AE332 Initial Sizing
AE332 Initial Sizing
AE332 Initial Sizing
Objectives
Identify requirements that are likely to drive the design
First estimate of the size of the aircraft, through Wo
MISSION PROFILE
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Mission Profiles
Mission profile purpose of the aircraft
General Aviation Aircraft
Simple Cruise + Hold
4
5
Loiter
5
Approach
6
Landing, Taxi-in
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7
Cruise 1
3
5
1
6
Combat
Loiter
Loiter
Weapon Drop
Approach
Landing, Taxi-in
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Cruise 1
Loiter
Loiter
Combat
Approach
5
Weapon Drop
Landing,
Taxi-in
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Cruise 1
Loiter
4
5
6
Combat
10
Approach
8
Weapon Drop
11
12
Landing,
Taxi-in
* R: Re-Fuelling
AE-332M / 714 Aircraft Design
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Payload
Usable Fuel
Trapped Fuel
25
25
50
20
5
Wo
Wo
Wcrew + W pay
Wo =
1 {w e + w f }
w e & w f
ESTIMATION OF EMPTY
WEIGHT FRACTION
AE-332M / 714 Aircraft Design
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A/C type
Sailplane (unpowered)
Sailplane (powered)
Homebuilt-metal/wood
Home-built composite
General Aviation-1 Engine
General Aviation-2 Engine
Agricultural a/c
Twin turboprop
Flying Boat
Jet trainer
Jet fighter
Military cargo
Jet transport
0.83
0.88
1.11
1.07
2.05
1.40
0.72
0.92
1.05
1.47
2.11
0.88
0.97
Note: Wo in kg
C
-0.05
-0.05
-0.09
-0.09
-0.18
-0.10
-0.03
-0.05
-0.05
-0.10
-0.13
-0.07
-0.06
A
1.53
2.48
0.86
C
-0.16
-0.18
-0.06
e = A WoC * Kvs
Source: Table 3.1, pg. 31, Raymer, 5th edition
AE-332M / 714 Aircraft Design
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Bae 146-100
DC-9-10
130000
BAC-111
120000
BAE 146-200
y = 0.5598x
F100
110000
BAE 146-300
DC-9-30
100000
737-200
90000
DC-9-40
DC-9-50
80000
717-200
70000
737-300
737-400
60000
MD-81
50000
40000
80000
737-600
737-700
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
200000
220000
240000
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Assumption
Fuel used in each mission segment is proportional to a/c weight
mission start
Mission segment weight fraction for ith segment = Wi/Wi-1
Total fuel weight fraction (W6/W0) obtained by multiplying the
weight fractions of each mission segments
W6 W6 W5 W4 W3 W2 W1
=
W0 W5 W4 W3 W2 W1 W0
W6
W5
W3
= 0.995
1.0
0.985 0.97
W0
W4
W2
W6
W W
= 0.95067 5 3
W0
W4 W2
ESTIMATION OF FUEL
WEIGHT FRACTION
AE-332M / 714 Aircraft Design
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dW = tsfc T dt
V dW
ds = V dt =
(tsfc )T
During Cruise
T = D, W = L
Hence:
V L dW
ds =
tsfc D W
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a L Winitial
R=
M ln
tsfc D W final
Engine efficiency
(fuel consumption)
Aerodynamic
efficiency
Structural
efficiency
a is sound speed
Winitial = MTOW (Maximum Takeoff Weight)
Wfinal = OEW + Pax + reserve fuel
OEW = Operational Empty Weight = Empty Weight
+ Crew + trapped fuel & Oil
Source: Jet Sense; The Philosophy and the Art of Aircraft Design, Zarir D. Pastakia
AE-332M / 714 Aircraft Design
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Vcruise
R=
ccruise
R
ccruise
Vcruise
[L/D]cruise
Wi 1
L
ln
D cruise
Wi
1
E=
cloiter
E
cloiter
[L/D]loiter
Wi 1
L
ln
D loiter
Wi
= Endurance (sec)
= Specific Fuel consumption in Loiter (per sec)
= Optimum lift to drag ratio during loiter
= 0.866 [L/D]max for Propeller driven a/c
= [L/D]max
for Jet engined a/c
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Estimation of [L/D]max
Accurate value is not available since the aircraft
Configuration dependent
In level flight, L = W; L/D depends on D
Two main components of subsonic D
Parasite or Zero Lift f(wetted area)
Induced or lift dependent: f(wing span)
Source: Raymer,D., Aircraft Design, A Conceptual Approach, 2nd ed., pp 20 , AIAA Education Series, 1989
Source: Raymer,D., Aircraft Design, A Conceptual Approach, 2nd ed., pp 21, AIAA Education Series, 1989
Source: Raymer,D., Aircraft Design, A Conceptual Approach, 2nd ed., pp 22, AIAA Education Series, 1989
From: The Historical Fuel Efficiency Characteristics of Regional Aircraft from Technological, Operational, and Cost Perspectives,
R. Babikian, S. Lukachko and I. Waitz, http://web.mit.edu/aeroastro/people/waitz/publications/Babikian.pdf
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ESTIMATION OF ENGINE
PARAMETERS
AE-332M / 714 Aircraft Design
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Jet Engine TSFC = fuel mass flow rate per unit thrust
units = mg/N-s or lb/lb-hr
Propeller engine PSFC = fuel mass flow rate per unit power
units = mg/W-s or lb/SHP-hr
0.64
0.62
0.6
0.58
Series1
Linear (Series1)
0.56
0.54
0.52
0.5
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Year
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1.2
0.8
Heavier
Bigger Landing Gear
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
12
16
Bypass Ratio
AE-332M / 714 Aircraft Design
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c
lb/(SHP-hr)
Personal / Utility
0.80
0.60
Commuter
Regional Turboprop
0.82
0.85
0.55
0.50
= [Cjet]. p/V
Thus, Cjet = CpowerV/p
Thus by using Cjet in Brequet Equations, we can use
them also for Turbo/Pistonprop a/c also !
Wcrew + W pay
Wo =
1 {w e + w f }
Wo =
Wcrew + W pay
Wx
C
1 A Wo + (1 + RFF )1
W0
Steps in Wo estimation
Assume starting value of Wo (say, 4 times Wpay)
Estimate e = A WoC * Kvs
Estimate segment weight fractions, using
Historical Data
Breguet Range and Endurance formulae
EXAMPLE OF SIZING
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Requirements
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Mission Profile
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Assumptions
Loiter
cj = 0.55 lb/hr/lb
Diversion
Cruise speed of 250 kts (FAR 25)
L/D of 10 and cj = 0.9 lb/hr/lb
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S O L V E !!
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