Ipho 2004

Theoretical Question 1
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Theoretical Question 1:
Ping-Pong Resistor
A capacitor consists of two circular parallel plates both with radius R separated by
distance d, where d << R , as shown in Fig. 1.1(a). The top plate is connected to a
constant voltage source at a potential V while the bottom plate is grounded. Then a thin
and small disk of mass m with radius r ( << R, d ) and thickness t ( << r ) is placed on
the center of the bottom plate, as shown in Fig. 1.1(b).
Let us assume that the space between the plates is in vacuum with the dielectric
constant 0 ; the plates and the disk are made of perfect conductors; and all the
electrostatic edge effects may be neglected. The inductance of the whole circuit and the
relativistic effects can be safely disregarded. The image charge effect can also be
neglected.
side view
R
d
+V
d
t
mg
(a)
(b)
Figure 1.1 Schematic drawings of (a) a parallel plate capacitor

connected to a constant voltage source and (b) a side view of the
parallel plates with a small disk inserted inside the capacitor. (See text
for details.)
(a) [1.2 points] Calculate the electrostatic force Fp between the plates separated by d
before inserting the disk in-between as shown in Fig. 1.1(a).
(b) [0.8 points] When the disk is placed on the bottom plate, a charge q on the disk of
Fig. 1.1(b) is related to the voltage V by q = V . Find in terms of r , d , and 0 .
(c) [0.5 points] The parallel plates lie perpendicular to a uniform gravitational field g .
To lift up the disk at rest initially, we need to increase the applied voltage beyond a
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threshold voltage Vth . Obtain Vth in terms of m , g , d , and .

(d) [2.3 points] When V > Vth , the disk makes an up-and-down motion between the
plates. (Assume that the disk moves only vertically without any wobbling.) The
collisions between the disk and the plates are inelastic with the restitution coefficient
( v after / v before ) , where v before and v after are the speeds of the disk just before and
after the collision respectively. The plates are stationarily fixed in position. The speed of
the disk just after the collision at the bottom plate approaches a steady-state speed vs ,
which depends on V as follows:
v s = V 2 + .
(1.1)
Obtain the coefficients and in terms of m , g , , d , and . Assume that the

whole surface of the disk touches the plate evenly and simultaneously so that the
complete charge exchange happens instantaneously at every collision.
(e) [2.2 points] After reaching its steady state, the time-averaged current I through the
capacitor plates can be approximated by I = V 2 when qV >> mgd . Express the
coefficient in terms of m , , d , and .
(f) [3 points] When the applied voltage V is decreased (extremely slowly), there exists
a critical voltage Vc below which the charge will cease to flow. Find Vc and the
corresponding current I c in terms of m , g , , d , and . By comparing Vc with
the lift-up threshold Vth discussed in (c), make a rough sketch of the I V
characteristics when V is increased and decreased in the range from V = 0 to 3 Vth .
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Rising Balloon
A rubber balloon filled with helium gas goes up high into the sky where the pressure
and temperature decrease with height. In the following questions, assume that the shape
of the balloon remains spherical regardless of the payload, and neglect the payload
volume. Also assume that the temperature of the helium gas inside of the balloon is
always the same as that of the ambient air, and treat all gases as ideal gases. The
universal gas constant is R =8.31 J/molK and the molar masses of helium and air are
M H = 4.00 10 3 kg/mol and M A = 28.9 10 3 kg/mol, respectively. The gravitational
acceleration is g = 9.8 m/s2.
[Part A ]
(a) [1.5 points] Let the pressure of the ambient air be P and the temperature be T .
The pressure inside of the balloon is higher than that of outside due to the surface
tension of the balloon. The balloon contains n moles of helium gas and the pressure
inside is P + P . Find the buoyant force FB acting on the balloon as a function of P
and P .
(b) [2 points] On a particular summer day in Korea, the air temperature T at the height
z from the sea level was found to be T ( z ) = T0 (1 z / z0 ) in the range of 0 < z < 15
km with z0 =49 km and T0 =303 K. The pressure and density at the sea level were P0
= 1.0 atm = 1.01 10 5 Pa and 0 = 1.16 kg/m3, respectively. For this height range, the
pressure takes the form
P ( z ) = P0 (1 z / z 0 ) .
(2.1)
Express in terms of z 0 , 0 , P0 , and g , and find its numerical value to the two
significant digits. Treat the gravitational acceleration as a constant, independent of
height.
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[Part B ]
When a rubber balloon of spherical shape with un-stretched radius r0 is inflated to a
sphere of radius r ( r0 ), the balloon surface contains extra elastic energy due to the
stretching. In a simplistic theory, the elastic energy at constant temperature T can be
expressed by
U = 4 r02RT (22 +
3)
(2.2)
where r / r0 ( 1) is the size-inflation ratio and is a constant in units of mol/m2.

(c) [2 points] Express P in terms of parameters given in Eq. (2.2), and sketch P as
a function of = r / r0 .
(d) [1.5 points] The constant can be determined from the amount of the gas needed
to inflate the balloon. At T0 =303 K and P0 =1.0 atm = 1.01 10 5 Pa, an un-stretched
balloon ( = 1 ) contains n0 =12.5 moles of helium. It takes n =3.6 n0 =45 moles in total
to inflate the balloon to =1.5 at the same T0 and P0 . Express the balloon parameter
a , defined as a = / 0 , in terms of n , n0 , and , where 0
r0 P0
. Evaluate a
4RT0
to the two significant digits.

[Part C]
A balloon is prepared as in (d) at the sea level (inflated to = 1.5 with n = 3.6n0 = 45
moles of helium gas at T0 =303 K and P0 =1 atm= 1.01 10 5 Pa). The total mass
including gas, balloon itself, and other payloads is M T = 1.12 kg. Now let the balloon
rise from the sea level.
(e) [3 points] Suppose that the balloon eventually stops at the height z f where the
buoyant force balances the total weight. Find z f and the inflation ratio f at that
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height. Give the answers in two significant digits. Assume there are no drift effect and
no gas leakage during the upward flight.
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Atomic Probe Microscope

Atomic probe microscopes (APMs) are powerful tools in the field of nano-science.
The motion of a cantilever in APM can be detected by a photo-detector monitoring the
reflected laser beam, as shown in Fig. 3.1. The cantilever can move only in the vertical
direction and its displacement z as a function of time t can be described by the
equation
m
d 2z
dz
+ b + kz = F ,
2
dt
dt
(3.1)
where m is the cantilever mass, k = m 02 is the spring constant of the cantilever, b

is a small damping coefficient satisfying 0 >> (b / m) > 0 , and finally F is an
external driving force of the piezoelectric tube.
Vi=c2z
output
lock-in
amplifier
photo-detector
reference
signal
input
laser
V 'R
Vi
VR
phase shifter
k
z=0
piezotube
piezotube
F
Cantilever
sample
k
m
Figure 3.1 A schematic diagram for a scanning probe microscope (SPM).

The inset in the lower right corner represents a simplified mechanical
model to describe the coupling of the piezotube with the cantilever.
[Part A]
(a) [1.5 points] When F = F0 sin t , z (t ) satisfying Eq. (3.1) can be written as
z (t ) = A sin(t ) , where A > 0 and 0 . Find the expression of the
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amplitude A and tan in terms of F0 , m , , 0 , and b . Obtain A and the

phase at the resonance frequency = 0 .
(b) [1 point] A lock-in amplifier shown in Fig.3.1 multiplies an input signal by the lockin reference signal, VR = VR 0 sin t , and then passes only the dc (direct current)
component of the multiplied signal. Assume that the input signal is given by
Vi = Vi 0 sin(i t i ) . Here VR 0 , Vi 0 , i , and i are all positive given constants. Find
the condition on (>0) for a non-vanishing output signal. What is the expression for
the magnitude of the non-vanishing dc output signal at this frequency?
(c) [1.5 points] Passing through the phase shifter, the lock-in reference voltage
VR = VR 0 sin t changes to V ' R = VR 0 sin(t + / 2) . V ' R , applied to the piezoelectric
tube, drives the cantilever with a force F = c1V ' R . Then, the photo-detector converts the
displacement of the cantilever, z , into a voltage Vi = c 2 z . Here c1 and c2 are
constants. Find the expression for the magnitude of the dc output signal at = 0 .
(d) [2 points] The small change m of the cantilever mass shifts the resonance
frequency by 0 . As a result, the phase at the original resonance frequency 0
shifts by . Find the mass change m corresponding to the phase shift
= / 1800 , which is a typical resolution in phase measurements. The physical
parameters of the cantilever are given by m = 1.010-12 kg, k = 1.0 N/m, and
(b / m) = 1.0103
s-1.
Use
the
approximations
(1 + x )a 1 + ax and
tan (/2 + x) 1 / x when | x |<< 1 .
[Part B]
From now on let us consider the situation that some forces, besides the driving force
discussed in Part A, act on the cantilever due to the sample as shown in Fig.3.1.
(e) [1.5 points] Assuming that the additional force f (h) depends only on the distance
h between the cantilever and the sample surface, one can find a new equilibrium
position h0 . Near h = h0 , we can write f (h) f (h0 ) + c3 (h h0 ) , where c3 is a
constant in h . Find the new resonance frequency '0 in terms of 0 , m , and c3 .

(f) [2.5 points] While scanning the surface by moving the sample horizontally, the tip of
the cantilever charged with Q = 6e encounters an electron of charge q = e trapped
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(localized in space) at some distance below the surface. During the scanning around the
electron, the maximum shift of the resonance frequency 0 ( = '0 0 ) is observed to
be much smaller than 0 . Express the distance d 0 from the cantilever to the trapped
electron at the maximum shift in terms of m , q , Q , 0 , 0 , and the Coulomb
constant k e . Evaluate d 0 in nm (1 nm = 1 10 9 m) for 0 = 20 s-1.
The physical parameters of the cantilever are m = 1.010-12 kg and k = 1.0 N/m.
Disregard any polarization effect in both the cantilever tip and the surface. Note that
k e = 1 / 4 0 = 9.0 10 9 Nm2/C2 and e = 1.6 10 19 C.
Experimental Competition / Question
Page 1/12
35th International Physics Olympiad

Pohang, Korea
15 ~ 23 July 2004
Experimental Competition
Monday, 19 July 2004
Please, first read the following instruction carefully:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
The time available is 5 hours.

Use only the pen provided.
Use only the front side of the writing sheets. Write only inside the boxed area.
In addition to the blank writing sheets, there are Answer Forms where you must
summarize the results you have obtained.
Write on the blank writing sheets the results of your measurements and whatever
else you consider is required for the solution to the question. Please, use as little text
as possible; express yourself primarily in equations, numbers, figures, and plots.
In the boxes at the top of each sheet of paper write down your country code
(Country Code) and student number (Student Code). In addition, on each blank
writing sheets, write down the progressive number of each sheet (Page Number)
and the total number of writing sheets used (Total Number of Pages). If you use
some blank writing sheets for notes that you do not wish to be marked, put a large X
across the entire sheet and do not include it in your numbering.
At the end of the experiment, arrange all sheets in the following order:
Answer forms (top)
used writing sheets in order
the sheets you do not wish to be marked
unused writing sheets
the printed question (bottom)
It is not necessary to specify the error range of your values. However, their
deviations from the actual values will determine your mark.
Place the papers inside the envelope and leave everything on your desk. You are not
allowed to take any sheet of paper or any material used in the experiment out of
the room.
Page 2/12
Apparatus and materials

1. List of available apparatus and materials
Name
Quantity
Name
Quantity
Photogate timer
Philips screw driver
Photogate
Weight with a string
Connecting cable
Electronic balance
Mechanical black box

(Black cylinder)
Stand with a ruler
Rotation stage
U-shaped support
Rubber pad
C-clamp
Pulley
Ruler (0.50 m, 0.15 m)
Pin
Vernier calipers
U-shaped plate
Scissors
Screw
Thread
Allen (hexagonal, Lshaped) wrench
Spares (string, thread,

pin, screw, Allen wrench)
1 each
E
L
C
H
A
B
I J
F
G
P
M
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2. Instruction for the Photogate Timer

The Photogate consists of an infrared LED and a photodetector. By connecting the
Photogate to the Photogate Timer, you can measure the time duration related to the
blocking of the infrared light reaching the sensor.
Be sure that the Photogate is connected to the Photogate Timer. Turn on the
power by pushing the button labelled POWER.
To measure the time duration of a single blocking event, push the button
labelled GATE. Use this GATE mode for speed measurements.
To measure the time interval between two or three successive blocking events,
push the corresponding PERIOD. Use this PERIOD mode for oscillation
measurements.
If DELAY button is pushed in, the Photogate Timer displays the result of each
measurement for 5 seconds and then resets itself.
If DELAY button is pushed out, the Photogate Timer displays the result of the
previous measurement until the next measurement is completed.
After any change of button position, press the RESET button once to activate
the mode change.
Caution: Do not look directly into the Photogate. The invisible infrared light may be
harmful to your eyes.
Photogate, Photogate Timer, and connection cable
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3. Instruction for the Electronic Balance

Adjust the bottom legs to set the balance stable. (Although there is a level
indicator, setting the balance in a completely horizontal position is not
necessary.)
Without putting anything on the balance, turn it on by pressing the On/Off
button.
Place an object on the round weighing pan. Its mass will be displayed in grams.
If there is nothing on the weighing pan, the balance will be turned off
automatically in about 25 seconds.
Balance
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4. Instruction for the Rotation Stage

Adjust the bottom legs to set the rotation stage stable on a rubber pad in a near
horizontal position.
With a U-shaped plate and two screws, mount the Mechanical Black Box
(black cylinder) on the top of the rotating stub. Use Allen (hexagonal, L-shaped)
wrench to tighten the screws.
The string attached to the weight is to be fixed to the screw on the side of the
rotating stub. Use the Philips screw driver.
Caution: Do not look too closely at the Mechanical Black Box while it is rotating.
Your eyes may get hurt.
Mechanical Black Box and rotation stage
Rotating stub
Weight with a string
Page 6/12
Mechanical Black Box

[Question] Find the mass of the ball and the spring constants of two
springs in the Mechanical Black Box.
General Information on the Mechanical Black Box
The Mechanical Black Box (MBB) consists of a solid ball attached to two
springs in a black cylindrical tube as shown in Fig. 1. The two springs are fashioned
from the same tightly wound spring with different number of turns. The masses and the
lengths of the springs when they are not extended can be ignored. The tube is
homogeneous and sealed with two identical end caps. The part of the end caps plugged
into the tube is 5 mm long. The radius of the ball is 11 mm and the inner diameter of the
tube is 23 mm. The gravitational acceleration is given as g = 9.8 m/s2. There is a finite
friction between the ball and the inner walls of the tube.
lCM
Fig. 1 Mechanical Black Box (not to scale)

The purpose of this experiment is to find out the mass m of the ball and the spring
constants k1 and k2 of the springs without opening the MBB. The difficult aspect of this
problem is that any single experiment cannot provide the mass m or the position l of the
ball because the two quantities are interconnected. Here, l is the distance between the
centers of the tube and the ball when the MBB lies horizontally in equilibrium when the
friction is zero.
The symbols listed below should be used to represent the physical quantities of
interest. If you need to use other physical quantities, use symbols different from those
already assigned below to avoid confusion.
Page 7/12
Assigned Physical Symbols

Mass of the ball: m
Radius of the ball: r (= 11 mm)
Mass of the MBB excluding the ball: M
Length of the black tube: L
Length of each end cap extending into the tube: (= 5.0 mm)
Distance from the center-of-mass of the MBB to the center of the tube: lCM
Distance between the center of the ball and the center of the tube: x (or l at
equilibrium when the MBB is horizontal)
Gravitational acceleration: g (= 9.8 m/s2)
Mass of the weight attached to a string: mo
Speed of the weight: v
Downward displacement of the weight: h
Radius of the rotating stub where the string is to be wound: R
Moments of inertia: I, Io, I1, I2, and so on
Angular velocity and angular frequencies: , 1, 2, and so on
Periods of oscillation: T1, T2
Effective total spring constant: k
Spring constants of the two springs: k1, k2
Number of turns of the springs: N1, N2
Caution: Do not try to open the MBB. If you open it, you will be disqualified
and your mark in the Experimental Competition will be zero.
Caution: Do not shake violently nor drop the MBB. The ball may be detached
from the springs. If your MBB seems faulty, report to the proctors
immediately. It will be replaced only once without affecting your
mark. Any further replacement will cut down your mark by 0.5
points each time.
Page 8/12
PART-A Product of the mass and the position of the ball (m l ) (4.0 points)
l is the position of the center of the ball relative to that of the tube when the MBB
lies horizontally in equilibrium as in Fig. 1. Find the value of the product of the mass m
and the position l of the ball experimentally. You will need this to determine the value of
m in PART-B.
1. Suggest and justify, by using equations, a method allowing to obtain m l. (2.0
points)
2. Experimentally determine the value of m l. (2.0 points)
Page 9/12
PART-B The mass m of the ball (10.0 points)

Figure 2 shows the MBB fixed horizontally on the rotating stub and a weight
attached to one end of a string whose other end is wound on the rotating stub. When the
weight falls, the string unwinds, and the MBB rotates. By combining the equation
pertinent to this experiment with the one obtained in PART-A, you can find an equation
for m.
Between the ball and the inner walls of the cylindrical tube acts a frictional force.
The physical mechanisms of the friction and the slipping of the ball under the rotational
motion are complicated. To simplify the analysis, you may ignore the energy dissipation
due to kinetic friction.
Fig. 2 Rotation of the Mechanical Black Box (not to scale)

The angular velocity of the MBB can be obtained
from the speed v of the weight passing through the
Photogate. x is the position of the ball relative to the
rotation axis, and d is the length of the weight.
Page 10/12
1. Measure the speed of the weight v for various values of downward displacement
h of the weight. It is recommended to scan the whole range from h = 1.0 10-2 m
to 4.0 10-1 m by measuring v just once at each h with an interval of 1.0 10-2
~2.0 10-2 m. Plot the data on graph paper in a form that is suitable to find the
value of m. After you get a general idea of the relation between v and h, you may
repeat the measurement or add some data points, if necessary. When the MBB
rotates slowly, the ball does not slip from its static equilibrium position because
of the friction between the ball and the tube. When the MBB rotates sufficiently
fast, the ball hits and actually stays at the end cap of the tube because the springs
are weak. Identify the slow rotation region and the fast rotation region on the
graph. (4.0 points)
2. Show your measurements are consistent with the fact that h is proportional to v2
( h = C v2 ) in the slow rotation region. Show from your measurements that h =
A v2+B in the fast rotation region. (1.0 points)
3. The moment of inertia of a ball of radius r and mass m about the axis passing
through its center is 2mr2/5. If the ball is displaced a distance a perpendicular to
the axis, the moment of inertia increases by ma2. Use the symbol I to represent
the total moment of inertia of all the rotating bodies excluding the ball. Relate
the coefficient C to the parameters of the MBB such as m, l, etc. (1.0 points)
4. Relate the coefficients A and B to the parameters of the MBB such as m, l, etc.
(1.0 points)
5. Determine the value of m from your measurements and the results obtained in
PART-A. (3.0 points)
Page 11/12
PART-C The spring constants k1 and k2 (6.0 points)

In this part, you need to perform small oscillation experiments using the MBB as a
rigid pendulum. There are two small holes at each end of the MBB. Two thin pins
inserted into the holes can be used as the pivot of small oscillation. The U-shaped
support is to be clamped to the stand and used to support the pivot. Note that the angular
frequency of small oscillation is given as = [torque/(moment of inertia
angle)]1/2. Here, the torque and the moment of inertia are with respect to the pivot.
Similarly to PART-B, consider two experimental conditions, shown in Fig. 3, to avoid
the unknown moment of inertia Io of the MBB excluding the ball.
(1)
Fig. 3
(2)
Oscillation of the Mechanical Black Box (not to scale)

The periods of small oscillation, T1 and T2, for two
configurations shown above can be measured using
the Photogate. Two pins and a U-shaped support are
supplied for this experiment.
Page 12/12
1. Measure the periods T1 and T2 of small oscillation shown in Figs 3(1) and (2) and
write down their values, respectively. (1.0 points)
2. Explain (by using equations) why the angular frequencies 1 and 2 of small
oscillation of the configurations are different. Use the symbol Io to represent the
moment of inertia of the MBB excluding the ball for the axis perpendicular to the
MBB at the end. Use the symbol l as the displacement of the ball from the
horizontal equilibrium position. (1.0 points)
3. Evaluate l by eliminating Io from the previous results. (1.0 points)
4. By combining the results of PART-C 1~3 and PART-B, find and write down the
value of the effective total spring constant k of the two-spring system. (2.0 points)
5. Obtain the respective values of k1 and k2. Write down their values. (1.0 points)
Experimental Competition / Solutions
Page 1/11
Solutions
PART-A Product of the mass and the position of the ball (ml )
(4.0 points)
1. Suggest and justify, by using equations, a method allowing to obtain m l. (2.0
points)
ml = (M + m)lcm
(Explanation) The lever rule is applied to the Mechanical Black Box, shown in Fig.
A-1, once the position of the center of mass of the whole system is found.
Fig. A-1 Experimental setup

2. Experimentally determine the value of ml. (2.0 points)
ml = 2.9610-3kgm
(Explanation) The measured quantities are
M + m = (1.4110.0005)10-1kg
and
lcm = (2.10.06)10-2m
or
210.6 mm.
Therefore
ml = (M + m)lcm
= (1.4110.0005)10-1kg(2.10.06)10-2m
= (2.960.08)10-3kgm
Page 2/11
PART-B The mass m of the ball (10.0 points)

1. Measure v for various values of h. Plot the data on a graph paper in a form that
is suitable to find the value of m. Identify the slow rotation region and the fast
rotation region on the graph. (4.0 points)
2. Show from your measurements that h = C v2 in the slow rotation region, and h =
A v2+B in the fast rotation region. (1.0 points)
50
40
h (cm)
h ( 10-2 m )
30
fast
20
10
0
0
200
400
2
600
2
800
4
v ((cm
10- /s
m)2/s2 )
Fig. B-1 Experimental data

(Explanation) The measured data are
h1 (10- 2 m) a)
t (ms)
h (10- 2 m) b)
v (10- 2 m/s) c)
v2 (10- 4 m2/s2)
25.50.1
269.40.05
1.80.1
8.750.02
76.60.2
26.50.1
235.70.05
2.80.1
11.120.02
123.70.3
27.50.1
197.90.05
3.80.1
13.240.03
175.30.6
28.50.1
176.00.05
4.80.1
14.890.03
221.70.6
29.50.1
161.80.05
5.80.1
16.190.03
262.10.7
30.50.1
151.40.05
6.80.1
17.310.03
299.60.7
31.50.1
141.80.05
7.80.1
18.480.04
3421
32.50.1
142.90.05
8.80.1
18.330.04
3361
Page 3/11
33.50.1
141.40.05
9.80.1
18.530.04
3431
10
34.50.1
142.20.05
10.80.1
18.420.04
3391
11
35.50.1
145.40.05
11.80.1
18.020.04
3251
12
36.50.1
147.80.05
12.80.1
17.730.04
3141
13
37.50.1
148.30.05
13.80.1
17.670.04
3121
14
38.50.1
148.00.05
14.80.1
17.700.04
3131
15
39.50.1
143.90.05
15.80.1
18.210.04
3321
16
40.50.1
141.90.05
16.80.1
18.460.04
3411
17
41.50.1
142.90.05
17.80.1
18.330.04
3361
18
42.50.1
141.90.05
18.80.1
18.460.04
3411
19
43.50.1
142.80.05
19.80.1
18.350.04
3371
20
44.50.1
144.30.05
20.80.1
18.160.04
3301
21
45.50.1
142.20.05
21.80.1
18.420.04
3391
22
46.50.1
139.80.05
22.80.1
18.740.04
3511
23
47.50.1
136.70.05
23.80.1
19.170.04
3681
24
48.50.1
133.00.05
24.80.1
19.700.04
3881
25
49.50.1
129.50.05
25.80.1
20.230.04
4091
26
50.50.1
125.70.05
26.80.1
20.840.04
4341
27
51.50.1
124.30.05
27.80.1
21.080.04
4441
28
52.50.1
123.40.05
28.80.1
21.230.04
4511
29
53.50.1
120.90.05
29.80.1
21.670.04
4701
30
54.50.1
117.50.05
30.80.1
22.300.04
4971
31
55.50.1
114.00.05
31.80.1
22.980.04
5281
32
56.50.1
111.20.05
32.80.1
23.560.05
5552
33
57.50.1
110.50.05
33.80.1
23.710.05
5622
34
58.50.1
108.10.05
34.80.1
24.240.05
5882
35
59.50.1
107.10.05
35.80.1
24.460.05
5982
36
60.50.1
104.60.05
36.80.1
25.050.05
6282
37
61.50.1
102.10.05
37.80.1
25.660.05
6582
38
62.50.1
100.10.05
38.80.1
26.170.05
6852
39
63.50.1
99.60.05
39.80.1
26.310.05
6922
40
64.50.1
97.30.05
40.80.1
26.930.05
7252
41
65.50.1
95.80.05
41.80.1
27.350.05
7482
42
66.50.1
94.70.05
42.80.1
27.670.05
7662
43
67.50.1
94.00.05
43.80.1
27.870.06
7772
44
68.50.1
92.90.05
44.80.1
28.200.06
7952
45
69.50.1
91.10.05
45.80.1
28.760.06
8272
where
Page 4/11
a)
h1 is the reading of the top position of the weight before it starts to fall,
h is the distance of fall of the weight which is obtained by h = h1 h2 + d/2,
h2 (= (250.05)10-2 m) is the top position of the weight at the start of
blocking of the photogate,
d (= (2.620.005) 10-2 m) is the length of the weight, and
c)
v is obtained from v = d/t.
b)
3. Relate the coefficient C to the parameters of the MBB. (1.0 points)

h = C v2, where C = {mo + I/R2 + m(l2 + 2/5 r2)/R2}/2mog
(Explanation) The ball is at static equilibrium (x = l). When the speed of the weight is
v, the increase in kinetic energy of the whole system is given by
K = 1/2 mov2 + 1/2 I2 + 1/2 m(l2 + 2/5 r2)2
= 1/2 {mo + I/R2 + m(l2 + 2/5 r2)/R2}v2,
where (= v/R) is the angular velocity of the Mechanical Black Box and I is the
effective moment of inertia of the whole system except the ball. Since the decrease in
gravitational potential energy of the weight is
U = - mogh ,
the energy conservation (K + U = 0) gives
h = 1/2 {mo + I/R2 + m(l2 + 2/5 r2)/R2}v2/mog
= C v2, where C = {mo + I/R2 + m(l2 + 2/5 r2)/R2}/2mog
4. Relate the coefficients A and B to the parameters of the MBB. (1.0 points)
h = A v2 + B, where A = [mo + I/R2 + m{(L/2 r)2 + 2/5 r2}/R2]/2mog
and B = [ k1( L/2 l r)2
+ k2{(L 2 2r)2 (L/2 + l r)2}] /2mog
(Explanation) The ball stays at the end cap of the tube (x = L/2 r). When the
speed of the weight is v, the increase in kinetic energy of the whole system is given by
Page 5/11
K = 1/2 [mo + I/R2 + m{(L/2 r)2 + 2/5 r2}/R2]v2.

Since the increase in elastic potential energy of the springs is
Ue = 1/2 [ k1( L/2 l r)2
+ k2{(L 2 2r)2 (L/2 + l r)2}] ,
the energy conservation (K + U + Ue = 0) gives
h = 1/2 [mo + I/R2 + m{(L/2 r)2 + 2/5 r2}/R2]v2/mog + Ue/mog
= A v2 + B,
where
A = [mo + I/R2 + m{(L/2 r)2 + 2/5 r2}/R2]/2mog
and
B = [ k1( L/2 l r)2
+ k2{(L 2 2r)2 (L/2 + l r)2}] /2mog.
5. Determine the value of m from your measurements and the results obtained in
PART-A. (3.0 points)
m = 6.210-2 kg
(Explanation) From the results obtained in PART-B 3 and 4 we get
A C =
m
(L r) 2 l 2 .
2
2
2 gm o R
The measured values are
L = (40.00.05)10-2 m
mo = (100.40.05)10-3 kg
2R = (3.910.005)10-2 m
Therefore,
(L/2 - - r)2 = {(20.00.03) 0.5 1.1}2 10-4 m2 = (338.60.8)10-4 m2
and
2gmoR2 = 2980(100.40.05)(1.9550.003)2 10-6kgm3/s2
= (7522)10-6kgm3/s2.
Page 6/11
The slopes of the two straight lines in the graph (Fig. B-1) of PART-B 1 are
A = 5.00.1s2/m
and C = 2.40.1s2/m,
respectively, and
A - C = 2.60.1s2/m.
Since we already obtained ml = (M + m)lcm = 2.9610-3kgm from PART-A,
the equation
(338.60.8)m2 (7522)103(0.0260.001)m (2968)2 = 0
or
(338.60.8)m2 (19600800)m (880003000) = 0
is resulted, where m is expressed in the unit of g.
The roots of this equation are
m=
(9800 400 ) (9800 400 )2 + (338 .6 0.8) (88000 3000 )

.
(338 .6 0.8)
The physically meaningful positive root is
m=
(9800 400 ) + (126000000

(338 .6 0.8)
6000000 )
= (62 2 ) g = ( 6.2 0.2 ) 10 2 kg.
PART-C The spring constants k1 and k2 (6.0 points)
1. Measure the periods T1 and T2 of small oscillation shown in Figs. 3 (1) and (2)
and write down their values, respectively. (1.0 points)
T1 = 1.1090s
and
T2 = 1.0193s
Page 7/11
(Explanation)
(1)
Fig. C-1
(2)
Small oscillation experimental set up
The measured periods are

T1 (s)
T2 (s)
1.10850.00005
1.01940.00005
1.10920.00005
1.01940.00005
1.10890.00005
1.01930.00005
1.10850.00005
1.01910.00005
1.10940.00005
1.01920.00005
1.10900.00005
1.01940.00005
1.10880.00005
1.01940.00005
1.10900.00005
1.01910.00005
1.10920.00005
1.01920.00005
10
1.10940.00005
10
1.01930.00005
By averaging the10 measurements for each configuration, respectively, we get

T1 = 1.10900.0003s
and
T2 = 1.01930.0001s.
2. Explain, by using equations, why the angular frequencies 1 and 2 of small

oscillation of the configurations are different. (1.0 points)
Page 8/11
Mg L + mg L + l + l
2
2
2
2
I o + m L + l + l + r 2
5
2
1 =
Mg L + mg L l + l
2
2
2
2
I o + m L l + l + r 2
5
2
2 =
(Explanation) The moment of inertia of the Mechanical Black Box with respect to
the pivot at the top of the tube is
I 1 = I o + m L + l + l
2
2 2
r
5
or
I 2 = I o + m L l + l
2
2 2
r
5
depending on the orientation of the MBB as shown in Figs. C-1(1) and (2),
respectively.
When the MBB is slightly tilted by an angle from vertical, the torque applied by the
gravity is
( )
{ ( )
)}
( )
{ ( )
)}
1 = Mg L 2 sin + mg L 2 + l + l sin Mg L 2 + mg L 2 + l + l
or
2 = Mg L 2 sin + mg L 2 l + l sin Mg L 2 + mg L 2 l + l
depending on the orientation.
Therefore, the angular frequencies of oscillation become
1
1 =
I1
Mg L + mg L + l + l
2
2
2
2
I o + m L + l + l + r 2
5
2
and
2
2 =
I2
Mg L + mg L l + l
2
2
.
2
2 2
L
l + l + r
I o + m
5
2
Page 9/11
3. Evaluate l by eliminating Io from the previous results. (1.0 points)
l = ( 7.2 0.9 ) cm = ( 7.2 0.9 ) 10 2 m
(Explanation) By rewriting the two expressions for the angular frequencies 1 and 2
as
2 2
r
5
2 2
r
5
Mg L + mg L + l + l = I o 12 + m 12 L + l + l
2
2
2
and
Mg L + mg L l + l = I o 22 + m 22 L l + l
2
2
2
one can eliminate the unknown moment of inertia Io of the MBB without the ball.
By eliminating the Io one gets the equation for l
2
2
(M + m )gL
12
+ mg l + 12 + 22 mgl = 12 22 m (L + 2 l )(2l ).
2
From the measured or given values we get,
2
2
2
1
2
=
T2
2
2
2
2
2
6.2832
6.2832

T1 1.0193 0.0001 1.1090 0.0003
= 5.900.01s-2
( M + m ) gL = (141.1 0.05 ) 980 ( 40.0 0.05 ) =

2
2
+ mgl =
T1
2
1
2
2
( 27.66 0.04 ) 10 2 kgm2/s2
2
2
2
+
(M + m )l cm g
T2
2
2
6.2832
6.2832

=
+
(296 8 ) 980
1.1090 0.0003
1.0193 0.0001
Page 10/11
= ( 203 5 ) 10 2 kgm2/s4
2
ml =
T1
2
1
2
2
T2
(M + m )l cm
6 .2832
6.2832
=

(296 8 )
1.1090 0 .0003 1 .0193 0 .0001
= ( 3.6 0.1) kgm/s4.
Therefore, the equation we obtained in PART-C 3 becomes
(5 .90 0 .01){(27 .66 0 .04 ) 10 5 + (62 2 ) 980 l }+ (203 5 ) 10 5

= (7.2 0.2 ) 10 5 {(40 .0 0.05 ) + 2 l },
where l is expressed in the unit of cm. By solving the equation we get

l = ( 7.2 0.9 ) cm = ( 7.2 0.9 ) 10 2 m
4. Write down the value of the effective total spring constant k of the two-spring
system. (2.0 points)
k = 9 N/m
(Explanation) The effective total spring constant is
k
5.
mg (62 2 ) 980
=
= 9000 1000 dyne/cm
l
7 .2 0 .9
or
91N/m.
Obtain the respective values of k1 and k2. Write down their values. (1.0 point)
k1 = 5.7 N/m
k2 = 3 N/m
Page 11/11
(Explanation) When the MBB is in equilibrium on a horizontal plane the force

balance condition for the ball is that
L l r
N
k
2
= 1 = 2 .
L + l r N2
k1
2
Since k = k1 + k 2 , we get
k1 =
k
L l r
2
+1
L +l r
2
L +l r
= 2
k
L 2 2 r
and
L l r
k.
k 2 = k k1 = 2
L 2 2 r
From the measured or given values

296 8
0 .5 1 .1
L + l r (20 .0 0.03 ) +
62 2
2
=
= 0.63 0.005 .
(40 .0 0.05 ) 1.0 2.2
L 2 2 r
Therefore,
k1 = (0.63 0.005 ) (9000 1000 ) = 5700 600 dyne/cm
or
5.70.6N/m,
k 2 = (9000 1000 ) (5700 600 ) = 3000 1000 dyne/cm
or
31N/m.
and
Theoretical Question 1 / Solutions
Page 1/12
Theoretical Question 1: Ping-Pong Resistor
1. Answers
(a)
1
V2
FR = R 2 0 2
2
d
(b)
= 0
(c)
Vth =
(d)
v s = V 2 +
r 2
d
2mgd
2 2
=
,
2
1 m
(e)
1+
1
(f)
Vc =
1 2
1+ 2
2
(2 gd )
=
2
1+
3
2md 2
mgd
, Ic =
2 1 2
g m
(1 + )(1 + 2 )
I ~ V 2
Ic
0
zc
V/ Vth
Page 2/12
2. Solutions
(a) [1.2 points]
The charge Q induced by the external bias voltage V can be obtained by applying
the Gauss law:

r
0 E ds = Q
(a1)
V
Q = 0 E (R 2 ) = 0 (R 2 ) ,
d
(a2)
where V = Ed .
The energy stored in the capacitor:
1
V
V
.
U = Q(V )dV = 0R 2 dV = 0 R 2
2
d
d
0
0
V
(a3)
The force acting on the plate, when the bias voltage V is kept constant:
FR = +
U
1
V2
= 0R 2 2 .
d
2
d
(a4)
[An alternative solution:]

Since the electric field E ' acting on one plate should be generated by the other plate
and its magnitude is
E' =
1
V
E=
,
2
2d
the force acting on the plate can be obtained by

FR = QE ' .
(a5)
(a6)
(b) [0.8 points]

The charge q on the small disk can also be calculated by applying the Gauss law:
r r
0 E ds = q .
(b1)
Since one side of the small disk is in contact with the plate,
q = 0 E (r 2 ) = 0
r 2
d
V = V .
(b2)
Page 3/12
r 2
Alternatively, one may use the area ratio for q = 2 Q .
R
= 0
r 2
d
(b3)
(c) [0.5 points]

The net force, Fnet , acting on the small disk should be a sum of the gravitational and
electrostatic forces:
Fnet = Fg + Fe .
(c1)
The gravitational force: Fg = mg .

The electrostatic force can be derived from the result of (a) above:
2
1 r 2
V .
Fe = 0 2 V 2 =
2 d
2d
(c2)
In order for the disk to be lifted, one requires Fnet > 0 :
2d
V 2 mg > 0 .
Vth =
2mgd
(c3)
(c4)
(d) [2.3 points]

Let v s be the steady velocity of the small disk just after its collision with the bottom
plate. Then the steady-state kinetic energy K s of the disk just above the bottom plate
is given by
1
K s = mv s2 .
2
For each round trip, the disk gains electrostatic energy by

U = 2qV .
(d1)
(d2)
For each inelastic collision, the disk lose its kinetic energy by
1
K loss = K before K after = (1 2 ) K before = 2 1 K after .

(d3)
Since K s is the energy after the collision at the bottom plate and ( K s + qV mgd ) is
Page 4/12
the energy before the collision at the top plate, the total energy loss during the round trip
can be written in terms of K s :
1
K tot = 2 1 K s + (1 2 )( K s + qV mgd ) .
In its steady state, U should be compensated by K tot .

1
2qV = 2 1 K s + (1 2 )( K s + qV mgd ) .
Rearranging Eq. (d5), we have

Ks =
(d4)
(d5)
2
[
(1 + 2 )qV + (1 2 )mgd ]
4
1
2
2
mgd
=
+
qV
2
2
1
1+
1
= mv s2 .
2
(d6)
Therefore,
2 2 V 2 2
+
(2 gd ) .
v s =
2
2
1
m
1
(d7)
v s = V 2 + ,
(d8)
Comparing with the form:
2 2
=
,
2
1 m
2
(2 gd ) .
=
2
1+
(d9)
[An alternative solution:]

Let v n be the velocity of the small disk just after n-th collision with the bottom plate.
Then the kinetic energy of the disk just above the bottom plate is given by
1
K n = mv 2n .
2
(d10)
When it reaches the top plate, the disk gains energy by the increase of potential energy:
U up = qV mgd .
(d11)
Thus, the kinetic energy just before its collision with the top plate becomes
K n up =
1
mv 2up = K n + U up .
2
(d12)
Page 5/12
Since = v after / v before , the kinetic energy after the collision with the top plate becomes
scaled down by a factor of 2 :
K n up = 2 K n up .
(d13)
Now the potential energy gain by the downward motion is:

U down = qV + mgd
(d14)
so that the kinetic energy just before it collides with the bottom plate becomes:
K n down = K n up + U down .
(d15)
Again, due to the loss of energy by the collision with the bottom plate, the kinetic
energy after its (n + 1) -th collision can be obtained by
K n+1 = 2 K ndown
= 2 ( K n up + U down )
= 2 ( 2 ( K n + U up ) + U down )
(d16)
= 2 ( 2 ( K n + qV mgd ) + qV + mgd )
= 4 K n + 2 (1 + 2 )qV + 2 (1 2 )mgd .
As n , we expect the velocity v n v s , that is, K n K s =
Ks =
1
2 (1 + 2 )qV + 2 (1 2 )mgd
1 4
2
2
mgd
=
qV
+
2
2
1
1 +
1
= mv s2
2
1
mv s2 :
2
]
(d17)
(e) [2.2 points]

The amount of charge carried by the disk during its round trip between the plates is
Q = 2q , and the time interval t = t + + t , where t + ( t ) is the time spent during the
up- (down-) ward motion respectively.
Here t + ( t ) can be determined by
1
v 0+ t + + a + t +2 = d
2
1
v 0 t + a t 2 = d
2
(e1)
where v 0+ ( v 0 ) is the initial velocity at the bottom (top) plate and a + ( a ) is the up-
Page 6/12
(down-) ward acceleration respectively.

Since the force acting on the disk is given by
qV
m mg ,
d
can be approximated by
F = ma = qE m mg =
in the limit of mgd << qV , a
a0 = a + = a
(e2)
qV
,
md
(e3)
which implies that the upward and down-ward motion should be symmetric. Thus,
Eq.(e1) can be described by a single equation with t 0 = t + = t , v s = v 0+ = v 0- , and
a0 = a+ = a . Moreover, since the speed of the disk just after the collision should be
the same for the top- and bottom-plates, one can deduce the relation:
v s = (v s + a 0 t 0 ) ,
from which we obtain the time interval t = 2t 0 ,
(e4)
1 vs
t = 2t 0 = 2
.
a0
From Eq. (d6), in the limit of mgd << qV , we have
(e5)
2
1
qV .
K s = mv s2
2
2
1
(e6)
By substituting the results of Eqs. (e3) and (e6), we get
1 2 2
t = 2
2
1
Therefore, from I =
md 2
1
=2
1 +
qV
2md 2
.
V 2
(e7)
Q 2q
=
,
t
t
2q
1 +
= V
I=
t
1
1+
1
V 2
1 +
=
2
2md
1
3
2md
V 2.
3
2md 2
[Alternative solution #1:]

Starting from Eq. (e3), we can solve the quadratic equation of Eq. (e1) so that
(e8)
(e9)
t =
v 0
a0
Page 7/12
2da
1 + 2 0 1 .
v 0
(e10)
When it reaches the steady state, the initial velocities v 0 are given by
v 0+ = v s
v 0 = ( v s + a0 t + ) = v s 1 +
2da0
,
v s2
(e11)
(e12)
where vs can be rewritten by using the result of Eq. (e6),
2 2qV 2
2a0 d .
v s2 V =
=
2
2
1
1 m
As a result, we get v 0 v s
= v s and consequently t =
vs
a0
(e13)
1
1 , which is

equivalent to Eq. (e4).

[Alternative solution #2:]
The current I can be obtained from
I=
2 q 2qv
=
,
t
d
(e14)
where v is an average velocity. Since the up and down motions are symmetric with the
same constant acceleration in the limit of mgd << qV ,
v
1
v = v s + s .
2

(e15)
Thus, we have
q 1
(e16)
1 + v s .
2d
Inserting the expression (Eq. (e15)) of v s into Eq. (e16), one obtains an expression
I=
identical to Eq. (e8).

(f) [3 points]
The disk will lose its kinetic energy and eventually cease to move when the disk can not
reach the top plate. In other words, the threshold voltage Vc can be determined from
the condition that the velocity v 0- of the disk at the top plate is zero, i.e., v 0- = 0 .
In order for the disk to have v 0- = 0 at the top plate, the kinetic energy K s at the
Page 8/12
top plate should satisfy the relation:

K s = K s + qVc mgd = 0 ,
(f1)
where K s is the steady-state kinetic energy at the bottom plate after the collision.
Therefore, we have
2
2
mgd + qVc mgd = 0 ,

qV
+
c
2
2
1
1+
(f2)
(1 + 2 )qVc (1 2 )mgd = 0 .
(f3)
or equivalently,
qVc =
1 2
mgd
1+ 2
(f4)
From the relation q = Vc ,

Vc =
1 2
1+ 2
mgd
(f5)
In comparison with the threshold voltage Vth of Eq. (c4), we can rewrite Eq. (f5) by
Vc = z cVth
(f6)
where z c should be used in the plot of I vs. (V / Vth ) and
zc =
1 2
.
2(1 + 2 )
(f7)
[Note that an alternative derivation of Eq. (f1) is possible if one applies the energy
compensation condition of Eq. (d5) or the recursion relation of Eq. (d17) at the top
plate instead of the bottom plate.]
Now we can setup equations to determine the time interval t = t + t + :
1
v 0 t + a t 2 = d
2
(f8)
1
v 0+ t + + a + t +2 = d
2
(f9)
where the accelerations are given by

a+ =
1 2
2 2
qVc
g
g =
=
g
1
2
2
md
1 +
1+
(f10)
a =
Page 9/12
1 2
2
qVc
+g=
+ 1 g =
2
2
md
1+
1 +
(f11)
a+
= 2
a
(f12)
Since v 0 = 0 , we have v 0+ = (a t ) and t 2 = 2d / a .

t =
d
2d
= (1 + 2 ) ,
a
g
(f13)
By using v 02+ = 2 (2da ) = 2da + , we can solve the quadratic equation of Eq. (f9):
t+ =
v 0+
v
2da
1 + 2 + 1 = 0+ =
a+
a+
v 0+
1 + 2 d t
2d
= 2 = .
a+
g
d
1
t = t + t + = 1 + (1 + 2 )

g
Ic =
(f15)
2 1 2
Qc 2q 2Vc
= =
=
g m .
t t
t
(1+)(1+ 2 )
I
(f16)
I ~ V 2
Ic
0
zc
(f14)
V/ Vth
Page 10/12
[A more elaborate Solution:]

One may find a general solution for an arbitrary value of V . By solving the quadratic
equations of Eqs. (f8) and (f9), we have
t =
v 0
2da
1 + 1 + 2 .
a
v 0
(f17)
(It is noted that one has to keep the smaller positive root.)
To simplify the notation, we introduce a few variables:

(i) y =
V
where Vth =
Vth
(ii) z c =
2mgd
1 2
, which is defined in Eq. (f7),
2(1 + 2 )
(iii) w0 = 2
gd
d
and w1 = 2
,
2
1 2 g
1
In terms of y , w , and z c ,
a+ =
qV
g = g (2 y 2 1)
md
(f18)
a =
qV
+ g = g (2 y 2 + 1)
md
(f19)
v 0+ = v s = w0 y 2 + z c2
(f20)
v 0 = ( v s + a + t + ) = w0 y 2 z c2
(f21)
t + = w1
t = w1
y 2 z c2 y 2 + z c2
2 y2 1
y 2 + z c2 y 2 z c2
2y2 +1
(f22)
(f21)
I=
Page 11/12
8mgd
Q
2q
y
=
= (2 Vth ) =
F ( y)
t t + + t
t
w1
(f22)
where
y 2 z 2 y 2 + z 2
c
c
F ( y) = y
+
2
y
2
1
y 2 + z c2 y 2 z c2
2y2 +1
(f23)
Page 12/12
3. Mark Distribution
No.
(a)
Total
Pt.
1.2
Partial
Pt.
0.3
0.5
Contents
Gauss law, or a formula for the capacitance of a parallel plate
Total energy of a capacitor at E ' = electrical field by the other
plate
0.4
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
0.8
0.5
2.3
2.2
0.3
0.5
Correct answer
0.1
Correct lift-up condition with force balance
0.2
Use of area ratio and result of (a)
0.2
Correct answer
0.5
Energy conservation and the work done by the field
0.5
Loss of energy due to collisions
0.8
0.5
Condition for the steady state: Condition for the steady state:
recursion relation
energy balance equation (loss =
gain)
Correct answer
0.2
Q = 2q per trip
0.5
0.4
Acceleration a in the limit of qV >> mgd ; a + = a by

symmetry
Kinetic equations for d , v , By using the symmetry, derive
a , and t , solutions for t
Expression of v 0 and t in the relation (e4)
its steady state
Solutions
of
t
in
approximation
Correct answer
0.5
Condition for Vc ; K up = 0 or Using (d8), Recursion relations
0.3
0.4
0.4
(f)
3.0
the
energy
F = QE '
Force
from
expression
Gauss law
Use of area ratio and result of (a)
v s ,up = 0
0.3
energy balance equation
0.3
Correct answer of Vc
0.7
Kinetic equations for t
0.3
Correct answer of I c
Distinction between Vth and Vc ,
I = V 2 in plots
the asymptotic behavior
0.9
Total
10
Page 1/6
Theoretical Question 2: Rising Balloon
1. Answers
(a) FB = M A ng
(b) =
(c) P =
0 z0 g
P0
P
P + P
= 5.5
4RT 1 1

r0 7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
2
(d) a =0.110
(e) z f =11 km,
f =2.1.
Page 2/6
2. Solutions
[Part A]
(a) [1.5 points]

Using the ideal gas equation of state, the volume of the helium gas of n moles at
pressure P + P and temperature T is
V = nRT /( P + P )
(a1)
while the volume of n' moles of air gas at pressure P and temperature T is
V = n' RT / P .
P
moles of air whose weight is
Thus the balloon displaces n' = n
P + P
(a2)
M A n' g .
This displaced air weight is the buoyant force, i.e.,

P
.
FB = M A ng
P + P
(a3)
(Partial credits for subtracting the gas weight.)

(b) [2 points]
The pressure difference arising from a height difference of z is gz when the air
density is a constant. When it varies as a function of the height, we have
T P
dP
= g = 0 0 g
P0 T
dz
(b1)
where the ideal gas law T / P = constant is used. Inserting Eq. (2.1) and
T / T0 = 1 z / z 0 on both sides of Eq. (b1), and comparing the two, one gets
0 z0 g
P0
1.16 4.9 10 4 9.8

= 5.52 .
1.01 10 5
(b2)
The required numerical value is 5.5.

[Part B]
(c) [2 points]
The work needed to increase the radius from r to r + dr under the pressure
difference P is
dW = 4r 2 Pdr ,
while the increase of the elastic energy for the same change of r is
(c1)
Page 3/6
6
r
dU
dW =
dr = 4RT (4r 4 05 )dr .
r
dr
(c2)
Equating the two expressions of dW , one gets

4RT 1 1
1 r
P = 4 RT ( 07 ) =
.
r r
r0 7
6
(c3)
This is the required answer.

The graph as a function of (>1) increases sharply initially, has a maximum at =71/6
=1.38, and decreases as 1 for large . The plot of P /(4RT / r0 ) is given below.
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
2
(d) [1.5 points]

From the ideal gas law,
P0V0 = n0 RT0
(d1)
where V0 is the unstretched volume.

At volume V = 3V0 containing n moles, the ideal gas law applied to the gas inside
at T = T0 gives the inside pressure Pin as
Pin = nRT0 / V =
n
n0 3
P0 .
(d2)
On the other hand, the result of (c) at T = T0 gives

Pin = P0 + P = P0 +
4RT0 1 1
1 1
( 7 ) = (1 + a ( 7 )) P0 .
r0

Equating (d2) and (d3) to solve for a ,
(d3)
n /(n0 3 ) 1
.
1 7
Inserting n / n0 =3.6 and =1.5 here, a =0.110.
a=
Page 4/6
(d5)
[Part C]
(e) [3 points]
The buoyant force derived in problem (a) should balance the total mass of M T =1.12 kg.
Thus, from Eq. (a3), at the weight balance,
M
P
= T .
P + P M A n
(e1)
On the other hand, applying again the ideal gas law to the helium gas inside of volume
4
4 3
V = r 3 = 3 r0 = 3V0 , for arbitrary ambient P and T , one has
3
3
nRT
T n
( P + P)3 =
= P0
(e2)
V0
T0 n0
for n moles of helium. Eqs. (c3), (e1), and (e2) determine the three unknowns P ,
P , and as a function of T and other parameters. Using Eq. (e2) in Eq. (e1), one
has an alternative condition for the weight balance as

MT
P T0 3
=
.
P0 T
M A n0
(e3)
Next using (c3) for P in (e2), one has

4RT 2
T n
(1 6 ) = P0
P3 +
r0
T0 n0
or, rearranging it,
P T0 3 n
= a2 (1 6 ) ,
P0 T
n0
(e4)
where the definition of a has been used again.

Equating the right hand sides of Eqs. (e3) and (e4), one has the equation for as
M
1
2 (1 6 ) =
(n T ) =4.54.
(e5)
an0
MA
The solution for can be obtained by
2 4.54 /(1 4.54 3 ) 4.54 : f 2.13.
(e6)
Page 5/6
To find the height, replace ( P / P0 ) /(T / T0 ) on the left hand side of Eq. (e3) as a
function of the height given in (b) as
MT
P T0 3
= (1 z f / z 0 ) 1 3f =
=3.10 .
P0 T
M A n0
(e7)
Solution of Eq. (e7) for z f with f =2.13 and 1 =4.5 is
z f = 49 1 (3.10 / 2.133 )1 / 4.5 = 10.9 (km).
The required answers are f = 2.1, and z f = 11 km.
(e8)
Page 6/6
No.
Total
Pt.
Partial
Pt.
(a)
1.5
0.5
Archimedes principle
0.5
Ideal gas law applied correctly
0.5
Correct answer (partial credits 0.3 for subtracting He weight)
0.8
Relation of pressure difference to air density
0.5
Application of ideal gas law to convert the density into pressure
0.5
Correct formula for
0.2
Correct number in answer
0.7
Relation of mechanical work to elastic energy change
0.3
Relation of pressure to force
0.5
Correct answer in formula
0.5
Correct sketch of the curve
0.3
Use of ideal gas law for the increased pressure inside
0.4
Expression of inside pressure in terms of
0.5
Formula or correct expression for
0.3
Correct answer
0.3
Use of force balance as one condition to determine unknowns
0.3
Ideal gas law applied to the gas as an independent condition to determine

unknowns
0.5
The condition to determine
0.7
Correct answer for
0.5
The relation of z f versus
0.7
Correct answer for z f
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Total
2.0
2.0
1.5
3.0
10
Contents
f
f
a at the given conditions
numerically
Page 1/6
Theoretical Question 3: Scanning Probe Microscope
1. Answers
F0
(a) A =
and =
m ( ) + b
2
2
0
2 2
and tan =
b 0
.
m( 02 2 )
At = 0 , A =
(b) A non-vanishing dc component exists only when = i .

In this case the amplitude of the dc signal will be
(c)
c1c 2 VR20
at the resonance frequency 0 .
2 b 0
(d) m = 1.7 10 18 kg.

1/ 2
c
(e) '0 = 0 1 3 2
m 0
1/ 3
qQ
(f) d 0 = k e
m 0 0
d 0 = 41 nm.
1
Vi 0VR 0 cos i .
2
F0
b 0
Page 2/6
2. Solutions
(a) [1.5 points]

Substituting z (t ) = A sin(t ) in the equation m
d 2z
dz
+ b + m 02 z = F0 sin t
2
dt
dt
yields,
m 2 sin (t ) + bcos(t ) + m0 sin(t ) =
2
F0
sint .
A
(a1)
Collecting terms proportional to sint and cost , one obtains

F0
2
2
2
2
m( 0 ) cos + b sin sin t + { m( 0 ) sin + b cos }cos t = 0 (a2)
A
Zeroing the each curly square bracket produces

b
tan =
,
m( 02 2 )
A=
F0
m 2 ( 02 2 ) 2 + b 2 2
(a3)
(a4)
At = 0 ,
A=
F0
and = .
2
b 0
(a5)
(b) [1 point]
The multiplied signal is
Vi 0 sin(i t i )VR 0 sin(t )
1
= Vi 0VR 0 [cos{(i )t i } cos{(i + )t i }]
2
(b1)
A non-vanishing dc component exists only when = i . In this case the amplitude of

the dc signal will be
1
Vi 0V R 0 cos i .
2
(b2)
(c) [1.5 points]

Since the lock-in amplifier measures the ac signal of the same frequency with its
reference signal, the frequency of the piezoelectric tube oscillation, the frequency of the
Page 3/6
cantilever, and the frequency of the photodiode detector should be same.
The
magnitude of the input signal at the resonance is

F
ccV
Vi 0 = c2 0 = 1 2 R 0 .
b 0
b 0
(c1)
Then, since the phase of the input signal is
= 0 at the resonance, i = 0 and
the lock-in amplifier signal is

cc V2
1
Vi 0VR 0 cos 0 = 1 2 R 0 .
2
2 b0
(c2)
(d) [2 points]
k
is shifted to
m
The original resonance frequency 0 =

k
=
m + m
k m
1 +
m
m
1
2
k 1 m
1 m
1
= 0 1
.
m 2 m
2 m
(d1)
Thus
1
m
0 = 0
.
2
m
Near the resonance, by substituting
(d2)
+ and 0 0 + 0 in Eq. (a3), the
change of the phase due to the small change of 0 (not the change of ) is
1
b
tan + =
=
.
tan 2m 0
2
(d3)
Therefore,
tan =
2m 0
.
b
(d4)
From Eqs. (d2) and (d4),

m =
18
103 10 12
=
10 = 1.7 10 18 kg. (d5)
6
10
1800 1.8
(e) [1.5 points]

In the presence of interaction, the equation of motion near the new equilibrium position
h0 becomes
Page 4/6
d 2z
dz
+ b + m02 z c3 z = F0 sin t
(e1)
2
dt
dt
where we used f (h) f (h0 ) + c3 z with z = h h0 being the displacement from the
m
new equilibrium position h0 . Note that the constant term f (h0 ) is cancelled at the
new equilibrium position.
Thus the original resonance frequency 0 =
k
will be shifted to
m
k c3
m 02 c3
c
=
= 0 1 3 2 .
'0 =
m
m
m 0
(e3)
Hence the resonance frequency shift is given by
c
0 = 0 1 3 2 1 .
m0
(e4)
(f) [2.5 points]

The maximum shift occurs when the cantilever is on top of the charge, where the
interacting force is given by
f ( h) = k e
qQ
.
h2
(f1)
From this,
c3 =
df
qQ
= 2 k e 3 .
dh h= d0
d0
(f2)
Since 0 << 0 , we can approximate Eq. (e4) as

0
c3
.
2m 0
(f3)
From Eqs. (f2) and (f3), we have
0 =
1
qQ
qQ
2k e 3 = k e
.
2m 0
d0
m 0 d 03
(f4)
Here q = e = 1.6 10 19 Coulomb and Q = 6e = 9.6 10 19 Coulomb. Using the

values provided,
Page 5/6
1/ 3
qQ
d 0 = k e
m0 0
= 4.1 10 8 m = 41 nm.
Thus the trapped electron is 41 nm from the cantilever.
(f5)
Page 6/6
No.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Total
Total
Partial
Pt.
Pt.
1.5
0.7
Equations for A and (substitution and manipulation)
0.4
Correct answers for A and
0.4
A and at 0
0.4
Equation for the multiplied signal
0.3
Condition for the non-vanishing dc output
0.3
Correct answer for the dc output
0.6
Relation between Vi and VR
0.4
Condition for the maximum dc output
0.5
Correct answer for the magnitude of dc output
0.5
Relation between m and 0
1.0
Relations between 0 (or m ) and
0.5
Correct answer (Partial credit of 0.2 for the wrong sign.)
1.0
1.5
2.0
1.5
2.5
10
1.0
Contents
Modification of the equation with f (h) and use of a proper

approximation for the equation
0.5
Correct answer
0.5
Use of a correct formula of Coulomb force
0.3
Evaluation of c3
0.6
Use of the result in (e) for either 0 or '02 02
0.6
Expression for d 0
0.5
Correct answer

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Theoretical Question 1

Figure 1.1 Schematic drawings of (a) a parallel plate capacitor

threshold voltage Vth . Obtain Vth in terms of m , g , d , and .

Obtain the coefficients and in terms of m , g , , d , and . Assume that the

where r / r0 ( 1) is the size-inflation ratio and is a constant in units of mol/m2.

to the two significant digits.

Atomic Probe Microscope

where m is the cantilever mass, k = m 02 is the spring constant of the cantilever, b

Figure 3.1 A schematic diagram for a scanning probe microscope (SPM).

amplitude A and tan in terms of F0 , m , , 0 , and b . Obtain A and the

constant in h . Find the new resonance frequency '0 in terms of 0 , m , and c3 .

Experimental Competition / Question

35th International Physics Olympiad

Please, first read the following instruction carefully:

The time available is 5 hours.

Experimental Competition / Question

Apparatus and materials

Philips screw driver

Weight with a string

Mechanical black box

Stand with a ruler

Ruler (0.50 m, 0.15 m)

Allen (hexagonal, Lshaped) wrench

Spares (string, thread,

Experimental Competition / Question

2. Instruction for the Photogate Timer

Photogate, Photogate Timer, and connection cable

Experimental Competition / Question

3. Instruction for the Electronic Balance

Experimental Competition / Question

4. Instruction for the Rotation Stage

Mechanical Black Box and rotation stage

Weight with a string

Experimental Competition / Question

Mechanical Black Box

Fig. 1 Mechanical Black Box (not to scale)

Experimental Competition / Question

Assigned Physical Symbols

Experimental Competition / Question

Experimental Competition / Question

PART-B The mass m of the ball (10.0 points)

Fig. 2 Rotation of the Mechanical Black Box (not to scale)

Experimental Competition / Question

Experimental Competition / Question

PART-C The spring constants k1 and k2 (6.0 points)

Oscillation of the Mechanical Black Box (not to scale)

Experimental Competition / Question

Experimental Competition / Solutions

Fig. A-1 Experimental setup

Experimental Competition / Solutions

PART-B The mass m of the ball (10.0 points)

Fig. B-1 Experimental data

Experimental Competition / Solutions

Experimental Competition / Solutions

3. Relate the coefficient C to the parameters of the MBB. (1.0 points)

Experimental Competition / Solutions

K = 1/2 [mo + I/R2 + m{(L/2 r)2 + 2/5 r2}/R2]v2.

The measured values are