a few
minutes, the machine should be purged with production material to prevent degradation of the material
standing in the barrel, or if a further delay occurs, the shutdown procedures described in Section 2.16
should be followed.
4. The Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) should be studied carefully by all molding personnel.
5. Purging can create fumes. To minimize human exposure and properly limit environmental release,
appropriate venting systems should be used. For most materials, immediate quenching of purged
materials in water (with adequate precautions to avoid steam burns) will minimize fuming into the
environment. Do not immerse PA6/PA66-10 (flame retardant) air purge materials in water.
6. To the best of our knowledge the information contained in this publication is accurate; however, we
do not assume any liability whatsoever for the accuracy or completeness of such information. Moreover,
there is a need to reduce human exposure to many materials to the lowest practical limits in view of possible long-term adverse effects. To the extent that any hazards may have been mentioned in this publication, we neither suggest nor guarantee that such hazards are the only ones which exist. We
recommend that anyone intending to rely on any recommendation or to use any equipment, processing
technique, or material mentioned in this publication should satisfy himself that he can meet all applicable
safety and health standards. We strongly recommend that users seek and adhere to the manufacturers
or suppliers current instructions for handling each material they use. Infringement of any patents is the
sole responsibility of the user.
21
Chapter 3 Troubleshooting Guide
Chapter 3
Troubleshooting Guide
Many processing problems are caused by easily corrected conditions, such as inadequate drying, incorrect temperatures and/or pressures, etc.
The solutions given in the following pages should be tried in the order in which they are listed. They are prioritized
according to their simplicity, cost, and/or time savings, depending on the problem. Such changes can very easily
improve a molders productivity and efficiency.
3.1 Fiber Length Degradation

The key to Celstran materials high performance in finished parts is the retention of fiber length throughout
processing. Typical visual evaluation of parts when using Celstran materials is inconclusive for determining
final fiber length. The best method for showing fiber lengths in finished parts is to burn away the resin in a
suitable muffle furnace and visually examine the fibers. Another, less precise method, preferred by some
molders for its speed, is to burn away the resin with a hand-held torch (with adequate ventilation).
Because of the length and high fiber content of Celstran materials, the remaining fibers will be densely
interwoven, largely retaining the original parts shape. This fiber structure is called a burn-off. The burnoff, in addition to indicating the overall final fiber lengths, is also useful in showing how efficiently the
material fills the part in potentially difficult areas, i.e., thin sections or other constricted flow demands. Any
extraordinary breakage of fibers in such areas may indicate a problem requiring a processing change to
improve material flow. Extreme cases of fiber breakage that cannot be remedied by processing changes
indicate that mold or part design modifications may be necessary.
3.2 Short Shots, Pit Marks, and Surface Ripples

(These problems indicate that the part is not being packed out or that there is leaking through the check ring.)
SOLUTIONS: Check for a proper cushion and increase/decrease feed if necessary.

Increase the injection pressure.
Increase the injection speed.
Increase the booster time.
Increase the melt temperature by raising the cylinder temperature(s).
Raise the mold temperature.
Check the cavity vents for blockage (trapped gas prevents the part from being filled).
Increase the size of the sprue/runners/gates.
3.3 Flashing
SOLUTIONS: Check mold for obstructions.
Decrease injection pressure/speed.
Decrease injection hold time/booster time.
Reduce the material temperature.
Check to see that the mold is closed and clamped properly.
Check parting line of mold for wear.
Check the press platens for parallelism (i.e., lack of parallelism between platens).
Move the mold to a larger (clamp) press.
3.4 Splay Marks, Silver Steaks, & Splash Marks

(Some materials do not show these symptoms, even though the molding conditions are not proper, e.g., PBT [polyester]).
SOLUTIONS: Dry the material before use.

Check for contamination.
Check for drooling.
Lower the nozzle temperature.
Raise the mold temperature.
Decrease the injection speed.
Shorten the overall cycle time.
Open the gate(s).
22
3.5 Nozzle Problems

NOZZLE DROOL
SOLUTIONS: Lower the nozzle temperature.
Increase the decompression time.
Reduce the back pressure.
Decrease the mold open time.
Dry the material.
NOZZLE FREEZE-OFF
SOLUTIONS: Increase the nozzle temperature.
Decrease the cycle time.
Increase the mold temperature.
Use a nozzle with a larger orifice.
3.6 Discoloration
(As expected, this problem is very difficult to discern with black or darkly colored materials.)
SOLUTIONS: Check screw and barrel temperature.

Purge the heating cylinder.
Lower the nozzle temperature.
Shorten the overall cycle time.
Check the hopper and feed zone for contamination.
Move the mold to a press with a smaller shot size.
Provide additional vents in the mold.
3.7 Burn Marks

SOLUTIONS: Decrease the injection speed.
Decrease the booster time.
Increase the venting in the mold cavity.
Alter the position of the gate.
Increase the gate size.
Check the melt temperature.
3.8 Sticking Problems

STICKING IN THE CAVITY
SOLUTIONS: Decrease the injection pressure.
Decrease the injection speed.
Decrease the booster time.
Decrease the injection hold time.
Increase the mold close time.
Lower the mold temperature.
Decrease the cylinder and nozzle temperature.
Check the mold for undercuts and/or insufficient draft.
STICKING ON THE CORE

SOLUTIONS: Increase the injection pressure.
Increase the booster time.
Decrease the mold close time.
Decrease the core temperature.
Check the mold for undercuts and/or insufficient draft.
STICKING IN THE SPRUE BUSHING

SOLUTIONS: Check the sizes and alignment of the holes in the nozzle/sprue bushing.
Decrease the injection pressure.
Decrease the injection hold time.
Increase the nozzle temperature.
Provide a more effective sprue puller.
Check sprue bushing for wear, undercuts or any abrasions
23
3.9 Weld Lines

SOLUTIONS: Increase the mold temperature.
Increase the material temperature by raising the cylinder temperature settings.
Vent the cavity in the weld area.
Increase the injection pressure.
Increase the injection hold time.
Provide an overflow well adjacent to the weld area.
Change the gate location to improve the flow pattern.
3.10 Sinks and Voids

SOLUTIONS: Increase the injection pressure. (for sinks)
Decrease the injection speed. (for voids)
Increase the hold time.
Use a booster and a maximum injection speed.
Raise the mold temperature. (do this only with voids)
Lower the mold temperature. (do this only with sinks)
Decrease the cushion/pad. (should be 1/8-1/4 in [3.18-6.35 mm])
Increase the size of the sprue/runners/gates.
Relocate the gates nearer the heavy sections.
3.11 Warpage and Part Distortion

SOLUTIONS: Equalize the temperature in both halves of the mold. (eliminate hot spots)
Observe the mold for uniformity (or lack thereof) of part ejection.
Check for proper handling of parts after ejection.
Increase the injection hold time.
Increase or decrease the pressure as appropriate.
Reduce the mold temperature.
Try differential mold temperatures to counteract warp.
Review the part design.
Use fixtures if neccesary
3.12 Brittleness
(This problem is especially important to control in PET [polyester] because
brittleness indicates material degradation.)
SOLUTIONS: Dry the material before use.

Check for contamination.
3.13 Delamination
SOLUTIONS: Check for and eliminate any contamination.
Raise the temperature of the mold and/or material.
Dry the material.
Purge the machine.
3.14 Poor Dimensional Control

SOLUTIONS: Set a uniform cycle time.
Maintain a uniform feed/cushion from cycle to cycle.
Fill the mold as rapidly as possible.
Increase the gate size.
Balance the layout of the runners, gates, and cavity.
Reduce the number of cavities in the mold.
Add vents.
Check the machines hydraulic and electrical systems for erratic performance.
Use fixtures if neccesary
3.15 Un-melted Pellets

SOLUTIONS: Increase the melt temperature.
Dry/preheat the material.
Move the mold to a machine with a larger shot capacity.
24
NOTES
25
NOTES
26
Troubleshooting Check List

Ten Most Critical Factors for Preserving
Fiber Length in Celstran Materials
Screw Type and Design
3-piece Screw Tip Design
Screw Rotation Speed & Back Pressure
Temperature Control
Injection Speed & Pressure
Streamlined Flow
Nozzle, Sprue, & Runner
Gate Size
Drying
10
Regrind
General Purpose - Low Compression - Deep Flights
Deep Passages to Promote Free Flow - 100% Free-flow Check Ring
Minimize in Range Indicated - Slow Speed - Low Pressure
Ensure Accuracy at All Points. To promote a homogeneous melt, it

may be best to profile temperatures according to shot size and
barrel capacity.
Minimize in Range indicated
Clear of Obstructions
Sizes and Shapes as Preferred
Use Preferred Size and Range
Follow Resins Drying Conditions
5% or Less for Best Results
For optimum fiber length retention,

all of these factors must be followed.
27
Ticona Customer Service
1-800-526-4960
www.celstran.com
Customer service is always close at hand.

Call or visit our web site to obtain more
information.
The widest selection of long fiber reinforced
thermoplastic materials
Customer design support using CAD to
optimize application performance with
Celstran materials
Application engineers providing value chain
management from Celstran selection to
molding support to end-use specification
Sampling and technical service
Marketing specialists to guide you through
the process
Ticona Celstran
Ticona
Ticona GmbH
4610 Theurer Boulevard

P.O. Box 30010
Winona, MN 55987
Phone: 1-507-454-4150
Fax: 1-507-457-4040
90 Morris Avenue
Summit, NJ 07901
D-65926 Frankfurt/Main
Germany
Phone: +49-69-305-4653
Fax: +49-69-305-26872
Customer Service
1-800-526-4960
Technical Information
1-800-833-4882
Fax: 1-908-598-4169
Ticona Celstran, Inc., Printed in USA 99-320/1m/0799

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Long Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics

Injection Molding Guide

Celstran Materials & Injection Molding

Celstran Long Fiber Reinforced Materials ............ 4

Storage of Celstran Materials ......................... 10

Celstran Manufacturing Process ................................... 4

Celstran Injection Molding Guide

Thermoplastics are fully polymerized, requiring

Celstran Injection Molding Guide

Chapter 1 Celstran Materials & Injection Molding

Celstran Materials & Injection Molding

Celstran Material Manufacturing Process

Long Fiber vs. Short Fiber Pellets

Figure 2 - Schematic cutaways of typical pellets

Celstran Injection Molding Guide

Chapter 1 Celstran Materials & Injection Molding

molding process as are surface imperfections,

THE INJECTION PHASE:

1) Dried material is fed from the hopper into the barrel

After the injection phase is compete, the screw

SCREW DRIVE OFF

Figure 3 - Molding sequence of a single-stage reciprocating screw injection molding machine.

Celstran Injection Molding Guide

Chapter 1 Celstran Materials & Injection Molding

Single-stage Reciprocating Screw Injection Molding Machine

the machines maximum capacity. For example,

Celstran materials are most successfully molded

Screw Design - A general purpose metering

Typical design specifications for a preferred me-

Metering Screw for Celstran Materials

Figure 5 - Metering screw recommended for Celstran materials.

Celstran Injection Molding Guide

Chapter 1 Celstran Materials & Injection Molding

Three Piece Screw Tip Ring Valve

Precision Ground Mating Surfaces

All components made from

Illustration used with permission from

tering screw design for the proper processing of

3-PIECE DESIGN - SCREW TIP, CHECK RING & SEAL

1) Zone distribution = 40% feed,

A free-flowing check ring non-return valve with

Barrier, double wave, and vented barrel mixing

NOZZLE AND NOZZLE TIP

Check Ring Open

Check Ring Closed

Celstran Injection Molding Guide

Chapter 1 Celstran Materials & Injection Molding

FULL TAPER INTERNAL DESIGN

GENERAL PURPOSE INTERNAL DESIGN

orifice should always be 0.020 smaller than the

Sprues, runners, gates, and venting are important

MINIMUM = 0.125 in. (3.18 mm)

1. CONSTANT WALL THICKNESS

Celstran Injection Molding Guide

Chapter 1 Celstran Materials & Injection Molding

THICKNESS - < 90% of nominal wall thickness

5. KNIT (WELD) LINE LOCATION

To minimize warpage, the following guidelines

Data for Celstran materials shrinkage rates in