Health Economics w/ Taxation and Land Reform

Angeles University Foundation

Angeles City, Pampanga
College of Allied Medical Professions

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Health Economics w/ Taxation and Land Reform

1. GDP
The
gross
domestic product
(GDP) measures of
national
income

and output for a given country's economy. The gross domestic product (GDP) is
equal to the total expenditures for all final goods and services produced within the
country in a stipulated period of time.

United States GDP

Last

Previous

Highest

Lowest

Unit

GDP

16800.00

16244.60

16800.00

520.53

USD Billion

[+]

GDP Growth Rate

5.00

4.60

16.90

-10.00

percent

[+]

GDP Annual Growth Rate

2.70

2.60

13.40

-4.10

percent

[+]

GDP Constant Prices

16205.60

16010.40

16205.60

2082.50

USD Billion

[+]

Gross National Product

16399.30

16189.80

16399.30

2096.40

USD Billion

[+]

GDP per capita

45863.02

45341.73

45863.02

15469.07

USD

[+]

Gross Fixed Capital Formation

2643.30

2594.50

2700.70

1215.60

USD Billion

[+]

GDP per capita PPP

51450.74

50865.93

51450.74

36464.32

USD

[+]

Source: http://www.tradingeconomics.com/united-states/gdp
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Health Economics w/ Taxation and Land Reform

2. GNP
Gross National Product in the United States increased to 16399.30 USD Billion
in the third quarter of 2014 from 16189.80 USD Billion in the second quarter of
2014. Gross National Product in the United States averaged 7904.16 USD Billion
from 1950 until 2014, reaching an all time high of 16399.30 USD Billion in the third
quarter of 2014 and a record low of 2096.40 USD Billion in the first quarter of 1950.
Gross National Product in the United States is reported by the U.S. Bureau of
Economic Analysis.

Source: http://www.tradingeconomics.com/united-states/gross-national-product

3. Population
No. of Population: 318,892,103 (July 2014 est.)
Definition: This entry gives an estimate from the US Bureau of the Census based
on statistics from population censuses, vital statistics registration systems, or
sample surveys pertaining to the recent past and on assumptions about future
trends. The total population presents one overall measure of the potential impact of
the country on the world and within its region. Note: Starting with the
1993 Factbook, demographic estimates for some countries (mostly African) have
explicitly taken into account the effects of the growing impact of the HIV/AIDS
epidemic. These countries are currently: The Bahamas, Benin, Botswana, Brazil,
Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Central African Republic,
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Ethiopia,
Gabon, Ghana, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique,
Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo,
Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
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Health Economics w/ Taxation and Land Reform

Population growth rate: 0.77% (2014 est.)

Definition: The average annual percent change in the population, resulting from a
surplus (or deficit) of births over deaths and the balance of migrants entering and
leaving a country. The rate may be positive or negative. The growth rate is a factor
in determining how great a burden would be imposed on a country by the changing
needs of its people for infrastructure (e.g., schools, hospitals, housing, roads),
resources (e.g., food, water, electricity), and jobs. Rapid population growth can be
seen as threatening by neighboring countries.
Source: CIA World Factbook - Unless otherwise noted, information is accurate as of
August 23, 2014 (http://www.indexmundi.com/united_states/population.html)

4. Crude Birth Rate

Crude Birth Rate: 13.42 births/1,000 population (2014 est.)
This entry gives the average annual number of births during a year per 1,000
persons in the population at midyear; also known as crude birth rate. The birth rate
is usually the dominant factor in determining the rate of population growth. It
depends on both the level of fertility and the age structure of the population.
Formula: CBR = (Number of live births / Estimated midyear Population) *
1,000

Source: http://www.indexmundi.com/united_states/birth_rate.html

5. Crude Death Rate

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Health Economics w/ Taxation and Land Reform

Crude Death rate: 8.15 deaths/1,000 population (2014 est.)
This entry gives the average annual number of deaths during a year per
1,000 population at midyear; also known as crude death rate. The death rate, while
only a rough indicator of the mortality situation in a country, accurately indicates
the current mortality impact on population growth. This indicator is significantly
affected by age distribution, and most countries will eventually show a rise in the
overall death rate, in spite of continued decline in mortality at all ages, as declining
fertility results in an aging population.

Source: CIA World Factbook - Unless otherwise noted, information is accurate as of

August 23, 2014 (http://www.indexmundi.com/united_states/death_rate.html)

6. Trends/Causes of Death
The top 10 leading causes of death in the US are below together with the
most recent statistics and facts:
1. Heart disease
2. Cancer (malignant neoplasms)
3. Chronic lower respiratory disease
4. Stroke (cerebrovascular diseases)
5. Accidents (unintentional injuries)
6. Alzheimer's disease
7. Diabetes (diabetes mellitus)
8. Influenza and pneumonia
9. Kidney disease (nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis)
10.Suicide (intentional self-harm).
Heart disease
Deaths: 596,577

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Males: 308,398
Females: 288,179
Rate: 191.5
Age-adjusted rate: 173.7
Percentage of total deaths: 23.71%.
Heart disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women in the US
and also the leading cause of death worldwide. More than half of the deaths that
occur as a result of heart disease are in men.

Cancer (malignant neoplasms)

Deaths: 576,691
Males: 302,231
Females: 274,460
Rate: 185.1
Age-adjusted rate: 169.0
Percentage of total deaths: 22.92%.
Cancer affects men and woman of all ages, races and ethnicities. The National
Institutes of Health (NIH) estimate the total costs of cancer in 2009 were $216.6
billion: $86.6 billion for direct medical costs and $130.0 billion for indirect mortality
costs.
Chronic lower respiratory disease
Deaths: 142,943
Males: 67,521
Females: 75,422
Rate: 45.9
Age-adjusted rate: 42.5
Percentage of total deaths: 5.68%.
Chronic lower respiratory disease (CLRD) is a collection of lung diseases that
cause airflow blockage and breathing-related issues, including primarily chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) but also bronchitis, emphysema andasthma.
Stroke (cerebrovascular diseases)
Deaths: 128,932
Males: 52,335
Females: 76,597
Rate: 41.4
Age-adjusted rate: 37.9
Percentage of total deaths: 5.12%.
Every year more than 795,000 people in the US have a stroke; risk of having a
stroke varies with race, ethnicity, age and geography. Risk of stroke increases with
age, yet in 2009 34% of people hospitalized for stroke were younger than 65 years.
Accidents (unintentional injuries)
Deaths: 126,438
Males: 79,257

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Health Economics w/ Taxation and Land Reform

Females: 47,181
Rate: 40.6
Age-adjusted rate: 39.1
Percentage of total deaths: 5.02%.
Accidents, also referred to as unintentional injuries, are at present the 5th
leading cause of death in the US and the leading cause of death for those between
the ages 1 to 44. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration say that
highway crashes alone have an annual price tag of around $871 billion in economic
loss and social harm, with speeding accounting for $210 billion of that figure.

Alzheimer's disease
Deaths: 84,974
Males: 25,677
Females: 59,297
Rate: 27.3
Age-adjusted rate: 24.7
Percentage of total deaths: 3.37%.
An estimated 5.2 million Americans may have Alzheimer's disease in 2014,
including approximately 200,000 individuals younger than age 65 who have
younger-onset Alzheimer's.
Diabetes (diabetes mellitus)
Deaths: 73,831
Males: 38,324
Females: 35,507
Rate: 23.7
Age-adjusted rate: 21.6
Percentage of total deaths: 2.93%.
Diabetes is a disease in which blood glucose levels are above normal. The
estimated costs of diabetes in the US in 2012 were $245 billion. Direct medical
costs accounted for $176 billion of those total and indirect costs such as disability,
work loss and premature death accounted for $69 billion
Influenza and pneumonia
Deaths: 53,826
Males: 25,401
Females: 28,425
Rate: 17.3
Age-adjusted rate: 15.7
Percentage of total deaths: 2.13%.
Influenza accounts for 1,532 deaths annually and pneumonia 52,294.
Kidney disease (nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis)
Deaths: 45,591
Males: 22,649
Females: 22,942

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Health Economics w/ Taxation and Land Reform

Rate: 14.6
Age-adjusted rate: 13.4
Percentage of total deaths: 1.81%.

It is estimated that more than 10% of adults in the US - more than 20 million
people - may have CKD, of varying levels of seriousness. The chances of having CKD
increase with age; it increases after 50 years of age and is most common among
adults older than 70 years. Chronic kidney disease is widespread and costly, costing
Medicare upward of $41 billion annually.
Suicide (intentional self-harm)
Deaths: 39,518
Males: 31,003
Females: 8,515
Rate: 12.7
Age-adjusted rate: 12.3
Percentage of total deaths: 1.57%.
According to the CDC, suicide results in an estimated $34.6 billion loss in
combined medical and work costs.
Source: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/282929.php

7. Life Expectancy
The average life expectancy for Americans is 77.6 years, a record high
according to the latest statistics from the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC).
Life expectancy is calculated based on mortality in 2003, the most recent year
for which substantially complete data is available.
The figure is up from 77.3 in 2002 and comes in spite of a decades-long rise in
obesity reported by the agency in October.
The new CDC report also shows that the gender gap is closing. The difference
between life expectancy in men and women (who live longer) closed from 5.4 years
in 2002 to 5.3 years in 2003. The gap as 7.8 years in 1979.
The report, "Deaths: Preliminary Data for 2003," was prepared by CDC's National
Center for Health Statistics.
Among the conclusions were record-high life expectancies in several categories:
White males - 75.4 years
Black males - 69.2 years
White females - 80.5 years
Black females - 76.1 years

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Health Economics w/ Taxation and Land Reform

Hawaii had the lowest or best mortality rate while Mississippi had the highest.
Source:
high.html

http://www.livescience.com/183-life-expectancy-america-hits-record-

8. Health Care
Health care facilities are largely owned and operated by private sector
businesses. Health insurance for public sector employees is primarily provided by
the government. 6065% of healthcare provision and spending comes from
programs such as Medicare, Medicaid, TRICARE, the Children's Health Insurance
Program, and the Veterans Health Administration.[citation needed] Most of the
population under 65 is insured by their or a family member's employer, some buy
health insurance on their own, and the remainder are uninsured.
The market-based health insurance system in the United States has caused a
human rights crisis that deprives a large number of people of the health care they
need. The most visible problem is the 50 million people without health insurance;
the most distressing is the number of preventable deaths, estimated to reach
101,000 people a year, simply due to the way U.S. health care is organized.
This crisis persists despite available resources to protect the right to health,
record levels of health care spending and repeated health reform efforts. Since
social determinants, such as race, income and environment strongly influence who
becomes ill and who receives access to quality care, the health care crisis
disproportionately affects disadvantaged groups and under-resourced communities,
such as people living in poverty, people of color, and immigrants. Yet barriers to
accessing care, the burden of medical debt and the shortage of primary care
providers affect all people, including those with employer-sponsored insurance.
Overall, the health care crisis is the result of the privatization and commoditization
of the U.S. health system, which reflects market imperatives and profit interests
that devalue human needs, dignity and equality.
How the U.S. health care system fails to protect the human right to
health
Health outcomes:
The U.S. has a higher infant mortality rate and lower life expectancy than
comparable countries. (WHO 2007, Commonwealth Fund 2007)
The U.S. has the highest rate of maternal mortality among high-income
countries (13 in 100,000), and also the highest rate of C-Sections (32%, as
opposed to a WHO recommended 5-15%)
45,000 people die each year simply because they have no health
insurance (American Journal of Public Health 2009)
Barriers to care:
Around 50 million people do not have health insurance. Over half of them
are African Americans. (Center for American Progress 2009)
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Health Economics w/ Taxation and Land Reform

Of those who are insured, at least 25 million are underinsured. They often
forgo care because of high deductibles and co-pays. (Commonwealth Fund
2008)
700,000 families go bankrupt each year just by trying to pay for their
health care even though three quarters of them are insured. (Health
Affairs 2006). In comparison, the five largest insurance companies made a
combined profit of around $12 billion in 2009. (Department of Health and
Human Services 2010)
U.S. has fewer doctors and nurses than other high-income countries.
(WHO 2007)
Hospitals and doctors are disproportionately located in wealthier areas.
Public hospitals are closing in areas where they are most needed.
The U.S. ranks lowest among high-income countries in its primary care
infrastructure. There is a projected shortage of 44,000 primary care
doctors within the next 15 years. (WHO, Health Affairs 2008)

Disparities in access to care:

The U.S. has a highly stratified system with separate tiers for different
categories of people receiving different levels of care.

The rights of people of color are violated: e.g., the 10-year survival rate
for Black people of people with cancer is 60% for Whites and 48% for
African Americans. (SEER cancer statistics, also Office of Minority Health)
The quality of care given to people of color is generally lower, including in
the treatment of cancer, heart failure, and pneumonia. (Agency for
Healthcare Research and Quality, 2009)
While immigrants are generally healthier than the average citizen upon
arrival in the United States, their health tends to deteriorate the longer
they remain in the country. (Unhealthy assimilation", Demography, May
2006)
Women are more likely than men to forgo needed health care due to costrelated access barriers. (Commonwealth Fund 2007)
Womens right to non-discrimination is violated through increasingly
restricting those services only women use, reproductive health care.

Source: http://www.nesri.org/programs/health-care-in-the-united-states

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