International Research Journal of Environment Sciences________________________________ ISSN 23191414

Vol. 4(5), 57-61, May (2015)

Int. Res. J. Environment Sci.

Assessment of Ground Water Quality and its Impact on Human health At

Padghe in Raigad District, Maharashtra, India
Sandeep Gangadhar Zaware1*, Vivekkumar V. Patil1 and Pushpa Sandeep Zaware2
2

Department of Chemistry, Pacific Academy of Higher Education and Research University, Udaipur, Raj, INDIA
2
Department of Quality Assurance, Sharon Bio-Medicine Ltd, Maharashtra, INDIA

Available online at: www.isca.in, www.isca.me

Received 16th March 2015, revised 27th April 2015, accepted 15th May 2015

Abstract
Water plays a vital role in domestic and industrial usage as water is the main part of an earth. The quality of drinking
water is directly proportional to the health of living organism. Assessment of water quality of drinking water supplies has
always been paramount in the field of environmental quality management system as per WHO guidelines. Assurance of
drinking water safety is a foundation for the prevention and control of water borne diseases to better health of living
organism. The suitability of drinking water has many requisite potable conditions. Groundwater quality of Padghe has a
special significance and needs greater attention of all concerned since it is the only major source for domestic
consumption. In this work we have estimated the ground water quality for drinking purpose at Padghe in raigad district of
Maharashtra, India. The various parameters for quality of underground water in Padghe are analyzed and these are
compared to established Indian standards. The obtained results indicate that the quality of water slightly deviate from the
potable conditions. The analysis showed that water is not well within the parameters of potable use.
Keywords: Water analysis, ground water quality, drinking water, Padghe, Taloja MIDC.

Introduction
In recent years, because of continuous growth in population,
rapid industrialization and the accompanying technologies
involving waste disposals, the rate of discharge of the pollutants
into the environment is far higher than the rates of their
purification. The implications of deteriorating quality of the
receiving waters are considerable both in the immediate
situation and over the longer term. In this context, water quality
assessment is critical for pollution control and the protection of
surface and ground waters. In India, disposal of untreated
domestic sewage from cities, towns and villages is the major
source of pollution of surface water bodies leading to the
outbreak of water borne diseases. Biodegradable organic matter
is the contaminant of concern for Dissolved oxygen
concentration which is the principal indicator of pollution of
surface water. According to world health organization (WHO)
estimates, about 80% of water pollution in developing countries
like India is caused by domestic wastes. In India, numbers of
studies have been carried out to assess the water quality in terms
of various physico-chemical / biological Characteristics and
heavy metals of surface and ground water at various places. The
growth in numbers lacking access to safe water and sanitation
will be driven in large part by the growth rate of the people
living in urban areas. The objective of any water quality
management is to balance the interests of users with the
development of the resource, while at the same time improving
and preserving environmental quality1.

led to water scarcity in many parts of the world. The situation is

aggravated by the problem of water pollution or contamination.
India is leading towards a fresh water crisis mainly due to
improper management of water resources and environmental
degradation, which has lead to a lack of access of safe water to
millions of people. Safe drinking water is essential to human
beings and other life forms. Access to potable drinking water
has improved over the last decades in almost every part of the
world, but approximately one billion people still lack access to
safe water and over 2.5 billion lack accesses to adequate
sanitation. However some observers have estimated that by
2025 more than half of the world population will be facing
water based vulnerability2.
Ground water is used for domestic and industrial water supply
and irrigation all over the world. It is an important source of
drinking water but is polluted because of the waste generated in
the industrial, agriculture and domestic sectors. Water is
essential for any development activity and the availability of
good quality of water for domestic and industrial use will help
in fast development of the region. In the last few decades, there
has been a tremendous increase in the demand for fresh water
due to rapid growth of population and the accelerated pace of
industrialization. Human health is threatened by most of the
agriculture development activities like application of fertilizers
and unsanitary conditions. In India several places now suffer
from non availability of water for domestic and industrial use
due to its over exploitation and improper waste disposal,
especially in urban areas3.

The demand for water has increased over the years and this has

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International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 23191414

Vol. 4(5), 57-61, May (2015)
Int. Res. J. Environment Sci.
The quality of groundwater is getting severely affected because
the widespread pollution of surface water. Besides, discharge of
untreated waste water through bores and leachate from
unscientific disposal of solid wastes which are likely to be
polluting ground water, thereby reducing the quality of fresh
water resources. Due to discharge of untreated sewage into the
Narmada River, the water quality of Narmada has been severely
deterioted and the potable nature of water is being lost. Changes
in surface water physico-chemical parameters following the
dredging; the water quality is localized and short terms due to
that the impact of dredging World population requires cleaner
water for better living condition. In this paper, we present the
obtained results related to the analysis of quality of underground
water for drinking purpose at Padghe in raigad district of
Maharashtra, India4-5.

Chemicals Required: All Chemicals used are of Analytical

Reagent grade (Merck, BDH and Qualigens) and all the
solutions are prepared by using triply distilled water and
wherever water without carbon dioxide is used when required.
Established methods 15 are used to prepare for standardized
solutions.
Potassium hydrogen phthalate, Potassium hydrogen phosphate
and borax buffer are used for pH meter calibration. Every time
the instrument is calibrated, by using known pH buffer solutions
and then the pH values of samples are measured. pH
maintenance is one of the most important attributes of any
aquatic system since all the biochemical activities depend on pH
of the surrounding water. High value of pH may results due to
waste discharge, microbial decomposition of organic matter in
the water body.

Material and Methods

Experimental, Study area: Padghe Village is located
approximately 0.5 kilometer from Taloja MIDC, raigad district
of Maharashtra, India. Raigad district is located at latitude of
18 39' N, longitude of 75 52' E. In this village the majority of
the people depend on underground water as a source for their
day to day life.
Water sampling: The water samples are collected as per the
standard methods in the month of November 2014 and again the
samples were collected at the same places in the month of
February 2015.
The Eight water samples are collected from Bore and wells
water. In addition to this, one more water sample is collected
where the water purified by locally available water purifier with
automatically senses the quality of input water and chooses the
optimum purification RO + UV/ UF + UV technology by name
Pureit of Aquaguard is also analyzed. The list of sample
collection places in Padghe are given in the table-1. These
samples are collected in two liter plastic bottles, which are
earlier washed and rinsed with triple distilled water before the
collection of water samples. Separate and individual samples are
collected for the purpose of dissolved oxygen. After sample
collection, they are either analyzed immediately for various
parameters like TDS, Hardness, Fluoride etc or preserved safely
by taking suitable precautions to avoid deterioration or
alterations6-8.
Instruments: The following instruments are used to analyze
ground water samples. Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS)
(PerkinElmer), Digital pH meter (Orion 3 Star, Thermo
Scientific), Nefleometer (Model 132, Systronics), UV-visible
spectrophotometer (Model 117, Systronics), Digital Conduct
meter (Model 306, Systronics), Micro processor based bunch
PH / Ion meter, Cyber scan 2100, Eutech instruments (USA)
with fluoride sensitive electrode, Flame photometer
(Elico,CL361) along with compressor (Elico, CL 158) and
Shimadzu analytical balance (AUX 20, shimadzu Japan) .

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After calibration of the conductivity meter, conductivity of the

samples is measured. Standard Calcium Carbonate, standard
EDTA, Buffer solution (NH4Cl +NH4OH), EBT indicator and
Muroxide indicator are used for measuring the Total, Calcium
and Magnesium hard nesses in the samples. In the estimation of
p-alkalinity and m-alkalinity, standard Na2CO3, HCl and
indicators of phenolphthalein and methyl orange are used. The
standard NaCl, AgNO3 solutions and K2CrO4 indicator are used
for analysis of Chloride in the samples. Through gravimetric
analysis, the sulphates in the samples are analyzed using the
solutions of BaCl2 , HCl, AgNO3 Nitric acid reagent and
methyl orange indicator. In the analysis of estimation of nitrites,
the chemicals used are of standard nitrite solution, standard
sodium oxalate, Potassium permanganate, Ferrous Ammonium
sulphate and Sulphanalamide reagent, N-(1-Napthyl)
ethylenediamine dihydrochloride and 1:1 H2SO4. For estimation
of fluoride in the samples the required solutions are stock
fluoride and Total Ionic Strength Adjustment Buffer (TISAB).
The standard solutions of K2Cr2O7 , Hypo, 10% KI and 1%
starch indicator are used for estimation of Dissolved oxygen in
the samples In the determination of phosphates, standard
phosphate solution (Potassium dihydrogen phosphate), vanadate
molybdate reagent (a proper mixture of Ammonium molybdate
and Ammonium metavanadate) and dilute Hydrochloric acid is
used for adjustment of pH. The 0.3% of N-(1-napthyl) ethylene diamine dihydrochloride solution and 0.5%
sulphanilamide reagent is used in the estimation of nitrites in the
samples6-11.
For estimation of metals like Cadmium, Zinc, Iron and Copper
in water are extracted by using APDC (Ammonium 1pyrolidiene dicarbomate), MIBK (Methyl Isobutyl ketone) and
Concentrated HNO3 solution.
Procedure: For estimation of following various components in
the water samples are estimated by follow the standard
methods6-11.
Estimation of pH and Electrical conductivity: The pH and

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International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 23191414

Vol. 4(5), 57-61, May (2015)
Int. Res. J. Environment Sci.
electrical conductivity of all water samples are measured by
using digital pH meter and conductivity meter.
Estimation of total dissolved solids: 100 ml of sample water is
taken into a clean porcelain dish and heated at 180 20C up to
dryness and it is cooled to room temperature and finally placed
in desiccators for complete removal of any moisture present in
it. After that from the obtained weight, the amounts of total
dissolved solids in the samples are determined by using
appropriate formula.
Determination of Total hardness, Calcium and Magnesium:
The known quantity of water samples are titrated in presence of
Ammonia Buffer solution against with 9.3 10-3 N
concentration of EDTA. The Calcium in the water samples are
estimated by using with same EDTA in presence of KOH buffer
solution. Finally the Magnesium content in the samples is
estimated by using the consumed volumes of EDTA in the
estimation of total hardness and Calcium hardness.
Estimation of Chlorides: Known quantity of water samples
are titrated in presence of Potassium Chromate indicator against
with 1.94 10-2 N Silver Nitrate solution.
Determination of Total alkalinity: Using phenolphthalein and
methyl orange indicators, the total alkalinity in water samples is
estimated with 2.5 10-2 M Hydro Chloric acid.
Estimation of Sulphates: Known quantity of water samples are
taken and these are adjusted to a pH value of 4.5 to 5.0 by dilute
HCl and these samples are heated up to desired conditions,
while in hot, 10% BaCl2 solution is added till a white precipitate
is obtained and the precipitate is separated by Whatman no. 42
filter paper and is dried and weighed.
Estimation of fluoride: With the help of the standard fluoride
solution (from Sodium Fluoride) the ion analyzer instrument is
calibrated. Now known quantity of water samples are added
with 5 ml of TISAB buffer in a polythene container and then the
concentrations of fluoride in the samples are estimated by ion
analyzer.
Estimation of Sodium and Potassium: The flame photometer
is calibrated separately with 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 ppm of solutions
of KCl and NaCl respectively at each time and immediately
directly measured the concentrations of Sodium and Potassium
in ppm units.
Determination of Turbidity: The Nefleometer is calibrated
with 1, 10, 100, and 500 NTU of Formazin solutions and finally.
The turbidity of water samples are directly measured by
Nefleometer.

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Results and Discussion

Human beings are in the top of food chain and they receive the
toxic elements and suffer from various diseases. The
environmental impact of physicochemical parameter and heavy
metals in aquatic system is immense; hence attempt should be
made to assess the load of certain pollutants. Heavy metals are
not biodegradable and they tend to accumulate in plants and
animals12. Hence, it is necessary to determine heavy metals in
sediment. On the basis of water and sediment analysis, it was
conclude that the water and sediment soil of the study points
were affected when the results was compared with IS and
WHO. Water and sediment of the study area is not fit for
irrigation, bathing and other purpose without proper treatment.
The present study clearly reveals that all the water sources
chosen for study are not suitably for the utilization of drinking
purposes. From the present study, it is observed that these
drinking water sources are poorly managed and show sign of
groundwater pollution13. As per WHO guidelines, nearly 7585% of all the diseases in human beings are caused by water?
Good quality of water plays essential role in good health of
human beings so, after purification treatment only this water can
be used for drinking purpose. Drinking water pollution in the
studied area should be controlled by the proper environment
management plan to maintain proper health conditions of
people.
Table-1
Areas of sample collection in Padghe
Sample No.
Sample Location
Source
1
Nisarg C.H.S.
Bore Water-1
2
Nisarg C.H.S.
Bore Water-2
3
Nisarg C.H.S.
Bore Water-3
4
Primary Government School
Bore Water
5
Market Street
Bore Water
6
Krishna Park
Bore Water
7
Panchayati office
Well Water
8
Back Nisarg C.H.S.
Well Water
9*
Nisarg C.H.S. (Thange House) Pureit Water*

Conclusion
The present study it is very evident that the groundwater source
is the only reliable source of drinking water for the residents in
the study area. Among the various parameters studies, most of
the chemical constituents do not comply with the water quality
standards prescribed by BIS. People should be aware about the
quality of water they are drinking and this problem will be more
aggressive when similar water sources are used for drinking
purpose for a longer period (Chronic) because of the possible
clinical problems associated with these chemicals in the
drinking water. There is an urgent need to create public
awareness on the sources, causes and prevention of groundwater
pollution and also the consequence of impact of pollution on
human health, which would be a key factor for sustainable
development of the area.

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International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 23191414

Vol. 4(5), 57-61, May (2015)
Int. Res. J. Environment Sci.
Table -2
Values of various constituents in the water samples in November 2014
S.
HAR HAR
Total
pH
EC
TDS Turb.
Ca
Mg
Na
K
Fe
Cl
No.
Total
Ca
Alk.
S1
7.2
1056 976
0.1
670
313
94
46
119
3.2
0.23
146
185
S2
7.6
1112 3617
1.6
712
426
132
37
138
1.2
0.56
176
312
S3
7.5
956 2463
1.2
816
524
98
58
202
0.9
0.97
123
516
S4
7.3
716
870
0.2
936
672
116
69
156
1.0
0.33
113
226
S5
7.5
872
673
0.1
560
403
88
43
124
2.4
0.43
156
339
S6
7.8
1556 2245
0.2
723
626
113
108
309
4.2
0.03
179
423
S7
8.1
1763 896
0.4
833
724
122
76
87
0.6
0.09
224
76
S8
7.9
1836 3213
0.7
972
388
156
45
413
4.6
0.23
137
139
S9* 6.7
833
426
0.2
443
98
93
53
40.2
8.3
0.02
238
162
**All the values are in mg/L, except pH, Turb and EC. Units of EC are mmhos/cm and units of turb; is NTU
Table -3
Values of various constituents in the water samples in February 2015
S.
HAR HAR
Total
pH
EC
TDS Turb.
Ca
Mg
Na
K
Fe
Cl
No.
Total
Ca
Alk.
S1
7.6 1102 813
0.4
663
406
89
59
116
3.9
0.36
152
192
S2
8.6 1132 3235
1.2
705
526
126
39
154
1.5
0.46
192
295
S3
7.2
994 2532
1.0
842
622
102
66
263
0.7
0.85
115
456
S4
7.9
802
872
0.3
958
985
110
72
135
1.4
0.26
124
202
S5
7.7
916
586
0.1
432
601
92
49
132
1.6
0.39
165
321
S6
7.0 1334 1945
0.1
696
587
109
97
322
4.0
0.13
192
399
S7
7.9 1779 845
0.3
840
746
119
87
92
0.9
0.16
205
82
S8
8.1 1812 2987
0.2
956
298
139
52
323
3.5
0.52
76
142
S9* 6.8
802
430
0.2
439
90
95
45
43
7.2
0.01
232
159
**All the values are in mg/L, except pH, Turb and EC. Units of EC are mmhos/cm and units of turb; is NTU

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Vol. 4(5), 57-61, May (2015)
Int. Res. J. Environment Sci.
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