MATH 38

Mathematical Analysis III

I. F. Evidente
IMSP (UPLB)

Previously...

Infinite Series

Definition of convergence of infinite series

Sum of a convergent infinite series

Special Series

1
2

Geometric Series
Harmonic Series

Outline

The Divergence Test

Convergence Tests for Infinite Series of Nonnegative Terms

The Integral Test
Limit Comparison Test
Comparison Test

Outline

The Divergence Test

Convergence Tests for Infinite Series of Nonnegative Terms

The Integral Test
Limit Comparison Test
Comparison Test

Theorem (The Divergence Test)

If lim an 6= 0, then the series
n

a n diverges.

Example
Determine whether the series converges or diverges.
1

n
n
n=1 + 1

X
2n
ln
n 1
n=2

X
5
n=0

Example
Determine whether the series converges or diverges.
1

n
n
n=1 + 1

X
2n
ln
n 1
n=2

X
5
n=0

Remark (Not in handout)

The constant series

X
n=k

c diverges if

Example
Determine whether the series converges or diverges.
1

n
n
n=1 + 1

X
2n
ln
n 1
n=2

X
5
n=0

Remark (Not in handout)

The constant series

X
n=k

c diverges if c 6= 0 and converges if

Example
Determine whether the series converges or diverges.
1

n
n
n=1 + 1

X
2n
ln
n 1
n=2

X
5
n=0

Remark (Not in handout)

The constant series

X
n=k

c diverges if c 6= 0 and converges if c = 0.

Remark
The divergence test is one of the easiest ways to show that a series is
divergent!

Remark
The divergence test is one of the easiest ways to show that a series is
divergent!

Remark (Contrapositive of Divergence Test)

Equivalently: If

a n converges, then lim a n = 0.

n

Remark
The divergence test is one of the easiest ways to show that a series is
divergent!

Remark (Contrapositive of Divergence Test)

Equivalently: If

a n converges, then lim a n = 0.

n

Note
lim a n = 0 is a NECESSARY condition for convergence.

Example
Determine whether

n2 + 1
X
converges or diverges.
3
n=1 5n + 1

Example
Determine whether

n2 + 1
X
converges or diverges.
3
n=1 5n + 1

Remark
lim a n = 0 DOES NOT imply that

a n converges.

Example
Determine whether

n2 + 1
X
converges or diverges.
3
n=1 5n + 1

Remark
lim a n = 0 DOES NOT imply that

NO CONCLUSION can be made.

a n converges. If lim a n = 0, then

n

Example
Determine whether

n2 + 1
X
converges or diverges.
3
n=1 5n + 1

Remark
a n converges. If lim a n = 0, then
n
P
NO CONCLUSION can be made. That is, an may converge or diverge.
lim a n = 0 DOES NOT imply that

Example
Determine whether

n2 + 1
X
converges or diverges.
3
n=1 5n + 1

Remark
a n converges. If lim a n = 0, then
n
P
NO CONCLUSION can be made. That is, an may converge or diverge.
lim a n = 0 DOES NOT imply that

Note
lim a n = 0 is NOT A SUFFICIENT condition for convergence.

Example
Determine whether

n2 + 1
X
converges or diverges.
3
n=1 5n + 1

Remark
a n converges. If lim a n = 0, then
n
P
NO CONCLUSION can be made. That is, an may converge or diverge.
lim a n = 0 DOES NOT imply that

Note
lim a n = 0 is NOT A SUFFICIENT condition for convergence.

Question
Can you give an example of a special series
but

X
n=1

X
n=1

a n is divergent?

a n for which lim a n = 0,

n

Question
Can you give an example of a special series
but

X
n=1

X
n=1

a n is divergent?
1
X
n=1 n

a n for which lim a n = 0,

n

Outline

The Divergence Test

Convergence Tests for Infinite Series of Nonnegative Terms

The Integral Test
Limit Comparison Test
Comparison Test

Remark
Make sure that all test assumptions are satisfied

Remark
Make sure that all test assumptions are satisfied
Test assumptions need to be true only for the tail end of the series

Remark
Make sure that all test assumptions are satisfied
Test assumptions need to be true only for the tail end of the series
Test assumptions need NOT be true for a finite number of terms at
the beginning of the series

Remark
Make sure that all test assumptions are satisfied
Test assumptions need to be true only for the tail end of the series
Test assumptions need NOT be true for a finite number of terms at
the beginning of the series
Yes, a googol (10100 ) is still finite.

Remark
Make sure that all test assumptions are satisfied
Test assumptions need to be true only for the tail end of the series
Test assumptions need NOT be true for a finite number of terms at
the beginning of the series
Yes, a googol (10100 ) is still finite.

Caveat to all those referring to the handout from other classes. :)

Theorem (Integral Test)

Suppose

X
n=k

a n is a series with positive terms.

Theorem (Integral Test)

Suppose

X
n=k

a n is a series with positive terms. Let f (n) = a n .

Theorem (Integral Test)

Suppose

a n is a series with positive terms. Let f (n) = a n . Consider

n=k

f (x) as a function of a real variable.

Theorem (Integral Test)

Suppose

a n is a series with positive terms. Let f (n) = a n . Consider

n=k

f (x) as a function of a real variable. If f (x) is continuous, decreasing and

positive for all real x [k, ), then

Theorem (Integral Test)

Suppose

a n is a series with positive terms. Let f (n) = a n . Consider

n=k

f (x) as a function of a real variable. If f (x) is continuous, decreasing and

positive for all real x [k, ), then

X
n=k

a n is convergent if and only if

f (x) d x is convergent.
k

Theorem (Integral Test)

Suppose

a n is a series with positive terms. Let f (n) = a n . Consider

n=k

f (x) as a function of a real variable. If f (x) is continuous, decreasing and

positive for all real x [k, ), then

X
n=k

a n is convergent if and only if

f (x) d x is convergent.
k

(That is, the series converges if the the improper integral converges and
diverges is the improper integral diverges.)

Example
Check assumptions!!!
1

1
X
2
n=1 n
1
X
p
n=1 n

X
1
3/2

n=2 n (ln n)

TIP
The integral test is useful when an = f (n) is easy to integrate.

Definition (p -series or Hyperharmonic series)

1
X
p
n=1 n

(p > 0)

Definition (p -series or Hyperharmonic series)

1
X
p
n=1 n

(p > 0)

Note
The harmonic series is a p -series where p = 1.

Theorem (Convergence of p -series)

1
X
converges if p > 1 and diverges if 0 < p 1.
p
n=1 n

Theorem (Two of the Four Convergence Theorems)

Suppose

a n and

b n are infinite series and c is a nonzero constant.

Theorem (Two of the Four Convergence Theorems)

Suppose
1

b n are infinite series and c is a nonzero constant.

P
P
P
P
If an converges, then ca n converges and ca n = c an . If an
P
diverges, then ca n diverges.
P

a n and

Theorem (Two of the Four Convergence Theorems)

Suppose
1

b n are infinite series and c is a nonzero constant.

P
P
P
P
If an converges, then ca n converges and ca n = c an . If an
P
diverges, then ca n diverges.
P
P
If an and bn differ only by a finite number of terms, then either
P

a n and

both converge or both diverge. (That is, convergence or divergence is

unaffected by deleting a finite number of terms from the series.)

Example
1

p
1
X
2
is divergent since
is divergent
n=1 n
n=1 n

Example
1

p
1
X
2
is divergent since
is divergent .
n=1 n
n=1 n

1
X
X
is
convergent
since
is convergent.
2
2
n=1 n
n=1 n

Example
1

p
1
X
2
is divergent since
is divergent .
n=1 n
n=1 n

1
X
X
is
convergent
since
is convergent.
2
2
n=1 n
n=1 n
1
X

n=2 n

Example
1

p
1
X
2
is divergent since
is divergent .
n=1 n
n=1 n

1
X
X
is
convergent
since
is convergent.
2
2
n=1 n
n=1 n
1
X
1 1 1
= + + + ...
n
2 3 4
n=2

Example
1

p
1
X
2
is divergent since
is divergent .
n=1 n
n=1 n

1
X
X
is
convergent
since
is convergent.
2
2
n=1 n
n=1 n
1
X
1 1 1
= + + + ... differs from harmonic series by one term.
n
2 3 4
n=2

Example
1

p
1
X
2
is divergent since
is divergent .
n=1 n
n=1 n

1
X
X
is
convergent
since
is convergent.
2
2
n=1 n
n=1 n
1
X
1 1 1
= + + + ... differs from harmonic series by one term. Thus,
n
2 3 4
n=2

it is divergent.

Example
1

p
1
X
2
is divergent since
is divergent .
n=1 n
n=1 n

1
X
X
is
convergent
since
is convergent.
2
2
n=1 n
n=1 n
1
X
1 1 1
= + + + ... differs from harmonic series by one term. Thus,
n
2 3 4
n=2

it is divergent.
4

1
2
n=0 (n + 10)

Example
1

p
1
X
2
is divergent since
is divergent .
n=1 n
n=1 n

1
X
X
is
convergent
since
is convergent.
2
2
n=1 n
n=1 n
1
X
1 1 1
= + + + ... differs from harmonic series by one term. Thus,
n
2 3 4
n=2

it is divergent.
4

1
1
1
1
= 2 + 2 + 2 + ...
2
10
11
12
n=0 (n + 10)

Example
1

p
1
X
2
is divergent since
is divergent .
n=1 n
n=1 n

1
X
X
is
convergent
since
is convergent.
2
2
n=1 n
n=1 n
1
X
1 1 1
= + + + ... differs from harmonic series by one term. Thus,
n
2 3 4
n=2

it is divergent.
4

1
X
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
...
by 9 terms.
=
differs
2
2
102 112 122
n=0 (n + 10)
n=1 n

Example
1

p
1
X
2
is divergent since
is divergent .
n=1 n
n=1 n

1
X
X
is
convergent
since
is convergent.
2
2
n=1 n
n=1 n
1
X
1 1 1
= + + + ... differs from harmonic series by one term. Thus,
n
2 3 4
n=2

it is divergent.
4

1
X
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
...
by 9 terms. Thus, it
=
differs
2
2
102 112 122
n=0 (n + 10)
n=1 n

is convergent.

Theorem (Limit Comparison Test)

Let
1

P
a n and b n be infinite series of positive terms.
an
If lim
= L > 0, then
n b n

Theorem (Limit Comparison Test)

Let
1

P
a n and b n be infinite series of positive terms.
an
If lim
= L > 0, then the two series either both converge or both
n b n

diverge.

Theorem (Limit Comparison Test)

Let
1

P
a n and b n be infinite series of positive terms.
an
If lim
= L > 0, then the two series either both converge or both
n b n

diverge.

an
P
= 0 and b n is convergent, then
n b n

If lim

Theorem (Limit Comparison Test)

Let
1

P
a n and b n be infinite series of positive terms.
an
If lim
= L > 0, then the two series either both converge or both
n b n

diverge.

an
P
P
= 0 and b n is convergent, then a n is convergent.
n b n

If lim

Theorem (Limit Comparison Test)

Let
1

P
a n and b n be infinite series of positive terms.
an
If lim
= L > 0, then the two series either both converge or both
n b n

diverge.

an
P
P
= 0 and b n is convergent, then a n is convergent.
n b n
an
P
If lim
= and b n is divergent, then
n b n

If lim

Theorem (Limit Comparison Test)

Let
1

P
a n and b n be infinite series of positive terms.
an
If lim
= L > 0, then the two series either both converge or both
n b n

diverge.

an
P
P
= 0 and b n is convergent, then a n is convergent.
n b n
an
P
P
If lim
= and b n is divergent, then a n is divergent.
n b n

If lim

Remark
Put the n th TERM of the series you are testing in the numerator, and the
n th TERM of the special series you are comparing it to in the
denominator.

Remark
Put the n th TERM of the series you are testing in the numerator, and the
n th TERM of the special series you are comparing it to in the
denominator.

Note
The limit comparison test is useful when f (n) is a rational function or
algebraic function:
Not in handout: If f (n) =

g (n)
, compare the series with
h(n)
1
X
p
n=1 n

where p = degree of h degree of g .

Example
1

n2 1
X
5
n=1 n
p

X
2n 1
n=1 3n + 1

X
1
n=2 ln(ln n)

Example
1

n2 1
X
5
n=1 n
p

X
2n 1
n=1 3n + 1

X
1
n=2 ln(ln n)

(Dapat terms, hindi series sa quotient)

Theorem (Comparison Test)

Let an and bn be infinite series of nonnegative terms such that an bn
for all n = 1, 2, ...
P

Theorem (Comparison Test)

Let an and bn be infinite series of nonnegative terms such that an bn
for all n = 1, 2, ...
P

If

b n converges, then

a n converges.

Theorem (Comparison Test)

Let an and bn be infinite series of nonnegative terms such that an bn
for all n = 1, 2, ...
P

1
2

If

P
b n converges, then a n converges.
P
P
If an diverges, then bn diverges.
P

Remark
Difficulty with comparison test: you have to make an intelligent guess as to
whether or not the series is convergent.

Remark
Difficulty with comparison test: you have to make an intelligent guess as to
whether or not the series is convergent.
If your guess is convergent,

Remark
Difficulty with comparison test: you have to make an intelligent guess as to
whether or not the series is convergent.
If your guess is convergent, try to find a "greater" convergent special
series.

Remark
Difficulty with comparison test: you have to make an intelligent guess as to
whether or not the series is convergent.
If your guess is convergent, try to find a "greater" convergent special
series.
If your guess divergent,

Remark
Difficulty with comparison test: you have to make an intelligent guess as to
whether or not the series is convergent.
If your guess is convergent, try to find a "greater" convergent special
series.
If your guess divergent, try to find a "lesser" divergent special series.

With some abuse of notation :)

Tip
Convergent:
Divergent:

With some abuse of notation :)

Tip
Convergent:
X

Divergent:

an

<

With some abuse of notation :)

Tip
Convergent:
X

Divergent:

an

bn <

With some abuse of notation :)

Tip
Convergent:
X

an

an

bn <

Divergent:
>

With some abuse of notation :)

Tip
Convergent:
X

an

bn <

an

bn >

Divergent:

Tip
The comparison test could be useful if f (n) involves sin, cos, ln or Arctan
because:
1 sin n 1; 1 cos n 1
p
0 ln n n n if n 1
2 < Arctan n <

y =x

y=

y = ln x

Example

5
n
n=1 n3
| cos n|
X

n=1

n2 + 1

1
n=2 ln n
ln n
X
n=1

n2

In Summary
1

What is the easiest way to prove that a series is divergent?

In Summary
1

What is the easiest way to prove that a series is divergent?

Given

X
n=1

series?

a n such that lim a n = 0, what can you conclude about the

n

In Summary
1

What is the easiest way to prove that a series is divergent?

Given

X
n=1

a n such that lim a n = 0, what can you conclude about the

n

series?
What are the three special series taken up today?

In Summary
1

What is the easiest way to prove that a series is divergent?

Given

X
n=1

a n such that lim a n = 0, what can you conclude about the

n

series?
What are the three special series taken up today?
1

What can you say about the convergence of the constant series?

In Summary
1

What is the easiest way to prove that a series is divergent?

Given

X
n=1

a n such that lim a n = 0, what can you conclude about the

n

series?
What are the three special series taken up today?
1
2

What can you say about the convergence of the constant series?
What can you say about the convergence of the p -series?

In Summary
1

What is the easiest way to prove that a series is divergent?

Given

X
n=1

a n such that lim a n = 0, what can you conclude about the

n

series?
What are the three special series taken up today?
1
2
3

What can you say about the convergence of the constant series?
What can you say about the convergence of the p -series?
What can you say about the convergence of the alternating harmonic
series?

In Summary
1

What is the easiest way to prove that a series is divergent?

Given

X
n=1

series?
What are the three special series taken up today?
1
2
3

a n such that lim a n = 0, what can you conclude about the

What can you say about the convergence of the constant series?
What can you say about the convergence of the p -series?
What can you say about the convergence of the alternating harmonic
series?

What are the three tests for series of nonnegative terms?

In Summary
1

What is the easiest way to prove that a series is divergent?

Given

a n such that lim a n = 0, what can you conclude about the

n=1
3

1
2
3

series?
What are the three special series taken up today?
What can you say about the convergence of the constant series?
What can you say about the convergence of the p -series?
What can you say about the convergence of the alternating harmonic
series?

What are the three tests for series of nonnegative terms? When is it
best to use
1

integral test

In Summary
1

What is the easiest way to prove that a series is divergent?

Given

X
n=1

series?
What are the three special series taken up today?
1
2
3

a n such that lim a n = 0, what can you conclude about the

What can you say about the convergence of the constant series?
What can you say about the convergence of the p -series?
What can you say about the convergence of the alternating harmonic
series?

What are the three tests for series of nonnegative terms? When is it
best to use
1
2

integral test
limit comparison test

In Summary
1

What is the easiest way to prove that a series is divergent?

Given

X
n=1

series?
What are the three special series taken up today?
1
2
3

a n such that lim a n = 0, what can you conclude about the

What can you say about the convergence of the constant series?
What can you say about the convergence of the p -series?
What can you say about the convergence of the alternating harmonic
series?

What are the three tests for series of nonnegative terms? When is it
best to use
1
2
3

integral test
limit comparison test
comparison test

In Summary
1

What is the easiest way to prove that a series is divergent?

Given

X
n=1

series?
What are the three special series taken up today?
1
2
3

a n such that lim a n = 0, what can you conclude about the

What can you say about the convergence of the constant series?
What can you say about the convergence of the p -series?
What can you say about the convergence of the alternating harmonic
series?

What are the three tests for series of nonnegative terms? When is it
best to use
1
2
3

integral test
limit comparison test
comparison test

Homework
Given the (controversial) infinite series

X
n=1

(1)n+1 = 1 1 + 1 1 + 1 ...

Homework
Given the (controversial) infinite series

X
n=1

SPS: {1, 0, 1, 0, ...}

(1)n+1 = 1 1 + 1 1 + 1 ...

Homework
Given the (controversial) infinite series

X
n=1

SPS: {1, 0, 1, 0, ...}

The infinite series is divergent;

(1)n+1 = 1 1 + 1 1 + 1 ...

Homework
Given the (controversial) infinite series

(1)n+1 = 1 1 + 1 1 + 1 ...

n=1
1

SPS: {1, 0, 1, 0, ...}

The infinite series is divergent; we do not speak of its sum.

Homework
Given the (controversial) infinite series

(1)n+1 = 1 1 + 1 1 + 1 ...

n=1
1

SPS: {1, 0, 1, 0, ...}

The infinite series is divergent; we do not speak of its sum.

Euler said:
Notable enough, however, are the controversies over the series 1 - 1 + 1 1 + 1 - ... whose sum was given by Leibniz as 1/2, although others
disagree. ... The sum of a series...has relevance only for convergent series,
and we should in general give up the idea of sum for divergent series

Homework
Given the (controversial) infinite series

(1)n+1 = 1 1 + 1 1 + 1 ...

n=1
1

SPS: {1, 0, 1, 0, ...}

The infinite series is divergent; we do not speak of its sum.

Euler said:
Notable enough, however, are the controversies over the series 1 - 1 + 1 1 + 1 - ... whose sum was given by Leibniz as 1/2, although others
disagree. ... The sum of a series...has relevance only for convergent series,
and we should in general give up the idea of sum for divergent series

Remark

X
n=1

(1)n+1 is a geometric series with r = 1. Ergo, it is divergent.

The End. Thank you.