Abstracts AMSA2013 Web

Australian Marine Sciences Association Inc.
Golden Jubilee Conference
Australian Marine Sciences Association

Golden Jubilee Conference
AMSA2013
abstracts only
extracted from
Program
and
Abstract
Handbook
7 - 11 July 2013
Jupiters Hotel
Gold Coast, Queensland
Presentations not in Program and Abstract Handbook

Monday, 5:10 5:30 Surfers Paradise Room 1 (Oral presentation): SS06/25
Bleaching disease in a chemically defended red seaweed: Microbial mechanisms
Campbell, Alexandra1,2*, Enrique Zozaya Valdes1 Neil-Dan Fernandez1, Rebecca Case3,

Torsten Thomas` and Peter Steinberg1,2,4
1
Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2050, Australia
Sydney Institute of Marine Sciences (SIMS), Chowder Bay road, Mosman NSW 2088, Australia
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Canada
Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Technical University. Singapore 637551, Singapore.
[email protected]
Disease is emerging as an important factor in ecology but we know very little about it in most marine systems. Recently, we described a
bleaching disease affecting populations of the chemically defended red alga, Delisea pulchra. Here, we summarise several years of
epidemiological investigations into this disease. Bleaching is more common when temperatures are high, algal chemical defences are
low and when significant shifts in the composition of microbial communities associated with algal surfaces occur. Bacterial biofilms
associated with the surfaces of healthy and sick algae are different with respect to both phylogeny (16S rRNA gene sequencing) and
function (metagenomics) and these differences are consistent spatially and temporally. Microbial shifts occur prior to visible bleaching
symptoms, suggesting that algal-mediated changes (e.g. a decrease in chemical defences) facilitate surface colonisation by or
proliferation of opportunistic pathogens or scavengers. We have isolated a number of potential pathogens from the surface of D.
pulchra and through various inoculation experiments (in which we also manipulated algal chemical defences, water temperatures and
other factors), have demonstrated that under certain conditions bacteria can cause bleaching in D. pulchra that is consistent with field
observations of this phenomenon. Through genomic investigations into one pathogen, we found many virulence effectors common in
phytopathogenic bacteria. Other strains also appear to cause bleaching in D. pulchra, supporting the hypothesis that multiple,
opportunistic pathogens may be able to cause disease in seaweeds under certain environmental conditions.
SS18: Plankton: shaping the past, present and future

Poster #51
The size spectrum of zooplankton communities along the Australian east
coast: effects of oceanography, season and latitude [Poster]
Armstrong, Amelia*1, Anthony Richardson2 and Scarla Weeks3

1
School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072
Centre for Marine and Atmospheric Research, CSIRO, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102
Biophysical Oceanography Group, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072
[email protected]
Zooplankton are critical to the survival of many higher trophic level animals. Currently, counting of zooplankton samples is usually done
microscopically and is thus time consuming and expensive. The emerging tool ZooScan scans an image of zooplankton, measures the
sizes of the specimens automatically, and can then classify the individuals to a coarse taxonomic level. here we use ZooScan to produce
size spectra of plankton samples from the Integrated Marine Observing System and investigate community relatedness and
oceanographic forcing across a latitudinal gradient and over a ten-year time period.
Poster #52
Effects of climate change on Australian phytoplankton communities [Poster]
Coughlan, Alexandria*1, Anthony Richardson2, Scarla Weeks3 and Gustaaf Hallegraeff4

1
2
3
4

Centre for Marine and Atmospheric Research (CMAR), CSIRO, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102
Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Queensland, Sandy Bay, TAS 7005
[email protected]
Documenting the response of phytoplankton to climate will aid prediction of changes in marine systems. There are few long-term
datasets in the Southern Hemisphere, hampering our understanding of ecosystem response to climate. Here we build a database of
phytoplankton species occurrences off the Australian east coast over the past 70yrs. We then assess whether there is evidence for
poleward distribution movements consistent with climate change. This project also uses remotely-sensed chl-a data over 35yrs to
assess whether bloom timings have advanced as waters have warmed. These results will provide a deeper understanding of climate
effects on Australian phytoplankton.
AMSA2013 - Authors and Abstracts (alphabetically by author): Contents List
Abstracts are in alphabetical order of first author, with the presenting author marked with an
asterisk. A second entry is under the presenting authors last name with a reference to the
abstract. Poster abstracts are marked with [Poster] following the title.
Abstracts
Mud thats worth gold - Assessment of carbon stocks in coastal wetlands of Mexico as a climate change
mitigation strategy
79
Adame, Maria Fernanda*, Boone J. Kauffman and Jorge A. Herrera-Silveira

Predicting the impact of light deprivation on seagrass production and viability
79
Adams, Matthew P.*, Paul Maxwell, Jimena Samper-Villarreal, Angus Ferguson and
Kate OBrien
Blooms of gelatinous drifters: The response of Thaliaceans to environmental variability off Eastern Queensland
79
Ahmad Ishak, Nurul*, Kerrie Swadling, Guy Williams, Steve Nicol and So Kawaguchi
Sources of intraspecific variability in leaf traits of Zostera muelleri and Avicennia marina: the influence of
climate and coastal development
80
Ainley, Lara*; Bishop, Melanie; Verges, Adriana

A decadal decline in abundance and a shift in microphytoplankton composition at a long-term coastal station
off southeast Australia [Poster]
80
Ajani, Penelope*, Andrew P. Allen, Tim Ingleton and Leanne Armand

Threats to carbon reservoirs of harvested mangroves: a case study in the Solomon Islands
81
Albert, Joelle A. , Anne-Maree J. Schwarz and Norman C. Duke*

Historical biogeography, diversification and range expansion of wrasses, leatherjackets and stingarees
(Labridae, Monacanthidae, Urolophidae) endemic to Australia
81
Andreakis Nikos* Daniel Gledhill, Dianne L. Rowe, Melody Puckridge, Bronwyn Holmes,
William White, Alan Butler, Nicholas Bax, Madeleine van Oppen and Peter Last
Coastal protection and restoration of mangrove biodiversity at Pulau Tekong, Singapore Survivability of
newly planted mangroves
81
Ang presenting: Chan, Lena, Linda Goh, Yang Shufen, Ang Hui Ping* et al.
Interweaving the past and present to understand natural iron fertilisation in the Southern Ocean:
The KEOPS2 diatom records
82
Armand, Leanne*, Jessica Wilks, Courtney Derriman, Anne-Marie Ballegeer, Marine

Lasbleiz, Karine Leblanc, Fabien Queroue, Bernard Quguiner.
Phytoplankton abundance and distribution in a biological hotspot (Eastern Australia)
82
Armbrecht, Linda H.*, Amandine Schaeffer, Moninya Roughan, Martin Ostrowski,

Peter L. Davies, Leanne Armand
Gladstone Harbour LNG Development death knell for Sirenia? 83
Arnold, Sue
The use of Climatologies and Baysian Belief Networks to connect Observations to Knowledge; an example
from Coral Reefs
83
Bainbridge, Scott
Modelling carbon stocks and fluxes in the coastal ocean
83
Baird, Mark*, Mathieu Mongin, Peter Ralph, Karen Wild-Allen, Malin Gustafsson,
Andy Steven
Untangling the web: is mangrove production really important in aquatic food webs?
84
Baker, Ronald*, Candy Feller

Macroinvertebrates associated with wrack in the surf zone of sandy beaches during storm versus calm events
Baring, Ryan*, Peter Fairweather and Rebecca Lester
57
84
AMSA2013- Authors and Abstracts (alphabetically by author): Contents List

Protection from Fishing and the Response of Reef Fish Community Functional Diversity to Climate
Variability over 20 Years
85
Bates, Amanda E.*, Neville Barrett , Rick D. Stuart-Smith, Graham J. Edgar, Neil J.
Holbrook Andr Belo do Couto, Peter Thompson
An agent-based model of competition among foraging mud crabs (Scylla serrata) inside and outside a
marine reserve
85
Beattie, Christopher*, Kylie Pitt, Rod Connolly

Artificial light, urban structures and how they may influence estuarine fish assemblages
86
Becker, Alistair , Whitfield, A.K. & Cowley, P.D.

AMSA: five decades of shaping the future of marine science in Australia
86
Beckley, Lynnath E
International Indian Ocean Expedition: Fifty years down the 110o East line [Poster]
87
Beckley, Lynnath E.
The development of an East Coast Humpback Whale Watch Catalogue [Poster]
87
Beeman, Peta*, Daniel Burns and Peter Harrison

Patterns of herbivory on reefs along a tropical to temperate gradient
87
Beger, Maria*, Brigitte Sommer, John M. Pandolfi

Population connectivity in temperate marine waters of Australia: New insights from genetics
88
Beheregaray, Luciano
Wave Energy for Australias National Electricity Market
88
Behrens, Sam, Jennifer Hayward, Stuart Woodman, Mark Hemer*, Melanie Ayre
Automated classification of benthic imagery content using a hierarchical classification scheme
88
Bewley, Michael*, Oscar Pizarro and Stefan B. Williams

Distribution patterns of migrating humpback whales cow/calf pairs in Jervis Bay: A possible resting
area in a high use area
89
Blewitt, Michelle*, Scott Sheehan, Lindsey Albright and Eleanor Bruce

Always more fish in the sea? Predicting shark population abundance and genetic diversity with simulated
and empirical genetic data
89
Blower, Dean*, Riginos, Cynthia, Ovenden, Jennifer

Cetacean morbillivirus in Australia
90
Blyde, David
Unsurveyed deep water fish assemblages of tropical Australia
90
Bradley, Michael* and Marcus Sheaves

Monitoring water quality and quantity and its application for urban stormwater management in a
coastal catchment
90
Brennan, Kirsty*, Aaron Wright, Marlene van der Sterren

Scaling up Redmap: a national database and mapping resource for observational marine species data
marine monitoring, community engagement and collaborative research
91
Brians, Martha*, Gretta Pecl, Jemina Stuart-Smith, Peter Walsh, Dianne Bray, Gary
Jackson, Natalie Moltschaniwskyj, Melissa Nursey-Bray, Keith Rowling, Marcus
Sheaves and Kate Rodda
Quantifying the footprint and impact of river infows into the GBR, and implications for understanding COTS
outbreaks an application of eReefs models
91
Brinkman*, Richard, Hemerson Tonin, Mike Herzfeld, John Andrewartha, Miles Furnas,
Britta Scahffelke, Katharina Fabricius
Assessing risk to the Great Barrier Reef from catchment landuse
Brodie, Jon*, Jane Waterhouse and Jeffrey Maynard
58
92

Redefining tradeoffs between fisheries and conservation to provide ecosystem-wide benefits
92
Brown, Christopher* and Peter Mumby

Chaetognatha: distribution and abundance in the Leeuwin Current system [Poster]
92
Buchanan, Pearse J.* and Beckley, Lynnath E.

The value of fisher knowledge for fisheries stock assessments
93
Buckley, Sarah M*, Ruth H. Thurstan and John M. Pandolfi

The effect of increasing temperature and acidity on the decomposition of gelatinous zooplankton
93
Budarf, Ariella Chelsky*, David T. Welsh, and Kylie A. Pitt

Colonisation by a non-indigenous species: does the local assemblage affect the colonisation by the
isopod Cirolana harfordi? 94
Bugnot, Ana*, Ross Coleman, Will Figueira and Ezequiel Marzinelli

Predicting changes in macrophyte community composition following a flood disturbance
94
Burfeind, Dana*, Kylie Pitt, Rod Connolly

The hidden contribution of saltflats to coastal productivity
95
Burford, Michele*, Valdez, Dominic, Curwen, Graeme, Ward, Doug, OBrien, Kate
Impacts of ocean warming and acidification on benthic marine invertebrates, a multistressor perspective
95
Byrne, Maria
Seagrasses in recovering systems: revisiting the decline and recovery of the Albany Harbours, WA
95
Cambridge, Marion L.*, Hovey, Renae K. , Renton, Michael, Kendrick, Gary A.

Join the Navypolyps only - The temperate water coral community on a shipwreck in southern Australia
96
Cameron, Shea* Sabine Dittmann and Peter Fairweather

Historical ecology and stock assessment: opportunities and challenges
96
Campbell, Alexander
Global patterns in seagrass transplant efforts: improving predictive capabilities
96
Campbell, Marnie L*, Rebecca Hendry, and Emma L Jackson

Marine Spoil to Marine Soil: the Feasibility of Rehabilitating Dredge Spoil Areas with Seagrass
97
Campbell, Marnie. L., Rebecca Hendry, Kobi Ringuet, Emma L. Jackson*

Bury me not on the seagrass prairie: The resilience of seagrasses to dredge impacts in the Gladstone Harbour
97
Campbell, Marnie, J., Rebecca, A. Hendry*, Kobi Ringuet, Emma L. Jackson

Risk-based environmental impact assessment in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park
97
Cantin, Holly* and Adam Smith

Past, present and future ocean acidification and temperature scenarios: How will coral calcification and
symbiosis respond to future conditions
98
Cantin, Neal*, Paulina Kaniewska, Julia Strahl and Line Bay

The good, the bad and the ugly: response of a native and an introduced kelp to disturbance and increased
nutrients 98
Carnell, Paul* and Keough, Mick

Benthic habitat mapping and shallow geology of the Petrel Sub-basin, Bonaparte Basin, northern Australia
99
Carroll, Andrew*, Diane Jorgensen, Justy Siwabessy, Leonie Jones, Mike Sexton,
Maggie Tran, Tony Nicholas, Lynda Radke, Matthew Carey, Floyd Howard, Marcus
Stowar, Andrew Heyward and Anna Potter
Respiration in the light by some seaweeds from Australia
99
Carvalho, Matheus*, Bradley Eyre
59

Bulk hydrogen isotope composition in seaweeds from Australia, Brazil and Argentina [Poster]
99
Carvalho, Matheus*, Julian Sachs, Fernando Dellatorre, Pedro Carneiro, Pablo

Gibilisco5, Bradley Eyre
Inter-annual variability of the circulation along the coast of southeastern Australia and its impact on
particle transport [Poster] 100
Cetina-Heredia Paulina*, Moninya Roughan, Erik van Sebille, Melinda Coleman

Coastal protection and restoration of mangrove biodiversity at Pulau Tekong, Singapore Survivability of
newly planted mangroves
100
Chan, Lena, Linda Goh, Yang Shufen, Ang Hui Ping*, Lim Liang Jim, Lim Soo Kim,
Chua Lee Koon, Teo Cheng Soon, Chia Way Seng, Andy Wee, Chow En Yuan David,
Tom Foster, Matt Jury, James Machin
Thermally mediated body temperature, water content and aggregation behaviour in the intertidal
gastropod Nerita atramentosa
101
Chapperon, Coraline and Laurent Seuront*

Management of an endangered predator requires the maintenance of a prey refuge
101
Chivers, William J.*, William Gladstone, R.D. Herbert, M.M. Fuller

Light-driven tipping points in polar ecosystems
102
Clark, Graeme F*, Jonathan S. Stark, Emma L. Johnston, John W. Runcie, Paul M.
Goldsworthy, Ben Raymond, and Martin J. Riddle
Historical changes in near-shore Great Barrier Reef coral communities: A baseline for assessing the
current status of coral reefs
102
Clark, Tara*, George Roff, Jian-xin Zhao, Yue-xing Feng, Terry Done, Laurence McCook
and John Pandolfi
Can I join in? Social interactions as an explanation for grouping in limpets
103
Coleman, Ross*, Dan Franks and Graeme Ruxton

Low salinity triggers shoot proliferation as a pre-mortality stress in seagrasses
103
Collier, Catherine*, Villacorta-Rath, Cecilia, van Dijk, Kor-jent, Takahashi, Miwa, and
Waycott, Michelle
Plankton in the Integrated Marine Observing System: how can you use the data?
104
Coman, Frank*, Richardson, Anthony J., Graham Hosie, Claire Davies, Karl Forcey,
James McLaughlin, Dave McLeod, Margaret Miller, Nicole Murphy, Anita Slotwinski,
Joanna Strzelecki, Mark Tonks, Wayne Rochester
Ecosystem-based climate adaption in estuaries
104
Condie, Scott*, Marie Savina and Beth Fulton

Recurrent jellyfish blooms are a consequence of global oscillations
105
Condon Robert, Carlos Duarte, Kylie Pitt*, Kelly Robinson, Cathy Lucas, Kelly
Sutherland, Hermes Mianzan, Molly Bogeberg, Jennifer Purcell, Mary Beth Decker,
Shin-ichi Uye, Laurence Madin, Richard Brodeur, Steven Haddock, Alenka Malej,
Gregory Parry, Elena Eriksen, Javier Quinones, Marcelo Acha, Michael Harvey,
James Arthur, William Graham
Humans in the ecosystem: the unintended rebound effect of restoring coastal ecosystems
105
Connolly presenting: Webley, James, Rod Connolly*

Predicting the fate of coral larvae with an agent-based model
106
Cooper, Karin (presented by Jorgen Erik Larsen)

A 100 Day Red-tide (Karlodinium veneficum) in the Swan Estuary: Mounting evidence for a direct
ichthyotoxic effect
Cosgrove*, Jeffrey, Alice Gedaria, Wasele Hosja, Alan Place and Kerry Trayler
60
106
Presentations not in Program and Abstract Handbook

Monday, 5:10 5:30 Surfers Paradise Room 1 (Oral presentation): SS06/25
Bleaching disease in a chemically defended red seaweed: Microbial mechanisms
Campbell, Alexandra1,2*, Enrique Zozaya Valdes1 Neil-Dan Fernandez1, Rebecca Case3,

Torsten Thomas` and Peter Steinberg1,2,4
1
Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2050, Australia
Sydney Institute of Marine Sciences (SIMS), Chowder Bay road, Mosman NSW 2088, Australia
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Canada
Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Technical University. Singapore 637551, Singapore.
[email protected]
Disease is emerging as an important factor in ecology but we know very little about it in most marine systems. Recently, we described a
bleaching disease affecting populations of the chemically defended red alga, Delisea pulchra. Here, we summarise several years of
epidemiological investigations into this disease. Bleaching is more common when temperatures are high, algal chemical defences are
low and when significant shifts in the composition of microbial communities associated with algal surfaces occur. Bacterial biofilms
associated with the surfaces of healthy and sick algae are different with respect to both phylogeny (16S rRNA gene sequencing) and
function (metagenomics) and these differences are consistent spatially and temporally. Microbial shifts occur prior to visible bleaching
symptoms, suggesting that algal-mediated changes (e.g. a decrease in chemical defences) facilitate surface colonisation by or
proliferation of opportunistic pathogens or scavengers. We have isolated a number of potential pathogens from the surface of D.
pulchra and through various inoculation experiments (in which we also manipulated algal chemical defences, water temperatures and
other factors), have demonstrated that under certain conditions bacteria can cause bleaching in D. pulchra that is consistent with field
observations of this phenomenon. Through genomic investigations into one pathogen, we found many virulence effectors common in
phytopathogenic bacteria. Other strains also appear to cause bleaching in D. pulchra, supporting the hypothesis that multiple,
opportunistic pathogens may be able to cause disease in seaweeds under certain environmental conditions.
SS18: Plankton: shaping the past, present and future

Poster #51
The size spectrum of zooplankton communities along the Australian east
coast: effects of oceanography, season and latitude [Poster]
Armstrong, Amelia*1, Anthony Richardson2 and Scarla Weeks3

1
Centre for Marine and Atmospheric Research, CSIRO, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102
[email protected]
Zooplankton are critical to the survival of many higher trophic level animals. Currently, counting of zooplankton samples is usually done
microscopically and is thus time consuming and expensive. The emerging tool ZooScan scans an image of zooplankton, measures the
sizes of the specimens automatically, and can then classify the individuals to a coarse taxonomic level. here we use ZooScan to produce
size spectra of plankton samples from the Integrated Marine Observing System and investigate community relatedness and
oceanographic forcing across a latitudinal gradient and over a ten-year time period.
Poster #52
Effects of climate change on Australian phytoplankton communities [Poster]
Coughlan, Alexandria*1, Anthony Richardson2, Scarla Weeks3 and Gustaaf Hallegraeff4

1
2
3
4

Centre for Marine and Atmospheric Research (CMAR), CSIRO, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102
Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Queensland, Sandy Bay, TAS 7005
[email protected]
Documenting the response of phytoplankton to climate will aid prediction of changes in marine systems. There are few long-term
datasets in the Southern Hemisphere, hampering our understanding of ecosystem response to climate. Here we build a database of
phytoplankton species occurrences off the Australian east coast over the past 70yrs. We then assess whether there is evidence for
poleward distribution movements consistent with climate change. This project also uses remotely-sensed chl-a data over 35yrs to
assess whether bloom timings have advanced as waters have warmed. These results will provide a deeper understanding of climate
effects on Australian phytoplankton.

Fatty acid analysis suggests that demersal zooplankton are an important dietary component for
whale sharks and reef manta rays
106
Couturier, Lydie E.I. * , Christoph A. Rohner , Anthony J. Richardson,

Simon J. Pierce, Andrea D. Marshall, Fabrice R. A. Jaine, Kathy A. Townsend ,
Michael B. Bennett, Scarla J. Weeks and Peter D. Nichols
So whats so great about the Great Barrier Reef?
107
Cresswell, Ian David

Towards a comprehensive approach for coastal dolphin habitat
107
Cribb, Nardi*, Cara Miller, Laurent Seuront

Drivers of pCO2 variability in two contrasting coral reef lagoons: The influence of submarine groundwater
discharge 108
Cyronak, Tyler, Santos, Isaac R, Erler, Dirk V., Maher, Damien T and Eyre, Bradley D
Richness and abundance enhanced in anthropogenically modified systems despite high concentrations
of toxic contaminants
108
Dafforn, Katherine*, Brendan Kelaher, Stuart Simpson, Melinda Coleman, Pat

Hutchings, Graeme Clark, Nathan Knott, Martina Doblin and Emma Johnston
Productive capacities of tropical seagrasses communities at three locations along the East Coast of
Queensland and their potential for carbon sequestration
108
Davies, Jaclyn*, Catherine McCormack, Skye McKenna, Helen Taylor and

Mike Rasheed
Processes at a nested hierarchy of scales shape organisation of nekton in tropical estuaries
109
Davis, Ben*, Marcus Sheaves

Trophic connectivity among subtropical coastal habitats
109
Davis, Jean*, Kylie Pitt, Rod Connolly, Brian Fry and Andrew Olds
Chlorophyll biomass and phytoplankton community measures in flood plumes, increasing the
evidence base between water quality and Acanthaster planci 109
Debose presenting: Devlin, Michelle, Jennifer Debose*, Penelope Ajani and

Jon Brodie
Vulnerability of estuaries to coastal development
110
Dela-Cruz, Jocelyn*, Tony Roper, Karen Astles and Peter Scanes.

Chlorophyll biomass and phytoplankton community measures in flood plumes, increasing the
evidence base between water quality and Acanthaster planci 110
Devlin, Michelle, Jennifer Debose*, Penelope Ajani and Jon Brodie

Micros for macros: new perspectives on microbially-mediated marine processes
111
Doblin, Martina* and Steinberg, Peter*

Phytoplankton fluorescence: a transition from continuous to discrete scales at the oceans microscale
111
Doubell, Mark*, Hidekatsu Yamazaki, Laurent Seuront , Jennifer Prairie,

Yosuke Sagara
Blue Growth: Ocean Solutions for Australia and Humanitys Grand Challenges
111
Duarte, Carlos M.
Threats to carbon reservoirs of harvested mangroves: a case study in the Solomon Islands
112
Duke presenting: Albert, Joelle A. , Anne-Maree J. Schwarz and Norman C. Duke*

New laser spectroscopic method for analysis of nitrous oxide in aquatic systems [Poster]
112
Duncan, Tahlia*, Dirk Erler, Isaac Santos, Damien Maher, Bradley Eyre
Stable isotope inference of the large scale movements and trophic ecology of Oceania southern right whales
Dunshea, Glenn*, Seth D. Newsome, C. Scott Baker, Simon J. Childerhouse, Emma L

Carroll, Robert G. Harcourt, Mark A Hindell
61
112

Re-suspended contaminated sediments cause cellular effects in bivalves in the water column
113
Edge, Katelyn*, Katherine Dafforn, Stuart Simpson, Amy Ringwood and

Emma Johnston
Use of biomarker responses in deep-sea sponges to assess impacts of drilling mud fluids [Poster] 113
Edge, Katelyn*, Raymond Bannister, Katherine Dafforn, Stuart Simpson and Emma
Johnston
CATAMI (Collaborative and Annotation Tools for the Analysis of Marine Imagery and video) Unlocking
the potential of marine imagery
114
Edwards, Luke*, Stefan Williams, Mat Wyatt, Dr Jenni Harrison, Lachlan Toohey,
Mark Gray, Dan Marrable, Ariell Friedman and Daniel Steinberg
Tropical coral Skeletons record water column N
114
Erler, Dirk*, Xincheng Wang , Daniel Sigman , Sander Scheffers

Genetic diversity and phenotypic variability in threatened Posidonia australis seagrass meadows
115
Evans, Suzanna*, Elizabeth Sinclair, Alistair Poore, Peter Steinberg, Gary Kendrick
and Adriana Vergs
First use of cavity ring-down spectrometry for N2O cycling studies in aquatic ecosystems
115
Eyre, Bradley*, Dirk Erler, Tahali Duncan, Damien Maher, Perrine Mangion
Using Radiocarbon in coral skeletons to reconstruct seep CO2 input into seawater DIC at Milne Bay, PNG
115
Fallon, Stewart J*, Katharina Fabricius, Janice Lough, Sam Noonan, Craig Humphrey
A day in the life of a seagrass meadow - Net metabolism, and nutrient cycling across a depth gradient
116
Ferguson, Angus*, Jaimie Potts, David Welsh, Peter Teasdale, Peter Scanes,
Jennita Gay, and Aaron Wright
Habitat structural complexity drives fish spatial distribution at multiple scales
116
Ferrari, Renata*, Hamish Malcolm, Maria Byrne , Stefan B. Williams, Alan Jordan,
Ariell Friedman, Will Figueira
Variability in low temperature acclimation of reef fish across latitudes and implications for range shifts
117
Figueira, Will*, David Booth, Jennifer Donelson, David Feary, Sam Philip, Ash Fowler,
Natasha Hardy, Brendan Kelaher
Assessment of the effects on fisheries from the large scale expansion of no-take closures across the
Great Barrier Reef region
117
Fletcher, Rick*, Wise, Brent, Kearney, Bob, Nash, Warwick

Why is detailed hydrodynamic modelling important for ecological response models
118
Floyd, John
Quantifying the effects of pressures on multispecies assemblages
118
Foster, Scott* and Piers Dunstan

Dissection stress fails to explain patterns of limpet orientation
118
Fraser, Clarissa*, Ross Coleman and Frank Seebacher

Stable Isotope Indicators of Fisheries Health and Condition in Estuaries
119
Fry, Brian
Keeping All The Balls in the Air: Multiple Use Management
119
Fulton, Beth
Primary productivity of Australias northern shelf seas
119
Furnas, Miles
A tale of two urchins: dispersal capacity of closely-related species Heliocidaris erythrogramma and
H tuberculata, with contrasting PLDs
Gall, Mailie L.*, Neville Barrett, Maria Byrne, Graham Edgar and Sebastian Holmes
62
120

Using historical marine ecology to identify options based on socio-ecologic values: what is represented
by burrowing clams
120
Gardner, Mary
Spatio-temporal patterns of variation in the invasion of southern NSW estuaries by the European shore crab,
Carcinus maenas 121
Garside, Clifford* and Melanie Bishop

Habitat preferences of macroinvertebrate fauna among seagrasses with varying structural forms
121
Gartner, Adam*, Tuya, Fernando, Lavery, Paul, McMahon, Kathryn

Stable isotope evidence of nutrient and energy sources in the Brisbane Water estuary, NSW
121
Gaston, Troy* and Natalie Moltschaniwskyj

Dangerous jellyfish blooms are predictable
122
Gershwin, Lisa-ann*, Scott A. Condie, Jim V. Mansbridge, and Anthony J. Richardson

Diet of the Yellow-eye mullet (Aldrichetta forsteri) in the River Murray estuary and Coorong Lagoon,
South Australia [Poster]
122
Giatas, George*, Sabine Dittmann, Qifeng Ye and Kathleen Beyer

Stable isotope & stomach contents show a need for regional based management of protected marine
mammal species in South Australia
123
Gibbs, Susan*, Catherine Kemper, Robert Harcourt

Plastic ingestion in seabirds of south-eastern Australia [Poster]
123
Gilbert, Jann M*
Effects of no-fishing marine protected area implementation on macroalaga-herbivore trophic interactions
123
Gilby, Ben L. *, Ian R. Tibbetts and Tim Stevens

Shifting baselines: Use of fish ear bones to record changes in environmental conditions and ecology of fish
124
Gillanders, Bronwyn M*, Thomas C. Barnes, Morgan Disspain, Zoe A. Doubleday and
Chris Izzo
ClimateWatch marine: developing a national, citizen science, long-term coastal monitoring program
124
Gillies, Chris*, Richard Weatherill, Amber-Louise Burberry

FishMap: developing digital tools for Australian marine science
124
Gledhill, Daniel*, Peter Last, William White, Tony Rees, John Pogonoski and Peter
Doherty
Unintended long term environmental disturbances from estuary entrance breakwaters
125
Gordon, Angus*, Lex Nielsen, Rob Williams, Kathryn Duchatel.

Behavioural response to an ecosystem engineer increases predation risk
125
Gribben, Paul*, Wright Jeff

IMOS OceanCurrent: monitoring Australias ocean currents on a daily basis, for all to see
125
Griffin, David*, Cahill, Madeleine

Is the intertidal isopod Cirolana harfordi a filter feeder and social animal? [Poster]
126
Griffin, Kaitlyn Rose and Murray Thomson*

Filling the knowledge gaps: WWF, Traditional Owners and partners working collaboratively to conserve
the Australian snubfin dolphin
126
Grover, Darren*, Tanya Vernes and Alexander Watson

Spatial variation in seagrass herbivory adjacent a disturbed Posidonia australis meadow in Shark Bay,
Western Australia
126
Gustin-Craig, Samuel*, Kingsley Dixon, John Statton, & Gary Kendrick

Effect of extreme weather of 2011 on dugong distribution and fecundity on urban coast of Queensland
Hagihara presenting: Sobtzick, Susan, Rie Hagihara, Alana Grech, Helene Marsh*
63
127

A broad multi-level approach to assessing the ecological condition of estuaries
127
Haine, Brendan*, Peter Scanes and Adam McSorley

Urban Coastal habitat creation and water quality improvements - enhancing the Gold Coast Broadwater
127
Hall, Jeremy*
The use of Agent-Based Modelling in marine management: applications and perspectives
128
Hansen, Flemming Thorbjrn*

Developmental Thermal Envelopes for Tropical and Temperate Sea Urchins: Inferences for Tropicalization
of Eastern Australia
128
Hardy, Natasha A*, Miles Lamare, Sven Uthicke, Kennedy Wolfe, Steve Doo, Symon
Dworjanyn, Maria Byrne.
Estimating the cost of ocean iron fertilisation [Poster]
129
Harrison, Daniel P*
A standardised method for the comparison of skin lesions among bottlenose dolphin populations in
coastal areas [Poster]
129
Harrison, Lisa-Marie, Hugh Finn, Nahiid Stephens, Lars Bejder and Carly Holyoake
Structure of female Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) social networks in the
Southern Moreton Bay-Tweed Region
130
Hawkins, Elizabeth *, Peterson, Amanda and Brooks, Lyndon

A 50-y time-series reveals wind and temperature forcing of long-term changes in diatom and
dinoflagellate abundance
130
Hays, Graeme; Hinder, Stephanie; Walne, Tony; Edwards, Martin; Gravenor, Mike
The intrinsic parameters of propagule pressure: implications for bio-invasion
130
Hedge, Luke H.*, Brian Leung, Wayne A. OConnor and Emma L. Johnston
Establishing an integrated monitoring framework for the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area:
What needs to be integrated and why?
131
Hedge, Paul, Molloy, Fergus, Sweatman, Hugh, Hayes, Keith, Dambacher, Jeffrey,
Chandler, Julia, Gooch, Margaret, Bax, Nic, Walshe, Terry, Possingham, Hugh
Chinn, Andrew and Johnson, Dave
Predicting marine species distributions - making the most out of survey and telemetry data
131
Heinnen, Stefan*, Ramnas ydelis and Henrik Skov

131
Hemer presenting: Behrens, Sam, Jennifer Hayward, Stuart Woodman, Mark Hemer*,
Melanie Ayre
Global wave climate change from a community ensemble of wind-wave projections [Poster]
132
Hemer, Mark, Yalin Fan, Nobuhito Mori, Alvaro Semedo, Xiaolan Wang
The distribution of seagrass halos in Moreton Bay and the role of grazing in their formation [Poster]
132
Henderson, Christopher*, Kylie Pitt, Andrew Olds, Paul Maxwell, Dana Burfeind and
Rod Connolly
Bury me not on the seagrass prairie: The resilience of seagrasses to dredge impacts in the Gladstone Harbour
132
Hendry presenting: Campbell, Marnie, J., Rebecca, A. Hendry*, Kobi Ringuet, Emma L.
Jackson
Importance of environmental and biological drivers in the presence and space use of a reef-associated shark
133
Heupel, Michelle* and Colin Simpfendorfer

Developing long-term monitoring programs in offshore waters with little prior knowledge: Applying a
novel sampling design to inventory biological assets
Hill, Nicole*, Emma Lawrence, Jeffrey Dambacher, Neville Barrett, Justin Hulls, Alan
Williams, Bruce Barker, Scott Nichol, Vanessa Lucieer, Franzis Althaus, Johnathan
Kool and Keith Hayes
64
133
Prioritization tools for evaluating adaptation options for seabirds and marine mammals
134
Hobday, Alistair J, Lynda E. Chambers John P. Y. Arnould and Toby A. Patterson

Spatio-temporal variations of ichthyoplankton over a macrotidal, tropical continental shelf off the
Kimberley, NW Australia
134
Holliday, David*, Lynnath Beckley, M. Pilar Olivar, Peter Thompson, Evan Weller
Temporal allocation of foraging effort in female Australian fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) 135
Hoskins, Andrew J* and John P.Y Arnould

Life history of Halophila decipiens in tropical north-west of Australia
135
Hovey, Renae K. *, Matthew Fraser, Andrea Zavala Perez, Max Rees, John Statton,
Jim Stoddart, Gary A. Kendrick
Hydroacoustic mapping of Wilsons Promontory Marine National Park
136
Howe, Steffan*, Daniel Ierodiaconou, Alexandre Schimel, Alex Rattray & Sean Blake
Productivity hotspots of Australian oceans: a preliminary analysis based on MODIS derived time-series
Chlorophyll-a data
136
Huang, Zhi*
Movement patterns and mechanisms of tropical coral reef fish
136
Huijbers, Chantal*, Ivan Nagelkerken

Mangrove restoration in Western Port, Victoria
137
Hurst, Tom*, Pope, Adam and Quinn, Gerry

Zooplankton in the Tasman Sea: distribution and community structure in winter 2011
137
Hutton, Briony*, Kerrie Swadling, Rudy Kloser.

Importance of reef-derived kelp in seagrass food webs
137
Hyndes, Glenn*, Lavery, Paul, Hanson, Christine and Cartraud, Audrey

Hydrographic observations, towed video and relationships to benthic habitat: recent surveys in NSWs
marine protected areas
138
Ingleton, Tim*, Joseph Neilson, Peter Davies, Alan Jordan and Stefan Williams
Marine Spoil to Marine Soil: the Feasibility of Rehabilitating Dredge Spoil Areas with Seagrass
138
Jackson presenting: Campbell, Marnie. L., Rebecca Hendry, Kobi Ringuet, Emma L.
Jackson*
Horizontal movements, diving and foraging hotspots of the manta ray Manta alfredi off eastern Australia
138
Jaine, Fabrice R. A., Scarla J. Weeks*, Lydie I. E. Couturier, Kathy A. Townsend,

Michael B. Bennett, Anthony J. Richardson
The Sydney Harbour microbiome: bacterioplankton diversity and dynamics
139
Jeffries, Thomas* and Seymour, Justin

Contrasting Conditions of Salinity Stratification and Freshwater Flow Required for the Successful
Recruitment of co-occurring Estuarine Fish Species
139
Jenkins, Greg*, Daniel Spooner and Simon Conron.

Genetic adaptation along environmental gradients in the reef-building coral Acropora millepora from
the Great Barrier Reef [Poster]
140
Jin, Young*, Petra Lundgren, Madeleine van Oppen, and Bette Willis
Crowdsourcing Moby Dick! Modern and historical data identify sperm whale habitat offshore of SW Australia
140
Johnson, Christopher M.*, Iain Kerr, Roger Payne, Halina Kobryn and Lynnath E.
Beckley
Fish and mangrove forests: the inside story
141
Johnston, Ross* and Marcus Sheaves
65
Effects of dredge spoil disposal and cyclonic rainfall on macroinvertebrate communities in Port Curtis, Australia
141
Jones, Conor*, Darren Richardson, Jesper Nielsen and Ian Teakle

Coastal urbanisation upsets the nutrient balance of enclosed waters within the southern GBR lagoon
142
Jones, Mary-Anne*
Distribution of organic carbon and total nitrogen and high levels of benthic primary production on an
oligotrophic boundary current shelf
142
Keesing, John
Worlds largest green-tides caused by expansion of coastal aquaculture in the Yellow Sea off China [Poster] 143
Keesing, John, Dongyan Liu, Yajin Shi, Yujue Wang, Peter Fearns and Rodrigo Garcia
Are global changes to detrital composition influencing ecosystem performance?
143
Kelaher, Brendan*, Melanie Bishop, Jaimie Potts, Peter Scanes and Greg Skilbeck
Assessing the recreational fishing effort at a Sydney Offshore Artificial Reef using remotely-operated cameras
144
Keller, Krystle
Defoliation, flowering collapse and seed abortion in Shark Bay: indicators of heat stress to seagrasses
during the 2011 WA marine heat wave
144
Kendrick, Gary, A., John Statton, Jordan Thompson, Dereck A. Burkholder, James
W. Fourqurean, Michael R. Heithaus, Matthew W. Fraser, Diana I. Walker, Mat A.
Vanderklift, Renae K. Hovey, Elizabeth Sinclair, Kingsley W. Dixon
Restoration of seagrass carbon sinks
144
Kendrick presenting: Marb, Nria et al.

Dynamic primary production in estuaries explains variation in banana prawn (Penaeus merguiensis)
abundance in the Gulf of Carpentaria
145
Kenyon, Rob*, Michele Burford, Matt Whittle, Graeme Curwen, Melissa Duggan,
Andy Revill
A discussion on the myths and facts associated with marine discharges from a Seawater Reverse Osmosis
Desalination Plant
145
Kildea, Tim*, Lorenzo Andreacchio, Alex Donald, Peter Doumouras and Tara Hage
Using isotopes to develop functional-level indicators for seagrass in the Swan-Canning Estuary
146
Kilminster, Kieryn*, Vanessa Forbes and Marianne Holmer

Demography of fish populations reveals new challenges in appraising juvenile habitat values
Kimirei, Ismael, Ivan Nagelkerken
*, Andrew Rypel, Mathias Igulu and Yunus Mgaya
Effects of ocean acidification and warming on the survival, reproduction and statolith formation of an
Irukandji jellyfish
146
147
Klein, Shannon*, Kylie Pitt, Kristen Rathjen, Jamie Seymour

A decade of Tasman Sea bio-acoustics
147
Kloser, Rudy*, Gordon Keith, Caroline Sutton, Tim Ryan, and Ryan Downie
Do coral pecies affect the structure of reef fish c? A Multi-scale analysis
148
Komyakova, Valeriya*, Philip L. Munday, Geoffrey P. Jones

Plankton and Climate Change in eastern Tasmania: Towards 2100 [Poster]
148
Kunz, Thomas J.*, Alistair J. Hobday and Anthony J. Richardson

Viral pathogens cause bleaching and reduced photosynthesis in Ecklonia radiata
149
Lachnit, Tim*, Ross Hill, Enzequiel Marzinelli, Alexandra Campbell, Tilmann Harder,
Torsten Thomas and Peter Steinberg
Development of an electrochemical immunosensor for the early detection of Vibrio species [Poster]
Laczka, Olivier and Martina Doblin*
66
149

149
Larsen presenting: Cooper, Karin

Quantifying latitudinal variability in extreme heat events on rocky intertidal shores of south-eastern Australia
150
Lathlean, Justin A*, David J Ayre, Todd E Minchinton.

Manipulating thermal stress on rocky shores to predict patterns of recruitment of marine invertebrates
under a changing climate [Poster]
150
Lathlean, Justin A*, Todd E Minchinton

Estimates of carbon stocks and accumulation rates by seagrass habitats incorporating inter-habitat variability
151
Lavery, Paul*, Miguel-ngel Mateo, Oscar Serrano and Mohammad Rozaimi

Lobster tales: Molecular ecology and evolution in Panulirus 151
Lavery, Shane*, Richard ORorke, Ahmad Farhadi , Bhargavi Yellapu, Andrew Jeffs
Cop it sweet or sweeten the deal? Investigating effects of two common contaminants on sessile
communities and their recruitment [Poster]
152
Lawes, Jasmin*, Graeme Clark, and Emma Johnston

Developing long-term monitoring programs in offshore waters with little prior knowledge: Comparison of
GRTS based sampling with swath mapping
152
Lawrence, Emma*, Scott Nichol, Keith Hayes, Johnathan Kool, Vanessa Lucieer, Jeffrey
Dambacher, Nicole Hill, Neville Barrett, Alan Williams, and Franzis Althaus
Genetic connectivity in the sea: is drift important?
153
Lee, Patricia LM
Climatic sensitivity of phytoplankton dynamics in Port Phillip Bay
153
Lee, Randall*, Peter Black, Emilie Laurent, Guillaume Martinez, Andy Longmore,
and Steve Brett
Historical Patterns of Coral mortality at Halfway and North Keppel Islands, inshore southern Great Barrier Reef
154
Lepore, Mauro*, Alberto Rodriguez-Ramirez, Tara Clark, Jian-xin Zhao, John Pandolfi
The effects of epiphytic macro-algae on condition, attachment and assemblages of Brachidontes erosus in
southern temperate mudflats [Poster]
154
Lewis, Ryan David* and Sabine Dittmann

Comparative seascape genetics of coral reef fishes: integrating genetic datasets and biophysical models
across a common seascape
155
Liggins, Libby*, Eric Treml, Hugh Possingham and Cynthia Riginos

An oceanographic dispersal barrier off Wilsons Promontory and its influence on phylogeography and larval
settlement 155
Lindsay, Malcolm*, Stephen Swearer and Mick Keough

Mapping the submerged reefs of Balls Pyramid: Past reef development in a marginal, high-latitude
environment 155
Linklater, Michelle*, Woodroffe, Colin, Brooke, Brendan, Nichol, Scott, Hamylton,

Sarah, Jordan, Alan
Sustainable fisheries and conservation management with environmental derivatives
156
Little, L. Richard*, John Parslow, Gavin Fay, R. Quentin Grafton, Anthony D. M. Smith,
Andre E. Punt, Geoffery N. Tuck
Intercontinental patterns in rocky-intertidal biodiversity
156
Lloyd, Hannah*, Paul Gribben, Pat Hutchings and Bob Creese

Contemporary rates of carbon sequestration through sediment accretion in wetlands of a subtropical
coastal embayment
Lovelock, Catherine E*, Vicki Bennion, Maria Fernanda Adame, Matthew Hayes,
Julian OMara, Ruth Reef, Nadia Santini
67
157

Untangling ecological complexity: ecological resilience as a jigsaw piece [Poster] 157
Luczak Christophe, Cline Rolet, Nicolas Spilmont and Laurent Seuront*

Greatly varying realised larval dispersal in broadcast-spawning reef-building corals of the Great Barrier Reef
158
Lukoschek, Vimoksalehi*, van Oppen, Madeleine

High resolution, robotic camera systems for spatially explicit assessment of coastal fisheries, boat use
and wildlife rookeries
158
Lynch, Tim*, Andreas Marouchos

Results of three years of mangrove restoration across challenging environmental conditions, Guyana,
South America
159
Machin, James* and Robin Lewis

How do canals drive carbon dioxide fluxes in Gold Coast waterways? [Poster] 159
Macklin, Paul; Santos, Isaac; Maher, Damien

Human and Climate Impacts on Blue Carbon Sinks
160
Macreadie, Peter*, Tim Rolph, Katie Allen, Brendan P. Kelaher, Peter J. Ralph, Paul H.
York, Charles G. Skilbeck
Novel use of cavity ring-down spectroscopy to quantify aquatic carbon cycling rates and pathways:
From microbial to ecosystem scales
160
Maher, Damien T* Isaac R Santos, Matheus C Carvalho, Bradley D Eyre, Jasper R F W

Leuven, Joanne M Oakes
Spatio-temporal marine conservation planning to facilitate coral range expansion under climate change
161
Makino, Azusa*, Hiroya Yamano, Maria Beger, Carissa J Klein, Yumiko Yara, Hugh P
Possingham
Strong and persistent reef-fish patterns in the Solitary Islands Marine Park: potential for spatial variation in
tropicalisation
161
Malcolm, Hamish A.*, Alan Jordan , Stephen D.A. Smith , Peter L. Davies
Using stable ratios of nitrate (NNO3, ONO3 and ONO3) to determine the sources and processing of nitrogen
in the Caboolture catchment and estuary
162
Mangion, Perrine* and Bradley Eyre

162
Marb, Nria, Carlos M. Duarte , Gary A. Kendrick*, Geoff R. Bastyan, Ins Mazarrasa,
Pere Masqu, Jordi Garcia-Orellana, Ariane Arias
Analysis of the Odontocete inner ear with Microcomputed tomography
163
March, Duan*, Wong, Chris, Higgins, Damien, Curthoys, Ian

Modeling the distribution of kelp in a vertically structured subtropical water column
163
Marin, Maxime*, Russ Babcock, Scarla Weeks, Mike Herzfeld and Anthony Richardson
Using Historical Studies to Inform the Management of the Inshore Reefs in the Wet Tropics Region of the
Great Barrier Reef
164
Markham, Hannah*, Roff, George, Zhao, Jian-xin and Pandolfi, John M.

Feeding behaviour of the herbivorous starfish Parvulastra exigua
164
Martinez, Aline*, Maria Byrne and Ross Coleman

Tagging small starfish is it possible? [Poster]
164
Martinez, Aline*, Maria Byrne* and Ross Coleman*

Continental patterns of kelp condition and associated bacterial communities
165
Marzinelli, Ezequiel*, Alexandra Campbell, Enrique Zozaya Valdes, Adriana Vergs,

Thomas Wernberg, Gregory Caporaso, Torsten Thomas and Peter Steinberg
Charting the Territory: Understanding Attitudes Towards Offshore Mining in Australia
Mason, Claire, Joanna Parr*, Gillian Paxton, Naomi Boughen, Kieren Moffat, Richard
Parsons
68
165

In the company of commons: Short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) resident to an
urbanised coastline [Poster]
166
Mason, Suzanne*, Chandra Salgado Kent, Robert McCauley, Kerstin Bilgmann and
Jeff Weir
Measuring the resilience of marine ecosystems: the role of feedbacks in ecosystem dynamics
166
Maxwell, Paul*, Rod Connolly, Kylie Pitt, Andrew Olds

Contaminant effects on ecosystem function: a review
167
Mayer-Pinto, Mariana; Tasman Crowe and Emma Johnston

Bioengineering by oysters across climatic gradients
167
Mcafee, Dominic*, Victoria Cole, Melanie Bishop

Towards a global biogeography of the deep seafloor using distributional data of squat lobsters
167
McCallum, Anna W*, Timothy OHara, Gary C.B. Poore and Skipton Woolley
Effects of productivity, temperature and sediment on deep-sea species richness
168
McCallum, Anna*, Robin Wilson, Rudy Kloser, Magda Baewicz-Paszkowycz, Joanna

Browne, Niel L. Bruce, Sarah Gerken, Gary C. B. Poore, David Staples, Anna Syme,
Joanne Taylor, Genefor Walker-Smith, Mark Warne, Skipton Woolley and
Alan Williams
Implementing a light-based seagrass management approach for a large scale dredging program
168
McCormack, Catherine*, Katie Chartrand and Michael Rasheed

Direct and indirect effects of warming, eutrophication and overexploitation in a semi-natural food web
169
McElroy, David J.*, Eoin OGorman, Ross Coleman and Mark Emmerson
Survival rates for the Australian sea lion
169
McIntosh, Rebecca* and Goldsworthy, Simon

Long-term effects of major climatic events on the resilience and capacity for recovery of a tropical seagrass
habitat
169
McKenna, Skye*, Michael Rasheed, Alex Carter, Catherine McCormack.

Trans-oceanic voyages: putting hull-fouling hitchhikers through their paces
170
McKenzie, Louise*, George Smith, Mario Tamburri and Greg Ruiz

Zooplankton research in Australia: current knowledge and research gaps
170
McKinnon: David*
The plankton of the Kimberley coast [Poster]
171
McKinnon, David*, Miles Furnas, Richard Brinkman, David K Williams, Samantha

Duggan and David Holliday
The importance of natural variability in modulating the rate and magnitude of Ocean Acidification
171
McNeil, Ben and Richard Matear

Simple behaviours with large consequences: interactions between native and introduced mussels
171
McQuaid, Christopher*, Nicastro, Katy, Zardi Gerardo

Spatio-temporal patterns of marine mammal strandings and mortality in Queensland since 1996
172
Meager, Justin J.*, Jaylene B. Flint and Colin J. Limpus

Biological nitrogen fixation: overcoming nitrogen limitation in the oligotrophic waters of north eastern Australia
172
Messer, Lauren*, Claire Mahaffey, Mark Brown, Martina Doblin and Justin Seymour
Understanding stranding: 20 years of cetacean strandings and incidents on the east coast of Australia
172
Meynecke, Jan-Olaf
Smart phones for whales [Poster]
173
Meynecke, Jan-Olaf*, Fabian, Bracco, Jan, Warnken
69

Dual Fuel - Summer Phytoplankton sequesters CO2 to feed Krill that satisfy the hunger of Humpback
Whales in the Southern Ocean [Poster]
173
Milham-Scott, Deborah *and McCallum, Adrian

Fine scale population structure in Greenlip Abalone from SE Australia: implications for management of an
important commercial fishery
173
Miller, Karen*, Craig Mundy and Stephen Mayfield

Hidden but not lost: an evaluation of search theory in designing marine surveys
174
Millers, Kimberley* & Michael McCarthy

Sociogenetic structure, kin associations and bonding in delphinids
174
Mller, Luciana
Simulated alkalinity and inorganic carbon budget for the Great Barrier Reef
174
Mongin, Mathieu*, Andrew Lenton, Mark Baird, Mike Herzfield

Reef fish hybridization: lessons learnt from butterflyfishes (genus Chaetodon) [Poster]
175
Montanari, Stefano R*, Lynne van Herwerden, Morgan S. Pratchett, Jean-Paul A. Hobbs
and Anneli Fugedi
Sensitivity of Southern Ocean Coccolithophores to Ocean Acidification
175
Mller, Marius N.*, Tom Trull and Gustaaf M. Hallegraeff

Demography of fish populations reveals new challenges in appraising juvenile habitat values
175
Nagelkerken presenting: Kimirei, Ismael, Ivan Nagelkerken et al.

Coralline algae mineralogy and crust morphology as a proxy for localized environmental and
ecosystem conditions
176
Nash, Merinda*, Bradley Opdyke, Ulricke Troitzsch, Bayden Russell, Jennifer Prichard
Juvenile caridean shrimp (Palaemon debilis) use olfactory cues from mangroves to determine
habitat preference
176
Natin, Patricia* and Lee, Shing Yip

Phylogeographic congruence on the Australian coastline: large-scale processes in ten echinoderm species
176
Naughton, Kate*
Chemical defences influence microbes in the habitat-forming kelp Ecklonia radiata [Poster] 177
Neumann, Rebecca*, Tamsin Peters, Ezequiel Marzinelli, Peter Steinberg and

Tilmann Harder
Protecting coastal systems under national environment law: methods and challenges
177
Newton, Gina
Seabed pockmarks of Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, northern Australia: form, distribution and origins
178
Nicholas, Tony*, Floyd Howard, Kim Picard, Helen Dulfer, Lynda Radke,
Andrew Carroll, Maggie Tran, Justy Siwabessy, Scott Nichol and Chris Consoli
The demersal community of the continental shelf of Queensland: 1909-1994
178
Novaglio, Camilla *, Stewart Frusher, Tony Smith

Intertidal Processing of Particulate Organic Carbon associated with Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent:
a C Tracer Study
179
Oakes, Joanne M.*, Donald J. Ross, Bradley D. Eyre

Pesticides within the Great Barrier Reef catchment
179
OBrien, Dominique*, Stephen Lewis, Aaron Davis and Jon Brodie.

Phylogenetic endemism through next-generation sequencing
179
OHara, Tim* and Andrew Hugall

Recognising the Value of Seascape Connectivity in Marine Conservation
Olds, Andrew*, Kylie Pitt, Paul Maxwell, Simon Albert and Rod Connolly
70
180

Impact of flood plumes on optical and biogeochemical characteristics in the GBR lagoon [Poster]
180
Oubelkheir Kadija*, Lesley Clementson, Phillip Ford, Nagur Cherukuru, Thomas

Schroeder, Vittorio Brando, Caroline Petus, Jennifer Debose and Michelle Devlin
Effects of light and carbon dioxide on seagrass physiology and growth
181
Ow, Yan Xiang*, Catherine Collier and Sven Uthicke

Historical Perspectives in Marine Ecology
181
Pandolfi, John M.
Charting the Territory: Understanding Attitudes Towards Offshore Mining in Australia
181
Parr presenting: Mason, Claire, Joanna Parr* et al.

An acoustic study of the Northern Demersal Scalefish Fishery
182
Parsons, Miles*, Elizabeth Mair, Iain Parnum, Luke Wreyford, Rob McCauley, Adam
Masters and Brett Moloney
Marine Parks in South Australia continuing to shape our future
182
Paxinos Rosemary*, Miller David, Holland Shane

Combining Indigenous knowledge and western scientific knowledge of inshore dolphins and dugongs in
the northern Great Barrier Reef
183
Penrose, Helen, Isabel Beasley Traditional Owner group(s)

Consequences of an endophytic infection in a habitat-forming macroalga [Poster]
183
Peters, Tamsin*, Alexandra Campbell, Ezequiel Marzinelli, Rebecca Neumann,

Melinda Coleman, Ross Hill and Peter Steinberg
Turning the tide: Sulphur trigger for an algae killer
184
Petrou, Katherina*, Esther Garcs, Elisabet Alacid, Albert Ree, Rafel Sim
An empirical assessment of whale alarms and avoidance, or not, by migrating humpback whales
184
Pirotta, Vanessa*, Robert Harcourt, David Slip and Vic Peddemors

184
Pitt presenting: Condon Robert, Carlos Duarte, Kylie Pitt* et al.

Climate change in the global Ocean: The shape of things to come
185
Poloczanska, Elvira*, Anthony Richardson, David Schoeman, Carlos Duarte, John

Pandolfi, Chris Brown, Mike Burrows and NCEAS Marine Impacts of Climate
Change Working Group
Space-for-time substitution to assess likely response of aquatic ecosystems to future climate-related change
185
Pope, Adam J*, Barton, Jan L, Close, Paul G and Rebecca E Lester
The Australian seascape: identifying congruent breaks within species through meta-analysis
186
Pope, Lisa Claire*, Jennifer Ovenden, Cynthia Riginos.

Carbon to nitrogen ratios in Zostera capricorni Do these provide insights on how increasing nutrient
loading from catchments affects the chemical composition of estuarine primary producers and
the broader foodweb?
186
Potts, Jaimie*&, Peter Scanes, Angus Ferguson, Aaron Wright, Klaus Koop and William
Maher
The oceanic response due to atmospheric forces in global scale - an observational approach with emphasis
in the Southern Hemisphere [Poster]
187
Prando, Valria* , Enver Ramirez Gutierrez

Historical Coastline Development and Hydrodynamics and associated Impacts on coastal Habitats in Singapore
187
Precht, Elimar*, Nhung Nguyen and Jonas Brandi Mortensen

Reinventing residual reserves in Australian marine waters: ease of establishment or need for protection?
Pressey, Bob*, Rodolphe Devillers, Graham Edgar, Alana Grech, John N Kittinger,
Trevor J Ward and Reg Watson
71
188

Spatial abundance models confirm broad-scale declines in giant cuttlefish density across northern
Spencer Gulf, South Australia
188
Prowse, Thomas A. A.
Considering small macrofauna in biodiversity research: polychaetes of the Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, Timor Sea
189
Przeslawski, Rachel*, Chris Glasby, Charlotte Watson

Sediment characteristics influencing benthic biodiversity across a tropical sediment-starved shelf affected
by seepage: Insights from cluster analysis of baseline physical and geochemical variables
189
Radke, Lynda*, Li, Jin, Przeslawski, Rachel, Douglas, Grant, Nichol, Scott, Siwabessy,
Justy, Trafford, Janice and Whiteway, Tanya
Wave-driven exposure as a surrogate for benthic habitat distribution
190
Rattray, Alex*, Daniel Ierodiaconou, Jacquomo Monk, Rozaimi Che Hasan and Tim
Womersley
Acoustic behaviour of pygmy blue whales migrating through a coastal embayment with increasing human
use; Geographe Bay, Western Australia [Poster]
190
Recalde-Salas, Angela*, Chandra Salgado Kent, Sarah Marley and Robert McCauley
The effect of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations on salinity tolerance in mangroves and implications
for future distributions
191
Reef, Ruth*, Klaus Winter, Catherine Lovelock

Hervey Bay - A Low-Inflow Intermittent Hypersaline and Inverse Coastal System
191
Ribbe, Joachim*, Charles Lemckert, Daniel Brieva and Johann Gustafson

Plankton 2013: an assessment of Australias oceans using plankton as ecosystem indicators
191
Richardson, Anthony J. *, Wayne Rochester, Graham Hosie

Classifying and surveying continental shelf reefs of southeast Queensland: Testing the utility of abiotic
surrogates
192
Richmond, Sarah* and Tim Stevens

Beyond Methane: Analysis of the Diet of the Cold Seep Mussel Bathymodiolus childressi using a
Three Dimensional Model
192
Riekenberg, Philip*, Carney, Robert, Fry, Brian

Patterns of genetic divergence and similarity within coral reef species of the Indo-Pacific Ocean
192
Riginos, Cynthia
Economic value of cyclonic storm-surge risk: a hedonic case study of residential property in Exmouth,
Western Australia
193
Roberts, Rebecca*, Lynnath E. Beckley and Malcolm Tull

The development of diagnostic assays for the detection of Zooplankton Invertebrate Iridescent viruses in
the mesozooplankton
193
Roennfeldt, Ruben-Lee*, Nick Moody, Hans Heine, David Boyle, Sandra Crameri,
Andrew Leis, Kerrie Swadling, Ty Matthews, Paul Jones, Alex Hyatt
Testing the actual scheme of the marine bioregionalisation of Australia using as Gastropods as a model fauna
194
Roman, Rodrigo*, Ross Coleman, Dieter Hochuli and Melanie Bishop

Cockburn Sound, Western Australia: Moving beyond traditional environmental risk a look at some case
studies, climate change and urban and industrial contaminant loads
194
Rose, Tom
Quantifying upwelling on the continental shelf of southeastern Australia
194
Roughan, Moninya , Amandine Schaeffer, Alessandra Mantovanelli

Variability in sediment organic carbon accrual in two estuarine Posidonia australis meadows from
south-western Australia
195
Rozaimi, Mohammad*, Oscar Serrano, Paul Lavery

Drivers of CO2 evasion and carbon transport in the Richmond river estuary, northern NSW, Australia
Ruiz-Halpern, Sergio* Isaac Santos, Damien Maher and Bradley Eyre
72
195

The role of ocean dynamics in seagrass seed dispersal and recruitment in Western Australia
196
Ruiz Montoya, Leonardo , Ryan Lowe, Kimberly Van Niel, Gary Kendrick
Productivity or consumption: which will dominate under future conditions?
196
Russell, Bayden D.* and Sean D. Connell

Carbon storage in seagrass meadows across gradients in water quality
197
Samper-Villarreal, Jimena* Peter Mumby, Catherine E. Lovelock, Megan Saunders

Mapping indices of sensitivity for benthic species in Moreton Bay Marine Park, Qld, Australia
197
Sanders, Chantel*, Tim Stevens and Jan Warnken

Comparative seascape genetics and phylogeography of two high dispersal invertebrates from southern Australia
197
Sandoval-Castillo, Jonathan*, Peter Teske, Jonathan M. Waters and Luciano B.

Beheregaray
Seascape genomics of Roes abalone: a spatial analysis of adaptive variation [Poster]
198
Sandoval-Castillo, Jonathan, Nicholas Robinson, Lachlan Strain, Jamin Brown, Anthony

Hart, Luciano B. Beheregaray
Direct and indirect impacts of predicted sea level rise on seagrass
198
Saunders, Megan I*, Tom Baldock, Christopher J Brown, David P Callaghan, Aliastair
Golshani, Sarah Hamylton, Javier Leon, Catherine E Lovelock, Mitchell B Lyons,
Katherine R OBrien, Peter J Mumby, Stuart R Phinn, Chris M Roelfsema
High metabolic diversity of heterotrophic bacteria in Western Australian sub-surface coastal seagrass sediments
199
Swstrm, Christin*, Oscar Serrano, Mohammad Rozaimi and Paul Lavery

Mixed-stock analysis of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) on Antarctic feeding grounds
199
Schmitt, Natalie T., Michael C. Double, Scott Baker, Nick Gales, Simon Childerhouse,
Andrea M. Polanowski, Debbie Steel, Renee Albertson, Carlos Olavarra, Claire
Garrigue, Michael Poole Nan Hauser, Rochelle Constantine, David Paton, Curt S.
Jenner, Simon N. Jarman, Rod Peakall
Projecting the trajectories of climate niches for the global network of marine protected areas
200
Schoeman, David*, Mike Burrows, Anthony Richardson, Elvira Poloczanska, Carlos

Duarte, John Pandolfi, Chris Brown, Thomas Schlacher, Rod Connolly, Katherine
Yates and NCEAS Marine Impacts of Climate Change Working Group
Fine-scale habitat variability affects fish community structure in unconsolidated habitats of a subtropical marine
park 200
Schultz, Arthur L., Hamish A. Malcolm, Daniel J. Bucher and Stephen D. A. Smith
Coccolithophorid blooms at elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide levels: indications from the SOPRAN
Bergen 2011 mesocosm study
201
Schulz, Kai G., Richard G. J. Bellerby, Rafael Bermdez, Jan Bdenbender, Tim
Boxhammer, Jan Czerny, Anja Engel, Sarah Febiri, Andrea Ludwig, Michael
Meyerhfer, Aud Larsen, Allanah Paul, Michael Sswat, and Ulf Riebesell
Influence of water depth on C stocks, accumulation rates and origin in seagrass meadows
201
Serrano, Oscar*, Paul Lavery, Mohammad Rozaimi, Miguel Angel Mateo

Carbon sequestration, stoichiometry and storage potential of Australian coastal and marine ecosystems* [Poster] 202
CSIRO Marine and Coastal Carbon Biogeochemistry Cluster* WP1

A Responsible Stocking Program for Eastern King Prawns (Penaeus plebejus)
203
Setio, Christopher
Behavioral flexibility as an evolutionary adaptation to dampen the effects of environmental stress
203
Seuront, Laurent* and H. Eugene Stanley

Marine microbial ecology: From drops of seawater to ocean basins
Seymour, Justin R
73
204

Opportunities and constraints on the revitalisation of mangrove ecosystems in the Pacific
204
Sheaves, Marcus* and Ross Johnston

Jervis Bay: An Area of Significance for Southward Migrating Humpback Whale Cow/Calf Pairs? [Poster]
204
Sheehan, Scott*, Michelle Blewitt

Investigating Impacts on macrofaunal Assemblages from Herbicide Control of invasive Saltmarsh Grass
Spartina anglica [Poster]
205
Shimeta, Jeff*, Lynnette Saint and Dayanthi Nugegoda

Development and characterization of microsatellite markers for management and conservation of the
New Zealand scallop
205
Silva, Catarina N. S.* and Jonathan P. A. Gardner

Genetic connectivity among seagrass meadows (Posidonia australis)
206
Sinclair, Elizabeth* , Suzanna Evans, Siegy Krauss , and Gary Kendrick

Methodologies for quantitatively characterising seabed types from acoustic and optical data
206
Siwabessy, P. Justy W.*, James Daniell, Jin Li, Zhi Huang, Scott L. Nichol, Andrew D.
Heap, Maggie Tran
A highly resolved 3D hydrodynamic and environmental model for the Great Barrier Reef-eReefs [Poster]
207
CSIRO Environmental Modelling Group (Skerratt, Jenny*, Mathieu Mongin, Barbara

Robson, Karen Wild-Allen, Mark Baird, Mike Herzfeld, John Andrewartha, Phil
Gillibrand, Farhan Rizwi, Nugzar Margvelashvili)
Modelling Lyngbya majuscula within a complex biogeochemical model [Poster]
207
Skerratt Jennifer*, Mathieu Mongin, John Parslow, Ian Jameson

A shelf scale hydrodynamic model for the Pilbara, Western Australia
207
Slawinski, Dirk*, Frank Colberg and Ming Feng

Designing Recreational Fishing Surveys to Inform Management at Diverse Spatial and Temporal Scales:
case studies from Western Australia
208
Smallwood, Claire*, Karina Ryan, Eva Lai, Norm Hall, Brent Wise and Dan Gaughan
Ecosystem modelling in the southern Benguela: comparisons of Atlantis, Ecopath with Ecosim, and
OSMOSE under fishing scenarios
208
Smith, Michael D.*, Elizabeth A. Fulton, Robert W. Day, Lynne J. Shannon,

Yunne-Jai Shin
Population structure and connectivity of Zostera nigricaulis in Port Phillip Bay
209
Smith, Timothy*, Paul York, Craig Sherman, Peter Macreadie, Michael Keough,
Jeff Ross
Effect of extreme weather of 2011 on dugong distribution and fecundity on urban coast of Queensland
209
Sobtzick, Susan, Rie Hagihara*, Alana Grech, Helene Marsh

Marine protected areas alter fish community trophic structure: a global analysis
210
Soler, German*, Stuart Campbell, David Galvan, Colin Buxton, Neville Barrett, Terrence
Dawson, Ant Bernard, Russell Thomson, Rick Stuart-Smith & Graham Edgar
Assembly processes at biogeographic transition zones in tropical-to-temperate eastern Australia
210
Sommer Brigitte*, Maria Beger, Peter L. Harrison, Russ C. Babcock, John M. Pandolfi
Ecological redundancy and extreme generalism in Antarctic coastal foodwebs
211
Stark, Jonathan S.*, Glenn Dunshea, Chris Gillies, Glenn Johnstone.

A systems approach to seedling establishment in degraded seagrass ecosystems for managing recruitment
bottlenecks 211
Statton, John*, Gary Kendrick, Carlos Duarte, Robert Orth, Kingsley Dixon, David
Merritt
74

Global diversity in reef fishes: latitudinal patterns in evenness alter richness-based hotspots of species
and functional diversity
212
Stuart-Smith, Rick*, Jonathan Lefcheck, Amanda Bates, Sue Baker, Russell Thomson,
Jemina Stuart-Smith, Nicole Hill, Emmett Duffy, Stuart Kininmonth, Laura Airoldi,
Mikel Becerro, Stuart Campbell, Terrence Dawson, Sergio Navarrete, German Soler,
Elisabeth Strain, Trevor Willis, Graham Edgar.
Use of Aerial Surveys for Assessing Impacts on the Near-shore Distribution of Humpback Whales
212
Styan, Craig*, Barry Shepherd, Mike Mackie, Ben Malseed, Warren Chisholm and Glen
Dunshea
Anthropogenic modification in estuaries changes sediment microbial community structure and function
213
Sun, Melanie Y*, Katherine A Dafforn, Mark V Brown, Anthony A Chariton, and Emma L
Johnston
A novel, multi-trophic method for assessing water quality and catchment health: The zooplankton size frequency
distribution
213
Suthers*, Iain, Jason Everett, Emma Tang, Jocelyn DelaCruz and Darren Ryder
Drivers of krill zoogeography in the Indian Ocean: the implications of poleward flowing boundary currents
214
Sutton, Alicia*, Lynnath Beckley

Australian marine zooplankton: a taxonomic guide and atlas
214
Swadling Kerrie M.*, Anita Slotwinski, Claire Davies, Jason Beard, A. David McKinnon,
Frank Coman, Nicole Murphy, Mark Tonks, Wayne Rochester, Graham W. Hosie,
Anthony J. Richardson
Does warming seawater promote smaller size? A case study of the temperate krill species Nyctiphanes
australis [Poster] 215
Swadling Kerrie M.*, Kate Picone, Jason Beard, Graham W. Hosie

Assessing the efficacy of past and current shoreline restoration strategies on improving the condition of
the near-shore zone of Tuggerah Lakes
215
Swanson, Rebecca*, Renee Gruber, Angus Ferguson, Jaimie Potts, Kirsty Brennan and
Peter Scanes
Coastal eutrophication risk assessment tool to predict impacts of nutrient and sediment loads on NSW
coastal estuaries [Poster]
216
Swanson, Rebecca*, Jocelyn Dela-Cruz, Geoff Coade, Brian Sanderson, Mark Littleboy,
Damian Clark and Peter Scanes
Carbon flux in Sydney Harbour Estuary during summer wet and dry conditions
216
Tanner, Edwina*, Bradley Eyre, Sergio Ruiz Halpern

Fifty Years of Change in Coral Assemblages at Heron Island
216
Tanner, Jason E.*

To control or to conserve: can genetic methods distinguish between native and introduced populations of a
marine founder disperser?
217
Teske, Peter*, Beheregaray, Luciano

Exploring the symbiotic interactions between bacteria and marine invertebrates and macroalgae with omic
technologies 217
Thomas, Torsten
The quest: building an observing system to support long term ecosystem management
217
Thompson, Peter*, Keith Hayes, Russ Babcock, Russ Bradford, Wayne Rochester,
Jason Hartog
Reconstructing historical reference conditions for the Queensland pink snapper (Pagrus auratus) fishery
218
Thurstan, Ruth H*, Sarah M. Buckley, John M. Pandolfi

Seagrass resilience to industry and cyclones: a ten-year insight, Gulf of Carpentaria
Toki, Beth*
75
218

Place attachment and management preferences of visitors at remote coastal campsites in Western Australia
219
Tonge, Joanna*; Fiona Valesini, Susan Moore, Lynnath Beckley and Maria Ryan
Chemotaxis by Coral-Reef Bacteria
219
Tout, Jessica*, Thomas Jeffries, Roman Stocker, Peter Ralph and Justin Seymour
Predictive modelling of key benthic habitats using underwater video in turbid and shallow estuaries
along the south-west coast of Australia
220
Tran, Maggie*, Tara Anderson, David Booth.

Microscale sediment chemistry during seagrass decomposition [Poster]
220
Trevathan-Tackett, Stacey*+, Daniel Nielsen+, Peter Macreadie+, Andy Steven+,

Peter Ralph+
Designing robust marine reserves under uncertainty: trading off socio-economic costs against the risk
of failing to meet conservation targets
221
Tulloch, Vivitskaia J.*, Hugh P. Possingham, Stacy D. Jupiter, Chris Roelfsema,

Ayesha I. Tulloch, Carissa J. Klein
Observations on the diatom Palmerina ostenfeldii and its unique Vaginicola ciliate symbionts
from subtropical Australian waters
221
Uribe-Palomino Julian*, Gustaaf M Hallegraeff, Nick Wade, Anthony J. Richardson

Impacts of urbanisation on estuarine nutrient dynamics: a new approach to detecting historical trends
222
van de Merwe, Jason P.*, Shing Lee, Rod Connolly, Kylie Pitt, Gerard Bourke,
Jan Warnken and Andy Steven.
Origin, Dynamics and Evolution of the Ocean Garbage Patches from Observed Surface Drifters
222
Van Sebille, Erik*, Matthew England and Gary Froyland

A novel herbivore-mediated community phase shift and the tropicalisation of temperate marine ecosystems
223
Vergs, Adriana* , Alexandra Campbell , Ezequiel Marzinelli , Enric Ballesteros,

Peter Steinberg
From featureless to fantastic: life on the desal diffuser
223
Viskovich, Paul*, Simon J. Walker , Harry Gordon

Climate driven changes in subtidal kelp forest communities in NW Spain
224
Voerman, Sofietje Emma *, Eva Llera, Jos Manuel Rico

Paving the way for change: creating green benefits from bridge construction
224
Walker, Simon*, Kim Forsyth, Ashley Morton, Adrian Derbyshire, Carol Conacher
Marine connectivity in southern Australia: ancient barriers, modern oceanography, and priority effects
224
Waters, Jonathan
Colonization and succession of marine biofilm-dwelling ciliates in response to environmental variation [Poster]
225
Watson, Matthew G*, Andrew Scardino, Liliana Zalizniak & Jeff Shimeta
Humans in the ecosystem: the unintended rebound effect of restoring coastal ecosystems
225
Webley, James, Rod Connolly*

Marine Microbial Symbioses Respond to Climate Change
226
Webster, Nicole*, Fan Lu, Craig Humphrey, Sven Uthicke, Torsten Thomas
Horizontal movements, diving and foraging hotspots of the manta ray Manta alfredi off eastern Australia
226
Weeks presenting: Jaine, Fabrice R. A., Scarla J. Weeks*, Lydie I. E. Couturier,

Kathy A. Townsend, Michael B. Bennett, Anthony J. Richardson
Fish assemblages determined from BRUVS in protected versus unprotected shallow seagrass meadows
on Kangaroo Island, South Australia [Poster]
226
Whitmarsh, Sasha*, Peter Fairweather, Daniel Brock and David Miller

A decade of Argo: achievements and future challenges
227
Wijffels, Susan* and Dean Roemmich
76

You are what you eat: Foodweb analysis in two estuaries with surprising differences [Poster]
227
Wright, Aaron*, Jaimie Potts, Joseph Neilson and Peter Scanes

Mechanisms of facilitation by a habitat-forming invasive seaweed
227
Wright, Jeff*, Jeb Byers, Jayna DeVore and Erik Sotka

Engaging the fishing community in marine spatial planning using spatial access priority mapping (SAPM): a
quantitative GIS approach
228
Yates, Katherine L.* & David S. Schoeman

Diversity in shark assemblage and nursery areas along a tropical coastline
228
Yates, Peter*, Michelle Heupel, Andrew Tobin and Colin Simpfendorfer

The story of the South American seagrass Zostera chilensis; endangered or invasive species [Poster]
229
York, Paul H.*, Timothy M. Smith, Craig D. H. Sherman, Peter I. Macreadie, Bernardo
Broitman
Not so happy feet: Emperor Penguins in a warming climate, a genetic perspective
229
Younger, Jane*, Karen Miller and Barbara Wienecke

A framework for land-sea management: integrating seascape connectivity and ecosystem processes of
Hervey Bay within the southern GBR
230
Zann, Maria*, Terry Done, Terry and Stuart Phinn

Using data-logging acoustic receivers to study dugong movements in coastal environments: a comparison
with satellite tracking
230
Zeh, Daniel*, Mark Hamann, Michelle Heupel, Colin Limpus, Russ Babcock, Richard
Pillans, Helene Marsh
High-precision U-series dating of the recent past: a tool for palaeoecological analysis of coral reef communities
231
Zhao, Jian-xin*, Yue-xing Feng, Tara R Clark, George Roff, Alberto Rodriguez-Ramirez,
Nicole D Leonard, Mauro Lepore, Ian Butler, Entao Liu, Hannah Markham,
John M. Pandolfi
One of the fastest: Rapid growth of wahoo, Acanthocybium solandri (Scombridae), in the Coral Sea
Zischke, Mitchell*, Shane Griffiths and Ian Tibbetts
77
231
AMSA2013 PRESENTATION ABSTRACTS - Authors and Abstracts (alphabetically by author) ORAL
Mud thats worth gold - Assessment of carbon stocks in coastal

wetlands of Mexico as a climate change mitigation strategy
Adame, Maria Fernanda*1, Boone J. Kauffman2 and Jorge A. Herrera-Silveira3

1
2
3
Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia 4111.

Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR, USA and the Center for International Forest Research, Bogor, Indonesia
CINVESTAV-IPN, Mrida Yucatn, Mxico 97310.
[email protected]
Coastal wetlands, especially mangroves, can have exceptionally large carbon stocks. Mexico is one of the four countries with
the largest remaining mangrove forests, and their protection and restoration will constitute an effective mitigation strategy
to climate change. The aim of the project is to quantify the carbon stocks of representative coastal wetlands of Mexico. The
goal is to assess carbon stocks, while engaging different stakeholders and teaching appropriate methodologies for carbon
assessment. Our results show that carbon stocks in Mexico are heterogeneously distributed among geomorphological settings
(tidal, riverine, karstic), environmental conditions (nutrient availability, salinity, inundation frequency) and vegetation type
(marsh, mangroves, swamps). This ongoing project has revealed information that is very valuable for conserving coastal
wetlands of the country. For example, we have shown that the carbon stored in one Biosphere Reserve (Sian Kaan, 170,000 ha
of wetlands, <0.1 % of the country land area) is equivalent to half of Mexicos annual carbon emissions.
Predicting the impact of light deprivation on seagrass production and

viability
Adams, Matthew P.*1, Paul Maxwell1, Jimena Samper-Villarreal2, Angus Ferguson3 and
Kate OBrien1
1
2
3
School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Qld 4072.

Marine Spatial Ecology Lab, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Qld 4072.
New South Wales Office of Environment and Heritage, Sydney NSW 2000.
[email protected]
Light availability is a critical factor for seagrass presence, abundance, distribution and health, and light deprivation is a major
contributing factor to the observed global decline in seagrass ecosystems. Seagrass decline is difficult to reverse once it
commences and meadow recovery can take decades or even longer. Predicting the onset of seagrass loss is thus crucial to
improving the outcomes of seagrass conservation and management efforts. Predictive models provide a vital tool for assessing
and managing the multiple interacting factors affecting light availability on seagrass meadows. The capacity for seagrasses to
avoid mortality during a high turbidity event is a function of the duration and magnitude of the event, and the ability of the
species to survive light deprivation through changes in physiology and morphology. Here we present a model at the seagrass
plant scale that predicts the effects of light deprivation on carbohydrate use, allocation and storage. By considering a wide range
of scenarios varying the magnitude and the frequency of light deprivation, we are able to predict the risk of seagrass loss under
different conditions. This presentation will provide an overview of the model, including key challenges in model development.
The results are synthesized to provide new insights into seagrass survival and recovery under light deprivation and variability.
Blooms of gelatinous drifters: The response of Thaliaceans to

environmental variability off Eastern Queensland
Ahmad Ishak, Nurul*1, Kerrie Swadling1, Guy Williams2, Steve Nicol2 and So Kawaguchi3
1
2
3
Institute for Marine and Antractic Studies, University of Tasmania, Taroona, Nubeena Crescent, Tas 7001
Antarctic Climate & Ecosystem Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Grosvenor Crescent, Sandy Bay, Tas 7005
Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tas 7050
[email protected]
Zooplankton are important in the transfer of energy from primary producers to higher-order consumers, including fish. They can
also play a useful role as indicators of climate change, as their physiology is strongly coupled to temperature, they exhibit short
life cycles and they are generally excluded from the pressures associated with commercial fishing. In Storm Bay, Queensland,
salps and doliolids are seasonally dominant in the zooplankton. All are important grazers on primary production, but their
impact is variable due to large differences in feeding behaviors and life history strategies. In the summer of 2009-2010 seawater
temperatures in Storm Bay were warmer than average, while concentrations of chlorophyll a were lower. These conditions
favoured a bloom of gelatinous planktonic tunicates, primarily comprising the salp Thalia democratica and 2 species of doliolids,
which developed over large sections of the bay. In the subsequent, 2010-2011, summer, the La Nina conditions that influenced
much of Australias weather patterns resulted in lower water temperatures in Storm Bay. Consequently, gelatinous tunicates
were exceedingly rare. During the summer of 2011-2013, more salp blooms occurred, initially featuring Salpa fusiformis then
followed by Thalia democratica. The spatial and temporal patterns in abundance and distribution of thaliaceans were not
uniform and appeared to be driven by their differing preferences for temperature, salinity and food size range.
Program and Abstract Book
AMSA2013 Golden Jubilee Conference - Jupiters Gold Coast, Australia 7-11 July 2013
79
ORAL: AMSA2013 PRESENTATION ABSTRACTS - Authors and Abstracts (alphabetically by author)
Sources of intraspecific variability in leaf traits of Zostera muelleri and

Avicennia marina: the influence of climate and coastal development
Ainley, Lara*1; Bishop, Melanie1; Verges, Adriana2

1
2
Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney NSW 2109

School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052
[email protected]
Many species can vary their allocation of energy to growth, reproduction and defense according to local environmental
stressors. The net outcome is spatial variation in key traits of species that, in turn, influence their ecological interactions.
Among terrestrial plants, strong gradients in leaf traits are frequently seen, with respect to latitude and nutrient enrichment.
We tested the hypothesis that key leaf traits of the semi aquatic angiosperms, Zostera muelleri and Avicennia marina that
influence whether they are consumed by herbivores or enter detrital pathways also vary according to environmental setting.
Every six months for two years, we assessed spatio-temporal variation in the morphology, biomechanical strength, carbon
to nitrogen ratio and phenolic content of leaves of each species in sixteen estuaries spanning 7 of the NSW coastline, and
that were classified as either highly modified or largely unmodified by coastal development. We expected that leaves from
warmer latitudes and nutrient enriched estuaries would be of larger area, be weaker, have a smaller C:N and fewer. Consistent
with hypotheses we found leaves from the warmer latitudes were larger and weaker in enriched estuaries. In contrast to
expectations, these leaves were also stronger and with greater C:Ns, implying slower rates of decomposition. Differences
between enriched and unenriched estuaries indicate evidence of an interaction between latitude and estuary modification.
Understanding sources of intraspecific variability in key leaf traits that influence herbivory and decomposition will improve our
knowledge about how environmental change will modify ecological interactions.
A decadal decline in abundance and a shift in microphytoplankton

composition at a long-term coastal station off southeast Australia
[Poster]
Ajani, Penelope*1, Andrew P. Allen1, Tim Ingleton2 and Leanne Armand1

1
2
Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109

Waters and Coastal Science, New South Wales Department Office of Environment and Heritage, Department of Premier and Cabinet, PO Box
A290 Sydney South 1232
[email protected]
Phytoplankton communities are closely linked to the coupled ocean-climate system due to their sensitivity to ocean circulation,
stratification and other biotic and abiotic variables Owing to this sensitivity, there is growing concern that global warming may
substantially alter phytoplankton communities, which account for about half of global net primary production. In this study, we
analysed 11 years (1998 2009) of phytoplankton data collected 8km offshore from Port Hacking, Sydney (PH100m). We assessed
changes in phytoplankton composition and abundance in relation to time and observed physico-chemical changes in these
waters. Ordination analyses identified a significant interannual trend in the taxonomic composition of microphytoplankton
at PH100m, with a decline in the prevalence of dinoflagellates relative to diatoms towards the present. Total phytoplankton
abundance was found to be highly variable and separated into two distinct regimes: bloom (>10-8 cells L-1) and non-bloom
periods (<10-8 cells L-1). Within each of these two regimes, significant variability was observed, with abundances during nonbloom periods varying by two orders of magnitude and abundances during bloom periods varying by 9 orders of magnitude.
Both bloom and non-bloom periods exhibited a significant decline over time. Species richness showed a distinctive seasonal
pattern, with peaks in June and a minimum in September/October. To assess correlates of phytoplankton abundance and
composition, the relationship between the phytoplankton community and hydro-climatic variables are presented. Our study
provides the first temporal synthesis of microphytoplankton in these waters, the results of which may have consequences for
higher trophic levels including important fisheries.
80

Threats to carbon reservoirs of harvested mangroves: a case study in

the Solomon Islands
Albert, Joelle A. 1, Anne-Maree J. Schwarz1 and Norman C. Duke*2

1
2
The WorldFish Center, Solomon Islands

James Cook University, TropWATER Mangrove Hub
[email protected]
Recent studies have shown that carbon sequestration by mangrove forests is relatively large. However, resulting carbon stores
might only be maintained where the capping source vegetation is also maintained. Unfortunately, these vital reserves are
under the growing threat of unprecedented, local and broad-scale disturbances from direct and indirect human activities,
including global climate change. In many countries where subsistence cutting is traditional and necessary, it is likely that
increased levels of harvesting pressure might further exacerbate the resilience and sustainability of mangrove habitat. It has
been our aim to quantify the carbon stores of key mangrove forest areas in the Solomon Islands, and to make a preliminary
assessment of harvesting pressure. Our findings show the magnitude of carbon storage was dependent on the extent of
harvesting and the species targeted, and that harvesting regimes affecting < 30% of trees might be sustainable. By comparison
with mangrove carbon reserves of 774 to 2460 Mg C ha-1 measured for undisturbed forests, just one third to one half was
present in harvested forests. Exploitation from increased local demand for timber and land clearing, associated with a rapidly
growing local population have lead to losses of up to 47% of existing mangrove carbon reserves. Support is needed for rural
communities in the form of direct economic benefit schemes and incentives to better manage, and sustainably use, local
mangrove forests. Payment for ecosystem services, like carbon offsets, have some potential, but influencing issues surrounding
land and marine tenure affecting governance issues must also be resolved.
Historical biogeography, diversification and range expansion of

wrasses, leatherjackets and stingarees (Labridae, Monacanthidae,
Urolophidae) endemic to Australia
Andreakis Nikos*1 Daniel Gledhill2, Dianne L. Rowe2, Melody Puckridge2, Bronwyn

Holmes2, William White2, Alan Butler2, Nicholas Bax2, Madeleine van Oppen1 and
Peter Last2
1
2
Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB No. 3, Townsville Qld 4810

CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Castray Esplanade, Hobart Tas 7000
[email protected]
Congruence in biogeographic patterns among endemic species associated with consistent rates of diversification is assumed
to indicate similarities in the geological, historical and evolutionary processes responsible for synchronic speciation within
even unrelated groups of taxa. Australian endemics of wrasses, leatherjackets and stingarees (Labridae, Monacanthidae and
Urolophidae) represent genealogically disparate groups of genetically and morphologically highly differentiated species.
Their origins have often been associated with multiple paleo-climatic changes leading to vicariant events responsible for the
formation of species of exclusively Australian distribution over the last 10 MY.
We infer phylogenies from multiple molecular markers to approximate molecular clocks calculate diversification rates and
reconstruct palaeo-biogeographic patterns from 5, 12 and 22 nominal species of wrasses, leatherjackets and stingarees,
respectively. We aim to explore the impact of geological changes and climatic shifts in the speciation processes and the current
distribution patterns of the species endemic to Australia.
The fully-resolved phylogenies and data analyses provide solid insights into the spatial evolution of these families. Fossilcalibrated, uncorrelated, relaxed molecular clocks suggested the age of the southern Australian labrids to be ca. 6 MY. While
stem taxa of Monacanthidae diverged as early as ca. 16 MY, crown lineages diverged contemporaneously with labrid species of
exclusively Australian distribution, suggesting synchronic speciation and parallel evolutionary trajectories in these two families.
Diversification in Urolophidae on the other hand commenced in the Oligocene, followed by the formation of ancient taxa
during the Miocene and modern derivative lineages, such as Urolophus bucculentus and U. flavomosaicus, as early as ca. 2 MY.
Coastal protection and restoration of mangrove biodiversity at Pulau

Tekong, Singapore Survivability of newly planted mangroves
Ang presenting: Chan, Lena, Linda Goh, Yang Shufen, Ang Hui Ping* et al.
Refer Chan for abstract.

81
Interweaving the past and present to understand natural iron

fertilisation in the Southern Ocean: The KEOPS2 diatom records
Armand, Leanne*1, Jessica Wilks1, Courtney Derriman1, Anne-Marie Ballegeer1, Marine

Lasbleiz2, Karine Leblanc2, Fabien Queroue3, Bernard Quguiner2.
1
2
3
Department of Biological Sciences and Climate Futures, Macquarie University, Balaclava Rd, North Ryde, NSW
Institut Mediterraneen dOceanographie, Universite dAix-Marseille, UM 110 AMU/STVU/CNRS/IRD, Campus de Luminy, F-13288 Marseille
Cedex 09, France.
Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Cnr Alexander and Grosvenor Sts, Sandy Bay Tas 7005 and UBO LEMAR UMR 6539 - Institut Universitaire Europen de la Mer - Place Nicolas Copernic 29280 Plouzan, France.
[email protected]
KEOPS2 (KErguelen: Ocean and Plateau compared Study 2; Oct.-Nov. 2011) was a French-led, mission focused on understanding
the natural HNLC environment and associated naturally fertilised spring bloom. The study was focused on understanding
the changing physical and chemical conditions leading up and into the spring bloom. One aim was fixed on the ecosystem
community response during bloom initiation, given the original KEOPS1 mission (2005) studied the blooms demise. KEOPS1
did, however, confirm the importance of diatoms in the bloom accounting for the majority of carbon biomass in the photic
zone. Shifts in the diatom community structure were observed with bloom evolution, degradation and silicic acid limitation on
the plateau. The sea-floor study of diatom remains highlighted signature species across the plateau and open-ocean sea-floor
when placed in comparison to previous datasets. A tantalising result establishing bloom records and extent being preserved
in the sediments. Under KEOPS2 we documented the diatom community through the bloom inception and also on filling in
seafloor gaps on preserved species distributions. In the latter case we have explored the relationship of preserved diatom
abundances against biogenic silica and dissolved metal distributions. In bringing the results of two KEOPS missions together
we are now able to proffer the evolution of the Kerguelen diatom bloom and response, and how this bloom is translated into
the sediments. The next step will be applying this knowledge to the palaeo record and to question how the palaeo record may
indicate intensity or failure of the bloom in previous climatic scenarios.
Phytoplankton abundance and distribution in a biological hotspot

(Eastern Australia)
Armbrecht, Linda H.*1,2,3, Amandine Schaeffer4, Moninya Roughan3,4, Martin Ostrowski1,

Peter L. Davies5, Leanne Armand1
1
2
3
4
5
Macquarie University, Eastern Road, North Ryde NSW 2109

National Marine Science Centre, Bay Drive - Charlesworth Bay, Coffs Harbour NSW 2450
Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay Road, Mosman NSW 2088
University of New South Wales, Anzac Parade, Kensington NSW 2052
NSW Office of Environment and Heritage, Goulburn Street, Sydney South NSW 1232
[email protected]
Phytoplankton abundance and distribution along the east coast of Australia are driven primarily by the southward flowing
East Australian Current (EAC). The EAC transports warm tropical water to temperate latitudes and its frequent encroachment
onto the shelf strongly impacts phytoplankton composition and abundance. As a consequence of climate change the EAC is
strengthening, which is expected to affect phytoplankton communities along the coast considerably. Previous studies have
shown that small-sized phytoplankton (pico-/nanoplankton) make up the major part of the coastal East Australian chlorophyll
a derived biomass and a further rise in their abundance is projected. In this study, we investigate the cross-shelf variability in
phytoplankton composition during summer 2011/2013. The study site, within the Solitary Islands Marine Park (SIMP), located
at ~30S, is in the tropical-temperate transition zone of Eastern Australia. This geographically significant region is upstream of
the average EAC separation point (~32S), therefore, a broad range of tropical and temperate species occur in this region. By
using different approaches to estimate phytoplankton distribution, composition and abundance, i.e. HPLC, remotely sensed
Chl a, DNA extraction and microscopy data, all phytoplankton size classes from pico- to microphytoplankton are quantified.
Preliminary results suggest a decrease in phytoplankton abundance with distance from the coast associated with proportional
changes in composition from a diatom- (inshore) to a picoplankton- (offshore/EAC) dominated phytoplankton community. In
the context of climate change, a better understanding of such distribution patterns is essential to assess the potential impacts
a strengthening EAC might have on the coastal phytoplankton communities.
82

Gladstone Harbour LNG Development death knell for Sirenia?
Arnold, Sue
Australians for Animals NSW Inc., PO Box 414, Brunswick Heads. NSW
[email protected]
The development of the worlds largest LNG terminal in the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area has major implications for
the future survival of sirenia and inshore dolphins. Whilst the US has mandated the Potential Biological Removal as a means
of ascertaining the maximum number of animals which can be taken from a population ensuring stock can reach and maintain
optimal sustainable level, the Federal government has failed to set any appropriate mortality levels for Gladstone Harbour
marine mammals. Given that sirenia, snubfin and indo-pacific dolphins are listed species under the EPBC Act, and given the
failure of the Federal and Queensland governments to undertake research to investigate the impacts of dredging 42 million
cubic metres of seabed, Gladstone LNG development represents a template for the resource industry and its exploitation of
Australian resources. Approval conditions are weak and incapable of protecting the species. Massive strandings in 2011 and
2013 have raised major concerns in relation to the management of this development. A lack of protocol for necropsies, no cool
rooms for corpses, no trigger levels for action and no significant monitoring add up to a failure by both governments to uphold
relevant provisions of the World Heritage Convention.
The use of Climatologies and Baysian Belief Networks to connect

Observations to Knowledge; an example from Coral Reefs
Bainbridge, Scott
Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3 MC, Townsville, Qld 4810
[email protected]
As our ability to collect observational data increases so does our need to analyse, interpret and deliver the information and
knowledge contained within the observations. The Wireless Sensor Network facility of the Australian Integrated Marine
Observing System (IMOS) has collected over 30 million observations from nine sites along the Great Barrier Reef over the last
five years. While much of the data is routine, and so forms an important baseline, there have been a number of significant
events recorded. The challenge now is to extract events of significance from the background baseline data. With five years
of data it becomes possible to construct climatologies, including observed variability, for each site. Deviations from these
give information about unusual events, coupling of these with Baysian probability models of key processes, such as coral
bleaching, allows for an understanding of the potential impact of each event. In this way the system can detect significant
events and, for those processes that have been modelled, deliver a forecast outcome. An example system, developed to inform
resource managers in the Torres Strait, is presented. The system includes real-time data from sensor networks located near
Thursday Island along with forecast wind and rain data. These feed into a probability model to calculate coral bleaching risk /
forecast indices which are delivered to managers through the web and social media. Interpreted data are also presented to the
public via an information system located in the local radio station with condition reports being broadcast daily.
Modelling carbon stocks and fluxes in the coastal ocean
Baird, Mark*1, Mathieu Mongin1, Peter Ralph2, Karen Wild-Allen1, Malin Gustafsson2,
Andy Steven1
1
2
CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, GPO Box 1538, Hobart 7001
Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123 Broadway, Sydney NSW
2007.
[email protected]
Modelling the time-varying stores of carbon in the coastal marine environment is challenging due to the diversity of carbon
pools, sources and sinks, and the range of time-scales over which they fluctuate. Here we develop capacity within the CSIRO
Environmental Modelling Suite, a coupled hydrodynamic - sediment - biogeochemical coastal model, for comprehensive
carbon chemistry budgets of the coastal ocean. Numerical experiments in an idealised estuarine coastal ocean configuration
show the differing timescales for sediment and water column pools, and are used to determine the most sensitive parameters
for determining carbon budgets. Although the water column dissolved inorganic carbon storage is large, and varies by only a
small fraction, its dynamics is important as it mediates the transfer between the atmosphere and benthos. Similarly, carbon
burial is an important term, but uncertainties in calculating this sink within a hydrodynamic - sediment model remain. Thus
both seawater carbon chemistry reactions and sediment burial, processes not normally considered in water quality models,
are essential for accurate coastal carbon budgets.

83
Untangling the web: is mangrove production really important in aquatic

food webs?
Baker, Ronald*1,2, Candy Feller3

1Smithsonian Institution, Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce, 701 Seaway Drive, Fort Pierce, FL 34949, USA
2Centre for Tropical Water & Aquatic Ecosystem Research, and CSIRO Land and Water, ATSIP Building, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811
3Smithsonian Institution, Smithsonian Environmental Research Centre, 647 Contees Wharf Rd, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA
[email protected]
Mangrove production has long been considered important in fuelling adjacent aquatic food webs. Recent evidence from stable
isotope analysis suggests a more limited role, yet many studies report mangroves as an important source for consumers
sampled in close proximity to mangroves. During a study of the food webs around the offshore mangrove islands of Twin
Cays in Belize, we found the expected depletion in 13C for snappers (Lutjanus spp.) from interior mangrove ponds compared
to those from mangrove fringes adjacent to extensive seagrass meadows (3-5 difference). However, we also found that
virtually all consumers from the mangrove ponds, regardless of their apparent trophic roles, were similarly depleted in 13C.
Remineralised mangrove carbon respired by microbes as they decompose mangrove biomass may deplete the 13C of the
DIC pool in close proximity to mangroves, and thus label other producers with a more mangrove carbon signature. To test
this hypothesis, we sampled algae, seagrass, and primary consumers across the seascape from mangrove ponds to offshore
fringing reefs. For all taxa, tissues and calcified structures showed a similar shift in 13C along the mangrove-offshore gradient.
At the most extreme, Thalassia testudinum showed a shift of >6 in 13C over just 100m from mangrove creeks to midchannel samples. These findings suggest that the importance of mangrove production in aquatic food webs may have been
over estimated, and that the potential for remineralised carbon sources to contaminate or label other food chains should be
considered when interpreting stable isotope studies of aquatic systems.
Macroinvertebrates associated with wrack in the surf zone of sandy

beaches during storm versus calm events
Baring, Ryan*1, Peter Fairweather1 and Rebecca Lester2

1
2
Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, SA, 5042

Deakin University, Princes Highway, Warrnambool, Vic, 3280
[email protected]
Macrophytes that are detached from the seafloor during storms or large swell events accumulate as dense wrack in the
surf zone of sandy beaches, particularly after storm events. The process of wrack supply to the surf zone of sandy beaches
varies according to storm conditions and the type of wrack material found in different coastal bioregions. Macroinvertebrate
assemblages associated with wrack accumulations in the surf zone may also vary accordingly. In order to further understand
the association of macroinvertebrates to wrack accumulations in the surf zone of sandy beaches, we conducted multiple
surveys immediately after storm events and during calmer periods in three coastal regions in South Australia. Some complex
patterns were identified which indicates that wrack supply to surf zones of sandy beaches is not always the same after large
storm events. The presence of wrack material in the surf zone revealed consistency in the structure of macroinvertebrate
assemblages, which were largely composed of amphipods (Gammaridea) and Isopods (Flabellifera). Wrack fragment size
also provided further insights into the complexities of wrack accumulations acting as habitat and potential food source for
macroinvertebrates.
84

Protection from Fishing and the Response of Reef Fish Community

Functional Diversity to Climate Variability over 20 Years
Bates, Amanda E.*1, Neville Barrett 1, Rick D. Stuart-Smith1, Graham J. Edgar1, Neil J.
Holbrook1 Andr Belo do Couto1, Peter Thompson2
1
2
University of Tasmania, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Hobart TAS 7001
CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Climate Adaptation Flagship, Hobart TAS 7001
[email protected]
Environmental variability drives shifts in species distributions by altering abiotic niche space dimensions, changing species
interaction strengths, and ultimately community dynamics. While climate-related range shifts are well-documented, species
abundance patterns will presumably respond to environmental variability and may dramatically alter community function,
depending on the traits of the dominant community players. Here we follow a two decade long data series of shallow reef
fish abundance to explore climate-related variability in species functional traits in marine reserve and reference sites near
Maria Island in southeast Australia. We test for temporal trends in functional richness, diversity and evenness with climate
drivers and identify biological traits linked to observed changes. Functional diversity and evenness oscillate due to orders of
magnitude change in the abundance of temperate species and relate closely to key indices of El Nio-Southern Oscillation and
the Southern Annual Mode, in addition to minimum annual temperature and winter nitrate concentrations. These findings
implicate the importance of climate modes of variability in affecting the ecology of the region. By contrast, functional richness
increases independently from climate. In reference sites this is due to a greater frequency of warm water visitors through time,
while in reserves, a similar trend was observed for pelagic piscivores. Abundance fluctuations of local species have therefore
been more important in determining ecologically-meaningful change than the presence of temporary subtropical species.
Moreover, our results suggest that marine reserves may be more resilient to colonisation by range-shifting species, perhaps
due to the trophic and size structure of protected fish communities.
An agent-based model of competition among foraging mud crabs

(Scylla serrata) inside and outside a marine reserve
Beattie, Christopher*, Kylie Pitt, Rod Connolly

Australian Rivers Institute and School of Environment, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Qld 4222.
[email protected]
Many crab fisheries target large males, which can cause their densities to decline in areas where they are fished. Marine
reserves offer refuge to these individuals from fishing and can, thus, allow their densities to increase. However, the size and
gender of crabs influences their ability to compete for resources, with competition likely to favour larger male crabs, raising
the potential for cascading effects on females or smaller crabs in marine reserves. Densities of large male mud crabs (Scylla
serrata) were found to be much greater inside than outside marine reserves in Moreton Bay Marine Park, Queensland. An
agent-based model was, therefore, developed to investigate the potential consequences of fishing and marine reserves for
mud crabs. The model was based on information about the movements of mud crabs, from a telemetry study, and their
competitive interactions, from a laboratory study, supplemented with material from the literature. The model was used to
explore the possible strategies that mud crabs may use to maximise their net energy gains, when differences in initial densities
of large male crabs inside and outside the reserve are manipulated. Results of model runs suggest show that the sizes of crabs
home-ranges strongly determine whether densities remain higher inside than outside the reserve and the type of functional
response of mud crabs while foraging for prey greatly influences net energy gain.

85
Artificial light, urban structures and how they may influence estuarine
fish assemblages
Becker, Alistair1, 2, Whitfield, A.K.1 & Cowley, P.D.1

1
2
South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Grahamstown, South Africa 6140
School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, UNSW, Sydney NSW
[email protected]
Urbanization has been identified as a global threat to biodiversity. Human population growth in coastal areas, including
estuaries, is expected to increase considerably in coming decades which will result in a proliferation of infrastructure such as
jetties, wharfs and marinas. This infrastructure is often associated with artificial night lighting, yet the implications of these
unnatural lighting regimes for the fish fauna in coastal ecosystems are unknown. We conducted novel, night time surveys of
the fish community directly adjacent to an artificial structure using an acoustic camera (DIDSON). By manipulating the artificial
lighting conditions (lighting either on or off) we tested the effects of artificial light on fish abundance and behaviour. The
occurrence of large bodied predators (> 500 mm TL) increased when the artificial lights were on. The behaviour of these fish
also differed as they attempted to maintain their position within the illuminated area adjacent to the associated anthropogenic
structure. The abundance of small shoaling fish also increased when the lights were on. It is possible that the conditions
created by artificial lighting benefit piscivores through the concentration of prey and enhanced foraging capabilities in the case
of visual predators. This has the potential to create unnatural top down regulation of fish populations within urban estuarine
and coastal waters. More generally, we propose that light is an important ecological resource which can be greatly influenced
by a range of anthropogenic activities and there is a need for rigorous studies which investigate how varying light levels impact
aquatic communities.
AMSA: five decades of shaping the future of marine science in Australia
Beckley, Lynnath E
Murdoch University, School of Veterinary & Life Sciences, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150
[email protected]
Since the inaugural meeting at Cronulla in 1963, AMSA has grown from 130 foundation members to a vibrant, multi-disciplinary
organisation of about 1,000 members spread over several branches around Australia. The 190 issues of the AMSA Bulletin offer
a treasure trove of history and have provided the substance for this presentation. National AMSA affairs are run by the Council
and there have been nearly 200 Councillors including 24 Presidents, 17 Secretaries, 16 Editors and 11 Treasurers. The AMSA
conference is the annual highlight and has grown from an AGM and a few talks by senior scientists to the more recent, weeklong, themed events with >400 scientists and students, keynote speakers, concurrent sessions, posters, phone app and social
events; all indicating the vitality of AMSA. From early on, the collective wisdom of AMSA members has been influential about
matters affecting marine science, Australias oceans and marine policy through scores of written submissions to government and
representation on many major national committees. Significant efforts have covered marine careers, estuarine management,
marine protected areas, scientific diving, taxonomy, marine science policy and national research priorities. Members provide
the core strength of AMSA and many have contributed tirelessly to the association. Fittingly, our premier student prizes, the
Kenny and Allen Awards recognise remarkable AMSA members while our prestigious Jubilee Award acknowledges excellence
in Australian marine research. With a sound history of accomplishments in advancing marine science over the past fifty years,
AMSA will surely continue to shape marine science in Australia into the future.
86

International Indian Ocean Expedition: Fifty years down the 110o East
line [Poster]
Beckley, Lynnath E.
Murdoch University, School of Veterinary & Life Sciences, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150
[email protected]
Australia made a significant contribution to the International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE) during the 1960s by regularly
occupying the 110oE line with the vessels, Gascoyne and Diamantina. Arising from this, the studies on particulate carbon,
chlorophyll, primary production, zooplankton and micro-nekton remain some of the only in situ biological data available for
this oceanic region. We propose to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the IIOE by revisiting the 110oE line in a new
ship with an international, multi-disciplinary team and apply modern technology, contemporary insights and modelling to
investigate the physical, biogeochemical and biological processes in this region. The overall aim is to compare and contrast
the properties of the water column with the benchmark data of the 1960s while including more biogeochemical parameters,
gene diversity of the microbial community, trophic linkages and modelling. We plan to characterise the broad-scale zonal
and vertical structure of the eastward flows and explore the impact of ocean physics on the biogeochemistry of the region.
Particular focus will be on nitrogen fixation by diazotrophs, biogeography and functional gene diversity of bacteria, archaea
and pico-eukaryotes, and trophic relationships between zooplankton and larvae of meso-pelagic fishes. The expected outcome
of the voyage will be greatly improved understanding of the physical, biogeochemical and trophic processes across temperate,
sub-tropical and tropical oceanic waters in the SE Indian Ocean. This will facilitate the development and application of coupled
physical-biogeochemical models to characterize nutrient sources and sinks in this under-sampled part of Australias EEZ and
recently claimed extended continental shelf.
The development of an East Coast Humpback Whale Watch Catalogue

[Poster]
Beeman, Peta*, Daniel Burns and Peter Harrison

Marine Ecology Research Centre, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW, Australia, 2480
[email protected].
The humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) population that migrates along the eastern coast of Australia is showing
signs of strong recovery after a population crash in the 20th Century caused by commercial and illegal whaling. The increase in
humpback whale abundance is occurring in a habitat that is increasingly threatened by pollution, ship traffic, noise, commercial
fishing and changing ecological dynamics as a result of climate change. With the growth in whale numbers, whale watching
tour operations have expanded along the coast and many encounters with whales are photographed by tour operators and
tourists. These photographs represent an untapped source of useable scientific data, as there is currently no system for the
collection and analysis of these photos. This project involves the development of a catalogue of humpback whale tail fluke
photographs that have been collected aboard whale watch vessels on the eastern coast of Australia. The early project phase
has already resulted in the contribution of over 500 useable fluke photographs from over 30 whale watch passengers and tour
operators. The computerised fluke-matching system, Fluke Matcher is being used to reconcile the catalogue and participate in
collaborative regional projects. Results to date have clearly demonstrated that opportunistic photographs of humpback whale
tail flukes are a source of useful data that can be incorporated into long-term datasets.
Patterns of herbivory on reefs along a tropical to temperate gradient
Beger, Maria*, Brigitte Sommer, John M. Pandolfi

Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef
Studies, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
[email protected]
Herbivory is among the most prolific ecological functions on coral and rocky reefs, controlling benthic communities, and
productivity through food chains. The degree of overlap among tropical, subtropical and temperate fishes in eastern Australia
varies among communities located along the latitudinal gradient. As communities transition, they will likely exhibit a redistribution
of the agents of key ecosystem functions, such as herbivory. For example, tropical reef herbivores are predominantly fishes but
the dominant herbivores shift to invertebrate taxa with increasing latitude. Here we quantify changes in diversity and abundance
of herbivorous fishes and sea urchins along subtropical reefs of eastern Australia. We relate these changes to gradients in
environmental conditions such as seawater temperature. We found that the diversity and abundances of herbivorous fishes
is driven by temperature gradients from both changing latitude and season. Herbivorous fish diversity is higher at warmer
sites closer to the tropics, but the abundance of herbivores is low at low latitudes and in summer. Few herbivorous fish
species dominate at high latitudes, and in cool seasons further north. Contrastingly, urchin diversity peaks in mid-ranges of the
transitional zone. Increasingly high abundances with higher latitudes of no more than two urchin species on reefs are consistent
with a functional shift of herbivory from fishes to urchins along the latitudinal gradient. However, temperature thresholds were
found for both types of herbivores. Our findings illustrate the vulnerability of the herbivore transition to changes in temperature,
a vulnerability that may intensify with the increasing seawater temperatures of the future.
87
Population connectivity in temperate marine waters of Australia: New

insights from genetics
Beheregaray, Luciano
Molecular Ecology Lab, School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001
[email protected]
Understanding the forces driving population connectivity in the sea and the spatial and temporal scales over which they
operate is a central goal of marine ecology. Such knowledge is key for developing management strategies for fisheries and for
designing marine reserves that protect biodiversity. In this talk I review recent studies of seascape genetics that have informed
on population connectivity in temperate marine waters of Australia. Emphasis is given to population genetic surveys that
combined developments in spatial modelling that provide an environmental angle to disclose associations between seascape
features, oceanographic circulation and population structure. Such studies have the potential to identify physical, ecological
and evolutionary processes influencing marine biodiversity, to produce new insights into fundamental questions about marine
ecosystems and to advance systematic conservation planning in the sea.
Behrens, Sam1, Jennifer Hayward1, Stuart Woodman2, Mark Hemer3*, Melanie Ayre2
1
2
3
CSIRO Energy Technology, Newcastle NSW

CSIRO Mathematics Informatics and Statistics, Clayton, VIC
CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Hobart, TAS.
[email protected]
In this study we examine the opportunities for the renewable wave energy resource in Australias National Electricity Market
(NEM). Using 9 years of wave resource data and a typical terminator wave energy converter performance curve, hourly electricity
generation profiles and normalised annual wave energy capacity factors were calculated in spatially distributed polygons of
the NEM. Assuming a conservative wave farm design and environmental, marine park and general exclusion zone constraints,
the capacity build limits of wave farms per polygon have been determined. The polygon which spans western Victoria has the
greatest capacity factor (of 0.44). Integrating the hourly electricity generation data revealed that the polygon spanning the NW
coast of Queensland can generate the most electricity, equal to 44.4TWh/yr. Total generation over all polygons was calculated
to be 275TWh/yr. This exceeds Australias total electricity generation of 241.6TWh in the financial year 20092010. Wave
energy could potentially provide sufficient electricity generation to meet demand in the NEM region.
Automated classification of benthic imagery content using a

hierarchical classification scheme
Bewley, Michael*, Oscar Pizarro and Stefan B. Williams

Australian Centre for Field Robotics, The University of Sydney, NSW 2008
[email protected]
In recent years, the availability of benthic imagery for use in marine science has expanded dramatically. Autonomous
Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) are capable of recording tens of thousands of high-resolution sea-floor images within a few hours.
Given the manual labour required to identify species and objects in these images, automatic identification is highly desirable.
With the recent definition of a hierarchical classification scheme (defined by Australian marine scientists as part of the CATAMI
project), we have a challenging machine learning problem. Typical supervised classification approaches require either a binary
class problem, or at most a list of classes. Having tree-structured classes requires a new approach. We formulate the problem
as a network of binary classifiers, which are trained to solve localised problems (such as whether a point in an image is physical
or biological at the top level, or which type of macroalgae it is at a lower level). We present initial performance results on
a framework including a hierarchy of 19 classes, using 60,000 manually labelled image keypoints from an AUV campaign in
Queensland. We discuss the problem formulation in relation to potential marine science use cases of the system. We present a
visualisation of performance to aid understanding of accuracy within different parts of the hierarchy, and describe the benefits
of our approach in areas such as adding new species/categories to the hierarchy, or labelling at different levels of specificity.
88

Distribution patterns of migrating humpback whales cow/calf pairs in

Jervis Bay: A possible resting area in a high use area
Blewitt, Michelle*1,2,3, Scott Sheehan1,4, Lindsey Albright5 and Eleanor Bruce5

1
2
3
4
5
Marine Mammal Research Unit, PO Box 117, Huskisson, Jervis Bay, NSW 2540
Cardno Ecology Lab, PO Box 19, St Leonards, NSW, 1590
University of Sydney Institute of Marine Science, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006
Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480
Geocoastal Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006
[email protected]
Increases in east Australian humpback whale populations, specifically in areas where sightings were previously infrequent,
highlight the importance of understanding the usage patterns and habitat preferences for resting grounds along migration
pathways. This study investigates the spatio-temporal distribution of humpback whales in Jervis Bay, New South Wales, based
on group composition, to provide insight on the role of this shallow coastal embayment for cow/calf pairs on the southern
migration. Jervis Bay is a multiple use marine park which accommodates the Royal Australian Navy, commercial (whale-watch
operators) and recreational boat users; sharing these sheltered waters with humpback whales during peak southern migration
season. Sighting data collected by commercial whale-watch operators during the 2007 to 2010 seasons were mapped to
examine monthly variations in Bay usage and group composition. Differences in the distribution patterns of cow/calf pairs
and non-calf group sightings were examined using spatial cluster analysis. Cow/calf pairs show a significant preference for
the shallow waters of Jervis Bay during October and November, indicating Jervis Bay may function as a preferred resting
location during their southern migration to polar feeding grounds. Jervis Bay as a new resting ground may provide shelter from
adverse weather, protection from predators and a safe location for maternal activities for the east Australian humpback whale
population.
Always more fish in the sea? Predicting shark population abundance

and genetic diversity with simulated and empirical genetic data
Blower, Dean*1, Riginos, Cynthia1, Ovenden, Jennifer2

1
2
School of Biological Sciences. The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072
Molecular Fisheries Laboratory. The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072
[email protected]
Many shark fisheries worldwide are not accurately monitored and potentially overfished. Effective population monitoring
requires data regarding population resilience such as demography and life-history properties which are difficult to obtain for
most shark species. Molecular genetics can complement existing wildlife resource management techniques by addressing
ecological questions regarding population size, reproductive output and the genetic diversity required to adapt in a changing
environment. The use of molecular methods in the management of shark fisheries, however, needs to be refined and its
effectiveness demonstrated to resource managers. Our work employs genetic simulations and empirical nuclear DNA data
gathered from Australian shark fisheries to evaluate the utility of molecular genetics for informing shark fisheries management.
Specifically, we test the influence of characteristic shark life-history properties (overlapping generations, polygamy, and
reproductive pauses) on genetic effective population size (Ne) estimates of population genetic variation and abundance. Under
theoretical conditions, the Ne for a population is an index of contemporary genetic diversity, and a surrogate for the average
number of breeding individuals, given the observed quantity of genetic drift or inbreeding. The influence of shark life-history
properties on Ne estimates is little understood, but our preliminary results highlight that key shark life-history attributes
do influence the relationship between Ne estimates and the census population size. Our results will ultimately provide
demographic parameters that will directly contribute to the formulation of species-specific catch quotas for commercially
fished Australian shark populations, and yield genetic assessment techniques applicable to the many largely unmonitored
shark fisheries worldwide.

89
Cetacean morbillivirus in Australia
Blyde, David
Veterinarian, Sea World, P.O. Box 190, Surfers Paradise Qld 4217
[email protected]
Since 1987, at least eight mass mortality events affecting free-living pinniped and cetacean populations world-wide have been
attributed to morbillivirus infection and morbilliviruses have emerged as the most potent viral pathogen of pinnipeds and
cetaceans. In March 2010 a juvenile 38.5 kg male offshore bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) was found stranded on the
eastern (ocean) side of Fraser Island, Queensland, Australia. This animal ultimately died and was the first documented case of
cetacean morbillivirus causing disease in cetaceans in Australia. Serological evidence of cetacean morbillivirus infection (CMV)
was subsequently found in five of eight cetacean species found stranded, traumatised or trapped along the coast of South East
Queensland and Northern New South Wales, Australia between December 2005 and January 2011. Cetacean morbillivirus
infection appears to be endemic within the melon-headed whale (Peponocephala electra) population and frequent within
the inshore bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) population and both species may serve as vectors and reservoirs of CMV
infection in this region. Morbillivirus infection is occurring without widespread cetacean mortality although clinical disease
and death of two immature Australian offshore bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) has now been directly attributed to
CMV infection. Evidence has been obtained that CMV infection appears to have been present within Australian wild cetaceans
since at least 1985. It may be that changing ecological conditions including habitat degradation and changes in prey abundance
might render populations of cetaceans more susceptible from disease from CMV and epidemics in Australia may arise as a
consequence.
Unsurveyed deep water fish assemblages of tropical Australia
Bradley, Michael* and Marcus Sheaves

Estuary and Tidal Wetland Ecosystems Research Group, Centre for Tropical Water & Aquatic Ecosystem Research School of Marine and Tropical
Biology, James Cook University, Douglas Campus, Townsville, Qld 4811
[email protected]
In the past turbid water and the presence of estuarine crocodiles has limited the scope of research on fish-habitat relationships
in Australias tropical estuaries. However, recent advances in video and acoustic techniques are allowing new insights across a
range structurally complex deep water habitats to depths of over 20m. We used side-scan sonar to classify deepwater habitats
in Hinchinbrook Channel, north Queensland, validated the classification using an underwater remotely operated vehicle, and
investigated fish-habitat relationships using an array of stationary underwater video cameras. The approach identified large
areas of structurally complex habitats, including localised boulder fields and extensive areas of rocky rubble. Soft bottom
habitats were more heterogeneous than expected, with coral, ascidian and sponge isolates adding local habitat complexity.
Fish assemblages were highly structured, with strong habitat associations and depth effects, and included species typical of
nearshore reefs as well as seven species of juvenile snappers (Lutjanidae). The occurrence of a large number of species not
previously sampled in north Queensland estuaries suggests a great deal of unidentified faunal and functional complexity, while
the occurrence of a range of juveniles of offshore species suggests our understanding of the nursery concept in these estuaries
needs to be revised.
Monitoring water quality and quantity and its application for urban
stormwater management in a coastal catchment
Brennan, Kirsty*, Aaron Wright, Marlene van der Sterren

New South Wales Office of Environment and Heritage, Sydney NSW 2000
[email protected]
Urban stormwater modeling can be a useful tool for describing catchment processes, understanding consequences of landuse management decisions, predicting likely effects of future land-use management scenarios and helping to educate the
community on the effects of land management practices. Many councils rely on the Model for Urban Stormwater Improvement
Conceptualisation (MUSIC) to inform stormwater management decisions however the standard input data for the models may
differ significantly to actual local data. Good quality local empirical data for calibration and validation of models is ideal to
ensure reliable model outputs. However funding and time constraints are a major barrier to conduct an extensive monitoring
program to obtain a full suite of field data and therefore reliance on partially calibrated models is needed. The outputs of
a MUSIC model for a typical coastal catchment in New South Wales did not fit the limited data sets collected by using the
standard model input data. By calibrating the model to good quality empirical data it was shown that the standard MUSIC
concentrations of total suspended solids were significantly underestimated and stormwater treatment systems based on
these model outputs would likely be undersized. Event mean concentrations and dry weather concentrations were developed
for residential, industrial, forested and mixed urban land uses based on an intensive water quality and quantity monitoring
program. This paper describes a methodology for establishing a water quality and quantity monitoring program for calibration
and validation of an urban stormwater model.
90

Scaling up Redmap: a national database and mapping resource for

observational marine species data marine monitoring, community
engagement and collaborative research
Brians, Martha*1, Gretta Pecl2, Jemina Stuart-Smith2, Peter Walsh2, Dianne Bray3, Gary
Jackson4, Natalie Moltschaniwskyj5, Melissa Nursey-Bray6, Keith Rowling7, Marcus
Sheaves1 and Kate Rodda7
1
2
3
4
5
6
Centre for Tropical Water & Aquatic Ecosystem Research, School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville Qld 4811
Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Private Bag 49, University of Tasmania, Hobart Tas 7001
Museum Victoria, P.O. Box 666E, Melbourne, Vic 3000
WA Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, PO Box 20, North Beach WA, 6920
University of Newcastle, PO Box 12, Ourimbah NSW 2258
University of Adelaide, SA 5005
PIRSA Fisheries and Aquaculture, GPO Box 1625, Adelaide, SA 5001
[email protected]
REDMAP (Range Extension Database and Mapping project) is an online database and mapping resource that allows members
of the public to contribute to current scientific climate change data collection. Members of the community who are active in
the ocean can contribute accurate data points of marine species movements by logging their sightings and including supportive
material (photographs and GPS locations) that are then verified by expert scientists. Australia has over 3.5 million fishers and
divers; this website aims to tap into this vast resource of citizen scientists for an effective large-scale monitoring program.
With warming water temperatures and over 60,000km of coastline to cover, this is an effective way to collect information
about marine species range shifts and changes in distribution. This national effort is already monitoring over 200 species, with
over 50 scientists from 12 institutes across Australia collaborating on the validation team. The interaction of the community is
crucial for this large database, which could otherwise not be collected at such a low cost. Furthermore, the website provides
an interactive and easily-accessible source of current scientific information to the community. In addition to raising awareness
about impacts of climate change on Australias marine environment, REDMAP will highlight changes that may have commercial
impacts, and will provide early warnings that may influence management decisions and actions.
Quantifying the footprint and impact of river infows into the GBR, and
implications for understanding COTS outbreaks an application of
eReefs models
Brinkman*1, Richard, Hemerson Tonin1, Mike Herzfeld2, John Andrewartha2, Miles

Furnas1, Britta Scahffelke1, Katharina Fabricius1
1
2
Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB No 3, Townsville QLD 4810

CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Castray Esplanade, Hobart TAS 7000
[email protected]
Coral cover on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) has declined by half since 1985, with 42% of the observed decline attributed
to coral predation by Crown-of-Thorns Seastar (COTS). COTS outbreaks are therefore a significant risk factor for the health
and biodiversity status of the GBR. Over the last 50 years, COTS populations have exhibited a cyclic pattern of abundance
characterized by large outbreaks at ~ 15 year intervals. The underlying cause(s) for the outbreaks are not fully resolved, and the
extent to which human activities influence the occurrence of outbreaks remains controversial. GBR reefs are naturally exposed
to river runoff carrying enhanced nutrient and suspended sediment loads, and one effect is that higher nutrient availability can
support increased phytoplankton biomass during the period when COTS larvae are in their pelagic filter-feeding stage.
Hydrodynamic models currently being applied to the GBR as part of the eReefs project provide a valuable tool for identifying,
quantifying and communicating the spatial impact of discharges from various rivers into the GBR lagoon. Using a hindcast
simulation of the 2010-2011 wet season, river-tagged passive tracers were released from each of the major rivers between
the Burdekin River and the Normanby River. Results of the hydrodynamic modelling and estimates of DIN loads were used to
rank the contribution of significant rivers to the Cairns to Lizard Island COTS outbreak region. Modelling provided a quantitative
identification of high or extended exposure to river plumes and therefore provides a basis for prioritizing catchments for
management attention.

91
Assessing risk to the Great Barrier Reef from catchment landuse
Brodie, Jon1*, Jane Waterhouse1 and Jeffrey Maynard2

1
2
Catchment to Reef Research Group, TropWATER, James Cook University, Townsville, 4881.
Maynard Marine, 2-5A Church Street West End, Qld 4810
[email protected]
The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) faces increasing pressure from human activities. Substantial evidence exists that links the
degradation of GBR ecosystems, including reduction in coral cover, to declining water quality. The loads of suspended sediment,
nutrients and pesticides (pollutants) discharged to the GBR from agricultural and urban development has increased greatly
in the last 150 years. The pollutants disperse offshore during high flow events and pose variable threats to GBR ecosystems
including coral reefs and seagrass meadows. We analysed the differential risk of pollutants to management regions within
the GBR, and ranked them using a relative assessment technique. The relative risk was calculated for each habitat (seagrass
and coral reefs) in each management region and was estimated from the habitat area observed or modeled as being exposed
to the exceedance of defined pollutant thresholds. The analysis then attributed relative risk back to individual rivers through
the assessment of end of catchment pollutant loads, and ultimately to individual land uses within the river catchments. The
assessment showed distinct differences between the management regions in terms of potential impact from each pollutant.
Overall the highest risk area was in the Wet Tropics, secondly but still high in the Burdekin and Fitzroy regions followed by
Mackay Whitsunday, Burnett Mary and Cape York with the least risk. Coupled with information on catchment management
and social and economic data, the results are being used to inform future investment priorities for farm management practices
that contribute to reducing pollutant runoff to the GBR.
edefining tradeoffs between fisheries and conservation to provide

R
ecosystem-wide benefits
Brown, Christopher* and Peter Mumby

The Global Change Institute & Marine Spatial Ecology Lab, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072
[email protected]
Management of marine ecosystems should aim to conserve species functional roles in the maintenance of habitats, biodiversity
and resource provisioning. Current conservation efforts have tended to focus on protecting species functional roles within
relatively small protected areas, and have not considered conservation across entire seascapes. Using coral reef fisheries as
an example, we synthesise evidence for density thresholds, below which species no longer perform their functional roles
adequately. We use a multi-species fisheries model that accounts for three critical functional roles on coral reefs (herbivory,
invertivory, predation) to examine trade-offs between seascape wide conservation of functional roles and fishery harvest. We
show the strength of the trade-off is defined by the management approach: marine reserves can be used to conserve small
areas at a low cost to fisheries, whereas, reducing fishing effort is a more effective method for seascape-wide conservation of
functional roles. These results suggest that management of fishing effort, rather than marine reserves, is needed to protect
functional roles across entire seascapes. More generally, appropriate choice of management actions can ameliorate potential
for conflict between fisheries and conservation management goals.
Chaetognatha: distribution and abundance in the Leeuwin Current

system [Poster]
Buchanan, Pearse J.* and Beckley, Lynnath E.

School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
[email protected]
Recent experiments have shown that chaetognaths (arrow worms) are the preferred prey of the pelagic phyllosoma larvae of
the Western Rock Lobster. Little is known about the chaetognaths of the Leeuwin Current system though it is the dominant
oceanographic feature of the southeast Indian Ocean, exerts strong influences on the marine biota and is heavily implicated
in annual recruitment of the Western Rock Lobster. An extensive survey of the Leeuwin Current system collected plankton
samples using 355 m nets (down to 150 m depth) over shelf (50-100 m), Leeuwin Current (200-300 m) and oceanic (10005000 m) stations from 22S to 34S. Sampling was conducted in May 2007 to coincide with peak Leeuwin Current flow and
biological activity. It is anticipated that at least 20 of the 121 globally recognised chaetognath species will be identified from
these samples. To date, the genera Flaccisagitta, Mesosagitta, Serratosagitta and Pterosagitta appear to dominate temperate
samples and two species previously unrecorded from waters off Western Australia, Aidanosagitta neglecta and Eukrohnia
minuta, have been identified. This study encompasses tropical, subtropical and warm temperate waters and the anomalous
Leeuwin Current system is predicted to strongly influence the chaetognath assemblages. Links between assemblages and
environmental factors, such as meso-scale features, water masses, primary production, nutrient concentrations and biology,
are being explored. This study will improve understanding of the prey field available to planktonic lobster larvae and possibly
assist with explaining the continued and unexpected decline in recruitment since 2006/07.
92

The value of fisher knowledge for fisheries stock assessments
Buckley, Sarah M*, Ruth H. Thurstan and John M. Pandolfi

Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072
[email protected]
Fisher knowledge is recognised as a valuable source for filling knowledge gaps and understanding changes in exploited
fisheries. Fisher knowledge is often considered appropriate when alternative data sources are lacking, but it has been applied
only rarely to fisheries management. We focus on the Australian East coast Spanish mackerel fishery where commercial
fishing has targeted the fisherys spawning season and predictable migratory route for generations. The fishery is described
anecdotally as on the verge of collapse, yet in the most recent stock assessment Spanish mackerel was declared sustainable.
However, the assessment failed to include long-term abundance indices or changes in fishing power and effort over time.
Using semi-structured interviews, 60 commercial fishers with fishing experience ranging from 10-50 years were surveyed
along the Queensland coastline. Our catch reconstruction extends understanding of temporal trends in catch by five decades
and demonstrates an unprecedented contraction of spawning grounds at fine spatial scales. Using generalised mixed models
to standardise catch rates, we identified previously unaccounted influences over catch rate, including an intensification in
fisher behaviour, a decrease in total fishing effort, increase in fishing power and changing management regimes. We will
demonstrate the application of quantitative fisher knowledge into current fish stock assessments. We recommend this
approach of incorporating fisher knowledge into management for increasing certainty of stock assessments and ensuring longterm sustainability of fisheries.
The effect of increasing temperature and acidity on the decomposition

of gelatinous zooplankton
Budarf, Ariella Chelsky*, David T. Welsh, and Kylie A. Pitt

Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Qld 4215
[email protected]
Jellyfish often have boom and bust population dynamics whereby they proliferate rapidly then die en masse and decompose.
The sudden flux of labile organic material could have a large impact on the marine environment, however, few studies have
investigated these effects, and none have studied how changing ocean conditions will alter the decomposition process. Climate
change will result in warmer more acidic waters, therefore studies should consider both factors concurrently, as decreasing
pH could counteract or magnify the effects of temperature. To quantify the effects of changing ocean conditions on the
decomposition of jellyfish blooms, we measured oxygen and nutrient fluxes of decomposing Catostylus mosaicus in incubation
chambers at present day pCO2 and temperature (400ppm and 27C) conditions; and projected year 2100 pCO2 and temperature
(1000ppm and 30C) conditions for 12 days. Oxygen demand was significantly elevated in both treatments. There was a large
initial release of organic nutrients and carbon, followed by elevated regeneration of inorganic nutrients. Overall decomposition
rates were slightly elevated under endof-century conditions compared to present day, however, the magnitude of difference
was much smaller than expected due to temperature increase alone. During decomposition of jellyfish blooms, the release
of nutrients and localized depletion of oxygen may have major effects on fauna and biogeochemical processes. However, in
future, increasing acidity may mitigate the effects of increasing temperature on the rate of jellyfish carrion decomposition,
suggesting that rates of oxygen consumption and nutrients from collapsed blooms may not change drastically in the next 100
years.

93
Colonisation by a non-indigenous species: does the local assemblage

affect the colonisation by the isopod Cirolana harfordi?
Bugnot, Ana*1, Ross Coleman1, Will Figueira1 and Ezequiel Marzinelli2

1
2
Centre for Research on Ecological Impacts of Coastal Cities, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006
Sydney Institute of Marine Science & Centre for Marine Bio-innovation, University of New South Wales, Randwick NSW 2052
[email protected]
Previous studies showed that local assemblages can affect the colonisation by non-indigenous species, either hindering or
aiding their arrival. The non-indigenous isopod Cirolana harfordi (hereafter Cirolana) occurs in large densities in oyster-beds
in Sydney Harbour. In previous studies, we found no evidence of effects of Cirolana on the structure of local assemblages.
Is the opposite also true? Specifically, does the local assemblage influence the colonization by Cirolana? Living organisms
(through interactions), dead organisms (as a resource) or simply organic matter present (food) in the assemblage may influence
colonization. To disentangle these possible effects of local assemblages and test hypotheses derived from these models, four
treatments were created using experimental oyster-beds: i) patches with live assemblage (organisms <500m); ii) patches with
dead assemblage (same organisms after being frozen); iii) patches with a source of food equivalent to the assemblage; and iv)
patches without assemblage or food. Experimental oyster-beds were placed haphazardly in trays with flowthrough seawater,
a tidal regime and photoperiod simulating natural conditions. Seven days after the introduction of Cirolana individuals, their
size and abundance were quantified. Cirolana was found in largest abundances in treatments with dead assemblage and with
an equivalent source of food, followed by treatments with live assemblage and without assemblage or food. Living organisms
might be repelling Cirolana, possibly by competition or predation, demonstrating the importance of local assemblages in
resilience to invasions. Assessing the role of local communities in invasion success is important to predict future invasions and
prevent the spread of invasive species.
Predicting changes in macrophyte community composition following a

flood disturbance
Burfeind, Dana1,2*, Kylie Pitt1, Rod Connolly1

1

Australian Rivers Institute Coasts and Estuaries, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Qld 4222 Australia
(current address) School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland St Lucia, Qld 4072 Australia
[email protected]
Floods are a common disturbance in subtropical ecosystems. Floodwaters decrease salinity, increase nutrient load, and decrease
benthic light availability. Benthic habitats such as seagrasses and macroalgae are influenced by changes in environmental
conditions, potentially resulting in large-scale changes in community composition. We conducted a series of experiments
to quantify the effects of flood intensity on two seagrass species (Zostera muelleri and Halophila ovalis) and a macroalga
(Caulerpa taxifolia), which form the dominant marine habitat types in Moreton Bay. Z. muelleri declined in both shoot density
and aboveground biomass under high intensity flood conditions; however, it remained stable under low to moderate flood
conditions. H. ovalis had a significant decrease in above- and belowground biomass under moderate to high intensity flood
conditions. Z. muelleri did not recover following the simulated high intensity flood disturbances; however, H. ovalis exhibited
rapid (within two weeks) recovery from low to moderate flood conditions. The macroalga C. taxifolia had 100% mortality under
high intensity flood conditions and a significant decline in biomass under moderate flood conditions. C. taxifolia populations
had a moderate increase under low intensity flood conditions, suggesting they may benefit from increased nutrient loads.
These results suggest that under moderate to high flood conditions slower growing species (i.e. Z. muelleri) will exhibit signs of
stress and sustain some level of decline; however, faster growing species (H. ovalis and C. taxifolia) will decline dramatically in
the same conditions. H. ovalis is likely to recover quickly and therefore increase under moderate to high intensity disturbances.
94

The hidden contribution of saltflats to coastal productivity
Burford, Michele*1, Valdez, Dominic1, Curwen, Graeme1, Ward, Doug1, OBrien, Kate2
1
2
Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Kessels Rd, Nathan Qld 4111 and Tropical Rivers and Coastal Knowledge
School of Chemical Engineering, the University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4020
[email protected]
Supratidal saltflats are poorly studied habitats but have the potential to provide a significant contribution to carbon and nutrient
flow within coastal systems. The southern Gulf of Carpentaria in northern Australia has some of the most extensive saltflats in
Australia covering thousands of square kilometers. These saltflats are inundated due to flooding in the summer monsoon and
in wet years may be inundated for many months. We studied nutrient release and productivity of inundated saltflats adjacent
to the Norman River in the southern Gulf of Carpentaria. Much of the release of nitrate/nitrite, ammonium and phosphate
occurred in the first 24 to 48 hours and was very high at some sites, relative to water column nutrient concentrations. After
inundation, mats were initially net heterotrophic but after 3-4 days, mats became net autotrophic and were dominated by
filamentous cyanobacteria. Mats grew equally well regardless of the salinity. Remote sensing and a model of saltflat inundation
were used to estimate the potential algal productivity of the southern Gulf of Carpentaria for a range of wet season intensities
over a 10 year period. Algal production has the potential for significant contribution to carbon and nutrient availability for
higher trophic levels, including fish and crustaceans which may access the saltflats in the summer. Additionally, nutrients in
water which drains from saltflats enters coastal areas stimulating productivity.
Impacts of ocean warming and acidification on benthic marine

invertebrates, a multistressor perspective
Byrne, Maria
Dept Anatomy and Histology, F13, University of Sydney NSW 2006
[email protected]
Schools of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Benthic marine invertebrates and
their planktonic life stages live in a multistressor world where stressor levels are, and will continue to be, exacerbated by
global change. Global warming and increased atmospheric CO2 are causing the oceans to warm, decrease in pH and become
hypercapnic. These concurrent stressors have strong impacts on biological processes, but little is known about their combined
effects on marine invertebrate development. Increasing temperature has a pervasive stimulatory effect on metabolism until
lethal levels are reached, whereas hypercapnia can depress metabolism. Ocean acidification is a major threat to calcifying life
stages because it decreases carbonate mineral saturation and also exerts a direct pH effect on physiology. Ocean pH, pCO2 and
CaCO3 covary and will change simultaneously with temperature, challenging our ability to predict future outcomes for marine
biota. The need to consider both warming and acidification is reflected in the recent increase in multifactorial studies of the
effects of these stressors on development of marine invertebrates. Different sensitivities of life history stages and species
have implications for persistence and community function in a changing ocean. Some species are more resilient than others
and may be potential winners in the climate change stakes. The Echinodermata is used as a case study group to highlight the
variation in stressor effects across benthic-pelagic life stages. As the ocean will change more gradually over coming decades
than in future shock experiments, it is likely that some species may be able to tolerate near future ocean change through
acclimatization or adaption.
Seagrasses in recovering systems: revisiting the decline and recovery

of the Albany Harbours, WA
Cambridge, Marion L.*1, Hovey, Renae K. 2, Renton, Michael3, Kendrick, Gary A. 1

1
2
3
UWA Oceans Institute, School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009.
UWA Oceans Institute, School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009
School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009.
[email protected]
Many ecosystems are likely to exist in alternative stable states when widespread degradation has occurred, but key steps in
their restoration include identifying and dealing with the processes leading to degradation in the first place. Major seagrass
losses occurred during the 1980s in the Albany Harbours on the southern coast of Western Australia: an estuary, Oyster Harbor
and a marine embayment, Princess Royal Harbor. The systems changed from predominantly seagrass habitats to macroalgaldominated systems as nutrient loading increased. Following reduction of nutrient loading, seagrasses are now slowly expanding
through natural recruitment, indicating more resilience than expected. I review earlier environmental studies that addressed
the problem of nutrient reduction, then present results of our projects on more than a decade of successful transplantation
trials of seagrass Posidonia and responses to nutrient addition, and then consider the drivers that are influencing recovery of
these systems. Nutrient loading in both systems has been greatly reduced but are they recovering to their former state?

95
Join the Navypolyps only - The temperate water coral community on

a shipwreck in southern Australia
Cameron, Shea* Sabine Dittmann and Peter Fairweather

School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA
[email protected]
Large steel vessels often support fouling communities that are more diverse and have different abundances than those found
on adjacent natural reefs. Temperate corals are found on natural and artificial reefs in the Gulf of St Vincent, but have been
observed in particularly high densities on a shipwreck. The ex-HMAS Hobart was one of three large naval vessels, donated
to states around Australia, for use as a dive wreck in 2002. The fouling community on the wreck was sampled by scuba
divers in early 2013, as part of a larger experimental study examining interactions amongst temperate corals and associated
invertebrates. The wreck was surveyed to determine the diversity present and the heterogeneity of the fouling community
on different surfaces and locations of the wreck. The percentage cover of the fouling community was quantified using digital
image analysis. The fouling community was made up of filter-feeding sponges, anemones, corals, ascidians, and also some
small red algae species. Stony corals (Culicia sp.), anemones (Anthothoe sp.) and gorgonians (Carijoa sp.) were found on the
wreck in high densities, but not seen in rock wall reefs in the region. The fouling community was also heterogeneous; the stern
area of the vessel had higher densities of the low relief Culicia sp. where the currents are the strongest .The mobile and cryptic
invertebrate fauna associated with the habitat forming corals is currently under analysis and patterns linked with the spatial
heterogeneity of temperate water coral distribution on the wreck will be discussed.
Historical ecology and stock assessment: opportunities and challenges
Campbell, Alexander
Agri-Science Queensland, Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry, Ecosciences Precinct, GPO Box 267, Brisbane, Qld 4001
[email protected]
Historical ecology in its many incarnations is emerging as a potentially very valuable data source for fisheries management.
There are however a large number of challenges involved in integrating this kind of data into the quantitative analyses (stock
assessments) that large fisheries usually rely on. A lot of these challenges are statistical in nature, and relate to issues such as
small sample size, recollection bias, and lengthy interpolations requiring sophisticated model selection strategies if one is to
generate statistically defensible hypotheses. I will discuss the challenges and opportunities from a stock assessment scientists
perspective.
Global patterns in seagrass transplant efforts: improving predictive

capabilities
Campbell, Marnie L*, Rebecca Hendry, and Emma L Jackson

School of Medical And Applied Science, Central Queensland University, Bryan Jordan Drive, Gladstone, Qld 4680
[email protected]
Natural impacts, coupled with industrial expansion and disturbance in coastal areas are rapidly increasing on a global scale.
Over the past 45 years, this has resulted in the global loss of seagrass habitat, with a subsequent significant effort placed on
seagrass transplantations. Yet our predictive capabilities and success rate of seagrass transplantation remains largely unknown.
To succeed with seagrass transplants and to improve predictive capabilities, management and science needs to focus on
foundational ecological principles surrounding assembly rules, ecosystem trajectories, local-scale syn- and autecology. As a
first step in this process, we undertook a global meta-analysis of the seagrass transplant literature (published and unpublished)
with a focus on identifying patterns that can be used to improve seagrass transplant success. Using regression models and
non-parametric analyses (R x C test of independence, Kruskal-Wallis, Wilcoxon matched pairs and median test) we tested the
following hypotheses, transplant success: 1) increases with time (i.e., proficiency increases with experience); 2) is more likely
in calm, estuarine waters; 3) is not correlated with transplant unit type (e.g., seeds, seedling, plugs, sprigs); 4) is increased by
fine-scale habitat enhancement; and 5) is more successful at experimental scales. From a management perspective we also
examined the relationship between transplant success and duration of monitoring. We place our findings into a framework
that can be utilized to aid the restoration process.
96

Marine Spoil to Marine Soil: the Feasibility of Rehabilitating Dredge

Spoil Areas with Seagrass
Campbell, Marnie. L., Rebecca Hendry, Kobi Ringuet, Emma L. Jackson*

Central Queensland University, School of Medical and Applied Sciences Bryan Jordan Drive, PO Box 1319, Gladstone QLD 4680
[email protected]
To manage increased shipping related to liquefied natural gas industry expansion, Gladstone Ports Corporation anticipates
dredging approximately 27 million m3 of material. Dredge spoil disposal is split between inshore and offshore sites, within
and adjacent to the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area. There are numerous potential benefits of creating seagrass
meadows on dredge spoil. Seagrass rhizomes bind sediment and increase local sediment stability, reducing both erosion and
the potential resuspension of spoil material. Here we take a first step to assessing whether dredge spoil can support the growth
of native seagrass species. We examined rhizome elongation rates and survival of three seagrass species (Zostera muelleri
subsp. capricorni, Halodule uninervis and Halophila ovalis) in laboratory mesocosms over 30 days with four different sediment
size fractions of spoil material (gravel sand, mud clay, fine sand and a filtered sand control). After 30 days percentage survival
was significantly higher for Z. muelleri subsp. capricorni than H. ovalis or H. uninervis. There was no significant difference in
growth rates between species for plants grown in filtered sand. For the dredge spoil treatments growth rates of H. ovalis were
significantly greater than Z. muelleri subsp. capricorni or H. uninervis. For H. ovalis, although mean growth rates were greater in
gravel sand and mud clay treatments there was no significant difference between spoil size fractions. The results suggest that
the potential for successful rehabilitation of dredge spoil may be greater when using H. ovalis on mud clay or gravel sand spoil.
Bury me not on the seagrass prairie: The resilience of seagrasses to

dredge impacts in the Gladstone Harbour
Campbell, Marnie, J., Rebecca, A. Hendry*, Kobi Ringuet, Emma L. Jackson

Central Queensland University, School of Medical and Applied Sciences, Bryan Jordan Drive, PO Box 1319, Gladstone QLD 4680.
[email protected]
Gladstone harbour on the Central Queensland coast of Australia is rapidly developing leading to an increase in dredging and
reclamation work to deepen and expand port facilities. This is juxtaposed against its location within the Great Barrier Reef
World Heritage Area. The dredging and capital works have the potential to cause an increase in sedimentation on the seagrass
beds within the harbour. The aim of this experiment was to test the critical thresholds for duration of sedimentation on four
local species of seagrasses. Seagrass samples were collected and planted in pots with washed river sand and grown within
indoor, light-controlled mesocosms. Four treatments over a 30 day duration were considered, these were: 1) control no
burial: 2) two days covered/uncovered cycle; 3) four days covered/uncovered cycle; and 4) prolonged burial. All species grew
well in the control pots and suffered varying degrees of mortality in the cyclical burial treatments, with a high degree of
mortality in prolonged burial treatments. Zostera muelleri subsp. capricorni was the most robust species and was able to
withstand the cyclical burial patterns, but not the prolonged burial. The Halophila species had the fastest rhizome growing
rates per day for the controls, but had the greatest sensitivities to the burial regimes.
Risk-based environmental impact assessment in the Great Barrier Reef

Marine Park
Cantin, Holly* and Adam Smith

Environmental Assessment and Management Group, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, PO Box 1379, Townsville, Qld 4810
[email protected]
The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authoritys (GBRMPA) Environmental Assessment and Management Group (EAM) manages
permitted activities within the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP) through a formal legislated process of environmental
impact assessment (EIA). Marine science research plays an integral role in this process providing support for the GBRMPA
to make effective management decisions. EAM uses a risk-based assessment approach based on project complexity levels
and taking into account relevant legislation, policies, position statements and guidelines to determine the potential impacts
of activities on the environmental, social, cultural and heritage values of the GBRMP. Projects with short-term and minimal
impacts (Level One and Two) are assessed by standardised, streamlined approaches while those with medium-term and
major impacts (Level Three and Four) require more comprehensive assessments. The EIA process is essentially a tool, which
utilises project management framework phases for collecting and analysing information on the potential impacts of an activity
including scoping, impact assessment, management control and recommendation. EAM utilises this tool to identify the risks
of a projects direct, indirect and cumulative impacts. Based on this risk assessment, and in some cases the results from
community consultation and expert advice, the GBRMPA is able to make a decision for approval or refusal of an activity.
If approved, permits are granted with conditions to monitor, mitigate, manage or offset the impacts. Implementation of
this streamlined, transparent process addresses the key project risks on the GBRMP and ensures it is managed to support
ecologically sustainable use.
97
Past, present and future ocean acidification and temperature

scenarios: How will coral calcification and symbiosis respond to future
conditions
Cantin, Neal*, Paulina Kaniewska, Julia Strahl and Line Bay

Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB No. 3 Townsville Qld Australia 4810
[email protected]
Human activities continue to increase atmospheric carbon dioxide (pCO2) concentrations that contribute to rising ocean
temperatures and shifts in carbonate chemistry. Projected pCO2 concentrations are expected to increase the frequency
of severe bleaching events, however the synergistic effects of acidification stress remain unclear. Using a highly replicated
experimental design, we tested the synergistic effects of temperature and ocean acidification on coral calcification, physiology
and symbiosis. Porites sp. and Pocillopora damicornis from the central Great Barrier Reef were exposed to four temperature
(seasonal maximums: 26, 28, 29 and 31C) and four pCO2 (pre-industrial: 300 ppm, present day: 400-450 ppm, 2050-60:
680ppm and 2100: 975ppm) regimes for six months to investigate the long-term cumulative effects of temperature and ocean
acidification on coral growth, calcification and skeletal density. High temperatures induced moderate (29C) and severe (31C)
bleaching across all four pCO2 concentrations. Following a reduction in maximum temperatures, both species exhibited visual
signs of recovery and continued to survive at pCO2 concentrations that are two to three times higher than present day. Coral
host-algal symbiosis, tissue growth and calcification (skeletal density and extension) will be compared under past, present and
future temperature and acidification scenarios in order to evaluate the relative importance of the key stressors associated with
CO2 induced climate change.
The good, the bad and the ugly: response of a native and an introduced
kelp to disturbance and increased nutrients
Carnell, Paul* and Keough, Mick

Department of Zoology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010.
[email protected]
Understanding the resilience of ecosystems has become increasingly important as we seek to determine the impacts of
anthropogenic disturbance and to identify thresholds of ecosystems. We ran experiments on the shallow reefs of Port Phillip
Bay, Victoria. Here we investigated the role of disturbance and increased nutrients on reefs dominated by the common kelp
Ecklonia radiata. We set up experimental plots at three different locations, with two crossed factors of kelp cover (control
and removal) and nutrient level (control and increased). Over the winter recruitment period of 2013, Ecklonia showed no
response in recruitment to increased nutrients, but showed across all sites an increased number of recruits in plots where the
canopy had been removed. The introduced Japanese kelp Undaria pinnatifida on the other hand, recruited at one of the sites
in very high numbers where both the Ecklonia canopy was removed and nutrients added. At its peak, this high recruitment
and subsequent growth of Undaria in the nutrient and disturbance treatment appeared to then influence the number of
Ecklonia recruits. This interplay between disturbance, nutrients and competition between a native and invasive species makes
a compelling case for how multiple factors could lead to the decline of a habitat forming species.
98

Benthic habitat mapping and shallow geology of the Petrel Sub-basin,

Bonaparte Basin, northern Australia
Carroll, Andrew*1, Diane Jorgensen1, Justy Siwabessy1, Leonie Jones1, Mike Sexton1,
Maggie Tran1, Tony Nicholas1, Lynda Radke1, Matthew Carey1, Floyd Howard1, Marcus
Stowar2, Andrew Heyward2 and Anna Potter1
1
2
Geoscience Australia, GPO Box 378, Canberra, ACT 2601.

Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville MC, Qld 4810.
[email protected]
As part of the Australian Governments National Low Emission Coal Initiative, Geoscience Australia, in collaboration with the
Australian Institute of Marine Science, completed a marine survey in May 2013 to support the regional assessment of CO2
storage prospectivity in the Petrel Sub-basin. The survey targeted two study areas in the outer Joseph Bonaparte Gulf: Area I
is located in the northern central basin, and Area II is located approximately 40 km to the northeast of Area I. Data acquired
included 652.3 km2 of high resolution multibeam sonar bathymetry and 655 line-kilometres of multi-channel sub-bottom
profiles. Sampling at pre-determined stations included surface sediment grabs, vibrocores, towed underwater video, CTD
profiles and ocean moorings. Area 1 is characterised by palaeo-channels, plains, low-relief ridges and pockmark fields, whereas
Area 2 is characterised by three steep to vertical flat-topped banks, which stand approximately 3040 m above the surrounding
seabed. Analysis of sediment samples indicate that plains are comprised of fine- to medium-grained silty sands, whereas
palaeo-channels comprise coarse- to very coarse-grained silty sands. Habitats include soft barren sediments, bioturbated soft
sediments and mixed patches of octocorals and sponges, distributed over shallow depth ranges (8296 m, Area 1; 4552 m,
Area 2). These seabed habitats overlie stacked estuarine-to-fluvial sedimentary strata in the shallow subsurface (~100 m),
indicative of repeated subaerial exposure. This information will facilitate assessment of the biogeophysical setting (including
habitat characterisation and the identification of unique, rare and/or potentially vulnerable habitats and communities) and
seabed stability of the Petrel Sub-basin.
Respiration in the light by some seaweeds from Australia
Carvalho, Matheus*, Bradley Eyre

Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry Research, School of Environment, Science and Management, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia.
[email protected]
In order to fully understand the carbon cycle, it is necessary that all carbon pathways are well quantified. Respiration is one of
the most important pathways in the global carbon cycle but, still, its magnitude is largely unknown, especially what happens in
the light. Here we present results for the measurement of respiration rates in the light by seven seaweed species collected from
a subtropical beach in Australia. These rates were compared to oxygen consumption rates in the dark, which is the usual proxy
to estimate carbon respiration rates in the light. We found that respiration rates in the light could not be predicted by rates in
the dark, in some cases being lower, and in other being higher, than those in the dark. However, for estimations of gross primary
production (net primary production plus respiration in the light), the errors were relatively minor, which suggests that previous
estimations of gross primary production using dark and light bottles for seaweeds were probably relatively good in accuracy.
More investigations are on the way to investigate how environmental conditions influence respiration in the lights by seaweeds,
and thus provide a tool for a better understanding of the carbon cycle in ecosystems where these organisms are important.
Bulk hydrogen isotope composition in seaweeds from Australia, Brazil

and Argentina [Poster]
Carvalho, Matheus1*, Julian Sachs2, Fernando Dellatorre3, Pedro Carneiro4, Pablo

Gibilisco5, Bradley Eyre1
1
2
3
4
5
Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry Research, School of Environment, Science and Management, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW,
School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
UI Biologa y Manejo de Recursos Acuticos, Centro Nacional Patagnico CONICET, Bvd. Brown 2915 - Puerto Madryn (U9120ACD), Argentina
Laboratrio de Macroalgas, Instituto de Cincias do Mar (LABOMAR), Universidade Federal do Cear, Fortaleza, Cear, Brazil
National University of Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
[email protected]
Many studies have used carbon and nitrogen stable isotope composition of seaweeds to trace their use as a food sources in
coastal ecosystems. In contrast, the bulk hydrogen stable isotope composition of seaweeds has not been investigated, with
most previous papers dealing only with cellulose-nitrate extracts, which make only about 1% of seaweed dry weight. Here
we report the bulk hydrogen isotope composition for seaweeds from widely different ecosystems: a tropical beach in Brazil, a
temperate beach in Argentina, and a subtropical beach in Australia. In all cases, the hydrogen stable isotope values were very
distinct between different taxonomic groups, with similar trends across different geographical locations. In particular, Ulva
species had remarkably similar values irrespective of their origin. This could be useful to trace the fate of Ulva organic matter
in coastal ecosystems, especially in cases of green tides, when these algae form massive blooms with negative consequences.
99
Inter-annual variability of the circulation along the coast of

southeastern Australia and its impact on particle transport [Poster]
Cetina-Heredia Paulina*1, Moninya Roughan1, Erik van Sebille2, Melinda Coleman3

1
2
3
Coastal and Regional Oceanography Laboratory, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052
Climate Change Research Centre & ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052
Aquatic Ecosystems (Fisheries NSW), NSW Department of Primary Industries, National Marine Science Centre, Coffs Harbour, NSW 245
[email protected]
It is known that the Tasman Sea is warming and the circulation along the coast of southeastern Australia is changing; however,
there is little understanding of its natural variability and the response to extreme climatic events such as El Nino and La
Nina. This lack of understanding is particularly true for larval dispersal, which has major implications for bio-geographical,
evolutionary and ecological processes. This study investigates climatic impacts on circulation along the coast of southeastern
Australia and the resultant particle transport using 27 years of velocity fields which comprise 13 moderate-strong ENSO events.
Particle trajectories are computed using 3D velocity fields obtained from OFES, a global ocean model with a spatial resolution
of 1/10 degree and temporal resolution of 3 days, and the Connectivity Modelling System, a Lagrangian model developed to
explore oceanic dispersal processes. Particles positioned along the coast are tracked forwards and backwards over time scales
equivalent to pelagic larval durations of local species larvae that behave passively. Typical particle pathways and their temporal
variability are identified, in particular in relation to relevant ENSO indices. Additionally, the transport of particles inside and
outside eddies are quantified to discern dynamics dictating larval dispersal. By exploring the effect of the circulation variability
and ENSO events on particle transport, this study clarifies how climatic variability affects the eddy field, and elucidates how the
expected strengthening of the Eastern Australian Current due to climate change could modify particle transport. The results
provide valuable information towards the assessment of NSW MPAs effectiveness.
Coastal protection and restoration of mangrove biodiversity at Pulau

Tekong, Singapore Survivability of newly planted mangroves
Chan, Lena1, Linda Goh1, Yang Shufen1, Ang Hui Ping*1, Lim Liang Jim1, Lim Soo Kim2,
Chua Lee Koon2, Teo Cheng Soon2, Chia Way Seng3, Andy Wee3, Chow En Yuan David3,
Tom Foster4, Matt Jury4, James Machin4
1
2
3
4
National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore 259569

Housing & Development Board, 480 Lorong 6 Toa Payoh, HDB Hub, Singapore 310480
Surbana International Consultants Pte Ltd, 168 Jalan Bukit Merah, Surbana One, Singapore 150168
DHI Water & Environment (S) Pte Ltd, 1 Cleantech Loop #03-05 Cleantech One, Singapore 637141
[email protected]
Severe erosion of the north-eastern coastline of Pulau Tekong, Singapore has taken place in a nature area which is abutted by
one of the largest remaining pristine stretches of mangrove shoreline. Studies showed that a section of the coastline had been
significantly eroded at a rate which resulted in land loss, mangrove deaths and habitat degradation. Given the multi-faceted
concerns of this area, this project adopted an innovative approach to combine both soft and hard engineering methods through
using rocks, biodegradable materials and planting mangrove saplings. Commissioned by the National Parks Board (NParks), this
science-based project has achieved its aims towards coastal protection, restoration of mangrove habitat and a test-bed of
non-invasive, environmentally sustainable methods. Environmental monitoring results showed that the shoreline stabilisation
measures did not cause any significant changes to the hydrology along the shoreline. Survivorship of the planted saplings was
best at higher elevations (1.81-2.40 mCD) and declined as elevation decreased. The results obtained are valuable as they can
be used by management agencies planning future mangrove rehabilitation projects in Singapore or in the immediate region
as a guide to the best planting elevations for mangrove saplings across the intertidal zone. By harnessing the various expertise
from Biologists, Engineers and Modellers, this project is a showcase of how a whole-of-ecosystem approach was adopted for
coastal protection and mangrove restoration.
100

Thermally mediated body temperature, water content and aggregation

behaviour in the intertidal gastropod Nerita atramentosa
Chapperon, Coraline1 and Laurent Seuront*1,2,3

1
2
3
School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, SA5001, Adelaide, Australia

South Australian Research and Development Institute, Aquatic Sciences, SA5022, West Beach, Australia
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8187 LOG, 62930 Wimereux, France
[email protected]
Intertidal organisms are vulnerable to global warming as they already live at, or near to, the upper limit of their thermal
tolerance window. The behaviour of ectotherms could, however, dampen their limited physiological abilities to respond to
e.g. drier and warmer environmental conditions. Here, we investigate the potential of aggregation behaviour to compensate
for climate change in an intertidal gastropod species, Nerita atramentosa. We used thermal imaging to investigate (i) the
heterogeneity in individual snail water content and body temperature and surrounding substratum temperature on two
topographically different habitats (rock platform and boulders) separated by 250 m at both day- and night-times, (ii) the
potential relationship between environment temperature (air and substratum) and snail water content and body temperature,
and (iii) the potential buffering effect of aggregation behaviour on snail water content and body temperature. Both substratum
and snail temperature were more heterogeneous at small spatial scales (cm to m) than between habitats. This reinforces the
evidence that mobile intertidal ectotherms could survive locally under warmer conditions if they can locate and move in local
thermal refuges. N. atramentosa behaviour, water content and body temperature during emersion are related to the thermal
stability of the habitat occupied. Aggregation behaviour reduces both desiccation and heat stresses but only on the boulder
field. Further investigations are required to identify the different behavioural strategies used by ectothermic species to adapt
to heat and dehydrating conditions at the habitat level.
Management of an endangered predator requires the maintenance of a

prey refuge
Chivers, William J.*1, William Gladstone2, R.D. Herbert3, M.M. Fuller4

1
2
3
4
University of Newcastle, Faculty of Science and IT, PO Box 127, Ourimbah, NSW 2258
University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007
Retired, formerly University of Newcastle, Faculty of Science and IT, PO Box 127, Ourimbah, NSW 2258
University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA
[email protected]
Understanding the mechanism of predator-prey systems is fundamental to understanding ecological systems, yet the
underlying causes of population cycling and other patterns characteristic of near-exclusive systems remain an enigma despite
a century of research. Models of exclusive predator-prey systems have included factors such as a second prey species, three
trophic levels, a Holling Type II response and seasonal effects, leading hypotheses of these systems to include these factors. We
present a parsimonious, generalised, individual-based model (IBM) of predator-prey interaction which includes none of these
constraints. Our model is a rare example of a simple, general IBM in ecology built in the tradition of classical models. It includes
only one predator and prey species and a prey refuge. The model reproduces six signature patterns found in the empirical
data from near-exclusive systems and challenges the currently accepted hypotheses of predator-prey interaction including
the necessity for multiple prey species and a Holling Type II response to produce population cycling. The implication for the
management of endangered predator species is in the importance of an environment which provides a prey refuge. The IBM
is built on both Euler and Lagrangian principles, its primary output is the population of each species over time but individual
organisms can be followed, providing data such as mean lifespan, mean prey eaten or mean offspring. Ecosystem variables
such as refuge size, predator mortality rate, metabolic and reproduction costs, trophic efficiency, predator chances of eating
and prey resource consumption can be varied.

101
Light-driven tipping points in polar ecosystems
Clark, Graeme F1*, Jonathan S. Stark2, Emma L. Johnston1, John W. Runcie2,3, Paul M.
Goldsworthy2, Ben Raymond2,4, and Martin J. Riddle2
1
2
3
4
University of New South Wales, School of Biological Earth and Environmental Science, Sydney, NSW, 2052.
Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Sustainability Environment Water Population and Communities, Kingston, TAS, 7050.
University of Sydney, School of Biological Sciences, Sydney, NSW, 2006.
University of Tasmania, Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, Hobart, TAS, 7001.
[email protected]
Some ecosystems can undergo abrupt transformation in response to relatively small environmental change. Identifying
imminent tipping points is critical to the conservation of biodiversity, particularly in the face of climate change. Here we
describe a mechanism likely to induce widespread regime shifts in polar ecosystems. In many polar areas early melt will bring
the date of ice-loss closer to midsummer, causing an exponential increase in the amount of sunlight received per year. This is
likely to drive ecological tipping points in which primary producers (plants and algae) flourish and out-compete dark-adapted
communities. We demonstrate this principle on Antarctic shallow seabed ecosystems, which data suggest are sensitive to small
changes in the timing of sea-ice melt. Algae respond to light thresholds that are easily exceeded by a slight reduction in sea-ice
duration. Earlier sea-ice loss is likely to cause extensive regime-shifts in which endemic shallow-water invertebrate communities
are replaced by algae, reducing coastal biodiversity and fundamentally changing ecosystem functioning. Modeling shows that
recent changes in ice and snow cover have already transformed annual light budgets in large areas of the Arctic and Antarctic,
and both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are likely to experience further significant change in light. This mechanism renders
polar ecosystems acutely vulnerable to abrupt ecosystem change; as light-driven tipping points are breached by relatively slight
shifts in the timing of snow and ice melt.
Historical changes in near-shore Great Barrier Reef coral communities:

A baseline for assessing the current status of coral reefs
Clark, Tara*1, George Roff2, Jian-xin Zhao1, Yue-xing Feng1, Terry Done3, Laurence
McCook4 and John Pandolfi5
1
2
3
4
5
Radiogenic Isotope Facility, School of Earth Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072
School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072
Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Qld 4810
Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville, Qld 4810
Centre for Marine Science, ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072
[email protected]
Increasing evidence suggests that the Great Barrier Reef has become considerably degraded over the last century, with nearshore reefs among the most affected. In the absence of historical baselines beyond the advent of long-term monitoring (1985
AD), this study aimed to determine the timing of mortality and extent of historical changes in coral community structure in the
Palm Islands region. The structure of modern (living) and dead coral assemblages was compared across five reefs to determine
changes in coral communities, and a recently developed high-precision U-series dating technique applied to temporally bracket
the mortality events. Comparisons of living and dead assemblages revealed a significant disparity in taxonomic composition.
Large dead arborescent Acropora branches characterised the benthos at most sites, suggesting a recent decline in this
formerly dominant genus. U-series dating of 128 dead Acropora skeletons revealed 230Th ages ranging between 1777.510.1
and 2001.32.4 AD, with the timing of mortality being asynchronous among reefs. These results rule out a single mortality
event, and suggest that a regional decline in Acropora cover may have begun as early as the 1920s. The absence of Acropora
in modern assemblages and lack of recovery of sites dominated by dead coral also suggests that recovery at these reefs is
severely impeded following a series of historical mortality events, pointing to a loss of resilience probably a result of declining
water quality. Such knowledge, including conclusive evidence for a shifted baseline, provides important information for reef
managers when assessing the current condition of the reef, and setting management goals for reef restoration.
102

Can I join in? Social interactions as an explanation for grouping in

limpets
Coleman, Ross*1, Dan Franks2 and Graeme Ruxton3

1
2
3
Centre for Research on Ecological Impacts of Coastal Cities, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006
Dept. Biology, University of York, UK
School of Biological Sciences, University of St. Andrews, UK
[email protected]
There is still a major issue in animal ecology; why are animals in groups. Most of the research underpinning our understanding
of grouping in marine molluscs has concentrated on ecological explanations such as food supply, predation risk and desiccation.
For most these, especially desiccation, these explanations have been found wanting. The most recent developments in the
discipline of understanding grouping behaviour have been by theoreticians and modellers. Moreover, many of the important
empirical studies have been done on animals such as fish in aquaria; so there is a dichotomy where for most vertebrates,
researchers have considered social and ecological factors to explain patterns of grouping yet for almost all invertebrates,
ecological (predation, food supply and settlement for example) causes for aggregation are the only explanations tested, the
social dimension is not known for many invertebrates. Grouping could actually arise from social interactions and then ecological
benefits arise as an emergent property. The first step in investigating whether social interactions are involved in patterns of
grouping is to measure where a social network existed. Here we present the results of a study testing whether Patella vulgata
forms a social network. We show the model of a random set of interactions is not a powerful explanation but if we consider
an interaction of homing and social processes we can generate realistic distributions of animals consistent with real observed
limpet groups.
Low salinity triggers shoot proliferation as a pre-mortality stress in

seagrasses
Collier, Catherine*1, Villacorta-Rath, Cecilia1, van Dijk, Kor-jent1,2, Takahashi, Miwa,

and Waycott, Michelle2
1
2
School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Angus Smith Drive, Townsville QLD 4811
School of Earth and Environmental Science, Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA
5005
[email protected]
Coastal seagrasses are seasonally exposed to low salinity events during rainfall but the impact of salinity as a driver of seagrass
meadow health is largely unknown. We tested responses of three coastal seagrass species, Halophila ovalis, Halodule uninervis
and Zostera muelleri, to low salinity ranging from 3 to 36ppt at 3ppt increments for 10 weeks. All had broad salinity tolerance
but demonstrated a moderate hypo-salinity stress a response analogous to a stress induced morphometric response (SIMR).
This morphometric response took the form of lateral branching leading to increased shoot density at salinities <30ppt, with the
largest increases (up to 400%) occurring at sublethal salinities (6-15ppt among species). Leaf growth and shoot size was not
affected; however, at sublethal salinities where shoot density increased the most, sexual reproduction in H. ovalis (the only
species which flowered) was severely reduced, indicating resources were diverted from sexual reproduction to support lateral
branching. This is the first study to identify a SIMR-like response in seagrasses. Low salinity events rarely occur in isolation, but
rather as one of multiple impacts associated with elevated runoff including high turbidity and nutrient concentrations. This
study, comprehensively describing the impacts of salinity, provides the basis from which these interactive effects of runoff can
be explored and interpreted. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the need for caution in explaining in-field changes in shoot
density as shoot proliferation could be interpreted as a healthy plant response, when in fact it could signal pre-mortality stress.

103
Plankton in the Integrated Marine Observing System: how can you use
the data?
Coman, Frank*1, Richardson, Anthony J.2,3, Graham Hosie4, Claire Davies1, Karl
Forcey1, James McLaughlin5, Dave McLeod4, Margaret Miller1, Nicole Murphy1, Anita
Slotwinski1, Joanna Strzelecki5, Mark Tonks1, Wayne Rochester1
1
2
3
4
5
CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, 41 Boggo Rd, Dutton Park, Qld 4102
CSIRO Climate Adaptation Flagship, Division of Marine Research, 41 Boggo Rd, Dutton Park, Qld 4102
Centre for Applications in Natural Resource Mathematics, University of Queensland, Hawken Drive, St Lucia, Qld 4072
Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tas 7050
CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Underwood Ave, Floreat, WA 6014
[email protected].
The Integrated Marine Observing System has helped fill the recognised gap of regular, broad-scale plankton observations in
Australia. This talk provides an overview of the IMOS plankton programs, the Australian Continuous Plankton Recorder survey
(AusCPR) and the National Reference Station zooplankton program, from the perspective of how the freely-available data
might be useful for you. We first describe the scope and breadth of the programs in time, space and taxonomically. With data
now from all States around Australia, the Southern Ocean (courtesy of the SCAR Southern Oceans CPR Survey) and across the
Tasman, for >500 taxa (both phytoplankton and zooplankton), and data extending back to 1999 off Sydney and 2008 in other
regions, these data can be useful for placing your project in a broader spatial and temporal context. We will illustrate the
use of IMOS plankton data through exploring a number of thematic case studies. These include how the data can be used to
explore macro-ecological patterns, impacts of climate change, relationships with fish and fisheries, and disease. There is also
an archive of thousands of plankton samples, which are freely available, that can be used for a variety of purposes: currently
these include molecular identification of harmful algal blooms and Vibrio sp. and the identification of microplastics. Finally we
have a toolbox of analytical procedures in R that are available and can be used to analyse the data. Feel free to discuss with us
potential data uses.
Ecosystem-based climate adaption in estuaries
Condie, Scott*, Marie Savina and Beth Fulton

CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, GPO Box 1538, Hobart Tas 7001.
[email protected]
Estuaries and other coastal wetlands provide a wide range of ecosystem services that help sustain water quality, food
resources (fisheries and aquaculture) and recreational amenity. Their ability to maintain those services under changing climatic
conditions is of significant concern to coastal communities. Scenario results from an estuarine ecosystem model have been
used to explore likely impacts of changing land-use and river discharges on ecosystem services, as well as identifying services
that may contribute to climate adaption. The spatially resolved ecosystem model includes catchment inputs, physical and
biogeochemical processes, trophic interactions, and effects of fishing.
104

Condon Robert1, Carlos Duarte2, Kylie Pitt*3, Kelly Robinson4, Cathy Lucas5, Kelly
Sutherland6, Hermes Mianzan7, Molly Bogeberg1, Jennifer Purcell8, Mary Beth
Decker9, Shin-ichi Uye10, Laurence Madin11, Richard Brodeur12, Steven Haddock13,
Alenka Malej14, Gregory Parry15, Elena Eriksen16, Javier Quinones17, Marcelo Acha7,
Michael Harvey18, James Arthur3, William Graham4
1 Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Marine Environmental Sciences Consortium, Dauphin Island, USA
2 University of Western Australia Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia
3 Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus QLD 4222. [email protected]
4 Department of Marine Science, University of Southern Mississippi, USA
5 National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, UK
6 Department of Biology, University of Oregon, USA
7 INIDEP, Mar del Plata, Argentina
8 Shannon Point Marine Center, Western Washington University, USA
9 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, USA
10 Department of Environmental Dynamics and Management, Hiroshima University, Japan
11 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, USA
12 Northwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, USA
13 Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, USA
14 Marine Biology Station, Piran, National Institute of Biology, Slovenia
15 Department of Primary Industries, Victoria, Australia
16 I nstitute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
17 Laboratorio Costero de Pisco, Institute del Mar del Peru, Peru
18 Institute Maurice-Lamontagne Peches et Oceans, Canada
[email protected]
A perceived recent increase in global jellyfish abundance has been portrayed as a symptom of degraded oceans. This
perception is based primarily on a few case studies and anecdotal evidence, but a formal analysis of global quantitative data
on jellyfish populations has been missing. Here, we analyse all available long-term data sets on changes in jellyfish abundance
across multiple coastal stations using linear and logistic mixed models and effect-size analysis to show that there is no robust
evidence for a global increase in jellyfish. Although there has been a small linear increase in jellyfish since the 1970s, this
trend was unsubstantiated by effect-size analysis that showed no difference in the proportion of increasing vs. decreasing
jellyfish population s over all time periods examined. Rather, the strongest non-random trend indicated jellyfish populations
undergo larger, worldwide oscillations with an approximate 20-year periodicity, including a rising phase during the 1990s that
contributed to the perception of a global increase in jellyfish abundance. Sustained monitoring is required over the next decade
to elucidate with statistical confidence whether the weak increasing linear trend in jellyfish after 1970 is an actual shift in the
baseline or part of an oscillation. Irrespective of the nature of increase, given the potential damage posed by jellyfish blooms
to fisheries, tourism and other human industries, our findings fortell recurrent phases of rise and fall in jellyfish populations
that society should be prepared to face.
Humans in the ecosystem: the unintended rebound effect of restoring

coastal ecosystems
Connolly presenting: Webley, James1,2, Rod Connolly*1

Refer Webley for abstract.

105
Cooper, Karin (presented by Jorgen Erik Larsen)

DHI Water & Environment, Suite 146 Equus Centre, 580 Hay Street, Perth WA 6000, Australia
[email protected]
The North West of Western Australia is home to a range of marine natural resource exploration and exploitation as well as
marine infrastructure projects. A significant amount of effort has been directed at the development of research, management
and policy programs aimed at ensuring a wise custodianship of these assets. Recent advances in numerical modelling provide
new opportunities to assess and analyse the physical and ecological processes occurring in areas such as reef ecosystems.
Agent-based modelling provides a tool for solving equations relating to ecological processes and behaviours of moving,
planktonic organisms and relies on inputs readily available from a hydrodynamic model such as water levels, current velocities,
temperature, nutrient concentrations etc. This presentation focuses on the development of a standard model template to
describe the dispersion and connectivity of coral larvae using the Pilbara as a case study. It examines the strengths of the
detailed modelling approach and highlights the applicability of the results to improve management outcomes.
A 100 Day Red-tide (Karlodinium veneficum) in the Swan Estuary:

Mounting evidence for a direct ichthyotoxic effect
Cosgrove*1, Jeffrey, Alice Gedaria2, Wasele Hosja2, Alan Place3 and Kerry Trayler1
1
2
3
Swan River Trust, PO Box 6829, East Perth, WA 6892.

Phytoplankton Ecology Unit, Department of Water, 7 Ellam St., Victoria Park, WA 6100
Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology University of Maryland, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202 USA
[email protected]
The Swan-Canning Estuarine system in Perth, Western Australia, has experienced blooms of the potentially ichthyotoxic
dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum since the late 1990s. This species typically blooms in late spring through autumn during
periods of moderate to strong stratification of the water column. In 2013 a persistent bloom of K. veneficum affected the
Swan Estuary for a period of 100 days through the main part of the Austral winter. The bloom started in the upper reaches of
the system and moved more than 25 km downstream due to flushing by sporadic rains. Three separate fish-kill events were
associated with the bloom. In the past it has been difficult to disentangle the cause of fish mortalities due to low oxygen levels
associated with blooms of K. veneficum. Good quality pathological samples and sufficient oxygen levels during two of the
three recorded fish kills and toxin peaks just prior to or at the onset of each fish-kill over the duration of the bloom suggest
that ichthyotoxin-producing K. veneficum was the cause of mortality for over 14,000 fish in the Swan Estuary during the bloom
period. The resident K. veneficum population has historically produced 6-oxo-KmTx2 karlotoxin however two novel toxins,
potentially exhibiting higher toxicity, were detected late in the bloom sequence. Developing local rapid turn-around analysis
of karlotoxin samples would allow waterway managers to better predict the timing and location of fish kills. The dynamics of
the bloom and associated water quality, along with the potential impacts of climate change, will be examined in greater detail.
Fatty acid analysis suggests that demersal zooplankton are an

important dietary component for whale sharks and reef manta rays
Couturier, Lydie E.I. *1,2, Christoph A. Rohner 2,3,4, Anthony J. Richardson2,5, Simon J.
Pierce3,6, Andrea D. Marshall3,6, Fabrice R. A. Jaine2,4, Kathy A. Townsend 7, Michael B.
Bennett1, Scarla J. Weeks4 and Peter D. Nichols8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD 4072

CSIRO Climate Adaptation Flagship, Division of Marine and Atmospheric Research, Dutton Park QLD 4102
Manta Ray and Whale Shark Research Centre, Marine Megafauna Foundation, Praia do Tofo, Inhambane, Mozambique.
Biophysical Oceanography Group, School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD
4072
Centre for Applications in Natural Resource Mathematics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD 4072
ECOCEAN USA, Praia do Tofo, Inhambane, Mozambique.
School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD 4072
CSIRO Wealth from Oceans Flagship, Division of Marine and Atmospheric Research, Hobart TAS 7000
These authors contributed equally
[email protected]
106

The whale shark Rhincodon typus and the reef manta ray Manta alfredi are two giant planktivorous elasmobranchs presumed
to feed predominantly on near-surface zooplankton. Using fatty acid (FA) analysis, we tested whether these two species
predominantly feed on zooplankton from known feeding grounds off Mozambique and eastern Australia. FA profiles of all
zooplankton samples collected were largely dominated by omega-3 long-chain (C20) polyunsaturated FA (LC-PUFA). High levels
of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:63; >25% of total FA) indicated ofthat near-surface and epipelagic zooplankton off both
regions predominantly had a flagellate-based food source. Reef manta rays had relatively high levels of DHA (12.5% of total
FA) indicating a flagellate-based food source in their diet. In contrast, whale sharks had low levels of both essential 3 PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:53) and DHA. Both giant planktivores had high levels of 6 PUFA, dominated by arachidonic
acid (20:46; 9-18% of total FA), which suggests that neither species predominantly feed on near-surface pelagic zooplankton,
but rather obtain a major part of their diet from another origin. The closest match is demersal zooplankton, suggesting it is
an important part of whale sharks and reef manta rays diets. High levels of bacterial FA in whale sharks (5.3% of total FA) also
indicate a detrital link, potentially via demersal zooplankton. Our findings suggest that both whale shark and reef manta rays
feed within multiple foraging habitats. Demersal and deep-sea zooplankton may play a major role in the feeding ecology of
these two species and potentially of other giant planktivores.
So whats so great about the Great Barrier Reef?
Cresswell, Ian David

CSIRO Castray Esplanade, Hobart TAS 7000
[email protected]
The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) is listed as world heritage having met the criteria for outstanding universal value. Debate has
raged about the level of development within the world heritage area of the GBR and what is an acceptable impact on the
world heritage values that can be undertaken as part of ongoing development and use of the area. This paper reviews the
set of values for which the GBR was ascribed onto the World Heritage list and the current set of impacts along the reef. In
determining an acceptable impact on an object which has been agreed as having Outstanding Universal Value it is useful to
look at the issue through a different lens. An impact that lessens the integrity and functioning of that object would generally be
considered an unacceptable impact. The impact from land based sources of pollution (ie nutrients from agriculture) can cause
a diminution in the ecological values of the nearby lagoon, and eventually to the adjoining coastal reef system. Where impact
is much more localised and also more intense what proportion of impact is acceptable where the overall health of the entire
reef system is not affected, but rather one area is massively adversely impacted? What is the role of offsets in managing that
impact, and therefore what level of impact is acceptable if any? This paper looks at analogies in the built environment and asks
the questions how do we measure impact on an object, and how do we do that in something as big and diverse as the GBR?
Towards a comprehensive approach for coastal dolphin habitat
Cribb, Nardi1*, Cara Miller1,2,3, Laurent Seuront1,4,5

1
2
3
4
5
School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Box 2100, Adelaide, 2001, SA

Faculty of Science, Technology and the Environment, University of the South Pacific, Laucala campus, Fiji Islands
The Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society International, Chippenham, UK
South Australian Research and Development Institute, Aquatic Science, West Beach SA 5022
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire dOcanologie et de Gosciences, UMR LOG 8187, Universit des Sciences and
Technologies de Lille, Station Marine, 62930 Wimereux, France
[email protected]
Quantitative and comprehensive information related to cetacean habitat usage is considered a priority in the development
of management plans for coastal areas where cetaceans are resident or migrant. However, in many cases, cetacean habitat
has been investigated only by relating distribution patterns to a limited number of environmental factors or classification to a
relative habitat type. Few studies have quantitatively measured more than one environmental variable, therefore limiting a
clear understanding. The objective of this work was to develop a rationale in which to expand our understanding of dolphin
habitat and what it actually means for these animals. We therefore developed an approach to test fine-scale in-situ field
techniques aimed at quantitatively describing habitat which were applied to two case studies. The first focused on a small
population of spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) frequenting a tropical reef complex. The second focused on bottlenose
dolphins (Tursiops sp.) inhabiting an estuarine environment. A range of environmental factors, dolphin presence and behaviour
were investigated at each location. Field observations and analysis have suggested preferences in the way dolphins utilize
their environments. The rationale developed in this work aims to amend the way in which we think about and undertake
investigations into cetacean habitat. It is believed that through this approach, future cetacean habitat studies will increase our
understanding of underlying driving factors of cetacean habitat, rather than just describing distribution patterns.

107
Drivers of pCO2 variability in two contrasting coral reef lagoons: The

influence of submarine groundwater discharge
Cyronak, Tyler1, Santos, Isaac R1, Erler, Dirk V.1, Maher, Damien T1 and Eyre, Bradley D1
1
Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480
[email protected]
The drivers behind pCO2 variability in coral reefs need to be elucidated in order to properly assess the impacts of ocean
acidification. We show that commonly occurring submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) processes can be a significant source
of CO2 to two contrasting coral reef ecosystems. In Rarotonga (Cook Islands), SGD was dominated by a steep hydraulic gradient
and fresh groundwater inputs high in pCO2 (5,501 matm). In Heron Island (Great Barrier Reef), SGD was driven by the tidal
pumping of seawater into the permeable island and saline groundwater recirculation with a lower pCO2 (1,397 matm). Both
lagoons were net sources of CO2 to the atmosphere (3.00 and 9.67 mmol CO2 m-2 d-1). SGD derived CO2 fluxes were at least
3-fold higher than the atmospheric fluxes, and enough to lower the average pH to 7.96 in Rarotonga and 8.04 in Heron Island.
The relationships between water column pH and aragonite saturation state (WAr) and radon (222Rn) concentrations indicate that
SGD may enhance the local acidification of some coral reef lagoons. Studies measuring the carbon chemistry of coral reefs (e.g.
community metabolism, calcification rates) may need to consider SGD-derived CO2.
Richness and abundance enhanced in anthropogenically modified

systems despite high concentrations of toxic contaminants
Dafforn, Katherine*1,2, Brendan Kelaher3, Stuart Simpson4, Melinda Coleman5, Pat

Hutchings6, Graeme Clark1,2, Nathan Knott7, Martina Doblin8 and Emma Johnston1,2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052.
Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, NSW 2088.
National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour NSW 2450
CSIRO Land and Water, Locked Bag 2007, Kirrawee NSW 2232
Aquatic Ecosystem Research, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Locked Bag 1, Nelson Bay NSW 2315
Invertebrates, Australian Museum, 6 College St, Sydney, NSW 2000.
University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway NSW 2007
[email protected]
Distinguishing the effects of anthropogenic stressors from other drivers requires multiple lines of evidence and experimental
studies to interpret ecological patterns. We measured the composition, richness and abundance of sediment infauna in
relation to anthropogenic and natural stressors within seven estuaries. We observed increases in the richness and abundance
of polychaete worms in contaminated estuaries and evidence that organic enrichment may be driving these patterns. We
also deployed field-collected sediments from the surveyed estuaries at a single site in a clean estuary, but observed no
effects of sediment characteristics (toxic or enriching) in the small-scale experiment. Furthermore, invertebrate recruitment
instead reflected the low diversity and abundance observed during field surveys of this estuary. This has implications for the
interpretation of regional monitoring studies in which the spatial scale of the impact is an important factor in explaining the
observed patterns and similar impacts may not occur in smaller-scale manipulations.
Productive capacities of tropical seagrasses communities at three

locations along the East Coast of Queensland and their potential for
carbon sequestration
Davies, Jaclyn*, Catherine McCormack, Skye McKenna, Helen Taylor and Mike Rasheed
ropWATER, James Cook University, McGregor Road, Cairns, QLD 4870
[email protected]
Intertidal and subtidal meadows feed into oceanic nutrient cycles and significantly contribute to carbon sequestration, though
this can vary markedly between locations and species. Measuring productivity rates of seagrass meadows provides a tool
to assess their prospective input to marine primary productivity and how this may be influenced by future environmental
and habitat change. Seagrass abundance, growth rates, reproductive capacity and community structure were investigated
in different seagrass community types at three different locations along the east coast of Queensland to estimate above and
below-ground productivity and carbon assimilation. Results indicated that net primary productivity (g C m-2 day-1) in the Torres
Strait was moderately higher than that of tropical coastal seagrasses studied in Gladstone Harbour and substantially higher
than the most southern location studied at Abbot Point. Variation in rates of leaf growth (g DW shoot-1 day-1) and rhizome
extension (mm shoot-1 day-1) were strongly seasonal and may indicate a trade-off in resource allocation. For leaf replacing
species in the Torres Strait, production at the rhizome meristem (growing tip) was generally much higher than for production
in the leaf shoot, adding significantly to the total production and carbon assimilated by seagrasses. The results of these studies
will be synthesised to provide a broad-scale depiction of the productive capacity of three different seagrass community types
and the potential of each for carbon sequestration.
108

Processes at a nested hierarchy of scales shape organisation of nekton

in tropical estuaries
Davis, Ben*, Marcus Sheaves

School of Marine & Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville QLD 4811
[email protected]
Complexities in the biological patterns of coastal systems are often difficult to understand, especially in the tropics where
there is a high taxonomic diversity. Coastal habitats used as sites for ecological studies are not closed, but form part of larger
ecosystems, which means the scale of focus is often different to the scale of the processes driving observed patterns. Addressing
this complexity requires placing habitats of ecological and functional interest into a conceptual framework that recognises the
interaction of phenomena operating at different scales. To demonstrate this, we used data from tropical estuaries, subject to
the same regional species pool, to show how nekton composition is modified by processes operating at nested hierarchy of
3 conceptual scales: (1) between estuary systems along a coast (2) between wetlands within an estuary system (3) between
habitat patches within a wetland. Results show nekton composition varies at the estuary scale due varying supply of recruits
from offshore, and varying dynamics of estuarine-resident components. Differences between wetlands are due to their
position in the estuary, and orientation to neighbouring estuarine habitats. Meanwhile organisation at finer scales is the
result of species-specific responses to gradients of connectivity, physical condition, biological condition, and habitat features
across patches. Conceptual models based on these results can be used to understand and hypothesise faunal outcomes under
different scenarios. Similar multi-scale approaches will be key to understanding why composition, abundance, and richness of
coastal fauna differ between seemingly equivalent habitats.
Trophic connectivity among subtropical coastal habitats
Davis, Jean*, Kylie Pitt, Rod Connolly, Brian Fry and Andrew Olds
Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast QLD 4222
[email protected]
Reefs, mangroves and seagrass beds are highly productive habitats that are key for maintaining ecosystem health in tropical
and subtropical areas worldwide. Functional connectivity among these habitats is a focal concept for directing future coastal
marine management, with many mobile marine fauna depending on resources in more than one area. Although the degree of
connectivity among coral reefs, seagrass and mangroves positively influences reef fish abundances in the Indo-Pacific region,
we are still unsure whether these patterns are driven by trophic links among these habitats. Carbon transfer across habitat
boundaries can have major implications for population structure and food web dynamics. Carbon may be exchanged among
habitats passively by detrital transport of dissolved particulate and organic matter or actively through processes such as
trophic relay. Carbon isotopes of fish liver tissue suggest that reef fish populations in Moreton Bay Marine Park, QLD, depend
on resources from non-coral habitats as a result of both passive and active transfer of organic matter.
Chlorophyll biomass and phytoplankton community measures in flood

plumes, increasing the evidence base between water quality and
Acanthaster planci
Debose presenting: Devlin, Michelle1, Jennifer Debose*1, Penelope Ajani2 and Jon
Brodie1
Refer Devlin for abstract.

109
Vulnerability of estuaries to coastal development
Dela-Cruz, Jocelyn*1, Tony Roper1, Karen Astles2 and Peter Scanes1.

1
2
Office of Environment and Heritage, Department of Premier and Cabinet, PO Box A290, Sydney South, NSW 1232
Department of Primary Industries, PO Box 5106, Wollongong, NSW 2520
[email protected]
Some estuaries in New South Wales display signs of eutrophication, while others that experience the same or greater pressures
from coastal development, are in good condition. Inherent vulnerabilities such as geomorphology, may determine the overall
condition of an estuary because it affects flushing and net transport of pollutants out of the estuary. In the study described
here, we undertook a state wide assessment of the vulnerability of estuaries to coastal development. We used scaling models
which explicitly link runoff to the ecological condition of estuaries. The outputs were used to develop four typologies for
vulnerability, and subsequently assign each estuary a vulnerability rank. We found that estuaries which are the most vulnerable
to coastal development have a large catchment to waterway area ratio, and the smallest mean waterway depth, volume
and dilution capacity. These vulnerable estuaries also have entrances that are predominantly closed and have large nutrient
loadings per square kilometre of waterway. The findings support the theoretical foundations for the geomorphic classification
scheme. In fact, we found that irrespective of the models and independent methods used in developing the vulnerability
rankings, the rankings for the estuaries are largely similar. We show how these vulnerability rankings have been used to inform
management decisions on the feasibility of proposed coastal urban developments.
Chlorophyll biomass and phytoplankton community measures in flood

plumes, increasing the evidence base between water quality and
Acanthaster planci
Devlin, Michelle1, Jennifer Debose*1, Penelope Ajani2 and Jon Brodie1

1
2
Catchment to Reef Research Group Centre for Tropical Water & Aquatic Ecosystem Research (TropWATER), James Cook University, Townsville,
QLD 4811
Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109
[email protected]
Increased nutrient loadings and associated alterations in nutrient stoichiometry can have profound consequences on tropical
marine algal assemblages. Nutrients introduced or released during the high flow river discharge events may be rapidly taken up
by pelagic and benthic algae and microbial communities, sometimes fuelling short-lived phytoplankton blooms and high levels
of organic production. Increased contemporary loadings of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and particulate organic nitrogen
(PON) and sometimes dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) in flood plumes tend to promote phytoplankton composition shifts
from picoplankton dominance to larger species such as diatoms and dinoflagellates.. This may promote Acanthaster planci
(Crown of Thorns) larval survival as the larvae require high biomass of phytoplankton and the larger species of phytoplankton
to reach maturity. In this study water quality and phytoplankton samples were collected during variable conditions within
plumes out of the Normanby (a river with low DIN but moderate PON discharge)and Tully, Herbert and Fitzroy rivers (rivers
with high DIN and PON discharge). The lowest number of taxa and the lowest abundances were measured in the Normanby
plume, whilst maximum abundances were recorded in the Tully, and the greatest diversity of species in the Fitzroy Rivers.
Analysis of difference in the phytoplankton assemblage data and correlation with water quality conditions showed a strong
differentiation in the phytoplankton community. Whilst data is limited to date, preliminary analyses indicate that community
shifts are likely in the right nutrient and physico-chemical conditions.
110

Micros for macros: new perspectives on microbially-mediated marine

processes
Doblin, Martina*1,3 and Steinberg, Peter*2,3

1
2
3
Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster (C3), School of the Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Technology, Sydney NSW
Australia
Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW Australia 2052
Sydney Institute of Marine Science, 19 Chowder Bay Road, Mosman NSW Australia 2088
[email protected], [email protected]
Microbes constitute most of the diversity and biomass on the planet. However, they have been significantly understudied in
marine ecology and oceanography due to the difficulty in characterising microbial communities via microscopy or traditional
culture based methods, and because of the constraints on sampling parts of the marine biome. In the last 15 years, with the
now widespread and increasingly inexpensive use of sequencing and other molecular tools such as DNA fingerprinting and
metagenomics, as well as new sampling opportunities, the situation has changed radically. We are now discovering previously
unheard of levels of diversity, remarkable new functions and novel lifestyle strategies of microbes in the worlds oceans.
This symposium focuses on the use of these new tools in oceanography and marine ecology and how these approaches are
increasingly opening up the interface between environmental microbiology and other areas of marine science. Topics covered
in the symposium include contrasts between microbial species diversity and functional redundancy, nutritional strategies of
marine microbes and their role in ocean productivity, tests of community ecological theory with microorganisms, the coupling
of flow cytometry and genomics in understanding microbial function, the holobiont concept for marine organisms, and the
ecology of microbial pathogens and disease. We suggest that our understanding of marine microorganisms, and the tools
available for their study, has reached the point where microbes can now be fully integrated into studies of marine systems at
all levels.
Phytoplankton fluorescence: a transition from continuous to discrete

scales at the oceans microscale
Doubell, Mark*1, Hidekatsu Yamazaki2, Laurent Seuront1, 3, Jennifer Prairie4, Yosuke

Sagara2
1
2
3
4
South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI), West Beach, SA 5024
Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
[email protected]
Marine foodwebs and biogeochemical cycles are driven by interactions between individual phytoplankton and other organisms
embedded within turbulent flows. Understanding the causes and ecological consequences of these interactions requires the in
situ measurement of organisms across scales relevant to their activities. We present findings from the recent development of
state-of-the-art, high-resolution microscale fluorescence profiling systems which detail the in situ distribution of phytoplankton
across scales of millimeters to meters. Our results show evidence of a critical scale where measures of phytoplankton transition
from a continuous to discrete variable. Insights into the relative strength of the physical and biological processes, including the
influence of community composition, on structuring the spatial organization of phytoplankton at the oceans microscale are
presented.
Blue Growth: Ocean Solutions for Australia and Humanitys Grand

Challenges
Duarte, Carlos M.
Director, The UWA Oceans Institute and Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
[email protected]
Marine science are coming to age in the 21st Century, moving away from the exploratory phase of the 20th Century to be
in the position of providing solutions for societal challenges. The 21st Century will be a decisive century for the future of
humanity, as, for the first time in our history in the planet, human population will exceed the estimated carrying capacity of
planet earth, as this carrying capacity is undermined by growing anthropogenic pressures. The oceans hold a great potential
to overcome these bottlenecks and challenges and respond to the great challenge of sustainably providing food water, energy
and bioresources to support high-quality livelihoods of 9 billion people of planet Earth. Australia is poised to play a significant
role in the transformation of the way we, as a species, interact with the oceans. Engaging with solution science is not just an
matter of contributing to solve problems in disadvantaged areas, but is also of paramount importance for the future, and
security, of our nation. Identifying and addressing the potentials and challenges of Australian Marine Sciences to play a decisive
role in ocean-based solution science is a pre-requisite for the Australian marine research community to come out of age and
guide the nation into a bright future.
111
Threats to carbon reservoirs of harvested mangroves: a case study in

the Solomon Islands
Duke presenting: Albert, Joelle A. 1, Anne-Maree J. Schwarz1 and Norman C. Duke*2

Refer Albert for abstract.
New laser spectroscopic method for analysis of nitrous oxide in aquatic
systems [Poster]
Duncan, Tahlia*1, Dirk Erler1, Isaac Santos1, Damien Maher1, Bradley Eyre1
1
Southern Cross University, Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry, Military Rd, Lismore, NSW 2480.
[email protected]
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas (298 times more potent than CO2); however, the cycling of N2O in the
environment is not yet fully understood. High resolution measurements of concentration, isotopic signature and isotopomer
abundance are required to further constrain the N2O cycle. Isotopomers, i.e. the relative positioning of a 15N atom within
the linear N-N-O molecule, are particularly useful in understanding N2O cycling as they can be used to distinguish between
nitrification and denitrification sources of N2O. Laser spectroscopy is an emerging state of the art technology for measuring
atmospheric N2O abundance and isotopic characteristics, including isotopomers. However, this technique is yet to be applied
to aquatic systems. Our poster will highlight fundamental information on the application of laser spectroscopic methods to
the study of N2O cycling in aquatic systems. Results from a range of method development experiments will be shown. These
include experiments on the use of laser spectroscopy for discrete and continuous flow-through measurements, determination
of interference effects from CO2 and O2, and an examination of the fractionation of N2O in water samples. Without this basic
information, this technique cannot be applied to the study of natural aquatic systems.
Stable isotope inference of the large scale movements and trophic

ecology of Oceania southern right whales
Dunshea, Glenn*1,2, Seth D. Newsome3, C. Scott Baker4, Simon J. Childerhouse5, Emma

L Carroll6, Robert G. Harcourt7, Mark A Hindell2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Ecological Marine Services, PO Box 197, Fremantle WA 6959

Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, TAS 7005
Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
Marine Mammal Institute, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, 2030 SE Marine Science Drive, Newport, Oregon, 97365,
USA
Blue Planet Marine, PO Box 613, Kingston, Hobart, TAS, 7051
School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
Graduate School of Environment, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109
[email protected]
Stable isotope (SI) abundances of carbon (13C) and nitrogen (15N) were measured in 477 Southern Right Whale (Eubalaena
australis) skin samples from South East Australia (SEA, n = 17), the New Zealand mainland (NZ, n =36) and the Auckland Islands
(AI, n = 424). These data were related to SI distributions in the Southern Ocean to infer trophic processes and broad austral
summer foraging habitat in the Southern Ocean and whether these vary according to wintering area, demographic class,
mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) matri-lineage or inter-annually. The abundance of 13C was significantly lower in samples from SEA
compared to AI (but not NZ), indicating that SEA whales may feed further south overall than most AI whales. No differences in
either 13C or 15N abundances were apparent for different mtDNA haplotypes, in contrast to findings from Argentinian southern
right whales. Additionally there was considerably less variation in both 13C and 15N compared with Argentinian right whales,
indicating a relatively more latitudinal restricted foraging area used by Oceania whales. There were differences between
demographic classes in SI values suggesting differential response to prevailing annual environmental conditions (for example,
prey availability). Comparisons with other pelagic mid-latitude consumers of zooplankton were also performed. Based on
previously described Southern Ocean isoscapes, 13C abundances for all samples indicate the majority of Oceania whales
(particularly AI whales) feed at latitudes above 50S, probably in association with the sub-tropical convergence. Surprisingly,
this also indicates that Auckland Island whales appear to migrate laterally or south for the Austral winter.
112

Re-suspended contaminated sediments cause cellular effects in

bivalves in the water column
Edge, Katelyn*1, Katherine Dafforn1, Stuart Simpson2, Amy Ringwood3 and Emma
Johnston1,4
1
2
3
4
Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052,
Australia
Centre for Environmental Contaminants Research, CSIRO Land and Water, Locked Bag 2007, Kirrawee, NSW 2232, Australia
Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, North Carolina, 28223, USA
Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia
[email protected]
Re-suspended contaminated sediments represent an important exposure route of contaminants to organisms living in
the water column and are known to cause detrimental effects. However, to date, very few studies have established the
causes of biological effects associated with re-suspended contaminated sediments. We exposed bivalves to re-suspended
sediments (<63 m) collected from field locations over a range of suspended sediment (TSS) and contaminant concentrations
to establish causal relationships between biological effects and contaminants associated with TSS. Biological effects were
monitored following exposure by measuring a suite of cellular biomarkers, (lysosomal membrane stability, lipid peroxidation
and glutathione) in bivalves. Lysosomal membrane stability was the most sensitive biomarker for distinguishing effects from
re-suspended contaminated sediments. Metal exposure from the dissolved phase increased with increasing concentrations
of contaminants in sediment and amount of TSS, with a significant interaction found between these two factors. The
concentration of contaminants in sediment was a significant factor influencing lysosomal membrane stability and lipid
peroxidation concentrations in oysters. Increasing the amount of clean TSS in the water column (0-2 g/L) had no impact on
cellular responses. However, effects on lysosomal membrane stability were greater when the amount of contaminated TSS
in the water column increased. . No significant interaction between contaminant concentrations in sediment and TSS was
observed for any of the biomarkers measured. Our results illustrate the importance of considering contaminant exposure from
re-suspended sediments when assessing the bioavailability and toxicity of contaminants in aquatic organisms. This exposure
should be incorporated into ecosystem quality assessments.
Use of biomarker responses in deep-sea sponges to assess impacts of

drilling mud fluids [Poster]
Edge, Katelyn*1, Raymond Bannister2, Katherine Dafforn1, Stuart Simpson3 and Emma
Johnston1,4
1
2
3
4
Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052,
Australia
Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870, Nordnes 5817, Bergen, Norway
Centre for Environmental Contaminants Research, CSIRO Land and Water, Locked Bag 2007, Kirrawee, NSW 2232, Australia
Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia
[email protected]
Offshore oil and gas development activities can result in the discharge of large amounts of drilling wastes to the marine
environment. Whilst drilling muds are generally regarded as non-toxic to marine organisms, recent studies have demonstrated
negative impacts to suspension feeding organisms, such as sponges. A series of short (12 hour) and long-term (6 and 14
day) laboratory experiments were undertaken to assess the effects of environmentally realistic concentrations of commonly
used drilling muds, bentonite and barite, on cellular processes in a deep sea sponge, Geodia barretti. Following exposure to
drilling muds, lysosomal membrane stability, lipid peroxidation, glutathione and DNA damage were measured in the sponge.
Experimental exposure of G. baretti to barite provided the first evidence that the cellular viability of deep sea sponges decreases
in response to these anthropogenic particles. Short term exposures to bentonite did not alter any biomarker responses,
indicating no adverse effects on organism health. While a suite of traditional biomarkers were analysed in the sponges, only
lysosomal membrane stability proved to be a useful biomarker for determining effects from drilling muds. Lipid peroxidation
, glutathione and DNA damage were highly variable across treatments. The results illustrate the potential use of lysosomal
membrane stability as a pragmatic indicator of biotic injury in sponges. This is the first report of the measurement of lysosomal
membrane stability, lipid peroxidation and glutathione in the sponge.

113
CATAMI (Collaborative and Annotation Tools for the Analysis of Marine

Imagery and video) Unlocking the potential of marine imagery
Edwards, Luke*1, Stefan Williams2, Mat Wyatt1, Dr Jenni Harrison1, Lachlan Toohey2,
Mark Gray1, Dan Marrable1, Ariell Friedman2 and Daniel Steinberg2
1
2
iVEC, 26 Dick Perry Avenue, Technology Park, Kensington, WA 6018 [email protected]

Australian Centre for Field Robotics, Rose Street Building J04, University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW 2006
[email protected]
Underwater raw imagery is used to create quantitative information about the marine environment and analysis of this
information currently requires substantial effort by human experts. Manual processing of the high volume of marine imagery
being collected is unsustainable. At the same time, taxonomic expertise remains limited. In addition, there is a lack of
standardised approaches to the methodology, annotation, classification and analysis of this imagery. To help solve these issues,
the CATAMI project will develop online tools that allow organisations to collaborate with each other by uploading, sub-setting,
annotating, classifying and downloading imagery. We anticipate that this project will support researchers to improve science
outcomes and lead to cost-savings for both researchers and organisations. This presentation will provide an update from last
years AMSA conference and demonstrate current CATAMI functionality available to researchers using the tools. Please refer to
the following websites for more information: http://catami-australia.blogspot.com.au/; http://catami.github.com/
This project includes development funded by the Australian National Data Service (ANDS, http://ands.org.au) and the
National eResearch Collaboration Tools and Resources (NeCTAR, http://nectar.org.au). ANDS is supported by the Australian
Government through the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy Program and the Education Investment Fund
(EIF) Super Science Initiative. NeCTAR is an Australian Government project conducted as part of the Super Science initiative
and financed by the Education Investment Fund. The University of Melbourne has been appointed the lead agent by the
Commonwealth of Australia, Department of Industry, Innovation, Science, Research and Tertiary Education.
Tropical coral Skeletons record water column
15
Erler, Dirk*1, Xincheng Wang 2, Daniel Sigman 2, Sander Scheffers 3

1
2
3
Southern Cross University, Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry, Military Rd, Lismore 2480.
Princeton University, Department of Geosciences, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA.
Southern Cross University, Marine Ecology Research Centre, Military Rd, Lismore 2480.
[email protected]
The intracrystalline organic material within coral skeletons is thought to record the 15N signature of water column nitrogen.
This implies that coral skeletons may be used to reconstruct past oceanic 15N isotope signatures and/or trace movements of
isotopically distinct water masses. However to date there has been no connection made between water column 15N, coral
tissue, and the underlying coral skeleton. This presentation will demonstrate that coral tissue, and the underlying skeleton,
does indeed record the 15N signature of the surrounding water column. Furthermore coral skeletons were found to record the
15
N signature of groundwater emanating from a tropical coral cay. The implications for palaeo-reconstruction are discussed.
114

Genetic diversity and phenotypic variability in threatened Posidonia

australis seagrass meadows
Evans, Suzanna*1, Elizabeth Sinclair2, Alistair Poore1, Peter Steinberg3, Gary Kendrick2
and Adriana Vergs1
1
2
3
Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2025
School of Plant Biology and Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6907
Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2025
[email protected]
Recognising patterns of genetic diversity and connectivity is integral to understanding the mechanisms behind population
declines and formulating management plans for the conservation of threatened or endangered species. Higher genetic
diversity has been shown to enhance primary productivity and recovery from disturbance. This is particularly important for
clonal organisms such as seagrasses, which are globally declining and rated amongst the most threatened ecosystems on earth.
In this study we simultaneously quantified genetic diversity using a set of eight microsatellite DNA markers and phenotypic
variability on seagrass functional traits (epiphyte load, productivity, herbivory, nutrient content and morphology) within 12
naturally fragmented Posidonia australis meadows on the east coast of Australia. Genetic diversity increased with latitude and
was significantly lower at the edge of P. australis geographic distribution and in six endangered meadows. We hypothesise
these patterns are due to (1) a population bottleneck caused by a range-edge effect, (2) a founder effect as a result of historical
sea level changes, and/or (3) the potential fixation of competitively superior genotypes. We also found that meadows with
higher genotypic diversity typically show higher phenotypic variability for a number of traits (morphology, productivity and
epiphyte load). Our findings have important implications for conservation: we confirm that endangered and range-edge
populations with low genetic diversity are more phenotypically uniform and are most at risk of extinction if environmental
conditions change. These results can be utilised for the location of suitable donor populations for transplanting purposes as a
means of mitigating further declines.
First use of cavity ring-down spectrometry for N2O cycling studies in

aquatic ecosystems
Eyre, Bradley*, Dirk Erler, Tahali Duncan, Damien Maher, Perrine Mangion
Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore NSW 2480.
[email protected]
Recent analytical advances in cavity ring-down spectrometry (CRDS) now allow continuous, in-situ, high data density
measurements of N2O gas concentrations and isotopes. Prototype development of the Picarro CRDS focused on measurement
of atmospheric N2O. This presentation will briefly outline some of the protocols required to use CRDS in aquatic ecosystems,
such as matrix corrections for CO2, O2 and isotope fractionation and gas extraction from water with gas equilibration devices.
We will demonstrate the application of CRDS with spatial maps of in-situ, high-density N2O concentration and stable isotopes
across nutrient and oxygen gradients in Moreton Bay. The Picarro CRDS also allows the identification of the intramolecular
distribution of nitrogen isotopes in the N2O molecule (isotopomers). We will conclude by outlining the potential insights into
the biogeochemical processes controlling N2O gas emission that these isotopomers may provide.
Using Radiocarbon in coral skeletons to reconstruct seep CO2 input into

seawater DIC at Milne Bay, PNG
Fallon, Stewart J*1, Katharina Fabricius2, Janice Lough2, Sam Noonan2, Craig Humphrey2
1
2
Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 0200
Australian Institute of Marine Sciences, Townsville, QLD 4810
[email protected]
Porites coral cores have been collected from unique volcanic CO2 seeps in Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. The CO2
gas bubbles emerging from the reefs provide local ocean acidification conditions similar to those predicted for the middle to
the end of this century, and beyond. Volcanic CO2 bubbling through the seawater in Milne Bay is free of radiocarbon, resulting
a unique signal that is preserved in the coral skeleton. We have measured the radiocarbon content of the coral skeleton back
through time from sites heavily impacted by CO2 and control sites not impacted by CO2 seeps. Three impacted sites show an
increase of CO2 into the DIC by 4%, 10% and 14%. Using these values we can estimate the pH at the impacted sites. In 2009
the impacted sites had estimated pH of 7.85, 7.6 and 7.4. These values agree with in situ measurements of seawater pH at the
time the corals were collected.

115
A day in the life of a seagrass meadow - Net metabolism, and nutrient

cycling across a depth gradient
Ferguson, Angus*1, Jaimie Potts1, David Welsh2, Peter Teasdale2, Peter Scanes1, Jennita
Gay3, and Aaron Wright1
1
2
3
Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Southport Qld 4222
Aquatic Biogeochemical and Ecological Research, Brunswick Heads NSW 2483
[email protected]
Seagrass ecosystems are recognised for their habitat values and more recently as a potential carbon sink, leading to ongoing
efforts to manage these systems. Management efforts are commonly based on simple conceptual models (e.g. light limitation),
however limited success with this approach has indicated a need for better representation in models of the linkages between
environmental drivers (e.g. light and nutrient supply) and physiological responses that underpin resilience (e.g. non-structural
carbohydrates stores). This study attempts to elucidate how morphological plasticity and physiology across environmental
gradients affects these linkages. Biomass, non-structural carbohydrates, net metabolism, nutrient fluxes, denitrification and
N fixation were measured in spring and summer across the depth gradient of a seagrass (Zostera capricorni) meadow in
Lake Macquarie. Results indicate contrasting patterns in net metabolism between spring (minimum annual biomass) and
summer (maximum annual biomass). During spring the meadow was net autotrophic at the shallowest site, balanced at the
intermediate site, and net heterotrophic at the deepest site (mean p/r = 1.6; 0.98; and 0.85 respectively). Despite significantly
higher biomass during the summer, the entire meadow was net heterotrophic and the depth dependent pattern in net
metabolism was reversed (mean p/r shallow = 0.6; mid = 0.76; deep = 0.91). Nutrient fluxes indicated tight recycling of both
nitrogen and phosphorus, with depth dependent N fixation constituting the only measured input of new nitrogen. Our results
challenge the popular paradigm of seagrass as a carbon sink and indicate that simple light limitation models are inadequate to
describe seagrass growth and resilience.
Habitat structural complexity drives fish spatial distribution at multiple

scales
Ferrari, Renata*1, Hamish Malcolm2, Maria Byrne1, 3, Stefan B. Williams4, Alan Jordan5,
Ariell Friedman4, Will Figueira1
1
2
3
4
5
School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006

NSW Department of Primary Industries, PO Box 4297, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales 2450
School of Biological and Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006
Australian Centre of Field Robotics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006
NSW Department of Primary Industries, Locked Bay 800, Nelson Bay, New South Wales 2315
[email protected]
Topographic structural complexity is highly correlated to biodiversity and abundance in marine habitats, and is therefore integral
in determining ecological processes. Organisms living in complex 3-dimensional (3D) environments have a strong affinity for
habitat refugia from predation. However, the role of refugia as a driver of diversity and abundance is unclear. Understanding
these processes requires accurate measurement of habitat complexity at multiple scales, which until recently was challenging
to obtain. To address this knowledge gap we used leading-edge 3D measurement of benthic structural complexity through
stereo-imagery obtained from an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle. We investigated spatial patterns of fish diversity and
abundance and how they relate to structural complexity at multiple scales in a sub-tropical marine protected area, the Solitary
Islands Marine Park. Fish diversity and abundance were documented at 3 scales (tens of meters, hundreds of meters and
kilometres), and divided fish into three groups for further investigation: (1) mid-water, (2) mobile bottom-dwellers, and (3)
sedentary bottom-dwellers. Our results show that fish diversity and abundance are positively influenced by 3D structural
complexity, but different fish groups were influenced by 3D complexity at different scales. While structural complexity of
underwater habitats is key to understanding fish spatial patterns in 3-D reef systems; the scale at which complexity is measured
is as important because the affinity of fish taxa for structurally complex habitats will vary across spatial scales. Integrating
structural complexity into ecological studies is key to improve our understanding of marine ecosystems.
116

Variability in low temperature acclimation of reef fish across latitudes

and implications for range shifts
Figueira, Will*1,2, David Booth3,2, Jennifer Donelson3,2, David Feary3,2, Sam Philip3,2, Ash
Fowler3,2, Natasha Hardy1,2, Brendan Kelaher4
1
2
3
4
University of Sydney, School of Biological Sciences, Marine Ecology Laboratories (A11), Sydney, NSW 2006
Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Building 22, Chowder Bay Road, Mosman NSW 2088.
University of Technology Sydney, Dept. of Environmental Sciences, PO Box 123, Broadway NSW 2007
Southern Cross University, National Marine Science Centre, 2 Bay Drive, Charlesworth Bay, Coffs Harbour NSW 2450.
[email protected]
The recruitment of tropical fishes to temperate waters during warm summer months is a common occurrence where western
boundary currents provide a larval transport mechanism. While survival and growth during the summer months is often quite
high, survival over the winter period is low, thus creating a significant hurdle to the range expansion of tropical fishes into
temperate habitats. Here we compare the low temperature acclimation ability of several species of tropical fish across a
latitudinal range along the east coast of Australia from the southern Great Barrier Reef to Sydney. We looked at metabolic
scope as well as burst swim performance in order to 1) evaluate the fundamental limits of acclimation plasticity for these
species and 2) determine if there is any change in this ability across latitude which would suggest that some process such as
developmental acclimation, selection during the larval stage, or local genetic adaptation is occurring which would speed the
rate of range expansion into the region.
Assessment of the effects on fisheries from the large scale expansion

of no-take closures across the Great Barrier Reef region
Fletcher, Rick*1, Wise, Brent1, Kearney, Bob2, Nash, Warwick3

1
2
3
Department of Fisheries, Western Australia

University of Canberra
Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Queensland
[email protected]
There has been ongoing, extensive debate about the likely impacts of marine protected areas (MPAs), especially complete
no-take closures (often termed sanctuary zones), on fisheries production and management. A critical limitation in this debate
has been the lack of empirical data on the effects of closures at scales sufficient to generate robust conclusions. The large
scale (30%) expansion of no-take closures across the entire Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBR) in July 2004 provided an
opportunity to examine these effects on a scale not previously undertaken anywhere else. Commercial catch data from within
the GBR and non GBR areas of Queensland were examined prior to and after the expansion of the closed areas using balanced
BACIP (Paired Before, After, Control, Impact) tests. We compare the results of these analyses to the predictions presented
in the advice to the Commonwealth and Qld governments on the likely short term impacts and longer term benefits these
closures would have on affected fisheries. We also compare the fishery-based results to the conclusions of other closurebased studies completed within the GBR to examine which hypotheses about the likely effects of sanctuary zones on fisheries
production the fishery-wide data support, or do not support. The outcomes from these balanced, region wide comparisons
should have clear implications for the development of future marine planning and protected area policies.

117
Why is detailed hydrodynamic modelling important for ecological

response models
Floyd, John
Water Wetlands and Coasts Science, Office of Environment and Heritage, Department of Premier and Cabinet, 59-61 Goulburn St, Sydney, NSW
2000.
[email protected]
Modelling of physical and ecological processes provides a number of advantages, including prediction and data interpolation.
An Ecological Response Model (ERM) depends on the chemical and ecologic interaction within the water column and
importantly spatial mixing and exchange. Based on our experience in building an ERM for Lake Macquarie NSW, the reasoning
and methodology of interfacing the ERM with detailed hydrodynamics is discussed. Many ecology models are based on larger
scale box type models, with simplified box interactions. This is necessary in many cases because ecology models (despite
large improvements in computing capabilities) require expensive numerical methods to solve the chemical and ecological
interactions over large time periods. This prohibits small scale modelling. However the large scale mixing and movement
around the whole system can involve physical processes that cannot be represented at those box scales. Operating on scales
much finer than the box models, detailed hydrodynamics can model the driving physical processes that can include tides, and
catchment flows, wind induced flows and mixing and density (through salt versus fresh water, and water and air temperature
effects) can be quantified. From these detailed models, box interaction and exchange processes can be determined by analysing
and summing the fine scale flow characteristics along box boundaries. By interfacing large scale box models to high detail
hydrodynamic models, ecological modelling can begin to incorporate many of the driving physical processes that operate at
scales well below that being used.
Quantifying the effects of pressures on multispecies assemblages
Foster, Scott* and Piers Dunstan

CSIROs Wealth from Oceans Flagship. GPO Box 1538, Castray Esplanade, Hobart Tas 7001
[email protected]
Understanding the effect of pressures, over time, on multispecies assemblages is a challenge question that intersects human
activity and community ecology. An ultimate goal is to estimate the effects with a rigorous, numerical approach. However,
this is difficult as one must first specify an appropriate statistical model and fit it to congruent data sets that describe human
activity and ecological response. In this work we explore the effects of pressures on fish assemblages over time. We use data
sets that capture the beginning of a fishery and shows the changes over time in the abundance of species. We specify a novel
version of finite mixture of regression models to find archetypical responses to the pressure. This model allows us to simplify
the many different species responses and it enabling easier understanding of the overall effect of fishing on the ecosystem. It
is clear, from the data, that the effects of the pressure vary between species and between species groups (archetypes). Some
species/archetypes show consistent decline with increased species, some are quite impervious to it and some have an increase
in abundance.
Dissection stress fails to explain patterns of limpet orientation
Fraser, Clarissa*1, Ross Coleman1 and Frank Seebacher2

1
2
Centre for Research on Ecological Impacts of Coastal Cities, School of Biological Sciences, Marine Ecology Laboratories (A11), The University of
Sydney, NSW 2006
School of Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006
[email protected]
The abundance, distribution and behaviour of intertidal organisms have frequently been attributed as a response to physical
conditions such as wave forces and thermal stresses and these stressors are predicted to increase with climate change. More
recent work has shown that interactions between organisms and settlement and recruitment processes are equally important
in determining distribution patterns. Patterns of orientation of intertidal animals are relatively understudied compared to
patterns of distribution and abundance at a larger spatial scale but explanatory models based on organism responses to
physical forces still predominate in the literature. In order to make accurate predictions about the future, we need to examine
links between fundamental small-scale behaviours, such as orientation, and the physiological processes behind them. The
aim of this project was to determine if there is a relationship between the head orientation of the intertidal limpet Cellana
tramoserica on steeply sloped, rocky surfaces (> 60 to the vertical) and desiccation stress. Across multiple sites and times,
limpets were collected prior to immersion and their haemolymph extracted and analysed to quantify their level of desiccation
stress. To test for a causal link between desiccation and orientation, limpets were rotated to alter their orientation and
haemolymph osmolality was compared between differently orientated individuals. No link was found between the direction
an individual limpet faces and how desiccated that individual is. These results add to the growing knowledge that desiccation
responses may be less important than early researchers supposed.
118

Stable Isotope Indicators of Fisheries Health and Condition in Estuaries
Fry, Brian
Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane Qld 4111
[email protected]
Humans are modifying estuaries of the coastal zone and ecologists have begun measuring ecosystem responses in an attempt
to preserve natural ecological conditions and health. Traditional approaches to assessing structural and functional responses
of coastal systems include measures of species composition and water quality, but fisheries assessments are often left out
because of the perception that fisheries species are too mobile and cannot easily be linked to local conditions. Stable isotopes
have emerged as a new and useful way to understand movements and productivity of mobile shrimp and fish species across
estuarine seascapes. Case studies from Louisiana USA and Moreton Bay Australia suggest that estuaries with healthy fishery
food webs might be identified using isotope indicators that show low anthropogenic N inputs, strong benthic contributions,
and moderate to high fisheries residency and productivity.
Keeping All The Balls in the Air: Multiple Use Management
Fulton, Beth
CSIRO, GPO Box 1538, Hobart Tas 7000
[email protected]
Marine resources have been directly exploited from earliest recorded times. With the growth of human populations, increasing
pressure has been put on marine resources either through direct exploitation or via indirect effects of onshore activities.
This will not change in the future, even if dollar values are applied to the ecosystem services provided by the oceans. Marine
industries currently deliver approximately $40 billion to Australias economy, with broader ecosystem services likely worth
more than a 100x more. There is ongoing debate about how to sustainably manage these resources and assets, how to deal
with all means of uncertainty about their future and how different uses interact. While Australias resource management
agencies have adopted ecosystem based and integrated management as a general goal, the industries are still principally
managed independently. Drawing on examples from Australia and the coral triangle potential approaches to truly integrated
management and the challenges that brings will be explored. Combinations of observations and hierarchical integrated models
look to be one useful way forward, but this will demand sustained ecological observing, better understanding the human
behavioural aspects of marine industries and the basis for determining acceptable environmental impacts.
Primary productivity of Australias northern shelf seas
Furnas, Miles
Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland 4810
[email protected]
The Australian continent is bordered to the north by a broad shallow continental shelf stretching from the Sahul Shelf to the
Gulf of Papua (121-144 E). This shallow shelf sea habitat is characterized by a monsoonal climate, high water temperatures,
high irradiances and a variety of regional nutrient input regimes. Shelf waters are actively mixed by both persistent and
episodic interactions between tides, topography and wind stress. Although generally characterized by low surface chlorophyll
and nutrient levels, the northern shelf region has a high areal productivity (mean 900 mg C m-2 d-1, range 200-2,400 mg C m-2
d-1). Higher production rates (>5,000 mg C m-2 d-1) can occur episodically after cyclonic disturbance events. The highest areal
production rates have been measured in the Arafura Sea sector, but there appears to be no pronounced east-west trend in
production despite differing hydrographic regimes. While picoplankton (<2 m) generally dominate phytoplankton biomass
and productivity, larger phytoplankton (diatoms, Trichodesmium) can be episodically important.

119
A tale of two urchins: dispersal capacity of closely-related species

Heliocidaris erythrogramma and H tuberculata, with contrasting PLDs
Gall, Mailie L.*1, Neville Barrett2, Maria Byrne3, Graham Edgar2 and Sebastian Holmes1
1
2
3
School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Penrith NSW 2751
Schools of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia
Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania
[email protected]
The time spent by larvae in the water-column before they settle, i.e. pelagic larval duration (PLD), is often considered as
a predictor for dispersal capacity. Accordingly, populations of species with a long PLD should be more connected than
populations for species with a short PLD for the same spatial-scale. However, other factors (e.g. currents, habitat availability)
can affect and/or override life history considerations negating any predictive capacity that could be inferred from PLD. In
this study, the connectivity (genetic structure) between populations of two species of urchin, Heliocidaris tuberculata and
H. erythrogramma, with very differing PLDs (30 days vs 4 days, respectively) is investigated. Despite producing larvae with
a long PLD, H. tuberculata has a very restricted distribution in Australia (NSW coast only), but is also found in New Zealand.
Paradoxically H. erythrogramma with its short PLD, has a much wider distribution in Australia (NSW to Western Australia,
inclusive of Queensland), but is endemic. Examination of genetic connectivity (microsatellites) between populations from
NSW, TAS & SA for H. erythrogramma reveal that populations within a region are interconnected, but regions are genetically
distinct. These patterns correspond with expectations based on currents but at a much broader-scale than would be predicted
by PLD alone. Initial results for H. tuberculata show no evidence of phylogenetic divergence (CO1) between populations from
NSW to Kermadec Islands (NZ), indicating gene flow is maintained across a considerable distance and where habitat is patchy.
Initial examination of the populations using microsatellite markers, suggests as for the COI data, that there are little if any
barriers to gene flow/dispersal between populations of H. tuberculata. These results suggest that a short PLD doesnt hinder
dispersal where habitat is continuous and instead currents are driving broad-scale patterns. Correspondingly, for species with
a long PLD, currents play a fundamental role in maintaining gene flow across considerable spatial scales.
Using historical marine ecology to identify options based on socioecologic values: what is represented by burrowing clams
Gardner, Mary
Southern Cross University, Department of Environment, Science & Engineering, PO Box 157, Lismore NSW 2480
[email protected]
Historical marine ecology (HME) has the ability to integrate perspectives in conservation and exploitation of the sea. At best,
it bonds historys narratives with sciences models to track over time human as well as animal populations, behaviours and
interactions. I provide an overview of some current concepts and metaphors found in its literature. This hybrid research can
serve more than the objectives of marine study or management, but also provide societies with unique opportunities to evaluate
and act on socio-ecologic values such as environmental justice and future proofing of habitats. It also makes companions of
researchers, managers and communities in building knowledge. As an example, I present a short historical investigation as well
as comments on my research process. I consider cross-cultural Australian ideas about the marine animal group Teredinidae by
highlighting two screenshots (1798-1826 and 1970-2013). The first period examines a negative but influential interpretation
by Thomas Malthus. He writes of a cross- cultural encounter featuring Australian Aboriginal consumption of local Teredinidae
known as cobra. While cultural tones remain largely unchanged in the second period, the biological understanding of the
animals has developed greatly. So has awareness of their estuarine habitats and cultural significance. Their potential role as
subjects of community based monitoring is as yet undeveloped and would rely on a better integration of biology/ecology with
community-based social innovations. A symbolic beginning would be a change in the Australian English colloquialisms for
Teredinidae from the erroneous shipworm or mangrove worm to the more accurate burrowing clam.
120

Spatio-temporal patterns of variation in the invasion of southern NSW

estuaries by the European shore crab, Carcinus maenas
Garside, Clifford* and Melanie Bishop

Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney NSW 2109
[email protected]
Carcinus maenas is an omnivorous crab native to the northeast Atlantic. It is among the worlds worst invasive species,
establishing populations in North America, South America, Japan, South Africa and southern Australia, where it was first
detected in Port Phillip Bay 100 years ago. Despite predictions that the environmental tolerances and opportunistic life history
of C. maenas would enable it to rapidly spread from Port Phillip Bay to southern Queensland, its Australian distribution remains
limited to the south and in New South Wales its abundance is low. One potential explanation is that the Intermittently Open and
Closed Lakes and Lagoons (ICOLLs) dominating the coastline of southern NSW and Victoria limit crab population connectivity
and have environmental conditions unsuitable for persistent populations. ICOLLs entrances alternate between being open and
closed to the ocean, according to wave climate and precipitation patterns. We tested the hypotheses that (1) permanently
open lakes would contain more C. maenas than intermittently open lakes, and (2) among ICOLLs, those that are predominantly
open would support larger populations of C. maenas than ones predominantly closed. Within 14 coastal lakes representing
the different estuarine entrance morphologies we performed quarterly trapping surveys over a two year period. Surveys failed
to detect crabs in ICOLLs with entrances that are mostly closed to the ocean. Estuaries with permanently open entrances had
fewer crabs than estuaries that open and close. Differences in crab abundance among estuarine type may reflect differences in
environmental conditions, connectivity to the marine environment, available habitats or predator assemblages.
Habitat preferences of macroinvertebrate fauna among seagrasses

with varying structural forms
Gartner, Adam*1, Tuya, Fernando2, Lavery, Paul1, McMahon, Kathryn1

1
2
Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Western Australia, Australia

Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
[email protected]
The role of habitat structural complexity in shaping faunal communities has been of key interest to marine ecologists for many
years, principally due to the association between increased complexity and high abundances and diversity of fauna. Despite
this, macroinvertebrate assemblages within seagrasses with varying morphologies and canopy structures have seldom been
compared. Algal epiphytes also contribute to the structural complexity of seagrass ecosystems, a factor often overlooked in
studies on seagrass structural complexity. We tested whether the importance of different structural components of seagrasses
for macroinvertebrate fauna was consistent between seagrasses with naturally different complexity. We found the density
of fauna colonizing ASUs varied among complexities of ASUs, as well as seagrasses, with results suggesting that small-scale
variation in structure was more important than large-scale variation in canopy morphology. However, we also concluded from
our experiments that the effect of high structural complexity in seagrasses may be reduced when seagrass canopy surface area
is limited. The results of these investigations help provide insight into understanding the consequences of changes to seagrass
systems, which may be induced by anthropogenic influences, such as light reductions or eutrophication.
Stable isotope evidence of nutrient and energy sources in the Brisbane

Water estuary, NSW
Gaston, Troy*1 and Natalie Moltschaniwskyj1

University of Newcastle, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Ourimbah NSW 2258
[email protected].
Estuaries are major centres for human activity and consequently they often receive a major proportion of anthropogenic
nutrient loads. Furthermore, changes in catchment land use have also induced changes in organic matter and sediment loads to
estuarine systems, placing increased pressure on the health of estuaries. Nutrient and sediment input into the Brisbane Water
estuary on the central coast of NSW has been identified as a high pressure indicator and the nitrogen load of its two major
tributaries are elevated. This study uses stable isotopes to determine the relative significance of anthropogenic and catchment
derived nutrient sources and dominant energy sources for biota in the Brisbane Water estuary. Seagrass (Zostera capricorni),
mangrove (Avicennia marina) and two invertebrate crustaceans (mangrove crab Heloecius cordiformis and callianassid shrimp
Trypaea australiensis) were collected from 12 sites within the Brisbane Water estuary during January 2013. The stable isotope
ratio of biota from Narara Creek, the tributary with the highest nitrogen load, were significantly depleted relative to other
locations within the estuary indicating incorporation of anthropogenic nutrients. Zostera and Avicennia were important food
resources for mobile crustaceans throughout the estuary, however, the relative significance of these food sources varied with
location. For example, H. cordiformis collected from within mangrove stands often had a seagrass isotope signature. Stable
isotope analysis has provided insight to the nutrient sources and dynamic nature of food resources in the Brisbane Water
estuary that also highlights the need for further investigation into the functioning of this estuary.
121
Dangerous jellyfish blooms are predictable
Gershwin, Lisa-ann*1, Scott A. Condie1, Jim V. Mansbridge1, and Anthony J. Richardson2

1
2
CSIRO Wealth from Oceans Flagship, GPO Box 1538, Hobart Tas 7000
Centre for Applications in Natural Resource Mathematics, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia Qld 4072
[email protected]
THE PROBLEM: Irukandji jellyfish are highly dangerous, hospitalising 50-100 people annually in Australia, with 30% requiring
life support and 25% having ongoing complications. Treatment costs about $15 million annually, and negative publicity cost
tourism $65 million in 2002 alone. A recent legal opinion suggests a high likelihood of successful litigation against local
authorities with respect to Irukandji safety. Geographic and temporal spread of Irukandjis is possible with climate change.
THE NEED: A readily accessible and easily interpreted forecasting system based on objective data would remove the variability
that currently hinders management responses based on human knowledge, identification skill, and interpretation. SOLUTION:
Using collated medical records of stings and local weather conditions, we show that the presence of Irukandji blooms in
coastal waters can be forecast on the basis of wind conditions. On the Great Barrier Reef, infestations largely coincide with
relaxation of the prevailing southeasterly trade winds, with average conditions corresponding to near zero alongshore wind on
the day prior to the sting. OUTCOMES: These conditions provide a basis for designing management interventions that have the
potential to eliminate the majority of stings. Early notification will be useful to medical and life saving organisations, to better
allocate resources to cope with impending infestations; to Councils, island resorts, and remote regions, to proactively close or
open beaches based on best-practice, objective science; to dive operators, fishermen, and other marine industries to better
assess and manage marine risk. Communication through smartphone apps, web pages, and/or SMS alerts will also provide
educational benefit.
Diet of the Yellow-eye mullet (Aldrichetta forsteri) in the River Murray

estuary and Coorong Lagoon, South Australia [Poster]
Giatas, George*1, Sabine Dittmann1, Qifeng Ye2 and Kathleen Beyer1,2

1 Flinders University, School of Biological Sciences, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5011
2 SARDI Aquatic Sciences, Inland Waters and Catchment Ecology Program, PO Box 120, Henley Beach, SA 5022
[email protected]
Omnivorous diets and opportunistic feeding behaviours are favourable in ecosystems where food availability can vary. This
study was undertaken in the River Murray estuary and Coorong, South Australia, which recently experienced a large freshwater
inflow after a prolonged period of drought. Yellow-eye mullet (Aldrichetta forsteri) were investigated to determine differences
in diet between (1) four size classes, (2) two regions, with different salinities and (3) current flow conditions and the drought.
Gut-content analysis of 103 fish and stable isotope analysis were used to investigate diet and prey composition. Diet differed
between regions for sizes that occurred in both regions and between some fish size classes of the same region. Small fish (<120
mm) fed on post-larval fish, detritus, amphipods, large polychaetes mysid shrimp and copepods. Larger fish (>250 mm) diet
was characterised by algae, detritus and small polychaetes. Difference in diet between small and large size classes could be
attributed to habitat differences and/or digestive morphology changes, while differences between regions were attributed to
food availability. Diet items of A. forsteri under current flow varied from those during drought conditions. The wide range of
diet items and flexibility in diet relative to food availability supports a highly opportunistic feeding behaviour of A. forsteri. This
may imply a potential for resilience to changes in food availability, which is an important adaptation to variable conditions in
estuaries.
122

Stable isotope & stomach contents show a need for regional based
management of protected marine mammal species in South Australia
Gibbs, Susan*12, Catherine Kemper1, Robert Harcourt2

1
2
South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000

Grad. School of Environment, Macquarie University, NSW 2109
[email protected]
Spencer Gulf (SA) and adjacent waters are inhabited by marine mammal species with broadly similar ecological needs.
Knowledge of how they coexist is lacking but essential for successful management of these protected species. To investigate
diet and feeding ecology, carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes (SIA) and stomach contents were analysed. Opportunistically
collected carcasses of 3 dolphin species, Tursiops sp. (n = 39 individuals for SIA, n = 91 stomachs), T. truncatus (n = 14, n =
14), Delphinus delphis (n = 44, n = 93) and the Australian sea lion, N. cinerea (n = 38, n = 93) were analysed. Intra-specific
similarities in D. delphis collected from the SA coast suggested this species feeds on similar diets throughout its range. Being
a diet specialist D. delphis is vulnerable to major fluctuations in prey abundance, because it does not appear to have plasticity
to exploit other prey. By contrast, there were clear differences in the isotopic signatures of Tursiops sp. from south and north
Spencer Gulf. The results showed that Tursiops sp. does not range widely, instead it exploits a variety of locally available prey.
Accordingly Tursiops sp. is vulnerable to destruction of habitat and coastal anthropogenic development that significantly alters
local habitat. T. truncatus and N. cinerea are separated from the other study species by feeding at higher trophic levels and are
also likely to have some spatial separation. We provide evidence of intra- and interspecific differences, demonstrating that
management of these species should be considered on a regional scale.
Plastic ingestion in seabirds of south-eastern Australia [Poster]
Gilbert, Jann M*
National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, NSW 2450
[email protected]
Plastic debris is a significant problem in all oceans of the world and accounts for up to 90% of marine debris. As wide-ranging
foragers and top marine predators seabirds are recognised as valuable bioindicators of changes to marine food webs and ecology.
Ingestion of plastic in seabirds is well documented, particularly in the northern hemisphere. Much less data, however, exists
for levels of plastic in the ocean or in seabirds (and apparently none for coastal birds) in Australian waters or the south-western
Pacific. This lack of long-term data on the incidence and impacts of plastic ingestion limits the ability of Australian environmental
managers to accurately identify the impact of key threatening processes such as marine plastic debris. It also has implications
for the ability to manage these threats in a timeframe appropriate to seabird populations and marine processes. In this study,
the stomach contents of a variety of seabirds (migratory and resident) were analysed for plastic particles. Nine of the birds
sampled contained plastic, averaging 5.4 particles per bird. The mean mass of plastic per bird was 80mg. The most common
type of plastic was manufactured, however, industrial pellets also contributed substantially. No clear indication of the influence
of plastic ingestion on body condition could be found, however, internal physical damage and intestinal blockage was observed.
Given that accumulation of ingested plastic is believed to have long-term effects that impact on reproductive capability, and,
ultimately, populations, further investigation of plastic ingestion in seabirds in Australian waters appears to be necessary.
Effects of no-fishing marine protected area implementation on

macroalaga-herbivore trophic interactions
Gilby, Ben L. *1, Ian R. Tibbetts2 and Tim Stevens1

1
2
Australian Rivers Institute- Coasts and Estuaries, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4222
School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072
[email protected]
Documenting shifts in trophic group interactions following the implementation of marine protected areas is key to
understanding marine protected area (MPA) success, or otherwise. Benthic habitat structuring is heavily reliant on processes
that occur higher up the food web. Given this, establishing how MPA implementation affects the oft forgotten lower end of
the trophic cascade can assist in determining MPA effectiveness on multiple spatial scales. Here we present the results of a
multi-disciplinary approach to deciphering some of these trophic interactions. Firstly, a global systematic review and metaanalysis revealed a relationship between primary producer and herbivore population trajectories according to habitat type,
following the implementation of an MPA. These results support the top-down food web structuring hypothesis in protected
area networks, except for herbivorous fish on coral reefs, where populations increased in response to removal of fishing
pressure. Field studies were then conducted inside and outside no-fishing MPAs in the Moreton Bay Marine Park (MBMP),
Queensland. Benthic video survey, baited remote underwater video and traditional underwater visual census techniques were
used in field studies to test the ecological application of different trophic structuring hypotheses and distribution theories, such
as the ideal free distribution. This series of studies highlights the importance of regional scale management in the conservation
of benthic marine environments and demands the selection of MPAs to be based not only on benthic habitat quality, but also
on the processes that assist in the recovery of marine ecosystems in the aftermath of fishing.
123
Shifting baselines: Use of fish ear bones to record changes in

environmental conditions and ecology of fish
Gillanders, Bronwyn M*, Thomas C. Barnes, Morgan Disspain, Zoe A. Doubleday and
Chris Izzo
Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, SA 5005.
[email protected].
Temperate estuaries are the most degraded of marine systems, however quantifying the impact of human and environmental
disturbance on populations is difficult because historic baselines of data are lacking. Fish otoliths (ear bones) provide a means
to establish better baselines against which to judge the present condition of ecological systems and fish species reliant on
them. In order to reconstruct historical data we first need to develop and enhance chemical or other tracers in otoliths that
record environmental conditions as changes in chemical concentrations and second identify changes that have occurred in
fish ecology over the past centuries to determine if shifting baselines occur. We ran a series of experiments to determine the
influence of environmental factors on otolith chemistry of mulloway. Using these relationships and those determined between
growth increments and environmental conditions of modern day fish we were able to reconstruct conditions of archaeological
otoliths from the Holocene. Such data provide information on shifting baselines including how patterns of movement may have
changed through time. Otoliths thus provide a means to investigate palaeoenvironmental conditions.
ClimateWatch marine: developing a national, citizen science, long-term

coastal monitoring program
Gillies, Chris*, Richard Weatherill, Amber-Louise Burberry

Earthwatch Australia, 126 Bank Street, South Melbourne, Vic 3205
[email protected]
Tracking changes in the movement of coastal marine species requires large-scale, long-term monitoring programs which
are generally beyond the geographic boundaries and logistical means of any single state government agency or research
institution. Not for profit organisations can play a critical role in bridging this gap by working across state boundaries whilst
bringing together multiple stakeholders to deliver both educational and scientific outcomes. We describe the process by
which business, educators and scientists, each with different requirements, join together for mutually beneficial outcomes
and highlight the costs and benefits for each stakeholder. Using Climate Watch marine as a case study, we discuss the value of
incorporating citizen science into longer term research and provide advice for researchers who may wish to incorporate public
participation into their research.
FishMap: developing digital tools for Australian marine science
Gledhill, Daniel*1, Peter Last1, William White1, Tony Rees2, John Pogonoski2 and Peter
Doherty3
1
2
3
CSIROs Wealth from Oceans Research Flagship, Castray Esplanade, Hobart Tas 7000
CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Castray Esplanade Hobart Tas 7000
Atlas of Living Australia, Black Mountain Laboratories, Clunies Ross Street, Black Mountain ACT 2601
[email protected]
Australias marine biodiversity is amongst the richest on the planet, spread across a vast and largely unexplored Exclusive
Economic Zone of which only ca13% has been mapped and a much smaller fraction explored. Australia has over 4500 recognised
fish species from continental shelf and slope waters alone. High diversity and high endemicity create significant challenges for
species identification. No comprehensive identification tool exists, and the few regional guides are largely out of date - so how
can researchers accurately and consistently identify and record such a diverse fauna? FishMap (fish.ala.org.au), developed by
CSIROs Wealth from Oceans Flagship and the Atlas of Living Australia, is a first step to solving this problem. The tool enables
the creation of species lists for fishes within a region of interest within Australias continental shelf and slope waters. Lists can
be rapidly compiled in advance of undertaking fieldwork, can be customised by location, depth, families and basic ecological
data, and contain distribution maps and current scientific and standard names. FishMap produces lists of candidate species
within a region of interest and allows users to check identifications against all similar species that may be present. Spatial
searching combined with current names reduces the perpetuation of out of date, erroneous or out of region names. Additional
data fields (such as maximum body length, basic body shape), if added, could further refine candidate lists, reducing time and
effort in validating identifications, and improving consistency and quality. Such infrastructure could be applicable to other
marine and terrestrial biota.
124

Unintended long term environmental disturbances from estuary

entrance breakwaters
Gordon, Angus*1, Lex Nielsen2, Rob Williams3, Kathryn Duchatel4.

1
2
3
4
Coastal Zone Management and Planning, Taiyul Road, North Narrabeen, NSW 2101. [email protected]
Worley Parsons, 141 Walker Street, North Sydney, NSW 2060.
Fisheries Division, Department of Primary Industries, SIMS, Sydney, NSW 2088
MWH Australia, 141 Walker Street, North Sydney, NSW 2060
[email protected]
A by-product of a 1970s study into expanding fishing port facilities at Forster-Tuncurry NSW was the discovery that the entrance
channel of Wallis Lake was in an unstable scour mode. Piles supporting the road bridge connecting Foster to Tuncurry had
been compromised by the scour and required major rectification works. Scouring commenced shortly after the northern
breakwater was completed in 1969 and the tidal range in Wallis Lake began to increase markedly. It was theorised that these
effects resulted from the entrance breakwaters improving the hydraulic efficiency of the entrance by reducing significantly the
hydraulic energy loss over the entrance bar. Calculations indicated these effects could continue for centuries. Over the ensuing
30 years the early predictions have proven correct. Subsequent studies at Lake Macquarie, Wagonga Inlet and Lake Illawarra
where entrance breakwaters and training walls have been constructed have identified the same phenomena occurring there.
As a consequence of the enhanced entrance efficiency, scour migrates upstream, dislodging sediments and eroding habitat.
The tidal ranges within the lakes are increasing progressively, resulting in greater penetration of salinity into the estuaries
and their tributaries, potentially modifying the extent of estuarine macrophytes (seagrass, mangrove, saltmarsh) and, hence,
altering faunal communities. While the hydrology has been well detailed, some of the follow-on ecological disturbances have
been identified but not quantified. Of particular interest is how the responses of these estuaries to increasing tidal height
might predict the effects of future rise in sea level.
Behavioural response to an ecosystem engineer increases predation

risk
Gribben, Paul*1, Wright Jeff2

1
2
Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, and School of the Environment, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
Australian Maritime College, University of Tasmania, Australia
[email protected]
There is increasing theoretical and empirical consideration of the role of positive interactions in structuring communities. In
particular facilitation by habitat-forming ecosystems has received much attention. Commonly cited mechanisms of facilitation
include providing a refuge for predation and surface for colonisation. More recently studies demonstrate that habitat-forming
ecosystem engineers increase biodiversity by indirectly facilitating, or by altering the behaviour, of intermediate ecosystem
engineers. Here we provide evidence that a habitat-forming ecosystem engineer, a native seagrass, contrary to predictions,
increases predation on an abundant infaunal bivalve due to behavioural changes of the clam that occur within seagrass beds.
First, we showed that the proportion of unburied clams is higher in seagrass habitats compared to unvegetated habitats. Then
we conducted an orthogonal experiment to determine the effect of behaviour (buried vs. unburied), predator access (full, half
and open cages) and seagrass density on predation rates. Predation rates were highest on unburied clams to which predators
had access to. Rates of predation were independent of seagrass density did not offer any extra protection to unburied clams.
Buried clams suffered little predation irrespective of seagrass density. Ultimately, the negative effects of behavioural changes of
clams on predation outweighed any potential beneficial effects of habitat-structure in reducing predation pressure. In addition,
reduced numbers of clams with increasing seagrass density appears to be due to increasing risky behaviour with increasing
seagrass density, not increasing predation rates with increasing seagrass density.
IMOS OceanCurrent: monitoring Australias ocean currents on a daily

basis, for all to see
Griffin, David*, Cahill, Madeleine

CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Castray Esplanade, Hobart Tas 7001.
[email protected]
IMOS is providing more observations of the oceans around Australia than we have ever had access to before. For many people,
the volume and diversity of these datasets is rather daunting. The IMOS OceanCurrent website provides a quick and easy
way of seeing many of the IMOS data sets. It also features occasional news items. The Ocean News stories draw attention to
particularly interesting occurrences in the ocean, and help readers unfamiliar with Australias regional oceanography, or how
IMOS observations can be read, to understand the variability of the ocean. In this talk, we will discuss some of the recent
News Items as a way of demonstrating the value of IMOS data for a wide range of applications.

125
Is the intertidal isopod Cirolana harfordi a filter feeder and social

animal? [Poster]
Griffin, Kaitlyn Rose and Murray Thomson*

School of Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006
[email protected]
The cirolanid isopod Cirolana harfordi is described as a scavenger and a predator. This animal is likely to be an important
member of food webs but little is known about its anatomy, physiology and behaviour. This type of knowledge is needed
to support or revise the current phylogenetic grouping of Cirolanidae into three subfamilies. Social interaction has not
previously been studied in C. harfordi but gregarious behaviour in terrestrial isopods is thought to have evolved to allow
the conservation of water. The mouthparts of C. harfordi were studied by electron microscopy. Gregarious behaviour was
investigated using an arena made from a 200 mm diameter Perspex cylinder that had two shelters of 50 mm diameter at either
side. Electron microscopy revealed a variety of complex setae including placements on the medial edge of the maxilliped and
maxilla. Mouthpart setal morphology was very different to that of the deep sea isopod Bathynomus pelor. When groups of
animals were released into the arena they chose one of the shelters at random and gathered together under the shelter within
approximately 15 minutes. These data indicate that mouthpart and setae morphology is useful for phylogeny of cirolanid
isopods. The complex mouthpart setae appear to be suited to the retention of small food particles but whether they are used
for filter feeding is yet to be determined. The gregarious behaviour of a marine isopod species does not support the theory that
this behaviour evolved in terrestrial isopods in order to conserve water.
Filling the knowledge gaps: WWF, Traditional Owners and partners

working collaboratively to conserve the Australian snubfin dolphin
Grover, Darren*1, Tanya Vernes2 and Alexander Watson2

1
2
WWF-Australia, 1/17 Burnett Lane, Brisbane QLD 4000

WWF-Australia, PO Box 1980, Broome WA 6725
[email protected]
The Australian snubfin dolphin (Orcaella heinsohni) was only described as a separate species in 2005. Snubfin dolphins are
found in northern Australian waters from the Kimberley in the west, across the Top End and south to the Fitzroy River in central
Queensland. Although relatively little is still known about these discreet dolphins, research supported by WWF since 2008 has
revealed that the species is vulnerable to extinction and many sub-populations may have disappeared before they were even
recorded. This research has included conducting surveys in Western Australia, Northern Territory and Queensland waters to
assess the dolphins distribution and abundance and identified threatening processes that may be impacting on this species;
and working with Traditional Owners and Indigenous Rangers to identify critical dolphin habitat in the Kimberley. Our research
to date shows that the need to expand the knowledge of this species is playing out against potentially very significant threats
including rapid coastal development. This presentation will highlight the collaborative approach to dolphin conservation,
outcomes of this research effort, and outline the future research priorities to build the case for increased legal protection for
this species - Australias only endemic dolphin species.
Spatial variation in seagrass herbivory adjacent a disturbed Posidonia

australis meadow in Shark Bay, Western Australia
Gustin-Craig, Samuel*1, Kingsley Dixon2, John Statton1, & Gary Kendrick1

1
2
School of Plant Biology and UWA Oceans Institute, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009,
Western Australia
Kings Park and Botanic Garden, Fraser Ave, West Perth, 6005, Western Australia
[email protected]
Ecological processes at habitat edges are often different from interior habitats. Fragmentation of seagrass meadows caused by
disturbance can lead to creation of a new edge. Edges are often sites of altered faunal abundance, some of which graze directly
on seagrass, potentially impacting recruitment into the adjacent disturbed area. In Shark Bay, Western Australia, historical
bitterns discharge from a solar salt mine removed large areas of Posidonia australis with negligible recovery in two decades.
Here, we investigate the spatial variation of grazing intensity on transplanted P. australis shoots in relation to proximity to
the edge of an existing meadow by planting P. australis shoots at stratified distances (-2, 0, 2, 10, 30, 50, 100m) from the
meadow edge. The highest mean probability of grazing on leaves of transplants was measured at 2m (11.531.27%) and 10m
(18.671.58%) from the edge. In contrast, the lowest probability of grazing was measured at 30 (0.151.16%), 50 (0.170.17%)
and 100m (0%). Average daily rates of removal at 2 and 10m from the edge exceeded average daily leaf growth rates by 0.13
and 0.20 cm leaf-1 d-1. Long-term survival (6 months) was not statistically different with distance from the edge, but those
plants that were present at 6 months generally showed poorer root development in closer proximity to the meadow edge. This
study highlights that in disturbed, fragmented habitats spatial gradients of grazing pressure can influence seagrass recruitment
and should be a consideration for site selection in restoration programs.
126

Effect of extreme weather of 2011 on dugong distribution and

fecundity on urban coast of Queensland
Hagihara presenting: Sobtzick, Susan1,2, Rie Hagihara1, Alana Grech3, Helene Marsh1*
Refer Sobtzick for abstract.
A broad multi-level approach to assessing the ecological condition of
estuaries
Haine, Brendan*, Peter Scanes and Adam McSorley

Office of Environment and Heritage, PO Box A290, Sydney South NSW 1232
[email protected]
A management plan can be useful for guiding the sustainable management of an estuary and its catchment, but in order to
track progress the current ecological condition must first be determined. How should we approach this? Often, chlorophyll a
and turbidity are used as indicators of condition. Although useful, these data provide only a limited understanding of condition.
A broader suite of indicators is needed to properly determine condition and to identify drivers of change. This talk will describe
a multi-level approach to assessing ecological condition of estuaries, using the Karuah River as a case study. The approach
incorporates ecological and pressure data to provide a more holistic assessment of condition and examines connections
between catchment disturbance and ecological condition. We will highlight the apparent disconnect between some pressures
and ecological measures. Water column nutrient concentrations and turbidity were typically high in the Karuah River estuary,
while chlorophyll a concentrations were low. Mean water column concentrations (g L-1) of NH4+, NOx, TN, PO43-, TP were 26,
32, 594, 23 and 61 respectively. Mean turbidity was 27, while the mean chlorophyll a concentration was only 2 mg L-1. Hence,
we posit that, considering the readily available nutrients, pelagic algae are light limited in the Karuah River due to chronic high
turbidity. Interestingly, ecological measures, such as fish species richness, generally compared favourably to control estuaries
despite the substantial pressures. Our study highlights the importance of a broad approach to assessment of ecological
condition so as to understand both the current condition and threats to future condition.
Urban Coastal habitat creation and water quality improvements enhancing the Gold Coast Broadwater
Hall, Jeremy*
Major Projects Branch of Economic Development and Major Projects Directorate, Gold Coast City Council, PO Box 5042 GCMC
[email protected]
The Gold Coasts Southport Broadwater Parklands is a 2.6 kilometre urban waterfront parkland redevelopment utilized to
enhance and protect coastal bay waters through marine habitat creation and best practices stormwater management to
improve marine health in the Southern Moreton Bay region and manage the growing population in South East Queensland.
With the nexus between water quality and seagrass health well documented, water sensitive urban design (WSUD) and marine
habitat creation were identified as integral in managing the highly urbanised foreshore of the Gold Coast Broadwater adjacent
to the Southport CBD. Along with recreational and carrying capacity improvements the foreshore redevelopment required a
triple bottom line approach including:
Translocation of seagrass during reclamation of tidal lands
Creation of a 1.2ha Mangrove habitat area at a 4 x 1500 stormwater outfall receiving 7 ha of urban runoff;
Constructed wetlands treating 3.2ha of CBD runoff;
Stormwater diversion and bioretention systems to filter/clean urban runoff using various WSUD systems;
Marine/coastal habitat education, awareness and community park stewardship;
Energy efficiency with 266 PV Cells capable of generating up to 70000 Kw hours per year
Studies since construction include analysis of habitat viability and ecological health including comparative sediment composition
changes and mangrove uptake of nutrients; along with stable isotope analysis to identify the uses of the constructed habitat
area by transient fish species. Additionally, site survey data through monitoring seagrass growth of translocated stock by
transects and spatial composition have been undertaken post translocation in 2009 to 2012.

127
The use of Agent-Based Modelling in marine management: applications

and perspectives
Hansen, Flemming Thorbjrn*

Department of Ecology and Environment, DHI, Agern Alle 5, DK-2970 Hrsholm, Denmark
[email protected]
The application of Agent-Based models within marine ecology are receiving a growing interest these years partly because their
ability to mimic the exact behaviour and representation of marine organisms are much appreciated by biologist and managers,
and also because the development of modelling software now provides user friendly interfaces of even highly complex
modelling environments. The combination of hydro-dynamic models (HD), classical eulerian water quality (WQ) models and
lagrangian type agent-based models (ABM) provides at very powerful tool for addressing a great variety of biological and
ecological problems, both for researchers and for marine managers. Examples of the type of applications addressed using
this type of modelling ranges from simple drift and spread of marine pelagic larvae stages, through sophisticated passive
drift studies of macro-algae and their impact on sediments, seagrasses and nutrient dynamics in estuaries, to the simulation
of the movement behaviour and population dynamics of larger animals such as fish, amphibians, marine mammals and sea
birds. The potential for application of this type of models in e.g. Environmental Impact Assessments is obvious, although these
methods introduce a large variety of challenges. Here we give a few examples where the combination of HD-models, eulerian
WQ models and lagrangian ABM models has been applied in recent studies and discuss the challenges both researchers and
managers are faced ensuring the validity and creditability of their results.
Developmental Thermal Envelopes for Tropical and Temperate Sea

Urchins: Inferences for Tropicalization of Eastern Australia
Hardy, Natasha A*1, Miles Lamare2, Sven Uthicke3, Kennedy Wolfe1, Steve Doo1, Symon
Dworjanyn4, Maria Byrne5.
1
2
3
4
5
School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006

Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016 New Zealand
Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville QLD 4810
National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour NSW 2450
Schools of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006
[email protected]
Ocean warming due to global change (ca. +2-4C by 2100) is of particular concern in the eastern Australian hotspot, where
the strengthening poleward flow of the East Australia Current is driving southerly migration of species. The thermal tolerance
of embryos and larvae will play an important role in shaping future distributions of marine invertebrates. The thermal
envelope for larval development of the tropical sand dollar, Arachnoides placenta, and the sub-tropical/temperate sea urchin,
Centrostephanus rodgersii, were determined in embryos reared in twelve temperatures (A. placenta 14-37C; C. rodgersii
9-31C). Temperature (cooling and warming) had a significant effect on development and survival. As predicted, development
of the tropical species A. placenta, from a thermally dynamic intertidal environment, had greater thermotolerance (14C range:
17-31C) than that of the subtidal temperate species C. rodgersii (9C range: 13-22C). Increased temperature resulted in
faster progression through to the pluteus stage. This would have a strong influence on the population dynamics, survival
and distribution of these species. The present and potential future distributions of these species are assessed, based on
developmental thermotolerances, with respect to present and projected future marine isotherms for eastern Australia. The
thermal envelopes for successful development in both species were well beyond current temperature range during spawning
and planktonic development suggesting that cooler water is not a barrier to poleward range expansion for either species.
128

Estimating the cost of ocean iron fertilisation [Poster]
Harrison, Daniel P*
University of Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Building F09, University of Sydney, NSW 2006.
[email protected]
If society wishes to avoid the most harmful effects of global warming then the need to find economical methods of CO2
sequestration is now urgent. Fertilisation of the ocean with iron by ship is often considered a potentially cost competitive
method of relieving the atmospheric burden of carbon dioxide. Based on measured iron to carbon ratios in phytoplankton,
fertilization by ship has been previously estimated to cost as little as US $2 tonne-1 C. However since these early cost estimates,
various inefficiencies and offsets have been identified that act to reduce the net amount of carbon stored over a given period
of time. Thirteen insitu experimental releases of iron and numerous modeling studies now provide enough information to
estimate the net carbon stored and calculate the average cost per tonne CO2 equivalent emission reduction. The cost of iron
fertilization by ship is considered for a 100 year time horizon and found to be high when compared with other methods of
sequestration. The uncertainty is a high proportion of the total carbon stored, posing potential problems for verification of
carbon credits. It is within the range of uncertainty that the process could create more atmospheric CO2 than is sequestered
over the time horizon considered. Previous estimates of the cost of iron fertilization by ship seem to have underestimated the
economic challenge of distributing low concentrations of iron over a vast ocean surface.
A standardised method for the comparison of skin lesions among

bottlenose dolphin populations in coastal areas [Poster]
Harrison, Lisa-Marie1, Hugh Finn1, Nahiid Stephens2, Lars Bejder1 and Carly Holyoake2
1
2
Murdoch University Cetacean Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA 6150
School of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA 6150
[email protected]
Currently, there is no standardised method for classifying skin lesions on small cetaceans from image data taken during boatbased surveys. As there is no way to be certain of aetiology from an image alone, these systems must be primarily based on
descriptive gross morphology. Many classification systems used in the literature are subjective and only encompass lesions that
have been seen in their population. Hence, no studies use the same system making it difficult to compare lesion occurrence
among populations. This study presents a standardised classification system for use on boat-based photographic survey data. A
comprehensive literature review was undertaken to develop the classification system encompassing the previous classification
of skin lesions in dolphins; known aetiologies; and morphology of the skin during infection, injury and healing. Images from
bottlenose populations in the Swan-Canning Estuary, Mandurah and Bunbury were also examined. The classification system
developed separates lesions into two main types: possibly infectious and obvious injuries. Possibly infectious lesion categories
include Hyperpigmented, Hypopigmented, Targetoid, Raised and/or Proliferative, Depressed/Sunken, Concentric Rings, Tattoolike and Discolouration. Injury categories include Bite Wounds, Abrasions/Excoriations and Anthropogenic. This system reduces
the subjectivity and unnecessary splitting of categories that occurs when using existing classification schemes and will make
studies that employ it more comparable. This is important as lesion occurrence can reflect population and ecosystem health.
The system has been tested on the Swan-Canning Estuary population using 4547 images taken during boat-based surveys from
26/7/2011 to 30/6/2013.

129
Structure of female Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus)

social networks in the Southern Moreton Bay-Tweed Region
Hawkins, Elizabeth 1,2*, Peterson, Amanda1 and Brooks, Lyndon 1

Marine Ecology Research Centre, Southern Cross University PO Box 157 Lismore NSW 2480
Dolphin Research Australia Inc., PO Box 1960 Byron Bay NSW 2481
[email protected]
Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) typically live in complex sexually-segregated fission-fusion societies. While
males tend to form closely affiliated alliances, females maintain large networks of associates and often display preferences
for year-round coastal residency. The majority of dyadic relationships between females are gregarious as they are driven by
driven by reproductive state, contextual situations (e.g. behaviours) and relatedness. This project explored the structure of
female bottlenose dolphin social networks in the Gold Coast-Tweed Region. Using photographs of dorsal fins collected during
vessel-based surveys during summer 2010/11 and winter 2011, 355 individually marked T. aduncus were identified. Females
were identified by the presence of a calf or observation of genital slits. Eighteen individuals were identified on 4 occasions
and these were used to examine the residency patterns and social systems using SocProg v. 2.0. Results showed the presence
of two distinct communities. Half Weight Indices between the two communities markedly varied with community 1 (Southern
Moreton Bay) having a very high average HWI of 0.64 (s.d. = 0.256) and most individuals having fewer associates. Comparatively,
community 2 (Tweed-Fingal) had much more gregarious associations with an average HWI of 0.29 (S.D. = 0.075) where dyadic
bonds were likely to be influenced by behavioural state. No intermixing occurred between the two communities with each
having apparent site-specific preferences encompassing different habitat types. Results suggest that habitat type may be an
additional factor influencing the formation of social grouping and structure of female bottlenose dolphin communities.
A 50-y time-series reveals wind and temperature forcing of long-term

changes in diatom and dinoflagellate abundance
Hays, Graeme; Hinder, Stephanie; Walne, Tony; Edwards, Martin; Gravenor, Mike
Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; and Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and
Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Warrnambool, Vic. 3280, Australia
[email protected]
Marine diatoms and dinoflagellates play a variety of key ecosystem roles as important primary producers (diatoms and
some dinoflagellates) and grazers (some dinoflagellates). Additionally some are harmful algal bloom (HAB) species and there
is widespread concern that HAB species may be increasing. We used a 50-y time-series of sampling from the Continuous
Plankton Recorder (CPR) survey to examine long-term trends in diatom and dinoflagellate occurrence in the northeast Atlantic
and North Sea. Dinnoflagellates have declined markedly in abundance, particularly since 2006. In contrast, diatom abundance
has not shown this decline with some common species increasing in abundance. Overall these changes have led to a marked
increase in the relative abundance of diatoms versus dinoflagellates. This switch seems to be driven by an interaction effect of
both increasing sea surface temperatures combined with increasingly windy conditions in summer.
The intrinsic parameters of propagule pressure: implications for bioinvasion
Hedge, Luke H.*1,2, Brian Leung3, Wayne A. OConnor4 and Emma L. Johnston1,2
1
2
3
4
Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, NSW 2088
Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological Earth and Environmental Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW
2052
Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Port Stephens Fisheries Research Institute, NSW Industry and Investment, Taylors Beach, NSW
[email protected]
The role of propagule pressure is now recognised as a fundamental driver of species establishment and colonisation. This is
particularly evident in terrestrial plants, ungulates, birds and mammals. Propagule pressure effects in marine sub-tidal systems
have, however, received little experimental attention. This is perhaps due to the small intractable nature of marine larvae.
Some workers have stressed the need to elucidate dose-response curves between the number of arriving larvae and species
colonisation in order to predict marine invasion. I argue that this line of thinking is overly simplistic and fails to account for the
intrinsic parameters of propagule pressure. I outline several investigations of propagule pressure effects in the marine subtidal using a combination of experimental and modelling methods. These studies highlight the need to examine not only the
numerical size of arriving larvae, but also the rates of arrival and the genetic richness of larval cohorts. These parameters are
shown to interact with each and were far better at predicting colonisation/invasion together, rather than in isolation.
130

Establishing an integrated monitoring framework for the Great Barrier

Reef World Heritage Area: What needs to be integrated and why?
Hedge, Paul1, Molloy, Fergus2, Sweatman, Hugh3, Hayes, Keith4, Dambacher, Jeffrey4,
Chandler, Julia2, Gooch, Margaret2, Bax, Nic1, Walshe, Terry5, Possingham, Hugh6,
Chinn, Andrew2 and Johnson, Dave7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Institute for Marine & Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tas 7001
Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, PO Box 1739, Townsville, QLD, 4810
Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3 Townsville MC, Townsville, Qld, 4810
CSIRO, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, Tas, 7001
The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, 3010
The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072
Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities, GPO Box 787, Canberra, ACT, 2601
[email protected]
The Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area (GBRWHA) was inscribed in the World Heritage list in 1981. It is the largest coral
reef ecosystem on the planet and is frequently used as the world-leading example of marine conservation and management.
Yet the 2009 Outlook Report concluded that the overall outlook for the GBRWHA is poor, and more recently the World Heritage
Committee expressed concern over the future status of this World Heritage site. Planning and management arrangements
for the GBRWHA and adjacent coastal zone are currently being examined through the lens of a strategic assessment process
under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. This process explicitly addresses cumulative
impacts and requires an ongoing adaptive management approach. But what does this mean from a scientific perspective, what
information is required to support adaptive management into the future and what role would scientists need to perform? In
2012 a collaborative research project was instigated to establish a standardised and integrated ecological, social and economic
monitoring framework for the reef. The research has provided insights and directions on the outcomes sought from integrated
monitoring. Priorities for integrated monitoring are discussed including: integration of policy, management and science; data
and insights from data; and new information with knowledge. The essential functions of an integrated monitoring program
are identified along with guidance to give effect to these functions. The essential functions considered include measurable
objectives, conceptual modelling of cause and effect relationships, overall sampling design, data management, analysis and
reporting. The challenges associated with establishing an integrated monitoring framework are identified.
Predicting marine species distributions - making the most out of

survey and telemetry data
Heinnen, Stefan*, Ramnas ydelis and Henrik Skov

Ecology and Environment Department, DHI, Agern All 5, DK-2970 Hrsholm, Denmark
[email protected]
Coastal and marine developments such as ports and petroleum exploitation facilities are becoming commonplace in Australia
and require high-level environmental management and marine spatial planning. There is a general paucity in the knowledge
of species distribution and ecology in the marine environment including both sessile and mobile species. We therefore need
tools that enable effective and timely analyses of the patchy data usually available for describing, predicting and mapping
species distributions. By using species distribution models we can relate observed species to multiple environmental variables
and consequently predict the distribution patterns of species. The dynamic marine environment and typical characteristics of
survey data can, however, be challenging to model. By using modelled food resources or hydrodynamic variables as current
velocities and indexes of fronts together with static topographic variables and anthropogenic pressures (e.g. shipping) as
predictors we have been able to model the temporally and spatially varying distributions and densities of a variety of species
and habitats. When comparing predicted common eider densities in the Baltic Sea to observed densities the Spearmans
correlation coefficient varied between 0.40-0.63 (during different seasons) indicating densities of the same order. The
distribution patterns predicted based on different survey methods were also strikingly similar. As a pelagic example we further
present results of modelled harbour porpoise distributions in the North Sea, displaying a more dynamic distribution pattern.
We conclude with these European examples that distribution modelling is an essential tool for making the most out of our
survey data and advising developers and authorities.
Hemer presenting: Behrens, Sam1, Jennifer Hayward1, Stuart Woodman2, Mark

Hemer3*, Melanie Ayre2
Refer Behrens for abstract.

131
Global wave climate change from a community ensemble of wind-wave

projections [Poster]
Hemer, Mark1, Yalin Fan2, Nobuhito Mori3, Alvaro Semedo, Xiaolan Wang5
Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, Gold Coast, Australia
GFDL, Princeton, USA.
3
Kyoto University, Japan,
4
Escola Naval-CINAV, Portugal, and Uppsala University, Sweden
5
Environment Canada, Toronto, Canada.
1
2
[email protected]
Until recently, coastal impacts of climate change studies have been preoccupied with the influence of sea-level rise. There is
a need to determine how other driving forces in the coastal zone (e.g., waves and storm surges) will respond to a changing
climate to aid these studies. Several research groups have independently investigated projected changes in global wind-wave
climate. These groups have applied different projection methods - both statistical and dynamical - to determine the projected
wave climate change signal. The Coordinated Ocean Wave CLimate Project (COWCLIP) has carried out an intercomparison
of this ensemble of opportunity to establish the variance within available global wind-wave projections. We find agreed
projected change in wave climate over considerable portions of the global ocean. The multi-model ensemble is too limited to
systematically sample the full range of uncertainty associated with wave climate projections. However, variance of wave climate
projections associated with study methodology appears to dominate other sources of uncertainty (e.g., climate scenario and
model uncertainties).
The distribution of seagrass halos in Moreton Bay and the role of

grazing in their formation [Poster]
Henderson, Christopher*1, Kylie Pitt1, Andrew Olds1, Paul Maxwell1, Dana Burfeind1,2
and Rod Connolly1
1 Australian Rivers Institute, Coasts and Estuaries, and School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast QLD 4222
2 School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072
[email protected]
Reef fish utilise seagrass habitats for numerous reasons, but particularly to feed on invertebrates or to graze within the
seagrass meadow. Grazing is an important ecological process that determines the structure of seagrass ecosystems, often
affecting the species composition of the meadow or resulting in the absence of seagrass from otherwise suitable habitats. The
unvegetated substrate, or halo, that often separate coral reefs from seagrass meadows is one example. The creation of halos
has been attributed to herbivorous reef fish grazing intensely at the reef edge in relative safety from predators. However, prior
to this, halos were suggested to be affected by physical factors, such as increased currents or sediment suspension. This study
examined the influence of Marine Protected Areas (MPA) on halos in Moreton Bay and how grazing affects their formation.
We hypothesize that greater herbivore biomass in MPAs in Moreton Bay would have an influence on grazing intensity, and
therefore the width of halos. We investigated how grazing rates changed with distance from the edge of a reef in two protected
and two unprotected sites. At each site 10 uncaged and 10 caged transplants were deployed for 48 hours at three different
distances from the reefs edge. There only appeared to be a significant difference between the two unprotected sites. Large
amounts of temporal or spatial variability within halo widths and herbivory in Moreton Bay may have contributed to the
results. Furthermore, this study suggests that physical factors may be the dominant effect in the maintenance of halos.
Bury me not on the seagrass prairie: The resilience of seagrasses to

dredge impacts in the Gladstone Harbour
Hendry presenting: Campbell, Marnie, J., Rebecca, A. Hendry*, Kobi Ringuet, Emma
L. Jackson
Refer Campbell for abstract.
132

Importance of environmental and biological drivers in the presence

and space use of a reef-associated shark
Heupel, Michelle*1,2 and Colin Simpfendorfer2

1
2
Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB No 3, Townsville, Qld 4810

Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, James Cook Drive, Townsville, Qld 4811
[email protected]
As coral reef ecosystems come under increasing pressure from fisheries and climate change understanding how species that
rely on these habitats respond to changes within their environment is increasingly important. The presence and movement
of 28 grey reef sharks (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) were monitored for 15 months in the southern Great Barrier Reef to
determine if presence and movement were related to environmental conditions. The research program integrated data from
several IMOS facilities including the Australian Animal Tracking and Monitoring Facility, Facility for Automated Intelligent
Monitoring of Marine Species sensor network and Great Barrier Reef Ocean Observing System mooring. Testing of 28 models
integrating activity space use, water temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind speed and rainfall and time (week or month)
indicated no relationship between shark activity space and environmental parameters. Week was a significant factor in the top
performing models with males showing increased activity space during weeks in September. These results suggest changes
in movement were biologically driven, specifically related to mating, rather than environmental. Model results for presence
of individuals in relation to environmental conditions also failed to indicate any patterns related to environmental conditions
or time. These results demonstrate the power of integrated biological and physical data streams. Based on these results C.
amblyrhynchos appear to be adapted to a wide range of conditions in coral reef habitats and movement between or away from
reef platforms is likely related to biological factors such as prey density, reproduction or dispersal, rather than environmental
or seasonal changes.
Developing long-term monitoring programs in offshore waters with

little prior knowledge: Applying a novel sampling design to inventory
biological assets
Hill, Nicole1*, Emma Lawrence2, Jeffrey Dambacher3, Neville Barrett1, Justin Hulls1, Alan
Williams4, Bruce Barker3, Scott Nichol5, Vanessa Lucieer1, Franzis Althaus4, Johnathan
Kool5 and Keith Hayes3
1
2
3
4
5
CSIRO Mathematics, Informatics and Statistics, GPO Box 2583, Brisbane, Qld 4001
CSIRO Mathematics, Informatics and Statistics, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, Tas 7001
CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, Tas 7001
Coastal, Marine and Climate Change Group, Geoscience Australia, GPO Box 378, Canberra, ACT 2601.
[email protected]
Australias declaration of a Commonwealth Marine Reserve (CMR) Network, has resulted in a pressing need to 1) provide
quantitative inventories of the species and communities represented within reserves, and 2) develop methods that enable
trends in their composition, abundance and distribution to be monitored. These objectives require a general but flexible
long-term monitoring framework where sampling is conducted using non-destructive methods such as towed video, baited
underwater video and still imagery, and informed by habitat data derived from multibeam acoustics. Here we describe the
application of a flexible sampling program tailored for assessing the biodiversity associated with continental shelf habitats in the
Flinders CMR, north-east Queensland. This program is based on a probabilistic and spatially-balanced sampling design called
Generalized Random Tessellation Stratified (GRTS). While GRTS has been used for continental and regional-scale monitoring
programmes in the United States, its application to marine systems in Australia is new. Within the Flinders CMR, little previous
knowledge existed on the spatial distribution of shelf habitats, necessitating a two-phase sampling approach. Firstly, GRTS
was applied to gain an understanding of the distribution of shelf habitats across the CMR shelf; secondly, this information
was used to design a biological sampling program. Here we 1) discuss the suitability of this method for conducting ship-based
sampling programs with little prior information over large spatial scales, and 2) present the first quantitative assessment of
the distribution, composition, and abundance of fish and fish assemblages within the Flinders CMR, as determined with baited
underwater videos.

133
Prioritization tools for evaluating adaptation options for seabirds and

marine mammals
Hobday, Alistair J1, Lynda E. Chambers2, John P. Y. Arnould3 and Toby A. Patterson1
1
2
3
CSIRO Climate Adaptation Flagship, GPO Box 1538, Hobart Tas 7001
Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, GPO Box 1289, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia.
School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia
[email protected]
Iconic and protected Australian seabirds and marine mammals are impacted by climate change. This Marine NARP project
developed taxa-specific adaptation options in response to climate impact scenarios based on the IPCC vulnerability framework.
Under this framework, climate change vulnerability can be reduced by adaptation options that (i) reduce exposure of individuals
to physical changes, (ii) reduce sensitivity of individuals to physical changes, or (iii) increase adaptive capacity of individual/
species to cope with the climate change. We evaluated a range of options in each vulnerability category with three new
screening tools. These tools were designed to evaluate (i) technical aspects (cost-benefit-risk, CBR), (ii) institutional barriers,
and (iii) potential social acceptability. The CBR tool identified which adaptation options were high cost and low benefit and
so might be discarded, and which were high benefit and low cost and might be rapidly implemented (depending on risk).
The second evaluation tool was based on the conceptual framework on barriers to effective climate adaptation developed
by Moser and Ekstrom (2010) to identify where barriers may exist, and thus leads to strategies for overcoming them. Finally,
adaptation options may not be acceptable to society at large, or may be resisted by vocal opponents or groups. The third tool
to assess social license identified potentially contested options - useful to managers charged with implementation. Scores
from each tool allowed relative ranking for the suite of adaptation options. This approach will be useful for a wide range of
adaptation strategies both for biodiversity and other sectors.
Spatio-temporal variations of ichthyoplankton over a macrotidal,

tropical continental shelf off the Kimberley, NW Australia
Holliday, David*1, Lynnath Beckley1, M. Pilar Olivar2, Peter Thompson3, Evan Weller4
1.
2
3
4
School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, WA 6010
Institut de Cinces del Mar, Passeig Martim 37-49, Barcelona 08003, Spain
CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, TAS 7001
CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Private Bag 1, Aspendale, VIC, 3195
[email protected]
The Kimberley region of north-western Australia is characterised by huge tides (>10 m), a wide continental shelf and complex
coastal topography. Fish diversity is high (>800 neritic species) although little is known about their larvae in the region. We
examined spatio-temporal variations in ichthyoplankton assemblages and key environmental drivers, particularly tidal forcing,
by surveying four cross-shelf (coastal-oceanic) transects at different temporal scales (hours, days, weeks). We sampled ~7,000
larvae representing 94 neritic and 21 meso-pelagic teleost families. Distinct ichthyoplankton assemblages characterised
coastal (Engraulidae, Gobiidae, Leiognathidae), outer shelf / slope (Scombridae, Lutjanidae) and oceanic (Myctophidae,
Gonostomatidae, Phosichthyidae) waters, reflecting changes in biophysical properties (fluorescence, temperature, turbidity).
Coastal waters were further delineated by distinct assemblages that reflected the complex coastal topography and modified
physical regimes of waters around the Lacepede Islands and within King Sound. Extreme tidal forcing was hypothesised to be
the principal physical driver of pelagic variability however the spring-neap tidal cycle had no significant influence on larval
fish assemblages. There was no significant difference between assemblages on subsequent tides (same station sampled 12 h
apart). However, sampling over 24 h at a shelf-edge station showed shallowing of the mixed layer in the water column during
high tides and a concomitant significant increase in larval fish concentrations but with no significant diel effect. This suggests
the use of vertical migration to minimize offshore dispersal of neritic larvae. If so, it represents an important behavioural
adaptation in the extreme physical conditions of the Kimberley continental shelf ecosystem.
134

Temporal allocation of foraging effort in female Australian fur seals

(Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus)
Hoskins, Andrew J* and John P.Y Arnould

School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood Victoria 3125.
[email protected]
To be successful, species should allocate foraging to times when energetic gains are maximised. We assessed how female
Australian fur seals allocate foraging effort at three temporal scales: within a day, across a foraging trip and across the final
half of the lactation period. Foraging effort peaked during daylight hours (57% of time spent diving) with distinct lulls in
activity just prior to and after daylight. Dive duration reduced across the day (196 s to 168 s) but this was compensated for by
an increase in the rate of diving (1500 1600 vertical mh-1) and a reduction in post-dive duration (111 90 s). This suggests
physiological constraints (fatigue or satiation) may be limiting mean dive durations as a day progresses. Across a trip, foraging
effort increased up to 2.5 d and then progressively decreased. Mean dive and post-dive duration both decreased until 3 and 5
d, respectively, before plateauing (dive duration) or gradually increasing (post-dive duration). Diving rate (mh-1) also increased
up to the third day before gradually decreasing (peaked at 1564 mh-1), suggesting that the same processes working at the daily
scale may also be present across a trip. Throughout the final half of the lactation period, foraging effort, dive duration and
diving rate increased until August, before beginning to decrease. This suggests that as the nutritional demands of the suckling
pup and developing foetus increase, female effort also increases to accommodate this, providing insight into the potential
constraints of maternal investment in this species.
Life history of Halophila decipiens in tropical north-west of Australia
Hovey, Renae K. *1,2, Matthew Fraser1,3, Andrea Zavala Perez1,3, Max Rees4, John
Statton1,3, Jim Stoddart4, Gary A. Kendrick1,3
1
2
3
4
Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
School of Earth and Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
School Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
MScience Pty Ltd, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
[email protected]
The marine environment of Australias north-west is known globally for being rich in biodiversity with a significant portion
being held in benthic primary producers. In addition to being a biodiversity hotspot, the region is also rich in resources, leading
to proposals for development or expansion of marine structures and ports. However, responses of benthic communities
to development related activities are largely unknown due to the lack of ecological studies in the region. The nearshore
environment is highly dynamic and periodically exposed to extreme environmental forces (tidal regime, cyclones) that operate
at a variety of scales that dont necessarily fit into conventional seasonal or annual patterns but have a significant effect
on shaping the landscape. Seagrasses provide numerous ecological functions and services in coastal and nearshore areas,
including the foundations of the marine trophic system and critical habitats to rare and endangered mega fauna (e.g. dugongs,
turtles). The rate of post-disturbance recovery of seagrasses is dependent on the life history strategy of a seagrass species.
Our limited knowledge of seagrasses in the north-west suggests that the small, ephemeral species Halophila decipiens is
the dominant subtidal seagrass. The life history of H. decipiens is generally characterized by two main phases; a period of
vegetative growth and a period dominated by the presence of a sedimentary seed bank. Predicting seagrass recovery following
a disturbance requires an understanding in the landscape scale patterns in seed distribution over time. Here, we provide a case
study that has enabled us to describe some of those patterns and reflect on what it may mean for management of seagrass
communities in future.

135
Hydroacoustic mapping of Wilsons Promontory Marine National Park
Howe, Steffan*1, Daniel Ierodiaconou2, Alexandre Schimel2, Alex Rattray2 & Sean Blake2
1 Parks Victoria, Level 9, 535 Bourke Street, Melbourne Vic 3000. [email protected]
2 School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University VIC 3280
[email protected]
Parks Victoria manages a system of Marine National Parks (MNPs) and Sanctuaries that make up approximately 5.3% of
state waters. Wilsons Promontory MNP is the largest of Victorias MNPs and is the only Marine National Park in the Flinders
bioregion. The Wilsons Promontory MNP supports a variety of habitats including shallow subtidal reefs, deep subtidal reefs,
intertidal rocky shores, sandy beaches, seagrass, subtidal soft substrates and expansive pelagic areas. These habitats support
a number of unique and important species and communities. Wilsons Promontory marks the mixing zone of warmer waters of
the eastern Australian coast and the colder waters of western Bass Strait, which is likely driving the high species richness and
diversity observed in monitoring programs. Good park management requires a good understanding of the natural values that
occur within parks and reserves, and ecological knowledge of important processes. Parks Victoria has been involved in several
projects to map marine habitats in the MPAs across the state. Until recently only a small proportion (<10%) of the 150km2 area
of Wilsons Promontory MNP had been mapped. Deakin University recently launched its own research vessel Yolla, equipped
with a Kongsberg EM2040C multibeam sonar providingcomplete seafloor bathymetry and backscatter information for the
park for the very first time. The imagery has revealed uncharted granite reef formations, complex dune systems and scoured
depressions. The data will be used to prioritise ground-truthing which will be integrated with sonar products for benthic
habitat characterisation and species distribution modelling.
Productivity hotspots of Australian oceans: a preliminary analysis

based on MODIS derived time-series Chlorophyll-a data
Huang, Zhi*
Coastal, Marine and Climate Change Group, Geoscience Australia, GPO Box 378, Canberra, Australia
[email protected]
Surface chlorophyll-a concentration is a good indicator of ocean primary productivity. As part of a national-scale analysis of
ecosystem processes influencing marine biodiversity, daily MODIS images were processed using NASAs SeaDAS software to
generate chlorophyll-a monthly data for the period 2009-2011. Results, uncorrected for the influence of co-variates such as
turbidity and CDOM in coastal areas, show that Australian oceans have relatively low surface chlorophyll-a concentrations
(average 0.2 mg/m3), with concentrations greater than 0.7 mg/m3 considered to indicate high productivity. On this basis,
productivity hotspots are mapped for locations that have high productivity greater than 75% of the time (i.e. 9 out of 12
months). As expected, most productivity hotspots are confined to inner shelf and coastal areas, especially embayments. Key
areas include the Great Barrier Reef, Gulf of Carpentaria, Van Diemen Gulf, Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, Kimberley coast, Exmouth
Gulf and Shark Bay. Seasonally, the period February to June has larger areas of high productivity. Annually, areas of hotspots
decrease from 2009 to 2011. Among the 59 Commonwealth Marine Reserves (CMR), nine have hotspots occupying more than
1% of their area (0.4% of total CMR areas); a result consistent with their largely offshore location. In contrast, 47 out of 128
state/territory Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) which lie in inshore waters have more than 1% of area identified as hotspots
(20% of total state/territory MPA areas). Ongoing analysis will relate these patterns to oceanographic processes, terrestrial
inputs and biodiversity patterns at regional scales, with a focus on northern Australia.
Movement patterns and mechanisms of tropical coral reef fish
Huijbers, Chantal*1, Ivan Nagelkerken2

1
2
Australian Rivers Institute Coast & Estuaries, and School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4222
Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, DX 650 418, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA
[email protected]
Tropical coastal ecosystems such as seagrass beds, mangrove forests and coral reefs harbor a large variety of organisms, which
can link these ecosystems by movements across habitat boundaries. We investigated which sensory modalities are used for
orientation towards these different habitats, and how different areas contribute to adult populations to provide a better
understanding of connectivity in the tropical seascape. Results from several in and ex situ experiments revealed that multiple
cues can be used for underwater orientation, but different cues induced different responses towards the same habitat. Stable
isotope analysis of fish otoliths provided evidence for movement between seagrass and mangrove habitats and the coral
reef. Additionally, different areas proved to contribute unequally to the adult fish population on the reef and showed that the
spatial distribution of juvenile habitats might be an important driver for the spatial distribution of adult populations. While
management strategies often focus on single habitat types, these findings provide evidence that considerable and complex
interactions between various habitats in the tropical seascape occur. Understanding population dynamics of marine animals is
of major importance for example for the design and placement of marine reserves.
136

Mangrove restoration in Western Port, Victoria
Hurst, Tom*1,2, Pope, Adam1 and Quinn, Gerry1

1
2
School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, PO Box 423, Warrnambool Vic, 3280
Melbourne Water Corporation, PO Box 4342, Melbourne, Vic 3001
[email protected]
The white or grey mangrove (Avicennia marina) is close to the southern-most global limit of mangrove distribution in Western
Port, Victoria (lat 38o12 to 38o31S ). The southern-most occurrence of the species is situated 80km to the southeast at Corner
Inlet, (lat 38o54S). Compared to the present distribution, vegetation mapping undertaken in 1842 shows that mangrove
distribution in Western Port has only decreased marginally (approximately 5%). However, some mangroves that were cleared
around the eastern shores of the bay in the late 19th and early 20th centuries have shown limited and slow recovery via natural
recruitment leading to incidences of shoreline erosion. Community-led mangrove restoration projects in these areas have had
mixed success to date. To examine factors influencing survival and growth, 3024 seedlings were raised in a nursery and planted
at 3 sites on the eastern shores of Western Port. At each site seedlings were planted at three heights on the shore and three
distances from existing mangrove stands. Two years of growth and survival data from this experiment will be presented. Initial
analyses suggest that success of restoration is likely to be related to wave energy across at least two spatial gradients. From this
work, two models of recruitment and survival, at individual stand and bay-wide scales have been developed for future testing.
Zooplankton in the Tasman Sea: distribution and community structure

in winter 2011
Hutton, Briony*1, Kerrie Swadling1, Rudy Kloser2.

1
2
Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, Marine Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart TAS 7001.
CSIRO Marine Research, PO Box 1538, Hobart TAS 7001.
[email protected]
The distribution of mesozooplankton and macrozooplankton in the Tasman Sea was investigated in June 2011. Mesozooplankton
were sampled in surface waters using a ring net and macrozooplankton were sampled in depth strata to 1000 m using a
midwater trawl fitted with a multiple opening/closing cod-end device (MIDOC). Sampling took place at 9 sites on a transect
between New Zealand and Queensland across a longitude of approximately 40 S. Continuous plankton recorder (CPR)
data for zooplankton and phytoplankton abundances for the length of the transect were also examined. CPR samples were
dominated by chaetognaths, surface net samples by copepods, and MIDOC samples were dominated by crustaceans (mainly
euphausiids). Very high abundances were observed in surface net samples. Midwater trawl abundance data enabled the
identification of geographic groups and surface net abundance data groups were linked by time of day of sampling. Results
indicate that midwater trawl zooplankton abundance data will be useful when monitoring environmental changes, and surface
net zooplankton data will be useful for monitoring species distribution changes over time.
Importance of reef-derived kelp in seagrass food webs

Edith Cowan University, Western Australia
Hyndes, Glenn*1, Lavery, Paul1, Hanson, Christine2 and Cartraud, Audrey1

1
2
Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, School of Natural Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup WA 6027, Australia
Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009
[email protected]
Seagrass meadows are highly productive marine ecosystems, yet seagrass leaves have a limited capacity to enter the food web
directly, and are often considered to enter food webs via the detrital pathway. Kelp also forms highly productive systems, and
material is regularly removed from reefs during storm events and transported into other ecosystems in seascapes where it
can subsidize production, particularly in systems with low in situ productivity or resource availability. This talk will synthesise
results from a range of recent studies to provide evidence that nutrients from kelp can be incorporated into and subsidize
productive seagrass ecosystems.
Studies adopted biomarker approaches using d13C and d15N stable isotopes and fatty acids, or a labelled (enriched) 15N isotope
to trace the flow of kelp-derived nutrients through key components of the food web in seagrass meadows of south-western
Australia. Dual isotopes showed that small and large fractions of sedimentary detritus were derived from kelp and seagrass,
respectively, while stable isotopes and fatty acids revealed that a combination of brown and red algae and periphtyon
contribute to the diet of grazers in seagrass meadows, but kelp appears to be particularly important. Labelled 15N from kelp was
incorporated into the food web, while an additional manipulative experiment showed increased abundances of key consumers
where kelp was present.
A synthesis of results indicates that kelp can act as an important conduit of nutrient and energy transfer to seagrass ecosystems,
providing a high level of connectivity between two important coastal ecosystems in a coastal seascape.

137
Hydrographic observations, towed video and relationships to benthic

habitat: recent surveys in NSWs marine protected areas
Ingleton, Tim*1, Joseph Neilson1, Peter Davies1, Alan Jordan2 and Stefan Williams3
1
2
3
NSW Office of Environment & Heritage, Goulburn Street, Sydney, NSW, 2001.
NSW Marine Parks Authority, Teramby Road, Nelson Bay, 2315.
Australian Centre for Field Robotics, University of Sydney, Chippendale, 2006.
[email protected]
The significance of oceanographic parameters to the distribution of habitats has gained increased focus in NSW marine
protected areas recently. Water chemistry and physical parameters can be considered as significant drivers of assemblage
distributions as well as the shape of the benthic terrain. In 2013 the Integrated Marine Observing Systems Autonomous
Underwater Vehicle (AUV) facility conducted repeat surveys of shelf rocky reef at key Marine Park sites in New South Wales
and for the first time at sites off Sydney. Surveys were again conducted aboard the Office of Environment and Heritages coastal
oceanographic research vessel RV Bombora. For the first time, however, onboard flow-thru hydrochemistry data, profile CTD,
radiometer and current meter data were obtained in combination with the AUV. Data were obtained at 4 sites within each of 3
marine parks to provide a hydrographic snapshot adding to the CTD database obtained across parks since 2005. Hydrographic
data obtained during surveys in Port Stephens-Great Lakes Marine Park off Seal Rocks and Broughton Island was examined
in combination with available longer term datasets. Discontinuous, low relief deep (>65m) reefs exposed to strong coastal
currents off Seal Rocks support dense sponge and sea whip assemblages. Comparatively rugose and shallow (<30m) reefs
adjacent to Broughton Island are interspersed with cobbles and soft sandy patches. These habitats support a mosaic of macroalgae, sponges, ascidians, and urchin barrens at depths <20m. Relationships between hydrographic features, habitat types and
morphometric parameters extracted from towed video and multi-beam surveys are also explored.
Marine Spoil to Marine Soil: the Feasibility of Rehabilitating Dredge

Spoil Areas with Seagrass
Jackson presenting: Campbell, Marnie. L., Rebecca Hendry, Kobi Ringuet, Emma L.
Jackson*
Refer Campbell for abstract.
Horizontal movements, diving and foraging hotspots of the manta ray
Manta alfredi off eastern Australia
Jaine, Fabrice R. A.1,2, Scarla J. Weeks1*, Lydie I. E. Couturier2,3, Kathy A. Townsend4,5,

Michael B. Bennett3, Anthony J. Richardson2,6
1
Biophysical Oceanography Group, School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, St Lucia,
Australia
2 Climate Adaptation Flagship, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Australia
3 School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
4 School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
5 Moreton Bay Research Station, The University of Queensland, Dunwich, Australia
6 Centre for Applications in Natural Resource Mathematics, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
[email protected]
Reef manta rays (Manta alfredi) are classified as Vulnerable to Extinction on the IUCN Red List for Threatened Species. However,
despite increasing public and scientific interest, major knowledge gaps concerning their movement patterns remain. Here we
used pop-up archival satellite transmitting (PAT) tags, attached to 10 individuals to examine movement patterns of individuals
departing Lady Elliot Island on the southern Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Tagged manta rays made extensive movements, with
individuals travelling up to 2,440 km in 118 days. Using a random walk model, we show that manta rays spend a significantly
higher amount of time in a cyclonic feature, the Capricorn Eddy, in the lee of the southern GBR than would be expected
by chance. Manta rays also exhibited Lvy Flight patterns indicative of active search for food within the Eddy. A behaviourswitching state-space model also suggested that the mesoscale Eddy is a primary offshore foraging ground for M. alfredi. The
recovery of six tags allowed examination of vertical movement patterns. Tagged individuals spent most time within the first 75
m of the water column, with occasional deep dives down to 295 m. Fast Fourier Transform analysis revealed diel and circatidal
periodicity in diving behaviour, probably related to zooplankton dynamics. Individual manta rays typically exhibited yo-yo
diving at night and U-shaped foraging dives during daytime with long periods of time spent at near-constant depths of ~5075 m. These findings suggest that M. alfredi commonly use offshore epipelagic waters to undertake regional migrations and
exploit ephemeral productivity bursts.
138

The Sydney Harbour microbiome: bacterioplankton diversity and

dynamics
Jeffries, Thomas*1 and Seymour, Justin1

Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway NSW 2007, Australia
[email protected]
Sydney Harbour and its surrounding coast is an iconic habitat that supports a diverse ecosystem however the composition
and dynamics of bacterioplankton in the system remain a major knowledge gap. The harbour and coast also provide a model
system for investigating the spatiotemporal distribution of microorganisms across multiple physicochemical gradients and their
response to anthropogenic input. Here we provide a comprehensive profile of microbial communities from a range of habitats
inside the harbour, and from the coastal Port Hacking time series. Using next-generation DNA sequencing, we show strong
spatial and temporal shifts in the taxonomic composition and functional gene potential of bacterioplankton communities,
and identify the key environmental drivers of community partitioning. Additionally we show that microbial behaviour, in the
form of motile foraging, also changes in response to environmental variability and is a driver of community composition, with
implications for nutrient cycling in the system. Combined these results lead to a more detailed understanding of the diversity
and roles of bacterioplankton in Sydney Harbour and its surrounds, and provide insight into marine microbial oceanography
generally.
Contrasting Conditions of Salinity Stratification and Freshwater Flow

Required for the Successful Recruitment of co-occurring Estuarine Fish
Species
Jenkins, Greg*1, Daniel Spooner2 and Simon Conron3.

1
2
3
Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Victorian Marine Science Consortium, PO Box 114, Queenscliff Vic 3225
Gladstone Ports Corporation Limited, PO Box 1565 Gladstone, Queensland 4680
Fisheries Management and Science Branch, Fisheries Victoria, PO Box 114, Queenscliff Vic 3225
[email protected]
Black bream and estuary perch are iconic species of estuarine fish in southern Australia. This study investigates the relationship
between recruitment of these species and freshwater flow and salinity stratification in a range of Victorian estuaries. Data on
salinity stratification with depth from 2003 to 2010, and historical freshwater flows, was available for these estuaries. Black
bream and estuary perch were sampled by mesh and seine net in 2011 and 2013 so that recruitment estimated from age
structure could be compared with salinity stratification and freshwater flow. Both black bream and estuary perch showed
highly variable recruitment. The results clearly showed that recruitment patterns for black bream and estuary perch were
substantially different across the estuaries studied. In general, strong recruitment of black bream was associated with years of
well-developed salinity stratification in the estuary over the spring spawning season, in most estuaries associated with reduced
freshwater flow. In contrast to black bream, recruitment of estuary perch tended to be higher in years of increased freshwater
flow and reduced stratification over the spring spawning season. A key result from this study is that two important estuarine
fish species with high levels of recruitment variability and similar spawning periods have almost opposite requirements in
terms of freshwater flow and stratification for successful recruitment. The resilience of these two species to climate change
will rely on the maintenance of inter-annual variability in flows so that suitable conditions of recruitment of both species will
occur frequently enough for populations to be supported.

139
Genetic adaptation along environmental gradients in the reef-building

coral Acropora millepora from the Great Barrier Reef [Poster]
Jin, Young*1, Petra Lundgren2, Madeleine van Oppen2, and Bette Willis1
1
2
School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville Qld 4811.
Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB No 3, Townsville Qld 4810.
[email protected]
Spatial environmental gradients in parameters such as temperatures and water quality provide important opportunities
for detecting adaptive responses in natural populations. The reef-building coral Acropora millepora is distributed over 14
degrees of latitude along the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) and is exposed to a wide range of environmental conditions that
fluctuate throughout its distribution. Both field and laboratory experiments show that variation in adaptively important
phenotypic traits exists within A. millepora, not only among ecologically dissimilar regions, but also within a population
where environmental conditions were constant. Identification of the genomic basis for within-population variation will help
to decouple acclimatisation (phenotypic plasticity) from adaptation (hard-wired genetic basis) and increase understanding
of the adaptive dynamics of genetic changes. In this study, the frequency distribution of SNP alleles at putatively functional
loci was investigated in 25 populations of A. millepora along the GBR. Our results show significant correlations between allele
frequencies and gradients of water quality and temperature at four functional loci. These results suggest that strong selection
has operated on loci in the face of gene flow among the populations examined. Such allele frequency patterns for functional
loci within a shared gene pool may indicate a response associated with increased fitness and resilience at the population level.
Combining information on genetic connectivity with allele frequency analysis of genetic loci for stress tolerance will enable
assessment of potential adaptability, as well as spatial vulnerability mapping, and will assist with implementing a range of
conservation strategies, including better informed preservation and restoration efforts.
Crowdsourcing Moby Dick! Modern and historical data identify sperm

whale habitat offshore of SW Australia
Johnson, Christopher M.*1, Iain Kerr2, Roger Payne2, Halina Kobryn1 and Lynnath E.
Beckley1
1
2
School of Veterinary & Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, WA 6150
Ocean Alliance, 32 Horton Street, Gloucester, MA 01930 USA
[email protected]
The distribution and use of the pelagic habitat by sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) is generally poorly understood in
Western Australia. However, a variety of data are becoming available to researchers via online portals from where records of
historical expeditions, commercial whaling operations, and modern scientific research voyages can be accessed. Crowdsourcing
these data from online sources allows collation of presence/absence information of offshore animals such as sperm whales
and provides a valuable tool to help augment areas of poor research effort and fill in the gaps identifying critical habitat in the
region. Four data sources were examined, the primary one being the Voyage of the Odyssey expedition, a five-year global study
of sperm whales and ocean pollution. From December 2001-May 2002, researchers surveyed 5200 nautical miles off Western
Australia including historical whaling grounds off Albany and the Perth Canyon, an area previously known for pygmy blue
whale distribution, using acoustic techniques to obtain 57 tissue biopsies. To augment areas not surveyed by the RV Odyssey,
historical Yankee whaling data, commercial whaling data, and citizen science reports of sperm whale sightings were used. We
found that the submarine canyons off Albany and Perth provide important habitat for sperm whales. Recent management
measures implemented by the Australian government in this region are evaluated with respect to sperm whales.
140

Fish and mangrove forests: the inside story
Johnston, Ross*1 and Marcus Sheaves1

1
Estuary and Tidal Wetland Ecosystems Research Group, Centre for Tropical Water & Aquatic Ecosystem Research, School of Marine and Tropical
[email protected]
Mangrove forests provide highly complex habitats for fish in tropical estuaries, however this structural complexity makes
sampling difficult. As a consequence, we have little understanding of exactly how fish use those habitats. Underwater video
provides new possibilities to sample these difficult habitats. We used an array of 24 underwater video cameras to investigate
time-series of fish utilisation of north Queensland mangrove forests. Only a small subset of the available species pool used
mangroves. That subset includes important recreational and commercial species. There were five patterns of use of mangroves:
1) fish that entered forest edges on flood tides and rarely penetrated further; perhaps gaining energetic advantage because
flow velocities are reduced inside forest edges, 2) those that tracked the shallow water edge right through forests; potentially
trading off a gain in predator avoidance against the cost of longer lateral migration, 3) fish that move throughout the forest,
apparently feeding opportunistically, 4) predators that enter the forest once water reaches sufficient depth, and 5) a mix of
species that occasionally enter the forest later in the tide. By using forests most groups probably gain from the protection
provided by complex structure, but the different patterns of utilisation imply that the way they benefit differs. The different
patterns of utilisation also indicate that the reasons for utilisation vary; for some refuge may dominate while for others food
acquisition or hydrodynamic advantage is probably more important. Consequently, mangrove forests provide different services
to different species.
Effects of dredge spoil disposal and cyclonic rainfall on

macroinvertebrate communities in Port Curtis, Australia
Jones, Conor*, Darren Richardson, Jesper Nielsen and Ian Teakle

BMT WBM, 200 Creek St, Brisbane Qld 4000
[email protected]
Material from capital and maintenance dredging in Gladstone, QLD has been placed semi-annually on an offshore spoil ground
since the 1980s. The effects of both types of disposal on benthic macroinvertebrate communities were investigated over
15 months, including the period of flooding associated with Cyclone Yasi. A validated hydrodynamic model for Port Curtis
was used to select control and putative impact locations based on modelled spoil plume movement and deposition. Direct
effects and indirect plume and sediment re-mobilisation effects were examined by sampling locations inside the spoil ground
and at near-field impact locations (adjacent to it). The relative influence of maintenance and capital placement campaigns
were examined by sampling three times before dredging, twice after maintenance dredging, and twice after capital dredging.
Benthic communities everywhere declined in abundance and richness after Cyclone Yasi and the 2011 floods, which coincided
with maintenance material disposal. During capital material disposal, richness and abundance remained low or declined at
the spoil ground, while communities within control and near-field impact locations began to recover. Temporal changes in
macroinvertebrate communities and sediment characteristics suggested communities had adjusted to a legacy of disturbance;
most notably to changes in sediment type. These results suggest that flooding associated with Cyclone Yasi caused major
declines in macroinvertebrate abundance and richness, and that capital material disposal resulted in further localised changes
to communities within the spoil ground, but not in areas outside of it.

141
Coastal urbanisation upsets the nutrient balance of enclosed waters

within the southern GBR lagoon
Jones, Mary-Anne*
Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Qld 4702
[email protected]
This study assessed the relationship between water quality and urbanisation in an area adjoining the southern Great Barrier
Reef World Heritage Area. It focussed on four estuaries of the Capricorn Coast in northern Australia: Corio Bay, Ross Creek,
the Causeway Lake and Cawarral Creek, each with varying degrees of surrounding urban development. Concentrations of
total suspended solids, dissolved silica, and nitrogen and phosphorus (total and filtered) were tested in surface samples
of the estuaries, every three months, starting in August 2006 and ending in May 2008. Metrics of hydrology, climate and
urbanisation were incorporated with the water quality data in a distance-based linear regression model. The model indicated
that urbanisation was positively associated with bioavailable nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, and negatively with
dissolved silica levels. This is an unfavourable situation for populations of coastal diatoms, which require a high ratio of silica to
nitrogen for their shell growth. As diatoms are purportedly the basis of a highly-productive food-web leading to higher order
fish, without proper planning and management, urbanisation could therefore have broader implications in terms of fisheries
for this coastal area. Similar consequences have been reported in the northern hemisphere. However, much remains to be
learnt in terms of coastal phytoplankton and fish populations at these coasts that lie adjacent to the southern Great Barrier
Reef World Heritage Area. This is the first study to simultaneously examine dissolved silica, nitrogen and phosphorus in view of
increasing urbanisation along the coasts of this area.
Distribution of organic carbon and total nitrogen and high levels of

benthic primary production on an oligotrophic boundary current shelf
Keesing, John
CSIRO Wealth from Oceans National Research Flagship, Marine and Atmospheric Research, Private Bag 5, Wembley, 6913, Australia.
[email protected]
Benthic habitats were surveyed across the south-western Australian continental shelf. The distribution of organic carbon and
total nitrogen, including those in sediments, along with primary production (PP) was measured or estimated. Total animal
and plant biomass was 51 tDW km-2, 16 tC km-2 and 1.2 tN km-2. Biomass was dominated by kelp (43%), other algae (33%)
and filter feeders (20%). Kelp and other algae made up 97% of all biomass in the 0-20m depth zone while filter feeders made
up just 1.2%. However, at depths >20m, filter feeders accounted for 48% of all biomass. 61% of all biomass occurred in the
0-20m depth zone (only 9% of the study area). 29% of the biomass was in the 20-50m depth zone, while the deeper areas 50200 m made up just 9% of biomass. Reef habitats accounted for 96% of all biomass. Water column biomass made up 30% of
biomass in the 100-200m depth zone but only 1.4% of overall biomass. Incorporating C and N tied up in the top 2cm of marine
sediments contributed significantly to the total store of C (21 tC km-2) and N (2.3 tN km-2) on the shelf. Thus 25% of all organic
carbon on the shelf is tied up in sediments and 34% is stored in the standing stock of the kelp Ecklonia radiata. Total PP was
estimated to be 122.9 tC km-2 yr-1. The component of benthic PP was three times previous estimates. 90% of nitrogen used for
PP was recycled on the shelf.
142

Worlds largest green-tides caused by expansion of coastal aquaculture

in the Yellow Sea off China [Poster]
Keesing, John1,2, Dongyan Liu2, Yajin Shi2, Yujue Wang2, Peter Fearns3 and Rodrigo
Garcia1,3
1
2
3
CSIRO Wealth from Oceans Flagship, Marine and Atmospheric Research, Private Bag 5, Wembley, 6913, Australia.
Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, P.R. China.
Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Perth, 6845, Australia.
[email protected]
The worlds largest ever macroalgal blooms have become a recurrent feature in the Yellow Sea off China since 2008 and result
in extensive green tides along the Shandong peninsula, including at Qingdao. At their peak these Ulva prolifera blooms covered
4,000 km2 and affected 40,000 km2. We tracked the source of the 2008 and 2009 blooms to an area along the Jiangsu Province
coastline, over 200km south of Qingdao, where there had been recent expansion of Porphyra aquaculture onto intertidal
sand flats up to 13km offshore. Porphyra rafts become heavily fouled with U. prolifera which is disposed of into the sea during
Porphyra harvest. Assisted by 7m tides, the floating algae is transported offshore and into the warm nutrient rich waters of
the Yellow Sea where it grows rapidly forming large patches which move north, as a result of wind driven surface currents,
ultimately washing ashore. Pollution is often blamed for algal blooms, but nitrogen levels, including those from anthropogenic
sources, have been very high in the Yellow Sea for many years. We measured spatial variability biomass accumulation of U.
prolifera on aquaculture rafts and found these were greatest in the southern area of Jiangsu where Porphyra aquaculture has
expanded most and where the anthropogenic nitrogen signal was lowest. Variability in temperature, not nutrient levels or
source, had the most impact on growth of U. prolifera and suggests that addressing Ulva waste disposal rather than nitrogen
pollution is a more urgent and feasible measure to prevent macroalgal blooms.
Are global changes to detrital composition influencing ecosystem

performance?
Kelaher, Brendan*1, Melanie Bishop2, Jaimie Potts3, Peter Scanes3 and Greg Skilbeck4
1
2
3
4
National Marine Science Centre & Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry Research, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern
Cross University, PO Box 4321, Coffs Harbour, NSW, 2450
Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109
NSW Office of Environment and Heritage, 59-61 Goulburn Street Sydney, NSW, 2000
School of the Environment, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007
[email protected]
Global losses of seagrasses and mangroves, eutrophication-driven increases in ephemeral algae and macrophyte invasions have
impacted estuarine detrital resources. To understand the consequences of these changes for benthic ecosystem processes, we
tested the hypotheses that detrital source richness, mix identity and biomass influence benthic primary production, metabolism
and nutrient fluxes. Our experiment showed that the dark, light and net uptake of NH4+, dissolved inorganic nitrogen and the
dark efflux of dissolved organic nitrogen were each significantly influenced by the identity of detrital mixes, rather than detrital
source richness or biomass. However, gross and net primary productivity, average oxygen flux, and net NOX and dissolved
inorganic phosphorous fluxes were significantly greater in treatments with low than with high detrital source richness. These
results demonstrate that changes in detrital source richness and mix identity may be important drivers of estuarine ecosystem
performance. Continued impacts to estuarine macrophytes may, therefore, further alter detritus-fuelled productivity. Specific
tests that address predicted future changes to detrital resources are required to determine the consequences of this significant
environmental problem.

143
Assessing the recreational fishing effort at a Sydney Offshore Artificial

Reef using remotely-operated cameras
Keller, Krystle
Fisheries and Marine Environment Research (FAMER), School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, NSW
2052
[email protected]
Surveying recreational boat-based fishing and estimating catch and effort can be complex since they occur over diffuse spatial
and temporal scales. Independent remotely operated video systems have the potential to overcome some problems associated
with traditional in-situ observation methods by increasing the accuracy and precision of effort estimates and reducing program
costs. The fishing effort of recreational species associated with a purpose-built 600t Offshore Artificial Reef (OAR), 1.5km east
of Sydney and at a reference site near the North Head of Sydney Harbour, was monitored from two camera systems located on
a lighthouse. Effort determined via analysis of boat movements detected by remote camera video observations was validated
using complementary observer counts. Recent video observations of the two sites from April to December 2013 indicate that
total boat trips were approximately 50% higher on weekend days compared to week days at both sites except from May
to October when boat trips were higher during weekdays. Total number of boat trips were 20 to 60% higher at the OAR site
during weekend days from April to October, then shifted to the reference site from November to December where 30% of boat
trips were higher than at the OAR. Harvest of the OAR is calculated using effort data together with harvest rates determined
from existing recreational catch surveys in coastal Sydney waters. Harvest information is then used with acoustic tagging data
to model the passage of production to exploited trophic levels in an artificial reef, indicating the production potential of this
system.
Defoliation, flowering collapse and seed abortion in Shark Bay:

indicators of heat stress to seagrasses during the 2011 WA marine heat
wave
Kendrick, Gary, A.1,2, John Statton1,2,3, Jordan Thompson4, Dereck A. Burkholder4, James
W. Fourqurean4, Michael R. Heithaus4, Matthew W. Fraser1,2, Diana I. Walker1,2, Mat
A. Vanderklift5, Renae K. Hovey1, Elizabeth Sinclair1,3, Kingsley W. Dixon1,3.
1
2
3
4
5
School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009.
The University of Western Australia Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009.
Kings Park and Botanical Garden, Fraser Avenue, West Perth, WA, 6005, Australia
Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151st Street, North Miami, Florida, 33181, USA.
CSIRO Wealth from Oceans Flagship, Wembley, WA, Australia
[email protected]
In Summer 2011, the west coast of Australia was affected by a marine heatwave that elevated sea temperatures 24 o C higher
than normal over several weeks, resulting in coral bleaching, macroalgal mortalities, and fish kills over much of the coast. This
study reports on effects to seagrasses in Shark Bay. The temperate species, Amphibolis antarctica and Posidonia australis are
the dominant seagrasses, although they are towards the northern limits of their geographical distribution. Tropical species
of the genera Cymodocea, Halodule and Halophila are minor components. We present evidence from 3 separate research
programs that indicate the heat wave impacted both A. antarctica and P. australis over a broad spatial extent and in different
ways. Defoliation of A. antarctica meadows was observed baywide but was more extreme in areas of high turbidity driven
either by detrital pools or by particulates in floodwaters from the Wooramel River that year. We will present the extent and
intensity of defoliation and plant mortality from the Wooramel Bank and Faure Sill and from eastern and western shores of
Peron Peninsular. Posidonia australis do not show defoliation at any sites across the bay, but 100% seed abortion was observed
from flowering in the Western Bay in 2011. Successful reproduction has not been observed since. Loss of ecosystem resilience
in the Shark Bay World Heritage Site is discussed in relation to these impacts.
Kendrick presenting: Marb, Nria1 et al.

Refer Marb for abstract.
144

Dynamic primary production in estuaries explains variation in banana

prawn (Penaeus merguiensis) abundance in the Gulf of Carpentaria
Kenyon, Rob1*, Michele Burford2, Matt Whittle2, Graeme Curwen2, Melissa Duggan2,
Andy Revill3.
1 CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Queensland.
2 Griffith University, Kessels Road, Nathan, Queensland.
3 CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Castray Esplanade, Hobart Tas 7000
[email protected]
Banana prawns inhabit estuaries and shallow-shelf waters across the Australian tropics. Annual variability in floodflows
determines the strength of juvenile emigration. However, estuarine productivity also may explain strength to recruit offshore.
During the pre-wet and strong wet seasons of 2008-10, the abundance of juvenile prawns in the Norman River estuary was
measured simultaneously with water column nutrients, microalgae, epibenthos and meiofauna: enabling investigation of
links between primary production and prawn abundance. During the pre-wet, juvenile banana prawns were abundant. Water
column nutrient levels were typical of oligotrophic tropical estuaries. Pelagic and epibenthic microalgae and epibenthos were
productive. Under wet-season floodwater conditions, banana prawns emigrated strongly from the estuary. The abundance of
water column and epibenthic microflora and meiobenthos dropped to less than half the pre-wet densities. No relationship
was found between estuarine nutrients and resident prawns. The time series across the estuary showed that the abundance
of juveniles was correlated positively with benthic microalgae and meiobenthos; regardless of salinity. In 2008/09, the large
floodflows masked any deterministic trend. However in 2009/10, prawn abundance in creek habitats was correlated with
primary production in the pre-wet and early wet. Floodlfows deposited large quantities of nitrogen and phosphorus in the
nearshore flood plume: habitat that supported recently-emigrated prawns. In the nearshore zone, primary production studies
showed that chlorophyll concentrations on the sediment increased during the flood. These condition may drive the correlation
(R2 = 0.8) between flow in the Norman River and an index of abundance of prawns measured in adjacent fishing grounds.
A discussion on the myths and facts associated with marine discharges

from a Seawater Reverse Osmosis Desalination Plant
Kildea, Tim*, Lorenzo Andreacchio, Alex Donald, Peter Doumouras and Tara Hage
South Australian Water Corporation, GPO Box 1751, Adelaide, SA 5001
[email protected]
Desalination has come to the fore in Australia as a means of water proofing Australian coastal cities against drought. The
construction of large desalination plants along the coast has generated considerable public debate, with questions raised
by the community about the potential impacts of these plants on the local environment. In a recent review of the impacts
associated with desalination plants, it was noted that the greater proportion of published information was descriptive and
provided little quantitative data that could be assessed independently. In Australia, a large number of detailed monitoring
studies have been developed to assess the environmental performance of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination
plants. These studies have provided a substantial volume of information, which in general is lost in the grey literature of
internal reports to regulatory bodies. The presentation will discuss some of the known knowns and the known unknowns
of marine discharges associated with the operation of a SWRO desalination plant based on experiences acquired from the
construction and operation of the Adelaide Desalination Plant. In particular the discussion will focus on the discharge of
saline concentrate waste into the marine environment and provide some results on ambient salinity and dissolved oxygen
concentrations, adjacent to the outfall.

145
Using isotopes to develop functional-level indicators for seagrass in

the Swan-Canning Estuary
Kilminster, Kieryn*1, Vanessa Forbes1 and Marianne Holmer2

1 Department of Water, Water Science, Western Australia, PO Box K822, Perth, Western Australia 6842
2 University of Southern Denmark, Biologisk Institut, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
[email protected]
Estuaries are places of extraordinary natural change in both space and time which makes it difficult to develop environmental
indicators that describe change. For the ephemeral seagrass species often found in estuaries, distribution alone can be so
variable from year to year that it is a poor indicator of seagrass health. Understanding the mechanistic relationships between
seagrass and their environmental stressors should be considered for effective management of estuaries and may inform on
why change has occurred. This greater understanding of the underlying processes may allow for management strategies to be
implemented before large-scale, permanent loss of seagrass occurs. We aimed to develop indicators for seagrass health for
the Swan-Canning Estuary by studying Halophila ovalis at 6 sites over an 8 month period in 2011/2013. The study included
measures of environmental conditions (temperature, light, sediment quality), seagrass production (by rhizome tagging),
meadow characteristics, chemistry and morphometics. The seagrass tissues were analysed for nutrient content and stable
isotope ratios of C, N and S. This talk will describe the development of a new sediment-stress indicator, which aims to describe
the response of Halophila to unfavourable sediment conditions. This study is also novel as it is possibly the first to couple
seagrass productivity with the sulfur stable isotope ratios measured within tissues. We propose that these indicators be
implemented in conjunction with regular seagrass distribution surveys for the on-going management of the estuary.
Demography of fish populations reveals new challenges in appraising

juvenile habitat values
Kimirei, Ismael1,2, Ivan Nagelkerken*3, Andrew Rypel4, Mathias Igulu1,2 and Yunus
Mgaya5
1
2
3
4
5
Department of Animal Ecology and Ecophysiology, Radboud University Nijmegen, P. O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute, P.O. Box 9750, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide, DX 650 418, Adelaide, SA 5005
Faculty of Aquatic Sciences and Technology, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 60091, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech University, 154 Cheatham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0321, USA
[email protected]
Understanding the value of nursery habitats is increasingly perceived as essential to the conservation and management of
marine ecosystems worldwide. Yet considerable work on this topic has assumed population dynamics that are temporally and
spatially static, creating a potential risk in oversimplification. We used size-frequency data of fish species from several spatially
distinct mangrove and seagrass habitats collected over a > 2 y period to explore demographic structure and variability along
with potential environmental and biotic factors that might lead to variability. While demographics were skewed predominantly
towards juveniles, older fish (up to 13 years of age) were regularly observed in some mangroves or seagrass beds. Different
juvenile habitats also varied substantially in both prey abundance and predation risk an effect that appeared to reverberate
into habitat-specific differences in somatic growth rates and fish densities. Finally, fish population size structure was significantly
related to seascape structure, suggesting complex spatio-temporal patterns in the production and turnover of fish biomass
across nursery habitats. Effectively appraising juvenile habitats will be a more convoluted process than previously thought as
greater integration is needed between basic ecological processes (e.g., predation risk and food availability) and population
demography.
146

Effects of ocean acidification and warming on the survival,

reproduction and statolith formation of an Irukandji jellyfish
Klein, Shannon*1, Kylie Pitt1, Kristen Rathjen2, Jamie Seymour3,4

1
2
3
4
School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast QLD 4222

Woods Hold Oceanographic Institution, USA
Queensland Tropical Health Alliance QLD
Queensland Emergency Medical Research Foundation, QLD
[email protected]
Warming oceans and strengthening currents have caused the poleward migration of many marine species. In Australia,
Irukandji jellyfish have recently occurred 2 south of their historical range and could potentially expand their range to the
lucrative tourism markets of southeast Queensland (SEQ). We undertook two experiments to test the interactive effects of
ocean warming and acidification on asexual reproduction of polyps of Alatina nr mordens, and the formation of statoliths in
juvenile medusae. Experiment 1 mimicked the current, intermediate and extreme summer temperature and pH conditions
predicted for SEQ for 2100 (25, 27, 29C, pH 7.9, 7.8, 7.6) and Experiment 2 mimicked current and future winter conditions (18
and 22C, pH 7.9, 7.8, 7.6). All polyps in Experiment 1 budded. pH had a negative effect on the number of polyps produced but
patterns varied among temperature treatments. Most polyps survived winter conditions mimicked by Experiment 2 but only
polyps in the 22C, pH 7.9 treatment increased significantly. Statoliths in pH 7.6 treatment were 24% narrower. The lack of any
known polyp populations of A.nr mordens in SEQ, despite their ability to tolerate current water chemistry conditions, suggests
that factors other than water chemistry inhibit their current survival. Observations that budding was generally slower in low
pH treatments suggest future oceanic conditions will be less hospitable to polyps. We consider that unless A.nr mordens can
adapt, they are unlikely to establish permanent populations in SEQ in the long term but could expand southwards in the short
term if acidification proceeds slowly.
A decade of Tasman Sea bio-acoustics
Kloser, Rudy*, Gordon Keith, Caroline Sutton, Tim Ryan, and Ryan Downie
CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Hobart, Tas 7000
[email protected]
The Tasman Sea is a region that is predicted to be a climate change hot spot, due in part to the strengthening and extension of
the East Australian Current (EAC). An IMOS bio-acoustic and CPR transect set at 41o S was established to monitor the decadal
effects of this change on the zooplankton and micronekton communities at basin scales. This program was complemented
with ad-hoc physical sampling on research and fishing vessels. The bio-acoustic transect data is compared to other metrics
for the basin such as CPR, net primary productivity from ocean colour and metrics of the strength of the EAC. The ecological
relevant metrics that can be derived from the monitoring program to detect decadal changes is explored. Often changes in
habitat are used to infer changes to the structure and function of the ecosystem as direct sampling of biota is often costly
and complicated. Our ad-hoc physical net sampling of the macro-zooplankton and micronekton of ~2 to 20 cm length (small
crustaceans, gelatinous, squid and fish) that dominate the mesopelagic open ocean basins in this region complements the
IMOS observations for monitoring metrics such as density, diversity, trophic linkages and energetic transfer. Our ability to
detect changes in these ecological units with our remote observing system is limited and will require a systematic approach of
physical net sampling that is cost effective and well targeted both spatially and temporally using information derived from the
IMOS observing system and the development of physical, biochemical and ecological models.

147
Do coral pecies affect the structure of reef fish c? A Multi-scale

analysis
Komyakova, Valeriya*1,2, Philip L. Munday1, Geoffrey P. Jones1

1
2
ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville QLD 4811
Department of Zoology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3010
[email protected]
The influence of live coral cover and topographic complexity on the diversity and community structure of coral reef fish
assemblages has been well studied. In contrast, the role of coral diversity in determining the structure of local fish communities
has not been fully explored. We investigated the relative importance of different coral species in structuring fish communities,
identified the characteristics of corals that support higher fish diversity, and evaluated whether sampling scale has any effect
on the perceived strength of fish-habitat relationships. The communities of fishes present on colonies of eight common coral
species (Porites cylindrica, Echinopora horrida, Hydnophora rigida, Stylophora pistillata, Seriatopora hystrix, Acropora formosa,
A. tenuis and A. millepora) were examined at three spatial scales of sampling (2x2 m, 1x1 m, 0.5x0.5 m) at multiple sites in
the Lizard Island lagoon. Coral species was the only variable that explained a significant amount of variation in fish species
richness (36-54%). It also explained a significant amount of variation in total fish abundance (10-15%). Coral colonies, which
exhibited an intermediate level of branching structure (E. horrida, H. rigida), supported more fish species and individuals than
similar-sized colonies of all other coral species examined. The relationships between coral species and fish species richness or
abundance became stronger as the spatial scale of sampling increased. These results indicate that the types of corals present
on reefs can significantly influence the structure of reef fish communities, and the spatial scale of sampling can influence the
perceived relationship between fish communities and their habitats.
Plankton and Climate Change in eastern Tasmania: Towards 2100

[Poster]
Kunz, Thomas J.*1,2, Alistair J. Hobday2 and Anthony J. Richardson3,4

1
2
3
4
Current address: 24 Casula Street, Arana Hills, QLD 4054

CSIRO Marine & Atmospheric Research, GPO Box 1538, Gold Coast, TAS 7001
CSIRO Marine & Atmospheric Research, PO Box 2583, Brisbane, QLD 4001
University of Queensland, School of Mathematics and Physics, St Lucia, QLD 4072
[email protected]
Global climate models project that ocean warming in Australian waters will be particularly fast and intense off south-eastern
Australia, including the eastern Queenslandn shelf, mostly as a result of a strengthening of the East Australian Current (EAC).
Time-series observations of sea temperature over a 60-yr period support these projections. Warming and associated changes
in water column stratification have impacted upon phyto- and zooplankton communities elsewhere in the world, with flow-on
effects for higher trophic levels. Observed changes in south-eastern Australian waters also include changes in growth-limiting
nutrients, most prominently a marked decline in silica concentrations. We present results obtained from an intermediate
complexity nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton-detritus (NPZD) model developed for eastern Queenslandn shelf waters,
where enhanced southward penetration of the warm EAC and a decline in spring phytoplankton bloom biomass have been
observed. We investigate potential impacts of changes in sea temperature, depth of the mixed surface layer, and nutrient
concentrations on different functional groups of plankton. Model runs covering a 130-year period indicate that the projected
changes in key ocean variables may alter the gross production of plankton and also the relative importance of different plankton
functional groups. This highlights the chances of a regime change within the lower trophic food web with the potential of
disrupting trophic linkages between plankton, small pelagic fish, and seasonal predators such as tuna and seabird species, for
which Queenslandn shelf waters are important feeding grounds.
148

Viral pathogens cause bleaching and reduced photosynthesis in

Ecklonia radiata
Lachnit, Tim*, Ross Hill, Enzequiel Marzinelli, Alexandra Campbell, Tilmann Harder,
Torsten Thomas and Peter Steinberg
Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052 NSW, Australia
[email protected]
Ecklonia radiata the dominant habitat-forming seaweed in temperate Australia has experienced high rates of mortality in
the last decades. Disappearance of this kelp forest would have serious consequences for the marine ecosystem. The causes
of mortality are not yet understood but we hypothesise a combination of environmental stress and viral infection. We could
demonstrate that disease symptoms such as discolouration and bleaching are widespread but patchy distributed around
Australia, which does not correlate simply with latitudinal variation in water temperatures. Focussing on the Kelp populations
along the highly urbanised coast of Sydney we observed a highly site-specific pattern in the frequency of disease symptoms in E.
radiata populations. Photosynthetic activity of discoloured thalli was significantly reduced compared to co-occurring, healthy
(dark brown) thalli. Moreover, we were able to demonstrate that discoloured tissue from Ecklonia radiata from multiple sites
around Sydney were infected with a viral pathogen. Inoculation experiments in the laboratory with the extracted viruses of
sick tissue resulted in infection of healthy tissue of Ecklonia radiata. The frequency of putative disease phenotypes, and the
relative abundance of viruses in Ecklonia radiata around Sydney appear to be higher at sites that are impacted by untreated
wastewater discharge.
Development of an electrochemical immunosensor for the early

detection of Vibrio species [Poster]
Laczka, Olivier and Martina Doblin*

Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster (C3), School of the Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
[email protected]
Current technology is insufficient for rapid on-site detection of the causative agents for waterborne diseases and existing
time-consuming detection results in delayed management decisions. Vibrio bacteria are abundant in disturbed aquatic
environments, and can cause major disease outbreaks that affect a large range of organisms, including humans. They represent
the perfect target for an early warning diagnostic tool to safeguard water resources and the aquaculture industry.
This work describes the steps involved in the development an electrochemical biosensor for in situ detection of vibrio species
in aquatic environments where Vibrio parahaemolyticus was used as the model organism. V. parahaemolyticus was captured
onto the surface of a low-cost screen-printed electrode using an optimized sandwich-type capture format with anti-vibrio
antibodies. Detection is based on the electrochemical monitoring of the activity of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), an enzyme
label coupled with the secondary antibody, through its catalysis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the presence of the mediator
hydroquinone (HQ). The signal is monitored using amperometry, allowing a significant improvement of the limit of detection
compared to colorimetric methods such as Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).
This work is significant because the development of diagnostic tools for specific detection of such pathogens will result in
more effective management of water quality through better monitoring, rapid assessment as well as identification of sources
contributing to the spread of disease.
Larsen presenting: Cooper, Karin

Refer Cooper for abstract.

149
Quantifying latitudinal variability in extreme heat events on rocky

intertidal shores of south-eastern Australia
Lathlean, Justin A*, David J Ayre, Todd E Minchinton.

Institute for Conservation Biology and Environmental Management & School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue,
Gwynneville NSW 2522
[email protected]
Under climate change models populations and communities are expected to be adversely affected by an increase in the
number and frequency of extreme heat events. These extreme heat events result from synergistic interactions among
multiple contributing factors. For species living on rocky seashores adverse conditions prevail when extreme heat events in
the terrestrial environment coincide with midday low tides. Quantifying latitudinal variability in the coincidence of these two
mitigating factors is critical to predicting species range shifts, yet few studies have attempted to understand the interaction
of these processes. In this study we combine in situ temperature measurements at low tide with meteorological data (air
temperature, wind speed, humidity, solar elevation) to quantify latitudinal variability in thermal stress along 1500km of
the southeast coast of Australia over 3 consecutive years. We also use tidal and solar elevations to predict the number of
extreme heat events along the southeast coast of Australia and compare this to in situ temperature measurements. Contrary
to expectations thermal stress did not decline with increasing latitude. Summer maxima, mean and cumulative time spent over
35C within southern locations was similar to, and sometimes greater than, values recorded 1500km further north. Likewise,
tidal and solar elevation models and in situ temperature measurements found no latitudinal trend in the number of extreme
heat events over three consecutive summers. These counter-intuitive patterns in thermal stress may be the result of greater
summertime midday exposure within southern latitudes. Our findings challenge the assumption that organisms at higher
latitudes experience reduced thermal stress and provide an improved means of predicting the impacts of climate change on
vulnerable rocky intertidal communities.
Manipulating thermal stress on rocky shores to predict patterns of

recruitment of marine invertebrates under a changing climate [Poster]
Lathlean, Justin A*, Todd E Minchinton

Institute for Conservation Biology and Environmental Management & School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue,
Gwynneville NSW 2522
[email protected]
For rocky intertidal organisms temperature is often considered the most influential factor governing early survival and growth.
Nevertheless, our review of the literature revealed that few studies have manipulated temperatures in the field to test for
effects on these critical early life history processes. Here we present the results from a novel manipulation of substratum
temperature using settlement plates of different colour (black, grey, white) and infrared measurements of temperature to
test hypotheses that temperature influences early survival and growth of recent settlers of the intertidal barnacle Tesseropora
rosea. Mean surface temperatures of black and grey plates were as great as 5.8C (and on average 2.2C) and 4.8C (and on
average 1.6C) hotter than white plates across the sampling period, respectively. Cooler, white plates had significantly greater
settlement and early growth than hotter, black plates, but differences in plate temperature did not significantly influence
early survival or recruitment though patterns were consistent with thermal variability. Comparisons between grey coloured
natural rock and plates indicate that grey plates thermally mimic natural rock. Nevertheless, on average more than twice as
many larvae settled on plates than on natural rock, but early post-settlement survival on natural rock was double that on
plates, suggesting that this artificial surface may not adequately capture the natural variability in early life history processes.
Regardless, our simple and repeatable thermal manipulation represents a useful tool for experimentally investigating the
effects of temperature on recruitment processes and simulating future temperature variability associated with climate change.
150

Estimates of carbon stocks and accumulation rates by seagrass

habitats incorporating inter-habitat variability
Lavery, Paul*1, Miguel-ngel Mateo2, Oscar Serrano1,3 and Mohammad Rozaimi1,4

1
2
3
4
Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Dve, Joondalup WA 6027
Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Blanes, C/ daccs a la Cala St. Francesc, 14. Blanes. Girona. E-17300, Spain
The University of Western Australia Oceans Institute, University of Western
Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009
School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi,
Selangor, Malaysia
[email protected]
The recent focus on carbon trading has intensified interest in blue carbon sinks, particularly seagrasses. Most information on
seagrass organic carbon (Corg) storage is derived from studies of one species, Posidonia oceanica, from the Mediterranean Sea.
Improving estimates of regional carbon stocks requires incorporating the variability in stocks among different seagrass habitats.
We surveyed 16 seagrass habitats to assess the variability in their sedimentary Corg, encompassing 10 species, depositional,
exposed, temperate and tropical habitats. There was an 18-fold difference in Corg stock of P. oceanica and the lowest observed
stock in an Australian seagrass. Among Australian habitats, the mean Corg stocks ranged from 8.64 2.86 mg Corg cm-3 for a
tropical Halophila ovalis meadow to 2.38 0.85 mg Corg cm-3 for a mixed Thalassia/Cymodocea meadow. For some species,
water depth affected the Corg stores, with greater stores in deeper sites; no differences were found among sub-tidal/inter-tidal
or temperate/tropical habitats. Taking this variability into account, we estimated the Corg stock in the top 24 cm of Australian
seagrass ecosystems to be 107 Mt, with annual accumulation of 0.067 - 4.42 Mt (probable estimate: 0.67 Mt y-1). At a predicted
2020 trading price of $AUD 35 t-1 C, this Corg stock has a potential value of $AUD 3.7 billion. These estimates are about 25% of
those calculated when inter-habitat variability is not taken into account, reinforcing the urgent need for more information on
the variability in carbon stock and accumulation rates to refine estimates of seagrass carbon storage.
Lobster tales: Molecular ecology and evolution in Panulirus
Lavery, Shane*1,2, Richard ORorke1, Ahmad Farhadi1, 3, Bhargavi Yellapu1, Andrew Jeffs2
1
2
3
School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Symonds St, Auckland, New Zealand
Leigh Marine Laboratory, University of Auckland, Leigh, New Zealand
Department of Fisheries, University of Tehran, Iran
[email protected]
The spiny lobster genus Panulirus is highly diverse and of high economic importance. Questions about their ecological
interactions, evolutionary history, and future sustainability abound. We are using a variety of molecular methods to address
a series of such questions in several Panulirus species, ranging from diet determination to population connectivity and
evolutionary divergence. The planktonic larval, or phyllosoma, stage of Panulirus species is unusual in its long duration (up
to 12 months), spent drifting in the open ocean far from the coasts. This extraordinary life history stage is key to many of the
ecological and evolutionary conundrums in this genus. Despite the enormous potential for larval dispersal and mixing of gene
pools, over 14 species of Panulirus have diverged in the Indo-Pacific alone. DNA sequencing of nuclear and mitochondrial genes
has been used to tease apart how larval movements allow the early stages of this on-going process of species divergence to
occur. Mitochondrial control region sequences and microsatellite variation have been used to explore the extent of connectivity
between populations, driven by larval exchange. Finally, next-generation sequencing has been used to discover exactly what
prey are consumed in the open ocean to enable these larvae to survive their extraordinary voyages. The answers to these
questions are important not only for understanding the species past evolutionary history and current ecological interactions,
but are crucial to ensuring their future sustainability through effective fisheries management and productive aquaculture.

151
Cop it sweet or sweeten the deal? Investigating effects of two common

contaminants on sessile communities and their recruitment [Poster]
Lawes, Jasmin*1, Graeme Clark1, and Emma Johnston1,2

1
2
Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052
Sydney Insitute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, NSW 2088
[email protected]
Many estuaries contain cocktails of contaminants, including nutrients and heavy metals from fertilisers, sewage and industrial
activity. Sessile marine invertebrate larvae often settle in response to environmental cues, and cues can be affected by
contaminants. Here we present a series of studies that investigate effects of elevated nutrients and heavy metals on sessile
invertebrate recruitment and assemblage structure. First, we elevated nutrient and copper levels in the field, and tested
their impact on invertebrate abundance, recruitment and mortality over time. Nutrient input encouraged settlement and
reduced mortality, but copper generally had the opposite effect. In particular, barnacles and solitary ascidians significantly
increased in abundance under elevated nutrients. Second, we manipulated biofilm presence and growth conditions under
elevated nutrients and quantified the bacterial community before a 7d invertebrate recruitment period. DAPI fixed-staining
and 454 pryosequencing of 16S genes revealed that elevated nutrients reduced bacterial abundance, and produced bacterial
communities dominated by nitrogen fixing bacteria. Pre-filming of settlement plates significantly affected community
composition and increased the total abundance of organisms, regardless of elevated nutrients. Again, elevated nutrients
increased barnacle and solitary ascidian recruitment, but bryozoans and serpulids were most abundant on naturally developed
biofilms. Finally, we investigated biofilm and invertebrate recruitment adjacent to sediments with elevated nutrients and heavy
metals. Nutrient-enriched communities were dominated by barnacles and ascidians, while metal treatments had the most
serpulids and bryozoans. This study revealed consistent responses to nutrient and heavy metal pollution, highlighting the link
between micro- and macro-level responses to contaminants.
Developing long-term monitoring programs in offshore waters with

little prior knowledge: Comparison of GRTS based sampling with swath
mapping
Lawrence, Emma1*, Scott Nichol2, Keith Hayes3, Johnathan Kool2, Vanessa Lucieer4,
Jeffrey Dambacher3, Nicole Hill4, Neville Barrett4, Alan Williams5, and Franzis Althaus5
1
2
3
4
5
CSIRO Mathematics, Informatics and Statistics, GPO Box 2583, Brisbane, Qld 4001
Coastal, Marine and Climate Change Group, Geoscience Australia, GPO Box 378, Canberra, ACT 2601.
CSIRO Mathematics, Informatics and Statistics, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, Tas 7001
CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, Tas 7001
[email protected]
The Australian Commonwealth Marine Reserve (CMR) Network covers a total of 2.7 million square kilometres of continental
shelf and slope, and abyssal habitat. Whilst many areas of continental slope habitats have been previously swath mapped,
and benthic habitats characterised, relatively little is known about the habitats in the shelf and abyssal environments. The
inability to extrapolate information to unsurveyed areas, represents a considerable challenge to the future management of
biodiversity in the CMR estate, particularly for the shelf because it is where habitat diversity and many elements of biodiversity
are expected to be relatively rich and where anthropogenic pressures are greatest. Here we report on the results of a pilot
program undertaken in Flinders CMR (northeast Queensland), designed to test the costs and benefits of two approaches
to characterising shelf habitats in the context of biodiversity management: (i) multibeam sonar mapping of a continuous
(~30 km2) area judgementally selected on the basis of its representivity of seabed habitats, versus; (ii) targeted mapping of a
greater number of smaller, but spatially balanced, locations using a Generalized Random Tessellation Stratified (GRTS) sample
design. We present the first quantitative estimates of habitat type on the shelf of the Flinders CMR, using both approaches,
and contrast the costs and quality of information that both approaches offer. We then consider the implications for future
inventory of benthic habitats in shelf environments in the context of monitoring the CMR estate.
152

Genetic connectivity in the sea: is drift important?
Lee, Patricia LM
School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Warrnambool, Vic 3280
Biosciences Department, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA28PP, UK
[email protected]
How organisms at sea maintain connectivity across a few, to many hundreds of kms, is still relatively little understood
compared to terrestrial systems. The initial step is to work out the spatial scale at which there is significant connectivity and to
describe the pattern of connectivity. One can then attempt to establish the main factors underlying this pattern. Since direct
observations of long term animal movements at sea are difficult to achieve in the field, genetic structure is often used as a
measure of connectivity. I will discuss case examples of sea turtles and jellyfish where multi-disciplinary approaches (genetics,
oceanography and meteorology) have been key to explaining how marine organisms could maintain connectivity across the
sea. Drift in ocean currents can indeed be important for example, in maintaining long-term connectivity at both regional
and transoceanic spatial scales. However, other environmental factors, such as severe storms, may also cause occasional
but significant displacement of marine organisms. Modern advances in both oceanographic modelling and genetic analyses
provide powerful means of testing between different models of connectivity.
Climatic sensitivity of phytoplankton dynamics in Port Phillip Bay
Lee, Randall*1, Peter Black2, Emilie Laurent1, Guillaume Martinez1, Andy Longmore2,
and Steve Brett3
1
2
3
EPA Victoria, Ernest Jones Drive, Macleod Vic 3085

Melbourne University, Department of Zoology, Parkville Vic 3052
Microalgal Services 308 Tucker Road, Ormond Vic 3204
[email protected]
The large temperate embayment of Port Phillip Bay in southern Australia is a relatively poorly flushed system that maintains
its salinity levels by the relative balance of catchment inflows and evaporation. The systems salinity has been proven to be
highly sensitive to climatic variations over recent decades. Broadly phytoplankton populations are observed to follow these
climatic variations, associated with the catchment loading of nutrients and their dispersion through the bay, and are more
recently driven by the prevailing summer conditions, with little or no spring bloom activity that was the norm in previous
decades. Mechanistic models are used to define the source and sink connections of plankton activity in the bay with the
inflows predominantly in the north of the bay manifesting as plankton hotspots in the eastern and western sections of the bay.
While this general pattern is evident, in reality algal blooms may involve multiple species or species that may thrive in high
nitrogen but fail when nitrogen levels fall, or have sensitivities to temperature, light and salinity, or preferred by zooplankton.
These factors can lead to severe blooms of some species. Long-term records indicate diatom abundance is dependant on
the catchment inflows that relate to limitations of both nitrogen and silica nutrients. However during low inflow periods,
warm still conditions during summer still provide conducive conditions for bloom activity (flagellates). An analysis of a recent
detailed phytoplankton sampling supported by continuous moored and shipborne water quality observations explores these
considerations. This will assess the climatic sensitivity and regionalized phytoplankton behavior in Port Phillip Bay, and contrast
findings with historical records.

153
Historical Patterns of Coral mortality at Halfway and North Keppel

Islands, inshore southern Great Barrier Reef
Lepore, Mauro*1, Alberto Rodriguez-Ramirez2, Tara Clark2, Jian-xin Zhao2, John Pandolfi1
1
2
Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane,
Qld 4072
Radiogenic Isotope Facility, School of Earth Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072
[email protected]
There is mounting evidence linking coral reef decline in the inshore Great Barrier Reef (GBR) to multiple stressors (such
as increased runoff and climate change) since European settlement of Queensland (mid-19th century). However, causal
relationships between reef degradation and natural/anthropogenic factors are still controversial because of the lack of ecological
baseline data and historical understanding of past mortality events before the early 1980s, when regular monitoring programs
began. Using high-precision U-series dating of branching acroporids from reef surface death assemblages, we reconstructed
mortality patterns of the most abundant reef building coral taxa at Halfway and North Keppel islands (southern GBR). Dates
from a preliminary sub-set of samples ranged from 322.17.2 BC to 2006.22.2 AD at Halfway (n=16) and from 1960.48.3 AD
to 2007.60.4 AD at North Keppel (n=30). Most corals returned U-series ages around or after the onset of regular surveys of
coral reefs on the GBR and some corals from Halfway dated around 2,000 years old. Relative probability plots of U-series ages
revealed peaks of mortality that coincided with periods of bleaching and flood events. Branching acroporids appear to have
dominated coral reef communities at Halfway for at least the past two millennia. In contrast to lower latitude inshore reefs
from the central GBR, no evidence of shifts in coral dominance was observed following European settlement. This study is a
crucial starting point for developing the regional pre-European baseline required for setting sensible goals to manage threats
to coral reefs on the southern GBR.
The effects of epiphytic macro-algae on condition, attachment and

assemblages of Brachidontes erosus in southern temperate mudflats
[Poster]
Lewis, Ryan David1* and Sabine Dittmann2

1 Lincoln Marine Science Centre, Flinders University, Hindmarsh Street, Port Lincoln, SA 5606
2 School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide SA 5001
[email protected]
This study was undertaken to determine the effects of epiphytic macro-algae on bivalve species within southern temperate
mudflats. It primarily focussed on the mussel Brachidontes erosus with attached epiphytic macroalgae Hormosira banksii, but
also examined effects of epiphytes on the mud cockle (Katelysia spp.), and effects of other macro-algae (Cystoseira trinodis)
on both bivalve species. Bivalves without epiphytic attachments were also collected for comparison. Samples were taken over
four months from October 2013 to January 2013 at monthly intervals, at low tides <0.2m for access to sites. We included the
factors; frequency of occurrence, condition index, dislodgement force and algal and sediment associated assemblages. No
significant differences between sites were found for frequency of occurrence, indicating associations of B. erosus with epiphytic
H. banksii are a widespread phenomenon. The condition index of bivalves was significantly different between mussels with
and without epiphytic attachments suggesting a negative impact of epiphytes on bivalve species. Dislodgement force was not
significantly different with epiphytes present or absent. Analyses of assemblage data did not show any effects of the epiphytic
algae on associated organisms. Overall, results showed an effect of epiphytic algae on the condition of the studied bivalves
within southern temperate mudflats, although further research is required to assess the significance of these effects on the
species or ecosystem level.
154

Comparative seascape genetics of coral reef fishes: integrating genetic

datasets and biophysical models across a common seascape
Liggins, Libby*1, Eric Treml2, Hugh Possingham1 and Cynthia Riginos1

1
1

Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Vic 4072
[email protected]
Most seascape genetic studies aim to understand which seascape features shape patterns of genetic diversity and connectivity
across the range of a single species. Whether seascape features are consistent in their effects across species is lesser known.
Comparative seascape genetic studies require the integration of multi-species genetic datasets and corresponding seascape
data, so that congruences and incongruences in the genetic patterns and seascape features driving genetic patterns may be
evaluated. My research takes a comparative seascape genetic approach to investigate the influences of seascape features on
patterns of genetic diversity and connectivity around Australia, parts of the Coral Triangle, and the West Pacific. I focus on four
common, co-distributed coral reef fishes that differ in early life history characteristics and habitat use (Pomacentrus coelestis,
Dascyllus trimaculatus, Halichoeres hortulanus, Acanthurus triostegus). First, genetic data (mitochondrial DNA) for each
species was individually analysed to reveal genetic patterns across the studied range as a consequence of known seascape
history and a species-specific biophysical model of contemporary connectivity. Second, to reveal patterns of congruence and
incongruence across species, the genetic datasets were combined in a series of comparative analyses alongside seascape
data. Both approaches identified varied genetic patterns across species, despite common seascape history and contemporary
oceanography. Some incongruences varied predictably according to the dispersal potential of species, whereas others were
related to a particular seascape feature, such as the Arafura Sea. Our research highlights the complexity of combining multispecies datasets and offers some novel methods of analysis for such studies.
An oceanographic dispersal barrier off Wilsons Promontory and its

influence on phylogeography and larval settlement
Lindsay, Malcolm*1, Stephen Swearer1 and Mick Keough1

Zoology Department, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic 3010
[email protected]
Oceanography has a major influence on larval dispersal for most marine species, with consequences on geneflow patterns,
metapopulation dynamics and larval settlement. I investigated the influence of the oceanography of Wilsons Promontory, Bass
Strait, on larval dispersal. I firstly described the oceanographic patterns of Wilsons Promontory using multiple deployments
of current profilers that measured temperature, pressure and flow. The dominant non-tidal current was forced by wind
and coastally trapped waves, running anticlockwise around the west coast of the promontory and heading offshore at the
tip creating a separation front and leeward eddy. Similar headland-associated separation fronts have been shown to form
consistent barriers to larval dispersal with consequences on connectivity, phylogeography and larval settlement. A literature
review of regional phylogeographic literature showed that there indeed was a multispecies genetic break located near Wilsons
Promontory, suggesting oceanographic control. Although the main hypothesis for this genetic structuring is vicariance through
glacial landbridge exposure, the palaeoceanographic literature suggests that Antarctic water intrusion would have caused
vicariance of cold-sensitive species first. The Promontorys oceanography also matched spatial and temporal patterns of
intertidal mussel and barnacle settlement collected using settlement collectors. Increased settlement in the east suggested
leeward enhancement, while a break in settlement synchrony near the separation front suggests the dispersal barrier has
limited larval connectivity. In the face of climate change facilitated range extensions and the importance of dispersal to
conservation management, the oceanography of Wilsons Promontory appears to have important ramification to the marine
environment of Bass Strait.
Mapping the submerged reefs of Balls Pyramid: Past reef development

in a marginal, high-latitude environment
Linklater, Michelle*1, Woodroffe, Colin1, Brooke, Brendan2, Nichol, Scott2, Hamylton,

Sarah1, Jordan, Alan3
1
2
3
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Gywneville NSW 2522
Coastal, Marine and Climate Change Group, Geoscience Australia, Jerrabomberra Ave, Symonston ACT 2609
Aquatic Ecosystems, Department of Primary Industries, Teramby Rd, Nelson Bay NSW 2316
[email protected]
Balls Pyramid is the worlds tallest volcanic stack and is the most southern of islands along the Lord Howe seamount chain. To
the north of Balls Pyramid lies Lord Howe Island, which contains the southernmost true coral reef in the Pacific Ocean. Previous
studies of Lord Howe Island revealed an extensive fossil reef structure on the shelf surrounding the island, demonstrating
significant carbonate accretion in a marginal environment. In February 2013, a voyage was undertaken on the R.V. Southern
Surveyor to explore whether carbonate production extended to the largely unknown shelf surrounding Balls Pyramid.
155
Results from high resolution multibeam data confirmed the development of an extensive, complex reef structure on the
shelf, with drill cores revealing reef limestone composed of coral and coralline algae. Towed video footage collected over the
submerged features shows diverse communities of hard and soft corals, sponges and algae in higher relief regions of the reefs,
with thick (>6 m) accumulations of unconsolidated carbonate sediments in localised channels and basins. Elsewhere on the
Balls Pyramid shelf, the sediment cover is thin and patchy, consistent with a high energy wave-swept environment.
This study indicates that these marginal locations have been productive carbonate environments, and increases understanding
of how these marginal, high-latitude regions have responded to changes in climate and sea level over time. Protected by three
levels of Commonwealth and state marine reserve systems, these baseline surveys of the key habitats and structures of this
unique seafloor environment can be used in longer-term monitoring of this important conservation area.
Sustainable fisheries and conservation management with

environmental derivatives
Little, L. Richard*1, John Parslow1, Gavin Fay2, R. Quentin Grafton3, Anthony D. M.

Smith1, Andre E. Punt4, Geoffery N. Tuck
1
2
3
4
CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research and CSIRO Wealth from Oceans Flagship, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, TAS
National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, 166 Water Street, Woods Hole, MA, USA 02543
Crawford School of Economics and Government, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT
School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Box 355020, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
[email protected]
Environmental management agencies often try to keep natural assets within specific limits, and when they fail, recovery
efforts must be implemented. Unfortunately, recovery efforts can be expensive. Environmental derivatives offer a solution.
An environmental derivative is a contract where one party assumes the financial risk of recovery efforts in exchange for an
upfront payment. The biggest challenge to using environmental derivatives in this manner is determining the payment price.
We show payment prices for two natural assets in Australia (fish stocks) calculated using population dynamics forecast models.
Prices reflect the risk associated with the contractual payout. Depending on how the asset is managed, a 20-year Americantype derivative contract for a healthy school whiting fish stock in southeast Australia ranges between $0.01 and $32, for each
$100 promised in recovery pay-off, if it is needed. The price of a similar contract for the more depleted tiger flathead fish
stock is between $0.71 and $42. The results demonstrate that environmental derivatives can 1. finance recovery efforts when
they are needed; 2. provide incentive to formally adopt and compare rules-based management strategies; and 3. signal the
underlying health of natural assets through the transparent derivative price. This work represents an essential first step
towards developing a market for risk management of natural assets. Such markets would require independent regulatory
institutions, with a scientific directive to address key uncertainties affecting the asset risk and thus market price.
Intercontinental patterns in rocky-intertidal biodiversity
Lloyd, Hannah*1, Paul Gribben1, Pat Hutchings2 and Bob Creese3

1
2
3
School of the Environment, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007
Research Branch Marine Invertebrates, Australian Museum, 6 College Street, Sydney, NSW 2010
NSW Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, Locked Bag 1, Nelson Bay, NSW 2316
[email protected]
Habitat provision and spatial variation are recognised as important drivers of biodiversity patterns. However the interaction
between the two and their hierarchical contribution to high diversity is not well understood. As the positive relationship
between habitats and associated communities is spatially heterogeneous, to quantify the value of specific habitat-forming
species we must consider (1) how the structure (traits) of habitats vary throughout their distribution and (2) how spatially
distributed abiotic conditions contribute to diversity patterns. This study quantified variation in the morphology of a suite of
temperate rocky-intertidal biogenic habitats (macro-algae) and the diversity of their associated invertebrate communities, in
18 locations along 2 coastlines, sharing similar latitudes in Australia and New Zealand. The traits of habitat-forming species
were related to variation in abiotic conditions (e.g. wave exposure) to determine how habitat structure and environmental
conditions influence diversity and how those relationships vary across latitude. Habitat traits (length, biomass, patch size)
and spatial scale were related to invertebrate diversity using PRIMER and PERMANOVA. The results highlight the need for
spatially explicit studies to identify important drivers of community change. As understanding complex issues such as how
marine ecosystems will be impacted by climate change requires an understanding of how species will respond to changing
environmental conditions throughout their distribution. To ascertain the conservation value of individual habitats we must
also understand how biodiversity varies in response to changes in habitat structure with respect to latitudinal and localised
environmental gradients.
156

Contemporary rates of carbon sequestration through sediment

accretion in wetlands of a subtropical coastal embayment
Lovelock, Catherine E*1, Vicki Bennion1, Maria Fernanda Adame1,2, Matthew Hayes1,
Julian OMara3, Ruth Reef1, Nadia Santini1
1
2
3
School of Biological Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Qld 4072

Australian Rivers Institute, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan Qld 4111
SEQ Catchments, 183 North Quay, Brisbane Qld 4003
[email protected]
Mangroves and salt marshes are important habitats for carbon (C) sequestration in the coastal zone but variation in rates of
C sequestration and the factors controlling sequestration are not well understood. We assessed C sequestration in Moreton
Bay, South East Queensland in mangrove forests and salt marshes that span a range of environmental settings and flora,
including mangroves and salt marsh on the eastern, oligotrophic sand islands of Moreton Bay and the nutrient enriched,
western side of the bay adjacent to the city of Brisbane. We found that rates of C sequestration were similar among mangrove
forests but C sequestration on the oligotrophic sand island marshes, dominated by Juncus kraussii, had the highest rate of C
sequestration while the western salt marshes, which were dominated by Sarcocornia quinqueflora, had the lowest rate of C
sequestration. Over all habitats and sites C sequestration was significantly related to the C: phosphorus (P) ratio of the soils,
with C sequestration increasing and then decreasing at very high C:P ratios, but the relationship was highly variable. Our data
suggest C sequestration varies among habitats, varies with plant species and that nutrient pollution and extremely low nutrient
availability can have a negative effect on C sequestration.
Untangling ecological complexity: ecological resilience as a jigsaw

piece [Poster]
Luczak Christophe1,2, Cline Rolet2,3, Nicolas Spilmont2,3,4 and Laurent Seuront5*

1
2
3
4
5
Universit dArtois,IUFM, Cenre de Gravelines;

UMR CNRS 8187 LOG, F_62930 Wimereux, France
Universit Lille 1, Station Marine de Wimereux, Laboratoire dOcanologie et Gosciences, F_62930 WImereux, France.
Environmental Futures Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222
School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Box 2100, Adelaide, 2001, SA
[email protected]
Marine ecosystems are complex adaptive systems (CAS) in which macroscopic dynamics emerge from numerous nonlinear
interactions over multiple spatial and temporal scales in a hierarchical structure. Capturing the inherent complexity of marine
systems remains a major challenge in ecosystem-based management plans. Often, the observed state of these dynamic
systems under pressure will initially show little obvious change until a critical threshold is reached at which point a sudden shift
to a contrasting dynamical regime takes place. One possible way to represent coastal and marine (complex adaptive) systems
in a complex theory framework is to evaluate ecological resilience sensu Holling (1973), i.e. the magnitude of disturbance that
can be tolerated before a system moves towards a different region of state space and a different set of controls (interactions,
feedbacks,,..). Ecological resilience implies that ecological systems do not simply track environmental forcing but are capable
of self-organization.

157
Greatly varying realised larval dispersal in broadcast-spawning reefbuilding corals of the Great Barrier Reef
Lukoschek, Vimoksalehi*1,2, van Oppen, Madeleine2,3

1
2
3
ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville QLD 4811
AIMS@JCU James Cook University, Townsville QLD 4811
Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville MCTownsville 4810 QLD
[email protected]
Pelagic larval dispersal is the main means by which benthic marine organisms can maintain demographic connectivity and
gene flow among populations, and is critical for the recovery of reef-building corals that form the structural matrix of coral
reef ecosystems. Connectivity for two common broadcast spawning species, Acropora tenuis and Acropora millepora, on the
Great Barrier Reef (GBR) was evaluated over a hierarchy of spatial scales using population genetic approaches and 11 to 15
polymorphic microsatellite loci. Large-scale population genetic processes were elucidated for both species from comprehensive
sampling of inshore and offshore reefs (A. millepora ~950 colonies from 20 reefs; A. tenuis ~1500 colonies from 60 reefs)
spanning the entire 14 degrees of latitude (>1800 km) of the GBR. For A. millepora there was major divide between the
southernmost reefs and all other sampled reefs, as well as strong cross-shelf genetic division. Most northern inshore and midshelf populations are open, exchanging recruits frequently. In contrast, offshore populations in the central and southern GBR
and southern inshore populations are largely self-seeding. A. tenuis results are still being finalized. Additional high-intensity
sampling of A. tenuis was conducted at three island groups in the GBR: Lizard, Orpheus, and Heron (>400 colonies from 8-10
sites per island group). The exact GPS location and size of each sampled colony is being used to map fine-scale genetic structure
among sites and between cohorts of different size classes in a seascape genetics framework. Genetic results will be compared
with predictions from oceanographic currents and larval dispersal models.
High resolution, robotic camera systems for spatially explicit

assessment of coastal fisheries, boat use and wildlife rookeries
Lynch, Tim1*, Andreas Marouchos1

CSIRO, Marine and Atmospheric Research, Castray Esplanade, Hobart TAS 7000.
[email protected].
Distributions and densities of individuals in medium scale systems (1-5km), such as coastal fisheries, harbour boat use and
wildlife rookeries can be sampled using a ruggedized Gigapan robotic camera and software system, combined with image
processing in Matlab and analysis in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The Gigapan robotic camera mount, allows a
digital camera to take multiple, zoomed images in an overlapping pattern across a wide field of view. The resulting tiled
image has much higher pixel density than can be achieved from a single camera shot, which allows for close inspection and
accurate determination of types and density of targets. The advantage of this high resolution gigapixal approach is that much
larger areas can be surveyed compared to conventional megapixal pictures. Images are processed in Matlab using an affine
transformation to convert the oblique camera views cartesian coordinates into geospatial plots of latitude and longitude.
Co-ordinates are then imported into GIS models of coastlines, features, bathymetry and habitats to providing highly detailed
density maps. The method has broad applications and proof of concept examples are provided of various sampled systems
from Gigapan images taken from vantage points.
158

Results of three years of mangrove restoration across challenging

environmental conditions, Guyana, South America
Machin, James*1 and Robin Lewis2

1
2
DHI Water and Environment, Singapore

Lewis Environment Services, Florida, USA.
[email protected]
The Guyana Mangrove Restoration Project (GMRP) is a project co-funded by the Government of Guyana and the European
Union under the Global Climate Change Alliance. The overall objective of the program is to abate climate change (carbon
sequestration through reforestation and forest preservation) and to mitigate its effects via sea defenses. Mangrove restoration
has been a major focus of the GMRP and project planting activity in 2010-2013 combined has enabled more than 330,000
Avicennia germinans seedlings to be planted across 5.59km of the coastline at ten locations, equating to approximately 35ha
in area. Evaluation of field results indicates that where mangrove seedlings are planted in optimal environmental conditions,
recovery of the coastal protective belt can be rapid with mean growth rate of Xcm per year at the most successful field site and
canopy closure at approximately X months after planting. These successful sites can be compared to neighbouring planting
sites which have experienced near total mortality of seedlings during the same period. Evaluation of environmental conditions
at the different field sites suggests that mud elevation and associated sediment condition and wave energy levels is the primary
differentiating factor between these two groups of field sites, with positive correlations between survival and seedling growth
rate observed at three field sites (R=X, P>0.005). To reduce the risk of planting at unsuitable planting sites, the project has
developed a comprehensive site selection processes prior to future planting involving assessments at different scales (1- macro
scale, using Satellite imagery and Aerial photography from the GIS database to identify presence of mud banks and predict
their movements) and 2) Micro scale at each potential planting site to assess suitability of different locations within planting
sites in terms of known tolerance limits of mangroves to variation in mud elevation, soil conditions and wave action.
The project has also adopted a new approach and is trialling ecological natural restoration methods as an alternative/
complementary initiative to mangrove planting as a way of increasing the recovery of the mangroves along the Guyanese
coast at a faster rate and at lower cost.
Techniques being trialed include:
planting of coastal grasses (e.g. Spartina) to facilitate stabilisation of sediments in areas subject to heavier wave energy,
as well as natural recruitment of mangrove seedlings through entrapment of propagules,
fencing to enable natural recruitment by naturally available mangrove seeds without pressure from grazing animals,
trials of techniques to restore natural hydrological processes in degraded mangrove forest areas to again allow for natural
recovery of these mangrove areas and
establishment of coastal engineering structures such as geotextile breakwaters and low cost Brushwood dams to reduce
wave energy and facilitate accretion of sediments prior to mangrove planting.
How do canals drive carbon dioxide fluxes in Gold Coast waterways?

[Poster]
Macklin, Paul; Santos, Isaac; Maher, Damien

Department of Coastal Biogeochemistry and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Military Road, East Lismore, NSW 2480
paulmacklin@gmail.
Radon is a natural occurring noble gas and is an excellent natural tracer of groundwater. Carbon dioxide is an important but
unquantified component of surface waters in Gold Coast canals and is often overlooked in carbon budgeting. By coupling
radon and pCO2 measurements it can be determined how much carbon dioxide is entering canals through groundwater
pathways. The purpose of this study is to categorise canal types according to their level of connectivity and geomorphology
and determine how these factors drive carbon dioxide fluxes. To evaluate this, a high resolution survey was conducted along
approximately 300 kilometres of Gold Coast canals and waterways in October 2013. Overall, residential canal estate waters
were supersaturated with carbon dioxide with partial pressures ranging from 400 to 1370 atm. pCO2 increased in areas of
reduced connectivity with lower pCO2 in areas of higher connectivity. A significant correlation between radon and pCO2 implied
that groundwater seepage was a major driver of carbon dioxide within the canal system. These results may assist in the design
of new canals or re-engineering of existing canals to reduce the greenhouse gas footprint of these developments.

159
Human and Climate Impacts on Blue Carbon Sinks
Macreadie, Peter*1, Tim Rolph2, Katie Allen2, Brendan P. Kelaher3, Peter J. Ralph1, Paul
H. York4, Charles G. Skilbeck2
1Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
2School of the Environment, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
3Batemans Marine Park, PO Box 341, Narooma, NSW 2315, Australia
4Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
[email protected]
Will humans and climate change impact blue carbon sinks? To address this question, we reconstructed the sedimentary
records of cores taken from estuaries dominated by seagrasses, salt marshes, and mangroves on the east coast of Australia
to look for major changes in sedimentary carbon during the past ~9,000 years a period that covers industrialization
and natural warming events. We used a range of paleoreconstruction proxies (incl. radiocarbon chronologies, stable
isotopes, foraminiferal assemblages) to develop detailed chronologies and infer external forcings that influence carbon
sequestration. The first significant change we identified was ~1700 2700 years ago, whereby sedimentary carbon
stock was ~818 times higher than background levels. This period coincided with maximum El Nio-Southern Oscillation
(ENSO) variability. Our data suggests that strengthening of the ENSO signal increased the supply of terrestrial carbon into
estuaries (due to drought/fire/flood cycles), which, because of its high burial efficiency, resulted in significant increases
in carbon stocks. The second major change occurred shortly after European settlement, whereby industrialization and
concomitant eutrophication led to a ~100-fold weakening of the carbon sink capacity of seagrasses-dominated estuaries.
This change occurred due to an increase in the relative contribution of microalgae to detritus, and a corresponding
decrease in the contribution of seagrass to detritus. Overall, this research suggests that ENSO-like climate changes have
the potential to trigger enhanced carbon burial in seagrass-dominated estuaries, whereas eutrophication represent
serious threats to the carbon burial capacity of seagrass ecosystems. More information (incl. videos, photos, and pdf
links to papers) at www.petermacreadie.com
Novel use of cavity ring-down spectroscopy to quantify aquatic carbon

cycling rates and pathways: From microbial to ecosystem scales
Maher, Damien T*1, Isaac R Santos1, Matheus C Carvalho1, Bradley D Eyre1, Jasper R F
W Leuven2, Joanne M Oakes1
Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry, Southern Cross University,, Military Road, Lismore, NSW, 2480,
Darwin Centre for Biogeosciences, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 4, 3584 CD Utrecht The Netherlands
[email protected]
Development of cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) has enabled real-time monitoring of carbon stable isotope ratios of
CO2 and CH4 in air, allowing for a greater understanding of terrestrial biogeochemical carbon cycling. To date this technology
has only been used in a handful of aquatic applications. Here we show that this technology can be used in a number of ways
to determine aquatic carbon cycling processes from the microbial to eco system scale under in situ and laboratory conditions.
At the microbial scale, we demonstrate that the processing (mineralization) of deposited phytodetritus proceeds on the time
scale of minutes. At the organism scale, we demonstrate how isotope fractionation factors and light respiration rates can be
determined by incubating macroalgae in a 13C-DIC enriched medium over a diel cycle and continuously measuring dissolved CO2
concentration and 13C-CO2 using a closed loop gas equilibration device. At the community level a similar system was employed
using a benthic chamber over a seagrass bed, and at the ecosystem scale, continuous measurements were made at the mouth
of a mangrove creek for 40 hours, and during a survey along an estuary. Calculations of 13C-DIC based on CRDS measured
13C-CO2 and published fractionation factors were in excellent agreement with measured 13C-DIC using IRMS indicating that
no additional sample treatment is required for accurately determining 13C-DIC of the aquatic samples.
160

Spatio-temporal marine conservation planning to facilitate coral range

expansion under climate change
Makino, Azusa*1, Hiroya Yamano2, Maria Beger1, Carissa J Klein1, Yumiko Yara2, Hugh
P Possingham1
1
2
Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
[email protected]
Increasing sea-surface temperatures have resulted in the poleward range expansion of hard corals in Japan. These range
expansions may provide opportunities for the long-term persistence of corals and their associated species in the face of
bleaching events. We developed a spatio-temporal marine conservation plan that accommodates future coral range expansion
based on projections of future sea-surface temperatures. Our aims were to (1) identify areas that consistently remain
important for conservation through time and (2) determine the differences, if any, between priorities for marine protected
areas that account for potential coral range expansions, and those that ignore coral range expansions. We used estimates of
coral distribution for 2010, 2030, and 2100, and designed conservation plans for scenarios that considered different types of
spatial and temporal connections between priority areas. We found that areas that are important for current and future coral
distributions can be protected with only a marginal increase in the overall reserve system area relative to those ignoring future
coral distributions. The locations of priority areas were substantially different when we considered different spatio-temporal
connections, and there were few sites that were always important. This study highlights the importance of incorporating
spatio-temporal connections when designing protected areas for coral reefs, as this will produce priority areas that will most
likely conserve corals in the current climate, be robust against future sea-surface temperatures rise, and facilitate coral range
expansion.
Strong and persistent reef-fish patterns in the Solitary Islands Marine

Park: potential for spatial variation in tropicalisation
Malcolm, Hamish A.*1, Alan Jordan 2, Stephen D.A. Smith 3, Peter L. Davies 4
1
2
3
4
Aquatic Ecosystems Research, NSW Department of Primary Industries, PO Box 4297 Coffs Harbour, NSW 2450.
Aquatic Ecosystems Research, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Locked Bag 800 Nelson Bay, NSW 2315.
Southern Cross University, National Marine Science Centre, Charlesworth Bay, Coffs Harbour, NSW 2450.
NSW Office Environment and Heritage, 59 Goulburn St, Sydney, NSW 2000.
[email protected].
Biota in the tropical-temperate transition zone in northern NSW, which includes the Solitary Islands Marine Park (SIMP), is
predicted to become increasingly influenced by tropical species. In this talk we explore a premise that increased tropicalisation
in the SIMP is likely to be highly complex and variable spatially. Various survey methods (diver transects, diver timed counts,
baited remote video) have been used to determine reef fish patterns across the SIMP, spatially and temporally. These have
been examined in relation to a range of oceanographic and physico-chemical parameters (e.g. habitat, sea temperature). There
are very strong patterns in biogeography and assemblage composition cross-shelf and with depth. These patterns also correlate
with the influence of the East Australian Current (EAC) and sea temperature. Reef fish assemblages grade from temperatesubtropical inshore to tropical-subtropical offshore in shallow waters (< 25 m depth). Below this depth assemblages are more
subtropical-temperate. These strong patterns have persisted over the past decade. Shallower offshore reefs are very limited in
extent therefore any changes will be spatially constrained. Inshore waters may become colder on average through increased
upwelling associated with a strengthening EAC. Alternatively sea-temperatures may become more variable inshore through
greater frequency in upwelling and EAC flooding. Either scenario is unlikely to result in more tropical and fewer temperate
species on inshore reefs. Deeper reefs (> 25 m) may provide a refuge for subtropical-temperate assemblages. Shallow midreefs (1.5 to 6 km from the mainland coast), which are extensive in the SIMP, may be the-most affected by tropicalisation.
.

161
Using stable ratios of nitrate (15NNO3, 18ONO3 and 17ONO3) to determine

the sources and processing of nitrogen in the Caboolture catchment
and estuary
Mangion, Perrine* and Bradley Eyre

Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore NSW 2480.
[email protected]
Rivers can deliver important loads of nutrients to the coastal zone and drastically affect the functioning of coastal systems.
Knowledge of key sources and biogeochemical processes that affect the transport of nitrate in streams can improve watershed
management strategies for controlling downstream eutrophication. The Caboolture catchment covers a variety of land uses
including forested, agricultural and urban areas where elevated nitrogen loadings are closely related to an increase of nitrate
(NO3- ) inputs. We applied triple isotope analysis of nitrate (15NNO3, 18O NO3 and 17O NO3) to determine the dominant sources
and processes that affect NO3- concentrations along its transit from land to the sea. Samples were collected from streams in
the catchment (~60 stations) and from the estuary during dry and wet seasons. Both 15NNO3 and 18ONO3 showed a considerable
spatial variability throughout the catchment and were significantly related to the dominant surrounding land use. Fertilizers
were the main nitrate source in the watershed. Most nitrates were removed from the rivers before reaching the estuary where
N loads were mostly driven by the discharges of a sewage treatment plant located at its head. Phytoplankton uptake appears
to be the main process affecting nitrate concentrations in estuarine waters. This work illustrates the usefulness of this multiisotopic approach in examining the dominant sources and processing of excess nitrogen inputs along the freshwater-marine
continuum.
Marb, Nria1, Carlos M. Duarte 1,2,3, Gary A. Kendrick2,3*, Geoff R. Bastyan3, Ins
Mazarrasa1, Pere Masqu4, Jordi Garcia-Orellana4, Ariane Arias4
1
2
3
4
Department of Global Change Research, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB) Institut Mediterrani dEstudis Avanats, Miquel Marqus 21, 07190 Esporles, Spain,
The University of Western Australia Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009
School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009
Departament de Fsica - Institut de Cincia i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autnoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
[email protected]
Seagrass meadows are important global carbon sinks since they are able to capture and bury large amounts of CO2. This
ranks them among key ecosystems to mitigate climate change. It is estimated that 30% of global seagrass extent has been
lost due to human impacts (e.g. eutrophication, dredging and harbour programs, climate change) since late 19th Century,
although most of this loss occurred since 1980. This seagrass loss would correspond to an equivalent decrease in global
seagrass carbon sequestration capacity. The loss of vegetation also enhances the risk of CO2 emissions from the millenary
carbon soil deposits. Revegetation of seagrasss meadows could accelerate the recovery of these natural carbon sinks (as well
as that of the other co-benefits provided by seagrass meadows, such as coastline protection), and prevent the erosion old soil
carbon stocks. Likewise, seagrass revegetation of areas with suitable conditions for seagrass growth would help to increase
the global extent of carbon sinks. Since seagrasses are clonal plants, seagrass vegetation is able to spread by itself from a
single planted shoots or seeds, and thus restoration of the carbon sink would require relatively small planting effort. Yet, the
effectiveness of revegetation to restore seagrass carbon sinks has not been assessed empirically. Here we quantify the carbon
sink development in a revegetated Posidonia australis meadow at Oyster Harbour (W Australia) for the last 20 years as well as
the risk of a loss of soil carbon stock while seagrass vegetation was lost.
162

Analysis of the Odontocete inner ear with Microcomputed tomography
March, Duan*1, Wong, Chris2, Higgins, Damien1, Curthoys, Ian3

1
2
3
Faculty Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006

Electron Microscopy unit, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006
School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006
[email protected]
Hearing is the primary sensory system employed by odontocetes and allows them to live successfully in the dense, often
lightless aquatic environment. However we still do not know exactly how odontocetes hear and hence are unable to predict the
impacts of anthropogenic noise upon these animals. Micro-computed tomography was used to assess the internal structures of
the inner ear of odontocetes. The scans were conducted on 6 species of odontocete including Ziphius cavirostris, Mesoplodon
bowdonii, Mesoplodon layardii, Orecella brevirostris, Tursiops truncatus and Kogia sima which represent a taxonomically and
biologically diverse group. Measurements were taken of parameters with potential physiological significance in regard to either
cochlear or vestibular activation including the Radius of curvature of the semicircular canals (R), the radius of the semicircular
lumen and the area of the acoustic windows of the cochlea including the cochlea aqueduct, round window and oval window.
The dimensions of the cochlear aqueduct were seen to be far greater in all odontocetes than terrestrial mammals relative to
body size and the largest dimensions amongst odontocetes were recorded in Ziphius cavirostris. The cochlear aqueduct has
been shown to conduct audio-frequency pressure waves from the intracranial space to the cochlea in terrestrial mammals and
may represent a novel acoustic pathway in odontocetes.
Modeling the distribution of kelp in a vertically structured subtropical

water column
Marin, Maxime*1, Russ Babcock2, Scarla Weeks3, Mike Herzfeld4 and Anthony
Richardson5,6
1
2
3
4
5
6
Honours student, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072

CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Queensland 4102
Centre for Spatial Environmental Research and Coral Reef Ecosystems Laboratory, University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
CSIRO Division of Marine and Atmospheric Research, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, Queensland 7001
Centre for Applications in Natural Resource Mathematics, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queesnland 4072
Climate Adaptation Flagship, Division of Marine and Atmospheric Research, Dutton Park, Queensland 4102
[email protected]
Understanding the effects of physical oceanography on marine biological communities is a key step in managing climate change
and its repercussions on those communities. In South East Queensland, little is known about the links between the physics
and the biology in the oceanic water column. However, large and small scale oceanography processes do condition biological
communities in their distribution. This project aim to characterize the relationship between cryptic (subsurface) upwelling
of cold, nutrient-rich water that supports cold-water kelp (Ecklonia radiata) communities and sustains high productivity of
benthic and pelagic plants and animals in Moreton Bay and Southeast Queensland. The first part of the project use measured
time-series of physical variables from IMOS moorings and satellites to better understand upwelling in the region and to
compare observations with a hydrodynamic model of the Moreton Bay region (CSIRO Receiving Water Quality Model, v3).
This comparison focuses on the ability of the model to capture processes important for productivity, including major currents,
seasonal signals and subsurface upwelling. The second part of the project relates the physical oceanographic conditions
from the model to the distribution of benthic communities using simple species distribution models. The final part of the
project will forecast potential sites of undiscovered kelp communities. We will then test the efficacy of our predictions using
in situ drop camera measurements at selected sites. Further studies could be done to test the species distribution model over
different areas of the Australian coast and extend our understandings of benthic community distribution, present and future.

163
Using Historical Studies to Inform the Management of the Inshore

Reefs in the Wet Tropics Region of the Great Barrier Reef
Markham, Hannah*1, Roff, George1, Zhao, Jian-xin2 and Pandolfi, John M.1
1
2
Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia,
Brisbane QLD 4072
School of Earth Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane QLD 4072
[email protected]
Chronic anthropogenic stressors are regarded as the catalyst in the global demise of coral reef systems. With human pressure
in coastal regions increasing disproportionately, near-shore reefs are suffering a loss of diversity, habitat complexity and the
abundance of reef dwelling biota. Following European settlement (1780-1870) the water quality within the Wet Tropics region
of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) lagoon has declined. Heavily modified river catchments and large areas of land cleared for
agricultural purposes have resulted in high sediment and nutrient-loaded runoff into the GBR lagoon. Perceived shifts in the
ecology of modern reef systems may be significant, yet may also be taken out of context, subject to shifting baselines as
a result of a lack of historical data. Through a palaeoecological approach of using reef matrix cores to extract fossil coral
assemblages from the reef slope environment, the coral community structure at Russell Island is determined for the past
500 years. Changes in the relative abundance of coral taxa within an accurately constrained temporal framework using high
precision U-series dating allows a comparative analysis between contemporary reef monitoring data and the pre-European
baseline. The importance and application of historical studies in reconstructing ecological baselines and drawing conclusions
regarding the structure and function of inshore reef systems at a centennial scale is presented alongside the relevance of this
method for providing fundamental insights for conservation and management planning.
Feeding behaviour of the herbivorous starfish Parvulastra exigua
Martinez, Aline*1, Maria Byrne2 and Ross Coleman1

1
2
Centre for Research on Ecological Impacts of Coastal Cities, School of Biological Sciences, Marine Ecology Laboratories (A11), The University of
Sydney, NSW 2006
School of Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006
[email protected]
Studies have shown that changes in temperature affect the behaviour and interactions of animals including grazers. Foraging
behaviour of gastropod grazers has been extensively studied in intertidal rocky shores with respect to their strong impact
upon algal assemblages. In contrast, there is a paucity of studies on the effect of herbivorous starfish on algal assemblages.
Parvulastra exigua is an abundant herbivore that coexists with gastropod grazers on rocky habitats in temperate Australia and
has the potential to remove large amount of intertidal biofilm. Understanding the feeding behaviour of P. exigua is crucial
to develop experiments on their interaction with gastropod grazers and the subsequent effects on algal assemblages. We
documented the feeding behaviour of P. exigua by: 1) determining the number of starfish feeding on different substrata and
the amount of substrata available; and 2) counting the number of starfish feeding within rock pools and emergent rocks at low
and high tides. We found that P. exigua feed mostly on rock substratum regardless of availability, but they feed more often on
other resources when rock is less available. This species grazes on surrounding emergent rocks during high tide and so has the
potential to interact with other grazers foraging in the same microhabitat. These data provide insights into the mechanisms
controlling algal assemblages and creates a basis to make predictions on how plant-herbivore interactions may be modified in
the face of climate change.
Tagging small starfish is it possible? [Poster]
Martinez, Aline*1, Maria Byrne*2 and Ross Coleman*1

1 Centre for Research on Ecological Impacts of Coastal Cities, School of Biological Sciences, Marine Ecology Laboratories (A11), The University of
Sydney, NSW 2006
2 School of Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006
[email protected]
Tagging animals is essential to evaluate animal population dynamics and behaviour. Using unique marks requires that tags
must last for the duration of the study and not affect animal behaviour and health. Echinoderms, especially smaller species, are
usually considered intractable for tagging because they readily discard both internal and external tags. Here we compared the
utility of two tagging techniques to mark the small starfish Parvulastra exigua: 1) branding with a soldering iron and 2) injection
of visible implant elastomer (VIE) of different colours that are visible through the body wall with UV light. The efficiency of
these techniques was evaluated by: a) the effects of the tag on the mortality, growth, righting response and escape response
of P. exigua; and b) identification and duration of the tags over 30 days. We showed that VIE had no detectable effect on any
variable tested whereas brand marks caused a decrease in mobility of P. exigua. In addition 95 % of the starfish tagged with
VIE were still tagged after 1 month. This new technique will facilitate research on the ecology of this and other small asteroids
species, but it is also relevant for ecological studies of other small soft-bodied invertebrates. The combination of VIE colours
plus the viability to track individuals offer a wide range of opportunities to investigate the ecology and behaviour of small
invertebrates in the field.
164

Continental patterns of kelp condition and associated bacterial

communities
Marzinelli, Ezequiel*1,2, Alexandra Campbell1,2, Enrique Zozaya Valdes1, Adriana

Vergs1,2, Thomas Wernberg3, Gregory Caporaso4, Torsten Thomas1 and Peter
Steinberg1,5
1
2
3
4
5
Sydney Institute of Marine Sciences (SIMS), Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, NSW, 2088 and Centre for Marine Bio-innovation, School of Biological,
Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW
2052, Australia
UWA Oceans Institute & School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, 1298 S Knoles Drive, PO Box 4073, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-4073, USA
Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Technical University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
[email protected]
The loss of kelp forests due to human impacts has significant effects on biodiversity and ecosystem function. Despite the
importance of kelp forests in marine systems, little is known about the processes that influence their declines. Disease is
an ecological process that has been largely overlooked in temperate marine systems. Recent studies have shown strong
detrimental effects of pathogens on natural populations of smaller seaweeds. The extent to which disease affects kelp forests
remains, however, unknown. We have identified putative disease phenotypes, quantified their frequency and severity and
characterised the microbial community structure on the habitat-forming kelp Ecklonia radiata at a continental scale. Disease
phenotypes were very common in all populations surveyed along the east and west coasts of Australia, except for the very
southern tip of Queensland, but there were no latitudinal or continental patterns in the frequency or severity; rather, they
varied at smaller spatial scales. In contrast, there was a clear and consistent difference in the structure of microbial assemblages
on sick kelp in comparison to healthy kelp phenotypes, despite some small-scale variability. In addition, kelp microbial
communities differed across latitudes: samples collected north of Australia (warmer water) differed from those collected south
(colder water). However, kelp microbial communities were most strongly influenced by host-plant condition. Several subsets
of OTUs were found to explain this pattern, suggesting redundancy, i.e. that multiple opportunistic bacteria may similarly
influence kelp condition. This study provides the baseline data necessary to determine the causes and mechanisms of microbial
disease on kelp forests.
Charting the Territory: Understanding Attitudes Towards Offshore

Mining in Australia
Mason, Claire1, Joanna Parr*1, Gillian Paxton2, Naomi Boughen1, Kieren Moffat1,
Richard Parsons1
1
2
Wealth from Oceans Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Technology Court, Pullenvale, Qld 4069
School of Social Sciences, The University of Queensland, Hawken Drive, St Lucia, Qld 4072
[email protected]
Recent attempts to develop offshore mining in Australia have led to strong negative community reactions, with two state
governments declaring moratoriums on offshore mining. To establish whether expectations differ for offshore and onshore
mining, we engaged with both key stakeholders and ordinary Australians, to explore their reactions to the possible development
of offshore mining in Australia. Many participants expressed a concern about taking mining into the offshore domain and sought
further information as to its potential impact on both the environment and other marine users. At the workshops with ordinary
Australians, participants were asked to identify their objectives for either onshore or offshore mining in Australia. Overall,
similar objectives emerged, but higher standards were sought for offshore mining compared to onshore mining. Participants
wanted mining to: have minimal environmental impact, look after local communities, keep Australias economy strong, provide
employment for Australians, leave an endowment for future generations, and maintain Australias international standing. In
the context of offshore mining, participants expressed high levels of environmental concern and more antagonistic attitudes
towards the mining industry. Stakeholders sought a sound legislative and regulatory framework, as well as unbiased and
transparent information dissemination systems (based on stakeholder consultation, independent research and watchdogs) to
ensure their interests were protected and decisions about the industry were informed by a comprehensive understanding of
the industrys impacts.

165
In the company of commons: Short-beaked common dolphins

(Delphinus delphis) resident to an urbanised coastline [Poster]
Mason, Suzanne*1,2, Chandra Salgado Kent1, Robert McCauley1, Kerstin Bilgmann3 and
Jeff Weir2
1
2
3
Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Curtin University, Bentley Campus, Perth WA 6102
Dolphin Research Institute, Westernport Marina, Hastings Vic 3915
Flinders University, Adelaide SA 5001
research @dolphinresearch.org.au
Short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) were considered to be rare visitors to Port Phillip Bay, Victoria. Here we
present evidence of a small resident community of Delphinus delphis that inhabit a narrow stretch of the south-eastern Port
Phillip Bay coastline year-round. Few studies on common dolphins have used photo identification to distinguish individuals
and investigate social relationships due to large population sizes and limited re-sight rates. The presence of short-beaked
common dolphins along the Mornington coastline has been documented by the Dolphin Research Institutes (DRI) research
program since 2006. Photo identification data collected during vessel surveys between 2007 and 2013 indicate that the southeastern Port Phillip Bay community is small consisting of as few as thirteen adult dolphins and their offspring. Association
indexes indicate that the common dolphins display strong social affiliations to specific individuals within the community. A
better understanding of habitat use and social relationships of these dolphins and an assessment of anthropogenic impacts on
the dolphin community is needed given the small population size and its proximity to an area of high recreational vessel use.
Land-based surveys and acoustic recordings will be used to determine the impact of vessel traffic on the dolphins behaviour.
Measuring the resilience of marine ecosystems: the role of feedbacks

in ecosystem dynamics
Maxwell, Paul*, Rod Connolly, Kylie Pitt, Andrew Olds

Australian Rivers Institute Coast and Estuaries, School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4222
[email protected]
Resilience theory is based on the understanding that ecosystems are complex, adaptive and controlled by internal stabilising
processes. Central to the concept of resilience is that ecosystems can exist in one or more regimes, with the resilience of
those regimes dependent on their ability to resist impact without changing structure or function. The transition between
regimes can occur abruptly, often catching resource managers by surprise. Feedback loops are key components controlling the
resilience of ecosystem regimes. While the theory behind resilience is becoming increasingly refined, there are few practical
methods for applying it and measuring it in the field. As such, regime shifts are difficult to predict because of the disparity
between the theory and what is practically testable. We have developed a practical framework focused on the measurement
of feedback processes that provides a test of regime resilience. The framework is based on predictable relationships between
key components that are inherent in all ecosystem regimes: impacts, feedback processes and regime response variables.
The three components are interrelated, and impacts ultimately affect response variables with feedback processes mitigating
that effect. Variations in response variables alter the strength of feedback processes which in turn alters their mitigating
effect on impacts. Incorporating measurements of feedback processes into monitoring strategies is therefore important for
the successful management of impacts on ecosystems. We apply the framework in a seagrass ecosystem following a flood and
show how feedback processes change to mitigate impact, ultimately leading to persistence.
166

Contaminant effects on ecosystem function: a review
Mayer-Pinto, Mariana1; Tasman Crowe2 and Emma Johnston1

1
2
Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New
South Wales 2052, Australia
School of Biology & Environmental ScienceScience Centre, WestUniversity College, DublinBelfield, Dublin 4Ireland
[email protected]
Ecosystem services rely on efficient functioning of natural systems. Studies have generally focused either on effects of stressors
on biodiversity, or on how biodiversity links to function. However, the effects of stressors directly on function have been largely
overlooked. To increase the ecological and social relevance of research it is necessary to assess the strengths and weaknesses
of the existing knowledge base. Therefore, we reviewed 264 studies that did investigate toxicant impacts on at least one
measure of ecosystem function. We have also reviewed the effects of contaminants on functional traits of habitat-forming
organisms that could translate into ecosystem function. The majority of studies (192) were done in the laboratory, with only 70
studies done in the field. Most studies focused on phytoplankton and the majority of these, on coastal pelagic systems. Only
25% of the papers measured any proxy of function in systems with more than one trophic level. Overall, metals were the most
studied type of contaminant, followed by hydrocarbons and herbicides. In general, most studies found a decrease in the gross
primary productivity (GPP) of systems and in the amount of chlorophyll a, irrespective of the type of contaminant(s) used.
Multi-trophic studies were more likely to find no effect of contamination than studies with only a single trophic level. We have
identified many knowledge gaps that need to be addressed in future studies. This review provides crucial information, not only
for managers to choose between management interventions and priority actions, but also for conservation of natural systems.
Bioengineering by oysters across climatic gradients
Mcafee, Dominic*, Victoria Cole, Melanie Bishop

Department of Biological Science, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, 2109
[email protected]
Bioengineers are key determinants of community development and influence the distributions of associated species by
altering the availability of resources and ameliorating physical stresses. Ecological theory predicts that the positive influence
of bioengineers on biodiversity will increase with the physical stress of the environment. We tested the hypothesis that
differences in communities of intertidal invertebrates between oyster-engineered and oyster-free habitat would be greater
in warmer than cooler climates, and the difference increasing with desiccation stress. We sampled patches with and without
oysters, on replicate rocky shores and mangrove forests within eight estuaries spanning an 800 km latitudinal gradient of NSW
coastline. Within each habitat patch, we quantified (1) invertebrate community structure and (2) temperature and humidity.
Across all latitudes, oyster-engineered habitat supported greater biodiversity and abundances of invertebrates than oysterfree habitat, with the greatest dissimilarity of assemblages in northern rocky shore sites. Latitudinal gradients in abundance
and richness were strongest in oyster-free habitats on rocky shores, while mangrove communities showed little influence of
latitude. Furthermore, rocky shore oyster habitats provided a cooler refuge from temperature extremes than bare substrata,
with the greatest significance in northern latitudes. In contrast the influence of oyster habitat in shaded mangrove forests
was negligible. These findings suggest that oyster habitat weakens the relationship between temperature and invertebrate
assemblages under stressful conditions, and the relationship weakens with reducing stress. Knowledge of how oysterinvertebrate interactions vary with climatic setting will assist us in predicting how, in a warming climate, these interactions will
modify impacts to biodiversity.
Towards a global biogeography of the deep seafloor using distributional

data of squat lobsters
McCallum, Anna W*, Timothy OHara, Gary C.B. Poore and Skipton Woolley
Museum Victoria, GPO Box 666, Melbourne, Vic 3001
[email protected]
Maps of the worlds seafloor fauna are long overdue. The most recent biogeographic classification including bathyal and
abyssal depths (Global Open Oceans and Deep Seabed, 2009) relies on environmental surrogates. The lack of maps defined on
the distribution of species hinders spatial marine management across nations EEZs and the high seas. Our project aggregates
data for deep-sea brittle stars (Ophiuroidea) and squat lobsters (Galatheoidea and Chirostyoidea) from museum collections,
the literature and other databases. More than 20,000 occurrences of squat lobsters have been collated. Here we present
distributional maps for a selection of squat lobster species and examine their relationship to environmental characteristics of
the seafloor (ie. temperature, oxygen, salinity, POC flux). Our ultimate aim is to combine multiple species distribution maps in
order to summarise information on species assemblages, and provide biogeographic maps of the globe.

167
Effects of productivity, temperature and sediment on deep-sea species

richness
McCallum, Anna*1, Robin Wilson1, Rudy Kloser7, Magda Baewicz-Paszkowycz2,

Joanna Browne1, Niel L. Bruce3, Sarah Gerken4, Gary C. B. Poore1, David Staples1, Anna
Syme1,5, Joanne Taylor1, Genefor Walker-Smith1, Mark Warne6, Skipton Woolley1 and
Alan Williams7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Museum Victoria, GPO Box 666, Melbourne, Vic 3001

Department of Polar Biology and Oceanobiology, University of d, d, Poland
Museum of Tropical Queensland,70102 Flinders St, Townsville, Qld 4810
Department of Biological Sciences and Liberal Studies Program, University of Alaska, AK 99508, USA
National Herbarium of Victoria, Private Bag 2000, South Yarra, Vic 3141
School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Vic 3125
CSIRO Wealth from Oceans Flagship, Marine Laboratories, Hobart, Tas 7001
[email protected]
Energy in the form of productivity and/or temperature is considered to be a prominent driver of species richness in both
terrestrial and marine systems. In the deep sea, animals are reliant on descending energy from particulate organic carbon
(POC) flux. For the community of macrofauna in the benthos, there is also a strong relationship with properties of the sediment
they inhabit. It is suggested that more heterogeneous sediments (greater particle size diversity) should have a greater number
of species as there are more potential niches. To test these hypotheses, we examined the number of species in sediment grab
samples collected along the upper continental margin of Western Australia (~13 S 35 S, 1001000 m). We used generalised
linear models in a model averaging framework to examine the relationship and relative importance of temperature, POC flux,
and particle size diversity on species richness at 54 sites. We found POC flux was positively correlated with species richness. This
relationship was largely influenced by the high species richness of two sites in a productive region of upwelling. Temperature
was also correlated with richness, with decreasing richness in colder deep waters. Surprisingly, we found no effect of particle
size diversity. A latitudinal gradient in diversity was evident along the continental margin even after accounting for variation in
POC and temperature. Very few quantitative datasets of deep-water benthos have been collected in the southern hemisphere.
These results inform on the generality of ecological patterns observed in other regions of the world.
Implementing a light-based seagrass management approach for a

large scale dredging program
McCormack, Catherine*1, Katie Chartrand1 and Michael Rasheed1

1
TropWATER, James Cook University, McGregor Road, Cairns, Qld 4870
[email protected]
Seagrass has been highlighted as a key ecosystem component at risk from port developments and associated dredging activities
on the central east coast of Queensland Australia. A light-based approach was developed to manage impacts on seagrasses
from turbidity plumes associated with a large-scale port dredging program. In situ and laboratory seagrass shading tolerance
studies were conducted to simulate the effects of a dredge plume-related reduction in light from increased turbidity. A review
of historical seagrass trends at permanent transect monitoring sites throughout the region and associated Photosynthetically
Active Radiation (PAR) data refined species-specific light requirements to develop a working light trigger value for a management
intervention that would protect seagrasses from dredge plume impacts. This light-based approach is being trialled in parallel
with turbidity management plans. The development, implementation and outcomes of this light-based seagrass management
approach will be presented.
168

Direct and indirect effects of warming, eutrophication and

overexploitation in a semi-natural food web
McElroy, David J.*1, Eoin OGorman2, Ross Coleman1 and Mark Emmerson3
1
2
3
Ecological Impacts of Coastal Cities, University of Sydney, Science Rd, University of Sydney, NSW 2006 (
Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Rd, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
Queens University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, University Road, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK
[email protected]
The global ocean is warming and terrestrial run-off has led to an increase in the concentration of nutrients for coastal waters.
Additionally, the over-exploitation of biological resources has led to the restructuring of natural body size distributions within
species and this phenomenon is likely to be exacerbated by future warming. Predicting the consequences of these disturbance
scenarios for the way ecosystems will function is important for future management, yet little is known about the communityscale effects of these stressors. Here we determine the direct metabolic response of various sizes of European shore crab,
Carcinus maenas to warming and nutrient enrichment. Using semi-natural food webs in mesocosms containing red, green
and brown algae and a random assemblage of meso-predators and grazers we also determine the direct and indirect effects
of temperature, eutrophication and top-predator body-size distribution on C. maenas growth and mortality. Warming had a
direct and indirect effect on C. maenas metabolism, growth and mortality, while nutrient enrichment caused an indirect effect
only. Alteration of top-predator body-size shows early signs of a trophic cascade.
Survival rates for the Australian sea lion
McIntosh, Rebecca*1 and Goldsworthy, Simon2

1
2
Zoology Department, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic 3086

SARDI Aquatic Sciences, 2 Hamra Avenue, West Beach, SA 5024
[email protected]
The Australian sea lion (ASL) population at Seal Bay Conservation Park, SA, is estimated to be declining by 1.14% per breeding
season. Over 110,000 tourists visit Seal Bay each year and the demersal gillnet fishery is considered a threat to the population.
To better understand this decline, survival rates were examined for seven pup cohorts (859 individuals) marked by Passive
Integrated Transponders (PITs) from 2003 to 2009, monitoring survival from 0.17 to 7 years of age. Resights were obtained
during surveys using a hand-held PIT reader; solar powered automated scanners were also employed and their effectiveness
tested. Potential effects on survival were examined including age, sex, time and cohort. The most parsimonious model
represented pup survival to weaning (0.171.5 years) varying over time with constant survival in two older age classes (1.52.5
and 2.5+ years). Model averaged survival S.E. was 0.862 0.036, 0.949 0.021 and 0.957 0.010 for the three age classes
respectively. Data from the automated scanners alone was too sparse to determine reliable survival estimates but further
engineering of the technology should improve the method. Overall, survival was high from 0.17 to 7 years of age in the ASLs at
Seal Bay. This was unexpected because of the potential threats and the population decline. Additionally, the age range covers
weaning and recruitment, two typically difficult survival periods for oratiids. With a lactation period of 18 months, it is plausible
that the extended period of maternal care and learning enhances survival in the ASL.
Long-term effects of major climatic events on the resilience and

capacity for recovery of a tropical seagrass habitat
McKenna, Skye*1, Michael Rasheed1, Alex Carter1, Catherine McCormack1.

TropWATER, James Cook University, McGregor Road, Cairns, Qld 4870
[email protected]
In the summer of 2010/2011 Queensland experienced severe Tropical Cyclone Yasi and some of the worst floods on record.
Cyclones and plumes associated with flooding have the potential to negatively impact seagrass habitats physically and/or
physiologically. Many seagrass communities on the east coast of Queensland were already in decline prior to the floods due to
strong La Nia conditions for several years meaning that these communities were likely to be less resilient to further impacts
and have a reduced capacity for recovery. Significant losses of coastal and deep water seagrasses near Bowen and Abbot Point
were observed after the floods and TC Yasi. Results of long-term seagrass monitoring have shown evidence of recovery of
deep water seagrass however, the coastal inshore meadows have not recovered. Experimental investigations of the potential
for seagrass recovery at Abbot Point indicated that coastal seagrass species have a strong reliance on vegetative growth for
recovery, while deep water species at Abbot Point recover through both vegetative growth and seeds within the sediment seed
bank. Seed bank assessments of the coastal species at Abbot Point only found a very small store of seeds in the sediment. The
lack of seeds combined with the complete loss of inshore adult plants may mean that the potential for these coastal species
to recover may be restricted. The scale and longevity of the 2010/11 La Nia events were unprecedented and may have
potentially resulted in a state change for Abbot Point coastal seagrasses.

169
Trans-oceanic voyages: putting hull-fouling hitchhikers through their

paces
McKenzie, Louise*1, George Smith1, Mario Tamburri2 and Greg Ruiz1

1
2
Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Marine Invasions Laboratory, Edgewater MD USA 21037
University of Maryland, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons MD USA 20699
[email protected]
Hull fouling is a major vector for many marine non-indigenous species (NIS), yet quantifying the likelihood of species transfer
over the course of a voyage and what condition they may arrive in is difficult. Shipping routes are currently changing as new
pathways open up, due to climate change and industry, thus increasing the potential for NIS spread. We investigated the
effect of voyage conditions on multiple hull-fouling species, in laboratory-based experiments, using commonly identified NIS.
We manipulated water temperature and salinity to emulate the conditions experienced during transoceanic voyages, using
a fully factorial designed purpose built aquarium system. Two simulated voyages were created, a Trans-North Pacific voyage
(4.5 day duration) and a Trans-Equatorial voyage (15 day duration), based on real-time salinity and temperature data collected
by commercial vessels. Each voyage was run multiple times using different test species, with a variety of fitness measures
assessed before, during and after completion of the voyage run. Overall, the effect of fluctuating salinity and temperature
were species and voyage specific. Temperate species, such as Mytilus edulis, were largely robust to Trans-North Pacific voyage
conditions. Comparatively M. edulis suffered 100% mortality during the Panama Canal component of the Trans-Equatorial
voyage, with <5 and 34 0C conditions, while M. galloprovincialis experienced no mortality. These experiments show that
many hull-fouling NIS are likely to arrive at non-native locations with the capacity to release propagules, despite large, rapid
temperature and salinity fluctuations, helping to explain current and predict future NIS distributions.
Zooplankton research in Australia: current knowledge and research

gaps
McKinnon: David*
[email protected]
Research on Australian zooplankton began when the Challenger Expedition took samples in the eastern Coral Sea in 1872-75,
but was largely dormant until the studies of NSW plankton by Dakin and Colefax (1940). Momentum gathered with subsequent
work conducted at DSIR (CSIRO) from the 1950s onward, designed to underpin fisheries research in the Australian region.
This research provided basic knowledge on community structure and biomass of zooplankton in regional seas. Research
on the taxonomy and community structure of plankton in estuaries and inland waters was pioneered by researchers from
Monash University in the 1960s and 1970s. Process-oriented research on zooplankton was slow to commence, but began
with studies of pelagic tunicates in the 70s and later work on coastal copepods. To date there remains almost no knowledge
of microzooplankton ecology, or of the ecology of many of the less studied groups of metazoan zooplankton such as Larvacea
and Chaetognatha. Consequently, in 2013 we have some knowledge of meso- and macrozooplankton community structure
in Australias coastal and shelf waters based on short term localized studies, but we still lack broader regional, seasonal and
time series data. Microbial and detrital food chains with multiple trophic transfers and high respiratory losses predominate
in most of the Australian EEZ, though localized and often cryptic upwelling can result in ephemeral high productivity events.
We have made little progress toward understanding the plankton food chain dynamics responsible for the weak link between
episodically high primary production yet consistently low fisheries yield in Australian waters.
170

The plankton of the Kimberley coast [Poster]
McKinnon, David*, Miles Furnas, Richard Brinkman, David K Williams, Samantha

Duggan and David Holliday
[email protected]
The declaration of marine parks in the Kimberley region of NW Australia has increased research interest in this remote region.
We have conducted three field campaigns in the Kimberley region, 2 comprising a wet-dry season comparison the bio-physical
oceanography of Camden Sound, and one wet season comparison of inlets along the Kimberley coast from Cape Londonderry
(mesotidal) in the North to Camden Sound in the south (macrotidal). The Kimberley coast is characterized by a warm, turbulent
and turbid water column with a very shallow euphotic zone. Despite this, high productivity in the near-surface layer is sufficient
for the water column to be net autotrophic. Zooplankton total abundance in Camden Sound was higher in January (7040
m-3) than in October (1890 m-3) but there was no significant cross-shelf variation in abundance. Copepods accounted for
over 85% of the total number of >100m zooplankton with euryhaline marine taxa (Oithona spp, Parvocalanus spp and
Euterpina acutifrons) dominant. The mean daytime concentration of fish larvae (mainly Clupeidae, Engraulidae,, Haemulidae,
Leiognathidae and Sciaenidae) was significantly higher in January (1.16 m-3) than in October (0.76 m-3). During the wet season
the inlets, embayments and estuaries of the Kimberley coast differed in their hydrography, with discharge of fresh water
resulting in sustained coastal salinity stratification, particularly in constrained estuaries. The turbid, light-limited plankton
communities of the Kimberley coast provide an intriguing contrast with those of the clear-water, nutrient limited waters of the
Great Barrier Reef at similar latitudes on the east coast.
The importance of natural variability in modulating the rate and

magnitude of Ocean Acidification
McNeil, Ben1 and Richard Matear2

1
2
Climate Change Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2000
Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Hobart Tas 7000
[email protected]
On a global scale, the rate and magnitude of ocean acidification (lowering of pH and Aragonite Saturation State) is generally
influenced by how much anthropogenic CO2 humans emit to the atmosphere. However on a regional-scale, the rate, magnitude
and therefore impact of future ocean acidification is not only a function atmospheric CO2 levels, but how chemical, biological
and physical dynamics in the ocean mediate this long-term anthropogenic trend. Evidence shows that local oceanic dynamics
can either strongly accelerate or delay the long-term anthropogenic acidification signal. Three key regional feedbacks/amplifiers
to oceanic acidification have been found: biologically productive waters, intense mixing/upwelling zones or regions of recent
sea-ice melt. Here, by including data and models, we review the importance of natural variability and the oceanic processes
that significantly modulate the future onset and rate of ocean acidification.
Simple behaviours with large consequences: interactions between

native and introduced mussels
McQuaid, Christopher*1, Nicastro, Katy2, Zardi Gerardo2

Dept of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, South Africa
CCMAR-CIMAR, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
[email protected]
In addition to the physiological stresses imposed by anthropogenically driven changes in environmental conditions, many
marine species are also faced with the problem of interacting with the introduction of non-indigenous species. Although
animals can respond both physiologically and behaviourally to such stresses, the behaviour of marine benthic animals is
relatively poorly studied because of the perception that their limited behavioural repertoires offer few opportunities for
minimising anthropogenic pressures. We used habitat forming species of mussels to study how differences in two very simple
behaviours can mediate interactions between indigenous and introduced species. Native Perna perna and introduced Mytilus
galloprovincialis show different movement responses to native predators and damaged conspecifics, but also respond differently
to the creation of free space within a mussel bed, effectively adopting resistance and resilience strategies respectively. They
also exhibit differences in gaping behaviour. Perna is less tolerant of anaerobic by-products and gapes during air exposure,
rendering it more vulnerable to sand damage to the gills and to desiccation. At the same time, gaping reduces thermal stress,
not at the individual level, but at the group level. Differences in movement and gaping behaviour can explain habitat separation
between these two primary space occupiers, illustrating how even very simple behaviour can influence the effects of global
changes driven by man.

171
Spatio-temporal patterns of marine mammal strandings and mortality

in Queensland since 1996
Meager, Justin J.*, Jaylene B. Flint and Colin J. Limpus

Threatened Species, Department of Environment and Heritage Protection, EcoSciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Brisbane QLD 4102
[email protected]
Strandings programs provide important data on marine mammal communities that can be difficult and expensive to survey
in their natural environments. Where such data are supplemented with a carcass salvage program and necropsies, they can
also be a useful tool to monitor sources of mortality and the effectiveness of existing conservation management. Since 1996,
a comprehensive database of marine wildlife strandings and mortalities has been maintained for Queensland (StrandNet).
Here we present the preliminary results of the first detailed statistical analysis of the dugong and cetacean datasets, focusing
on spatio-temporal trends in cause-specific mortalities, and environmental correlates of mortalities. We also discuss the link
between episodic extreme weather events and time periods of peak stranding and mortality rates, such as in 2011 when
elevated rates of both dugong and cetacean mortalities occurred after widespread flooding and a severe tropical cyclone.
Biological nitrogen fixation: overcoming nitrogen limitation in the

oligotrophic waters of north eastern Australia
Messer, Lauren*1, Claire Mahaffey2, Mark Brown3, Martina Doblin1 and Justin Seymour1
1
2
3
Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007
Department of Earth, Ocean and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, L69 3GP, UK
School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2033
[email protected]
The regulation of the oceanic nitrogen cycle is heavily influenced by microorganisms. Nitrogen fixation provides a new source of
nitrogen to the euphotic zone through the reduction of molecular N2 to bioavailable ammonium, and is mediated by a diverse
yet limited number of microbes termed diazotrophs. In oligotrophic waters nitrogen limitation affects primary production and
ultimately the export of organic matter, suggesting an important role for diazotrophs in nutrient poor regions. We investigated
nitrogen fixation in the relatively pristine, oligotrophic waters of north eastern Australia during a transit voyage in October
2013. A combined approach was used to assess both the activity and the diversity of diazotrophs across distinct oceanographic
regions. Rates of nitrogen fixation varied spatially within surface waters, with a peak in nitrogen fixation in the Gulf of
Carpentaria, negligible fixation activity was observed in the Torres Strait, and measurable nitrogen fixation activity was seen in
the Coral Sea. We observed a shift in diazotroph activity from surface waters to the deep chlorophyll maximum at one station,
to the east of the Great Barrier Reef and west of the Coral Sea Basin, but at all other stations nitrogen fixation at the chlorophyll
maximum was insignificant. Initial assessment of the diazotrophic community suggests a differential contribution of distinct
diazotroph groups to nitrogen fixation activity. Our results demonstrate that nitrogen fixation is an important process in the
oligotrophic waters of NE Australia and highlights the heterogeneous distribution and activity of diazotrophs within this region.
Understanding stranding: 20 years of cetacean strandings and

incidents on the east coast of Australia
Meynecke, Jan-Olaf
Australian Rivers Institute and Humpbacks & High-Rises Inc., Gold Coast 4222 Queensland, Australia
[email protected]
Stranding of cetaceans are a well known phenomena in all parts of the world but the role and impact of human induced
stressors (shipping, dredging, oil and gas explorations, fishing, and pollution) is largely unknown. Only a few quantitative
analyses are available over large spatial and time scales. Here we collected and combined available information on cetacean
stranding, namely incidents that occurred on the east coast of Australia between 1990 and 2013. We analysed over 250
records in terms of spatial distribution, species and type of incident with a particular focus on humpback whales (Megaptera
novaeangliae). About 50% of all incidents included humpback whales with the majority being entangled in either fishing
rope or nets. Spatial analyses revealed south east Queensland as a hot spot for incidents which were concentrated in August
each year. Only 30% of incidents involved toothed whales with the majority being beached during the austral winter. Our
study supports the need for collaborative projects integrating stranding datasets from regions elsewhere in the Southern
Hemisphere to allow the investigation of long term patterns of incidents. In addition, the results presented here may help
managers to identify potentially disturbing activities and areas that require attention.
172

Smart phones for whales [Poster]
Meynecke, Jan-Olaf1*, Fabian, Bracco2, Jan, Warnken3

1 Australian Rivers Institute and Griffith Centre for Coastal Management, Griffith University,Gold Coast campus, Queensland4222, Australia
2 School of Information and Communication Technology, Griffith University, Nathan campus, Queensland, Australia
3 Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University,Gold Coast campus, Queensland4222, Australia
[email protected]
Whale watching is undertaken by thousands of tourists every year and forms an important industry in many parts of the
world. Recent changes in migration patterns of whales in particular humpback whales maybe attributed to climate change.
Identifying movement and resting spots of whales can provide opportunities for adaptation of the whale watch industry in
times of uncertainty. Such tracking of movements and activities of whales can be collected using smart phones. Smart phones
are a readily available technology and capable of complex computations. They have abilities required for tracking including GPS
location, maps and a compass function. We developed an application that incorporates the complexities of ocean surveying
with a simplistic interface so that a wide range of users can apply the program. This was accomplished by use of a simple
interface, which incorporated the acquisition of a users latitudinal and longitudinal coordinates, calculating the bearing of a
whale to a user, and sending the data to an online spreadsheet from which an ArcGIS routine calculates tracks. The generated
data allows for the estimation of changes in the distribution and movement of whales to improve whale watching experiences
and adapt to future changes.
Dual Fuel - Summer Phytoplankton sequesters CO2 to feed Krill that

satisfy the hunger of Humpback Whales in the Southern Ocean [Poster]
Milham-Scott, Deborah *and McCallum, Adrian

Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, 4556
[email protected]
Phytoplankton inhabit the largest biome on the planet, span all biogeographic provinces of the ocean, play a critical role in
global biogeochemical cycles and pelagic food webs and are used as indicators of global change. Phytoplankton in the Southern
Ocean plays a significant role in global CO2 mitigation and controls deep-ocean CO2 exchange by interfacing with atmospheric
CO2. 85% of all ocean productivity is supported by nutrients derived from the Southern Ocean however seasonal variation
and the response sensitivity of the carbon cycle and nutrient fluxes to climate change remain unknown. The Southern Ocean
Carbon and Climate Observatory (SOCCO), a CSIR-led consortium, is conducting a Southern Ocean Seasonal Cycle experiment
(SOSCEx) of system-scale dynamics. Seasonal variations in primary productivity and the carbon cycle of the Southern Ocean will
be investigated to quantify links between the physical forcing mechanisms and biogeochemical responses over an annual cycle.
Ultimately, the results of this study will be linked with simultaneous studies and IMOS data to provide a greater understanding
of the dynamics of physical, chemical and biological interactions that occur on a micro and macro scale in the Southern Ocean.
This poster presents the preliminary findings of phytoplankton diversity and abundance during a survey from Cape Town to
the Antarctic in February 2013.
Fine scale population structure in Greenlip Abalone from SE Australia:

implications for management of an important commercial fishery
Miller, Karen*1, Craig Mundy1 and Stephen Mayfield2

1
2
IMAS, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7000

SARDI Aquatic Sciences, PO Box 120, Henley Beach, SA 5022
[email protected]
Fine-scale population structure is common in many inshore marine species, particularly sedentary invertebrates with limited
larval dispersal whose populations (or stocks) tend to be characterised by a complex spatial structure evident at fine spatial
scales. Assessment and management of such spatially complex stocks is challenging, which has resulted in assessment and
management processes occurring at spatial scales which can vary considerably from the spatial complexity of the stocks. Despite
commercial catches of Greenlip abalone exceeding 700t/year across Southern Australia, relatively little work has been done to
understand the spatial scale of stock structure or level of connectivity in this species, nor how it relates to current management
approaches. We used 15 microsatellite DNA markers to assess genetic structure of 2500 greenlip abalone collected from
the Great Australian Bight to northern Queensland. We found large, and highly significant genetic differences among large
biogeographic regions (Great Australian Bight, Spencer Gulf, Bonnie Upwelling, Port Phillip Bay, NE Queensland) as well as
significant spatial structure on the scale of tens of kilometres within regions. Unlike the closely related blacklip abalone which
shows very small scale patterns of differentiation (hundreds of metres), our data indicates that greenlip abalone populations
are panmictic across as much as 3-5km. Furthermore, there is little evidence that areas that have been traditionally considered
as important sources of larvae by fishers contribute disproportionately to recruitment. These findings will have important
implications for current management and will inform the development of representative spatial management systems for the
fishery.
173
Hidden but not lost: an evaluation of search theory in designing marine

surveys
Millers, Kimberley*1 & Michael McCarthy1

1
ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010
[email protected]
Ecological surveys provide information for many conservation, management and policy decisions. Designing cost-effective
surveys under time constraints is critical to the success of most monitoring programs. Optimal Search Theory provides
an informed solution to the distribution of search effort during surveys. Here we use a novel application to examine the
performance of search strategies and optimal search theory as a basis for allocating search effort when designing ecological
surveys. Searching surveys were conducted in Port Phillip Bay to examine the performance of four search effort allocation
strategies. Replica models of the invasive seastar, Asterias amurensis were the selected targets. Searchers were instructed to
find as many targets within 10m x10m plots within a predefined search time. Detection time data provided from searching
surveys was used to compare the number of targets found using alternative methods. Applying predictive models of search
strategy consistently yielded the optimal model for time allocation with a higher performance than the alternative methods.
There was a similarity of performance between model predictions and empirical data that indicates the practical applicability
of this theoretical model. Given the advantages of applying the best time allocation strategy to species conservation and
management, we present the model that captures fundamental decision mechanisms for designing more cost-effective surveys.
Sociogenetic structure, kin associations and bonding in delphinids
Mller, Luciana
Cetacean Ecology, Behaviour and Evolution Lab and Molecular Ecology Lab, School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100
Adelaide, SA 5001
[email protected]
Social systems are the outcomes of natural and sexual selection on individuals efforts to maximise reproductive success.
Ecological conditions, life history, demography, and social aspects have been recognised as important factors shaping
social systems. Delphinids show a wide range of social structures, large variation in life history, and inhabit several aquatic
environments. They are therefore an excellent group in which to investigate the interplay of ecological and intrinsic factors
on the evolution of mammalian social systems in the aquatic environment. Here I synthetise results from genetic studies on
dispersal patterns, genetic relatedness, kin associations and mating patterns, and combine with ecological, life-history and
phylogenetic data to predict the formation of kin associations and bonding in these animals. I show that environment type
impacts upon dispersal tendencies, with small delphinids generally exhibiting female biased philopatry in inshore waters and
bisexual dispersal in coastal and pelagic waters. When female philopatry occurs, they develop moderate social bonds with
related females. Male bonding occurs in species with small male-biased sexual size dimorphism and male-biased operational
sex ratio, and it is independent of dispersal tendencies. By contrast, large delphinids, which live in coastal and pelagic waters,
show bisexual philopatry and live in matrilineal societies. I propose that sexual conflict favoured the formation of these stable
societies, and in turn facilitated the development of kin-biased behaviours.
Simulated alkalinity and inorganic carbon budget for the Great Barrier
Reef
Mongin, Mathieu*1,2, Andrew Lenton1,2, Mark Baird1,2, Mike Herzfield 1,2

1
2
CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Hobart, 7001, Australia

CSIRO Wealth from Ocean Research Flagship Hobart, 7001, Australia
[email protected]
Recent results show that coral reef ecosystems can significantly modify the carbon chemistry of water flowing over them. The
overall ecosystem net response is usually a net decrease in AT (total Alkalinity) that reduce the ability of coral to calcify. Nutrient
and freshwater inputs can also modify the carbon chemistry of the water (usually lowering AT and increasing inorganic carbon
content). Large-scale oceanic exchanges have the ability to dilute these perturbations but will carry the ocean acidification
signal. The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) shelf ecosystem is presumed to be an open system. Energy, carbon and nutrients enter
and leave the shelf system via a number of pathways with the whole system reaching a steady state that enable coral reef to
survive. Using a high-resolution hydrodynamic model of the GBR and estimates of shifts in the carbon chemistry by: freshwater
inputs, oceanic exchange and coral ecosystem, we display a carbon chemistry budget for the GBR region. Results shows that
riverine inputs are usually insignificant except when large plume following a flood impact the GBR lagoon, in that case the
interactions with reef metabolism can lead to a major reduction in reef calcification abilities.
174

Reef fish hybridization: lessons learnt from butterflyfishes (genus

Chaetodon) [Poster]
Montanari, Stefano R*1,2, Lynne van Herwerden1,2, Morgan S. Pratchett1,3, Jean-Paul A.

Hobbs1 and Anneli Fugedi1,2
1
2
3
School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, James Cook Drive, Townsville, Qld 4811
Molecular Ecology and Evolution Laboratory, James Cook University, James Cook Drive, Townsville, Qld 4811
ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, James Cook Drive, Townsville, Qld 4811
[email protected]
Natural hybridisation is widespread among coral reef fishes. However, the ecological promoters and evolutionary consequences
of reef fish hybridisation have not been thoroughly evaluated. Butterflyfishes form a high number of hybrids and represent an
appropriate group to investigate hybridisation in reef fishes. This study provides a rare test of terrestrially derived hybridisation
theory in the marine environment by examining hybridisation between Chaetodon trifasciatus and C. lunulatus at Christmas
Island. Overlapping spatial and dietary ecologies enable heterospecific encounters. Non-assortative mating and local rarity of
both parent species appear to permit heterospecific breeding pair formation. Microsatellite loci and mtDNA confirmed the
status of hybrids, which displayed the lowest genetic diversity in the sample and used a reduced suite of resources, suggesting
decreased adaptability. Maternal contribution to hybridisation was unidirectional, and no introgression was detected,
suggesting limited, localised evolutionary consequences of hybridisation. Comparisons to other reef fish hybridisation studies
revealed that different evolutionary consequences emerge, despite being promoted by similar factors, possibly due to the
magnitude of genetic distance between hybridizing species. This study highlights the need for further enquiry aimed at
evaluating the importance and long-term consequences of reef fish hybridisation.
Sensitivity of Southern Ocean Coccolithophores to Ocean Acidification
Mller, Marius N.*, Tom Trull and Gustaaf M. Hallegraeff

Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001
[email protected]
The Southern Ocean is one of Earths regions where ocean acidification (the reduction in oceanic pH due to anthropogenic
carbon dioxide) is predicted to strike first and most severe. Coccolithophore populations (calcifying phytoplankton) from the
Southern Ocean are distinctively different from their Northern Hemisphere counterparts in their morphology, physiology and
genetics. The cosmopolitan and bloom forming species Emiliania huxleyi has been claimed to be negatively affected by ocean
acidification. A certain number of laboratory studies on E. huxleyi strains from the Northern Hemisphere showed a moderate
reduction in growth and calcification rate (10% to 20%) at ocean acidification levels predicted for the end of the next century
(approx. 900ppm CO2). Five different E. huxleyi strains from the open Southern Ocean and coastal Queenslandn regions
were tested in controlled laboratory ocean acidification experiments (batch and chemostat cultures). A clear difference is
indicated in the physiological response between the open ocean and the coastal strains. Whereas the coastal strains were only
slightly affected by elevated CO2 levels (similar to the Northern Hemisphere strains), the open ocean strains displayed a high
sensitivity with 50% reduced growth and calcification rates at CO2 levels above 900ppm. A general comparison between ocean
acidification experiments on coastal versus open ocean coccolithophore strains is made. The results help to better understand
future changes in coccolithophore population dynamics and their influence on the biological pump of the Southern Ocean and
adjacent coastal regions.
Demography of fish populations reveals new challenges in appraising

juvenile habitat values
Nagelkerken presenting: Kimirei, Ismael1,2, Ivan Nagelkerken*3 et al.

Refer Kimirei for abstract.

175
Coralline algae mineralogy and crust morphology as a proxy for

localized environmental and ecosystem conditions
Nash, Merinda*1, Bradley Opdyke2, Ulricke Troitzsch2, Bayden Russell3, Jennifer

Prichard2
1
2
3
Research School of Physics, Australian National University, ACT

Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, ACT
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA
[email protected]
Much of our understanding of recent past climate is based on measurements of magnesium in various carbonate skeletons.
Recently we discovered that Mg-calcite tropical crustose coralline algae can also form the very high magnesium carbonates,
dolomite (Ca0.5Mg0.5CO3), and magnesite (MgCO3) in close association with their growth processes. Although dolomite
has a positive correlation with greenhouse epochs and calcite seas over geological time, very little is known about what
environmental conditions enabled this mineralization in paleo or modern environments. Our research found a correlation with
temperature and the presence of dolomite, but the increase in total magnesium is substantially more than the trace amounts
generally used to reconstruct past climate. Furthermore, our work shows there is clearly a seasonal influence on mineral
formation, related probably to light and/or temperature and changes in mineralogy occur over short distances on the coral
reef. The formation of dolomite in CCA has so far found to be restricted to high energy, low-nutrient coral reef environments
and is dependent on the growth rates of CCA being faster that biological and chemical erosive processes. The presence of
dolomite reduces the CCA susceptibility to dissolution. Understanding how the complex interplay of these various processes in
modern environments influences the final preserved mineralogy can help interpret past environments and ecosytems as well
as enable predictions of changes into the future under different climate scenarios.
Juvenile caridean shrimp (Palaemon debilis) use olfactory cues from

mangroves to determine habitat preference
Natin, Patricia* and Lee, Shing Yip

Australian Rivers Institute Coasts and Estuaries, and School of Environment, Griffith University Gold Coast, Southport, Queensland 4222
[email protected]
Mangroves provide nursery habitats for marine fish and invertebrates where these animals enter the mangrove forest to seek
protection, shelter and food. Environmental cues could be one of the main reasons why the juvenile animals are attracted to
the mangrove forest. Chemical cues, originating from soluble organic substances leached from mangrove leaf litter may play
a role in habitat selection by juvenile nekton. A laboratory olfactory choice test was conducted by using 3-channel choice
flumes to assess the ability of a juvenile caridean shrimp (Palaemon debilis) to distinguish between water carrying signals
from three different types of mangrove leaf combinations potentially containing different soluble chemical cues. Juvenile
caridean shrimps spent more time in the flume carrying water from Rhizophora stylosa soaked in artificial seawater for two
weeks followed by a mixed of Rhizophora stylosa and Avicennia marina water and least in Avicennia marina water. This result
suggests that chemical cues from Rhizophora stylosa leaves may serve as an attractant to the juvenile shrimp, which can use
the chemical stimuli to help them find their preferred habitat.
Phylogeographic congruence on the Australian coastline: large-scale

processes in ten echinoderm species
Naughton, Kate*1,2
1
2
Department of Genetics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010

Department of Marine Invertebrates, Sciences, Museum Victoria, Carlton, VIC 3053
[email protected]
Australia has a complex southern coastline that is well-connected oceanographically, necessitating broad-ranging approaches
to properly address questions of connectivity. This extensive coastline also poses numerous practical challenges to those
wishing to examine population genetics in widely distributed marine species. The range of this study extended from Fremantle
in Western Australia to Coffs Harbour in New South Wales and includes Queensland a distance in excess of seven thousand
kilometres. Mitochondrial sequence data and genotypes of independently developed nuclear microsatellite loci were analysed
for ten echinoderm species distributed along this coastline in order to ascertain the extent of any phylogeographic congruence
in terms of population dynamics and connectivity. Although the ten species were not entirely co-distributed, a high level of
congruence was discovered, allowing certain general conclusions to be drawn concerning processes and patterns in temperate
Australian shallow-water marine invertebrates. This will be discussed in light of our current understanding of Australian marine
biogeographic zoning as well as implications for future population genetic studies along this coastline.
176

Chemical defences influence microbes in the habitat-forming kelp

Ecklonia radiata [Poster]
Neumann, Rebecca*, Tamsin Peters, Ezequiel Marzinelli, Peter Steinberg and Tilmann
Harder
Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, Sydney NSW 2088
Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052
[email protected]
Despite the long-standing recognition of disease as a key process driving declines of marine habitat-forming species in the
tropics, comparatively little is known about disease in temperate systems. Ecklonia radiata is the major habitat-forming
macroalga in Australia, providing key resources that underpin biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. In previous field surveys,
we identified thallus bleaching as a potential disease phenotype in this kelp and showed marked differences in bacterial
community structure associated with bleached and healthy kelp at several sites along East and West Australia. In other
seaweed-pathogen systems, antibacterial compounds are critical in defending against infection. To test the hypothesis that
potential pathogenic bacteria of E. radiata are inhibited by putative defence compounds of the kelp, we screened the effect
of algal secondary metabolites to stimulate or inhibit growth and impede attachment of selected bacterial isolates. Observed
biological activities of partially purified HPLC fractions included the stimulation and inhibition of bacterial growth, and the
inhibition of bacterial attachment. These results suggest that low-molecular weight algal secondary metabolites may affect
epiphytic bacterial colonization and thus play a crucial role in the maintenance of a healthy algal holobiont. Preliminary results
indicate that compounds isolated from kelp with inhibitory effect on bacterial growth and attachment are different from other
known brown algal bioactive compounds, such as fucoxanthin and oligomeric phloroglucinols.
Protecting coastal systems under national environment law: methods

and challenges
Newton, Gina
Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities, GPO 787, Canberra, ACT 2601
[email protected]
Australias premier environment law, the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act (EPBC Act) lists nationally
threatened species and ecological communities (TECs). The first marine TEC, Giant Kelp Marine Forests of South-east Australia,
was listed in August 2013; several other potentially threatened coastal assessments are underway (e.g. seagrass, saltmarsh, saltwedge estuaries). Listing of TECs under the EPBC Act represents an effective national approach to whole of system, seascape/
landscape scale, and multi-species conservation. It is a valuable tool for increasing awareness of important ecosystems,
habitats and native species under pressure, and of the related ecosystem services they provide. It leads to increased refugia
and contributes to ecological resilience of systems against threats, including climate change. Listing can also provide leverage
for conservation related funding and complements other protective measures, such as parks and reserves. Some 60 TECs are
listed at the national level, with nearly half listed since the Act was last amended in 2007. Much has been learned regarding
application of the regulated assessment methodology, including criteria analysis and thresholds, and the process has evolved
accordingly. Australias approach to the assessment of threatened ecological communities (which can be likened to ecosystems
in many cases) is one of the best established procedures globally, and may be considered international best practice. For
example, it has recently been considered by the team developing assessment criteria for the IUCNs new threatened ecosystem
process. This presentation will discuss the benefits of listing and overview the methodology and challenges, particularly with
respect to coastal/aquatic communities.

177
Seabed pockmarks of Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, northern Australia: form,

distribution and origins
Nicholas, Tony*, Floyd Howard, Kim Picard, Helen Dulfer, Lynda Radke, Andrew Carroll,
Maggie Tran, Justy Siwabessy, Scott Nichol and Chris Consoli
Geoscience Australia, GPO Box 378, Canberra, ACT, 2601
[email protected].
The release of fluid to the seabed from deeper sources is a process that can influence seabed geomorphology and associated
habitats, with pockmarks a common indicator. In May 2013, Geoscience Australia led a multidisciplinary marine survey in
Joseph Bonaparte Gulf to facilitate an assessment of the potential for fluid leakage associated with geological storage of CO2
at depth within the Petrel Sub-basin. Multibeam bathymetry and backscatter mapping (652 km2), combined with acoustic
sub-bottom profiling (655 line-km) and seabed characterisation was undertaken in water depths of 23-102 m. Seabed
environments identified from 2 m resolution bathymetry include carbonate banks and ridges, palaeochannels, pockmark fields
and fields of low amplitude hummocks. This paper focuses on pockmarks as indicators of fluid seepage from the subsurface.
Three principal pockmark morphologies (Type I, II and III) are present with their distribution non-random. Small unit (Type I)
depressions occur on plains and in palaeochannels, but are most commonly within larger (Type II) composite pockmarks on
plains. Type III pockmarks, intermediate in scale, are only present in palaeochannels. The timing of pockmark formation is
constrained by radiocarbon dating to 14.5 cal ka BP, or later, when a rapid rise in sea-level would have flooded much of outer
Joseph Bonaparte Gulf. Our data suggest the principal source of fluids to the seabed is from the breakdown of organic material
deposited directly after the last glacial maxima sea-level lowstand, and presently trapped beneath marine sediments. These
results assist in reducing uncertainties associated with potential CO2 storage in this region.
The demersal community of the continental shelf of Queensland: 19091994
Novaglio, Camilla1, 2*, Stewart Frusher2, Tony Smith1

1 CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, Tas 7000
2 Institute for Marine & Antarctic Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas 7000
[email protected]
In 1909 the Federal Investigation Ship Endeavour surveyed the demersal resources of the Queenslandn Continental Shelf. The
Endeavour data represent the fist reliable information on community composition and structure available for the region. As
the survey was carried out before any substantial exploitation of trawlable grounds off the Queenslandn coast, the information
collected is of high value in reconstructing biodiversity baselines. In more recent years many other scientific surveys were
carried out on the same grounds from different research organisations. The collection and standardisation of catch and effort
data from all the available surveys resulted in a long-term fishery independent dataset. For the first time we thus have the
opportunity to explore changes in the demersal community of the continental shelf of Queensland during the last century,
under a scenario of human exploitation and climate change. Three main areas of interest have been identified according to
sampling effort and the overlap of sampled area between surveys: the South East coast of Queensland, the Flinders Island,
and the Eden region. Initial analyses have been applied in order to detect general patterns of community change for each area.
The comparison through time of frequency of occurrence at family level will be shown, together with preliminary results from
multivariate techniques. The aim of this study is to improve knowledge of ecological baselines for systems that have been
fished for a long time. This information should be useful in determining reference points for management of biodiversity as
well as fisheries.
178

Intertidal Processing of Particulate Organic Carbon associated with

Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent: a 13C Tracer Study
Oakes, Joanne M.1,*, Donald J. Ross2, Bradley D. Eyre1

1
2
Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry, Southern Cross University, Military Road, Lismore NSW 2480
Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart Tas 7001
[email protected]
To determine the benthic transformation pathways and fate of carbon associated with secondary-treated pulp and paper
mill (PPM) effluent, 13C-labelled activated sludge biomass and phytoplankton were added, separately, to estuarine intertidal
sediments. Over 28 days, 13C was traced into sediment organic carbon, fauna, seagrass, bacteria and microphytobenthos, and
into fluxes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from inundated sediments, and carbon
dioxide (CO2(g)) from exposed sediments. There was greater removal from sediments of phytoplankton carbon (~89% over
28 days) compared to activated sludge biomass (~68%). Although there was similar 13C loss from phytoplankton and activated
sludge biomass plots via DIC (58% and 56%, respectively) and CO2(g) fluxes (<1%), DOC fluxes were more important for
phytoplankton (41%) than activated sludge biomass (12%). Faster burial and loss suggest that fauna prefer phytoplankton,
due to its lower C:N, and/or toxins associated with activated sludge biomass. This may account for different carbon pathways.
Secondary-treated PPM effluent has a lower oxygen demand than primary-treated effluent, but activated sludge biomass
accumulation within sediments may still contribute to sediment anoxia, and respiration of activated sludge biomass and
phytoplankton-derived DOC may make the water column more heterotrophic. This highlights the need to control the quality
and quantity of organic carbon associated with secondary-treated PPM effluent.
Pesticides within the Great Barrier Reef catchment
OBrien, Dominique*, Stephen Lewis, Aaron Davis and Jon Brodie.

Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research (TropWATER), ATSIP Building 145, James Cook University Townville Qld 4811
[email protected]
The application of pesticides during agriculture and land management results in the export of tons of active chemicals and
their break down products to the Great Barrier Reef lagoon each year. Because of the high environmental, social and economic
values attributed to the Great Barrier Reef, there has been much emphasis is placed upon the detection of agricultural
chemicals within the receiving marine waters. However, synthesis of the available data on pesticide concentrations within
surface waters of the Great Barrier Reef lagoon and adjacent catchment areas has been used to illustrate the decreasing
magnitude in pesticide concentrations as chemicals move from their source, through fresh water and estuarine systems into
the marine environment. These results demonstrate that pesticide concentrations are highest within freshwater and estuarine
systems, particularly during flow events and often exceed available water quality guidelines and frequently exceed levels
where significant impacts on ecological and biological processes and/or biodiversity are known to occur. Concentration of
pesticides in waters collected from within flood plumes and the Great Barrier Reef lagoon are diluted, however, pesticide
concentrations do exceed water quality guidelines at a decreased frequency and magnitude. The detection of pesticides within
marine waters is significant when managers aim to protect the integrity of the GBR, however, the importance of these results
need to be taken into consideration by catchment managers when implementing monitoring and management programs so
that adequate resources are applied to the assessment and protection of the ecosystems exposed to the greatest risk from
pesticide residues.
Phylogenetic endemism through next-generation sequencing
OHara, Tim*1 and Andrew Hugall1

Sciences Department, Museum Victoria, GPO Box 666, Melbourne, 3001.
[email protected].
Phylogenetic endemism, the spatial aggregation of phylogenetically distant species (living fossils), has emerged as a new
mappable biodiversity metric that can be used for conservation management. This analysis requires a phylogeny for the
taxonomic group being mapped. Here we report on progress to build a de-novo tree-of-life using next-generation (Illumina)
sequencing of transcriptomes from 50 species of ophiuroid (brittle-stars), a group that is abundant on the continental shelves
and slopes of Australias EEZ. We outline the problems, requirements and costs of this new technology. The initial tree,
generated from 400+ genes, differs substantially from our previous understanding of phylogenetic relationships within the
group.

179
Recognising the Value of Seascape Connectivity in Marine Conservation
Olds, Andrew*1, Kylie Pitt1, Paul Maxwell1, Simon Albert2 and Rod Connolly1
1
2
Australian Rivers Institute Coast and Estuaries and School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast QLD 4222
Centre for Water Futures, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072
[email protected]
In response to the growing population and our impacts on the environment, we design programs for conservation and
rehabilitation to enhance productivity, biodiversity and resilience. To ensure greatest return on investment, there is an implicit
requirement for identifying disproportionately important species, processes and landscape elements as management targets.
Connectivity is favoured among these because it provides the mechanism for reserves to sustain populations beyond their
borders, and is critical for reversing existing impacts. Few studies, however, have adopted a quantitative approach, like landscape
ecology, to assess the value of connectivity in conservation. To illustrate this point, I discuss findings from our work in tropical
and subtropical Pacific seascapes. We show that mangrove-reef connectivity enhanced marine reserve effectiveness across the
western Pacific. This includes synergistic connectivity-reserve effects on productivity, biodiversity and ecological processes. To
broaden the relevance of these results, I evaluated published studies on seascape ecology and examined connectivity effects
on fish assemblages in reserves. Of the 37 papers that met our criteria, few considered potential interactions between reserve
and seascape effects. All that did reported synergistic effects on fish abundance or ecological processes. In addition, numerous
studies that examined seascape ecology in reserves, but not the interaction between these factors, also reported positive
effects on fish production (75%), biodiversity (25%) and ecological processes (17%). By further improving our understanding
of seascape ecology and connectivity, and by incorporating this field of research into conservation decision-making, we should
expect greater success in restoring exploited populations and the functioning of marine ecosystems.
Impact of flood plumes on optical and biogeochemical characteristics

in the GBR lagoon [Poster]
Oubelkheir Kadija*1, Lesley Clementson2, Phillip Ford3, Nagur Cherukuru3, Thomas

Schroeder1, Vittorio Brando3, Caroline Petus4, Jennifer Debose4 and Michelle Devlin4
1
2
3
4
CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosystems Sciences Precinct, Boggo Road, Dutton Park QLD 4102
CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Castray Esplanade, Gold Coast TAS 7001
CSIRO Land and Water, Clunies Ross Street, Acton, Canberra ACT 2601
Centre for Tropical Water & Aquatic Ecosystem Research (TropWATER), James Cook University, Townsville QLD 4811
[email protected]
As part of a joint monitoring program, CSIRO and James Cook University have undertaken a series of intensive field sampling
surveys, from November 2013 to March 2013, to describe optical and biogeochemical properties of flood plumes in the Great
Barrier Reef lagoon. Bio-optical properties of flood plumes have been under-sampled in the past in the GBR and are critical
to improve ocean colour remote sensing algorithms and derive accurate biogeochemical products during flood events (e.g.,
sediments and chlorophyll concentrations, coloured dissolved organic matter or CDOM). The regions sampled ranged from
Princess Charlotte Bay in the north to the Burdekin River in the south. This dataset will contribute to the operational modelling
efforts of the GBR undertaken under the eReefs project. Here, we report on the impact of major floods on Princess Charlotte
bay post Tropical Low Oswald in January 2013. Apparent optical properties (spectral radiance/irradiance), and inherent
optical properties (spectral absorption, scattering and backscattering coefficients), were determined simultaneously with
biogeochemical quantities (concentration and nature of total suspended solids, relative abundance of different phytoplankton
groups, CDOM, organic carbon and nutrients concentrations). Peak discharge in the Normanby River reached 160000 ML per
day and coincided with our observations. Flood waters were dominated by sediments coming from the Kennedy River to the
west of the bay and CDOM from the Normanby River to the east. This contrast offers a unique opportunity to examine the
factors driving the dynamics of particulate and dissolved materials delivered by flood waters and their impact on phytoplankton
communities.
180

Effects of light and carbon dioxide on seagrass physiology and growth
Ow, Yan Xiang*1,2, Catherine Collier2 and Sven Uthicke1

1
2
Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB No 3, Townsville MC, Qld 4810

School of Marine and Tropical Marine Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811
[email protected]
Seagrass cover is on a decline mainly due to anthropogenic activities which have led to the increase in sediment and nutrient
loads in coastal waters. Decrease in light levels reduces seagrass productivity. Surface ocean water pH is projected to decrease
by 0.3-0.4 units over the century due to the absorption of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). CO2 enrichment has
been suggested to positively enhance photosynthesis and growth of seagrasses, which are normally limited by the availability
of carbon substrate. To examine if increased dissolved CO2 influences seagrass photosynthetic parameters and growth rates
under different light levels, tropical seagrasses Cymodocea serrulata and Halodule uninervis were exposed to two CO2 levels
(380 and 1100atm) and three light levels (35, 100 and 380 mol m-2 s-1) for two weeks in a fixed factorial experimental
design. For both species, growth rates responded positively only to higher light availability. Under non-saturating light
conditions (<100 mol m-2 s-1), increased CO2 enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and reduced light requirements (Ec and Ek)
in H.uninervis; however under high light, photosynthetic efficiency was reduced and light requirements were raised. Similarly,
high CO2 increased the photosynthetic rate and light requirement (Ek) of C.serrulata to a greater extent under non-saturating
light conditions. In general, photosynthesis in C.serrulata showed a greater response to increased CO2 alone than H.uninervis,
suggesting that C.serrulata is more sensitive to CO2 enrichment. This study highlights the importance of light in regulating
seagrass photosynthetic and growth responses to predicted future scenarios of CO2 enrichment.
Historical Perspectives in Marine Ecology
Pandolfi, John M.
ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Centre for Marine Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld
4072.
[email protected]
Understanding the history of marine ecosystems has become an integral part of testing ecological theory and understanding
present ecological effects of environmental change. Historical approaches in marine ecology can provide: novels ways of
testing ecological theory; information on what was natural in the sea to understand the range in variability in ecological states
and processes; glimpses into the response of marine ecosystems to past environmental change, especially climate change;
and new understanding for conservation strategies. In coral reefs, ecological studies on limited spatial and temporal scales
document intense variation in coral cover, but community structure appears to be persistent over centennial to millennial time
scales. Such persistence is evidence against neutral theory dynamics where demographic stochasticity predicts more open
community membership. The persistence of similar structure and its recent shift to alternative states means we know what
should be conserved, though goals may not translate into targets given political, economic, and other competing interests.
Conservation practice is also informed by an understanding of evolutionary history, as zones of evolutionary novelty may be
spatially distinct from those of high biodiversity, or high threats. Finally, the fossil record provides a rich source of information
on response of marine ecosystems to past climate change. Studies on the past response of living species to global warming in
the absence of human impacts show less diversity of reef corals in equatorial regions, but, where available substrate occurs,
corals have the potential to migrate poleward. Historical studies thus inform ecological theory, environmental change, and
conservation practice.
Charting the Territory: Understanding Attitudes Towards Offshore

Mining in Australia
Parr presenting: Mason, Claire1, Joanna Parr*1 et al.

Refer Mason for abstract.

181
An acoustic study of the Northern Demersal Scalefish Fishery
Parsons, Miles*1, Elizabeth Mair1, Iain Parnum1, Luke Wreyford1, Rob McCauley1, Adam
Masters2 and Brett Moloney3
1
2
3
Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845

Kimberley Wildcatch, Broome WA 6725
Department of Fisheries, WA Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratory
[email protected]
The Northern Demersal Scalefish Fishery covers an area of over 200, 000 km2 off the northwest coast of Western Australia and
waters from around 50 m deep, to over 200 m. A collaboration between the Centre for Marine Science and Technology (Curtin
University), Kimberley Wildcatch (commercial fishers of the NDSF) and the Department of Fisheries WA is conducting an active
acoustic study of the habitat and abundance of water column biomass. The study is by the Fisheries Research and Development
Corporation and Shell Development Ltd. A Simrad ES70, operating at 18, 38, 120 and 200 kHz, has been hull mounted on the FV
Carolina M of Kimberley Wildcatch to acquire acoustic backscatter from the seafloor and water column. The system has been
collecting data during routine fishing operations since April 2013 and so far covered nearly 20,000 km. Multi-frequency analysis
of the water column is being applied to discriminate between responses from different functional groups of fauna (large
swimbladdered fish, small swimbladdered fish, non-swimbladdered fish and other fauna such as plankton) in the water column
and investigate spatial distribution of acoustic habitats. The relationships between bathymetry, habitat, acoustic biomass and
commercial catch are being investigated. In the long-term, the effects of tide and lunar phase will also need to be accounted
for. This talk will present the preliminary findings from the first year of the project.
Marine Parks in South Australia continuing to shape our future
Paxinos Rosemary*, Miller David, Holland Shane

Department of Environment Water and Natural Resources, Lv1 1 Richmond Road, Keswick SA 5035
[email protected]
South Australias Marine Parks Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting (MER) program will be the S.A. Governments primary
tool for assessing and evaluating the performance of South Australias marine park network, and will provide the scientific
evidence that underpins the 10 year review (required under the Marine Parks Act). The MER program will address questions
such as:
are the current zones and regulations effective
what are the ecological impacts of the implementation of the marine park network
what are the socio-economic impacts and benefits of the implementation of the marine parks network
SAs MER programme is based on a partnership approach and recognises that collaborative research initiatives bringing
together expertise from a variety of agencies and organisations is crucial for developing a greater understanding of key
scientific and socio-economic questions. A research prospectus outlining priority research topics and questions for the MER
Program has been produced with the aim of fostering collaborative outcomes to address such questions. The initial step in
the development of the MER program is to establish a baseline of information for each ecological asset. The baseline will
provide a description and inventory of biological presence, as well as the means for monitoring change into the future. This talk
will outline examples of current collaborative programs aimed at producing this baseline and detail how these collaborations
benefit both marine park managers and research partners. It will also examine some of the priorities outlined in the research
prospectus and discuss potential future collaborative goals for the program.
182

Combining Indigenous knowledge and western scientific knowledge of

inshore dolphins and dugongs in the northern Great Barrier Reef
Penrose, Helen1, Isabel Beasley1 Traditional Owner group(s)2

1
2
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University

To be confirmed
[email protected]; [email protected]
A collaborative research project between James Cook University (JCU) and Traditional Owner group(s) of the northern Great
Barrier Reef aimed to increase knowledge of the distribution and occurrence of inshore dolphins and dugongs in this region.
The research approach combines Indigenous knowledge and western scientific knowledge of dugongs (Dugong dugon) and
three species of coastal dolphins; Australian Snubfin dolphin (Orcaella heinsohni), Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa
chinensis), and inshore bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus). Scientists consider that these threatened species occur in
small numbers across northern Australia, where coastal development and human activities pose increasing pressures to their
conservation and management. The cultural significance and knowledge of dugongs, dolphins and other marine wildlife by the
Traditional Owners of the Great Barrier Reef is recognized and respected. Knowledge sharing mapping workshops between
JCU and Traditional Owner groups documented traditional knowledge of where inshore dolphins and dugongs previously and
currently occur, relationships with other marine species, and any possible threats. The information shared during this mapping
process was used to identify locations for western style scientific surveys of inshore dolphins and dugongs that were conducted
in collaboration with Traditional Owners and Indigenous ranger groups. Indigenous ranger groups across remote northern
Australia have a burgeoning capacity and increasing opportunities to collect data on their priority marine species. Information
collected from this project contributes to sea country planning and management, and a national assessment of the status of
the Australian snubfin and Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins.
Consequences of an endophytic infection in a habitat-forming

macroalga [Poster]
Peters, Tamsin*1,2, Alexandra Campbell1,2, Ezequiel Marzinelli1,2, Rebecca Neumann1,2,

Melinda Coleman3, Ross Hill1,2 and Peter Steinberg1,2
1
2
3
Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052
Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, NSW 2088
NSW Department of Primary Industries, PO Box 4321, National Marine Science Centre, Coffs Harbour, NSW 2450
[email protected]
There is evidence for recent global declines in canopy-forming macroalgae. One potential reason for this decline is that
anthropogenic impacts are causing physiological stress, leading to increases in the frequency and severity of diseases, an
area relatively understudied in macroalgae. We applied this idea to Phyllospora comosa, a key habitat-forming seaweed
endemic to southeast Australia, which disappeared from reefs within Sydneys metropolitan region in the 1970s, potentially
due to impacts of urbanisation. We surveyed populations of P. comosa along its eastern Australian distribution to obtain
baseline data about its abundance and condition. We frequently observed what appears to be an endophytic infection in the
stipe of P. comosa and this phenotype was common in many populations sampled. To assess whether this putative infection
had any demographic consequences for affected individuals, we tagged healthy and infected P. comosa individuals from
two populations in NSW and monitored them for 6 months. We measured progression (area) of this condition in affected
individuals over time and assessed survivorship. Additionally, we quantified fecundity, photosynthetic efficiency and size of
the tagged algae over time to assess potential sub-lethal effects of this condition on P. comosa. Preliminary results indicate an
impact of stipe rot infection on algal survivorship and fecundity. Results from initial experiments involving the inoculation of
putative pathogens into healthy thalli will also be described. Understanding patterns and mechanisms behind the decline of
habitat-forming organisms, such as P. comosa, is important for the study and management of natural populations, particularly
as environments undergo rapid change.

183
Turning the tide: Sulphur trigger for an algae killer
Petrou, Katherina*1, Esther Garcs2, Elisabet Alacid2, Albert Ree2, Rafel Sim2
1
2
Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, School of the Environment, University of Technology, Sydney,
Departament de Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Institut de Cincies del Mar, CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
[email protected]
Marine harmful algal blooms (HABs) are dense ephemeral proliferations typically of dinoflagellates, cyanobacteria or diatoms.
These HABs can cause illness and death in humans and marine life, or ecosystem alterations affecting food provision and
recreational activities. Despite being recognised as a major environmental challenge, little is known about what makes HABs
thrive and vanish. For dinoflagellates, which account for 75% of HAB-forming phytoplankton species, bottom-up factors
(including: eutrophication, climate change and species dispersal) are common triggers, yet the causes of bloom termination
remain obscure. Parasitoids have been identified as a major cause of termination of coastal harmful algal blooms, but the
mechanisms and strategies they have evolved to efficiently infect ephemeral blooms are largely unknown. This study investigated
the potential cues for parasite infection by the generalist dinoflagellate parasitoid Parvilucifera sinerae (Perkinsozoa, Alveolata).
It showed that P. sinerae was activated from dormancy by Alexandrium minutum cells. Further investigation identified the
algal metabolite dimethylsulphide (DMS) as the density-dependent chemical cue for the presence of potential host cells. The
presence of DMS allowed the parasitoid to alternate between a sporangium-hosted dormant state and a chemically activated,
free-living virulent state. DMS-rich exudates from infection-resistant dinoflagellate species also induced parasitoid activation,
which can be interpreted as an example of a co-evolutionary arms race between parasitoid and host. These results further
expand the involvement of dimethylated sulphur compounds in marine chemical ecology, where they have been described as
foraging cues and chemoattractants for mammals, birds, fish, invertebrates and plankton microbes.
An empirical assessment of whale alarms and avoidance, or not, by

migrating humpback whales
Pirotta, Vanessa*1, Robert Harcourt1, David Slip2 and Vic Peddemors3

1
2
3
Department of Environment and Geography, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia

Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Sydney, Australia 2109, Australia
Fisheries NSW at Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Sydney, 2088, Australia
[email protected]
Migratory Group V (stock E1) humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) annually risk entanglement with fishing gear along
the east coast of Australia. Around Australia, types of fishing gear that cause whale entanglements include longlines, gillnets,
lobster pots, crab pots and shark nets. Whale entanglement mitigation measures can have two approaches; (1) Disentanglement
of the entangled whale or (2) entanglement prevention by alerting whales of fishing gear presence. The latter option has
focused on the use of active acoustic alarms also known as a whale alarm or pinger, which are designed to be acoustically
detectable by cetaceans. This study investigated the effects of a commercially available 3 kHz whale alarm, the Fumunda
F3, on humpback whale movements. Observational and spatial data were collected during the 2013 northern migration off
Cape Solander, New South Wales, Australia. A total of 137 tracks were collected by a single observer using a Sokkia DT510A
theodolite. 82 tracks passed through an area within 250m of the whale alarms position. The observer was unaware of the
status of the alarm (on or off). Generalised linear mixed models were applied to determine effect on whale directionality,
course, change in course and speed. We found no discernible difference between whale tracks whether the alarm was on or
off. These results suggest that the single alarm tested was ineffective as a deterrent to entanglement for migrating humpback
whales. Further modification, refinement and field-testing is required in order to establish whether alarms can effectively
mitigate whale entanglement.
Pitt presenting: Condon Robert1, Carlos Duarte2, Kylie Pitt*3 et al.

Refer Condon for abstract.
184

Climate change in the global Ocean: The shape of things to come
Poloczanska, Elvira*1, Anthony Richardson1,2, David Schoeman3, Carlos Duarte4, John

Pandolfi5, Chris Brown6, Mike Burrows7 and NCEAS Marine Impacts of Climate Change
Working Group
1
2
3
4
5
Climate Adaptation Flagship, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Ecosciences Precinct, GPO Box 2583, Brisbane, Queensland 4102
School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD 4072, Australia.
Faculty of Science, Health & Education, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore QLD 4558 Australia.
The UWA Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, WA, Australia.
Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia,
Queensland 4072, Australia.
6 Global Change Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD 4072, Australia.
7 Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll, PA37 1QA, UK.
8 National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS), 735 State Street, Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA 93101
[email protected]
The Ocean has absorbed over 90% of the heat added to the global climate system through the enhanced greenhouse effect and
is a major sink for anthropogenic CO2 emissions, resulting in fundamental changes to Ocean systems. We present the results
of a meta-analysis using a global database of responses of marine life to recent climate change to show a coherent pattern
across regions and taxonomic groups; variability in responses suggests the potential reorganization of marine ecosystems. The
overall mean ( SE) rate of re-distribution for marine biota was 72.0 13.5 km decade-1 measured at leading range edges and
15.8 8.7 km decade-1 at trailing edges. The faster expansion rates of leading edges compared to contraction of trailing edges can be partly
explained by regional variability in the speed and direction, hence velocity, at which isotherms propagate across the Oceans
surface. Our global analyses of temperature velocity give a complex mosaic of predicted range shifts that deviate from simple
poleward migrations and form a basis to assess risk to biodiversity. We show that faster distributional shifts generally occur in regions
of faster isotherm shift. Rapid velocities were observed in the sub-Arctic Pacific and Atlantic, and within equatorial regions, often
encompassing areas of high marine biodiversity. Projecting the trajectories of surface temperatures through time, essentially
simulating how species should move along thermal gradients through time and space to track changes, will allow us to identify
seascape scale features such as corridors and refugia.
Space-for-time substitution to assess likely response of aquatic

ecosystems to future climate-related change
Pope, Adam J*1, Barton, Jan L1, Close, Paul G2 and Rebecca E Lester
1
2
School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin University, Australia

Centre of Excellence in Natural Resource Management, University of Western Australia, Australia
[email protected]
Predicting and managing ecological response to a changing climate is often limited by an incomplete understanding of
response thresholds and biogeographic differences. For example, step changes in rainfall and runoff, and threshold dynamics
and hysteresis in ecological response make projection of future conditions difficult. We propose that biophysical data across
existing climatic gradients can be used in a space-for-time substitution to predict climate-related ecological response elsewhere.
This method builds on previous attempts at space-for-time substitution by using patterns in physical and physicochemical data
to explain biological differences across the spatial gradient, then using those patterns to formulate hypotheses of temporal
ecological response and finally testing those hypotheses on temporal data available in a second, similar region of interest. As
an example application, we used existing biophysical data from across a known gradient in rainfall in south-western Australian
estuaries to quantify trajectories of ecological response to differences in freshwater flow and estuarine conditions. Based on
these trajectories, hypotheses were established for likely climate-related responses in other southern Australian estuaries of
similar latitude. Available temporal physicochemical and ecological data for a subset of those estuaries were then explored
for evidence in support of those hypotheses. In this way, we are able to identify the susceptibility of a range of southern
Australian estuaries to climate-related changes in freshwater flows. By assessing the evidence for similar response across
regions, we gain an understanding of the transferability of ecological risk and thus management strategies across estuary types
and biogeographic boundaries.

185
The Australian seascape: identifying congruent breaks within species

through meta-analysis
Pope, Lisa Claire*1, Jennifer Ovenden1,2, Cynthia Riginos1.

1
2

Molecular Fisheries Laboratory, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072
[email protected]
While some marine species show limited genetic structure, due to long pelagic larval stages and large effective populations sizes,
in others genetic breaks have been identified, and these can be geographically congruent across species. An understanding
of species-wide connectivity is vital for effective management. Marine reserves are located to protect a suite of species, yet
the dispersal abilities, and therefore connectivity among reserves, will vary greatly among them. Australia is moving towards
managing its marine resources based on species specific biological stocks, rather than management areas. However, even
for some of the most economically important species in Australia, population structure information is limited. Here, we draw
on published information from population genetic studies of marine species around Australia, and perform a meta-analysis
to identify common sites of low connectivity. First, we identify regions that have been understudied, in terms of population
genetics, where the detection of barriers is problematic. We then relate the congruent barriers to marine reserve design and
prioritisation of future fish stock research.
Carbon to nitrogen ratios in Zostera capricorni Do these provide

insights on how increasing nutrient loading from catchments affects
the chemical composition of estuarine primary producers and the
broader foodweb?
Potts, Jaimie*1&2, Peter Scanes1, Angus Ferguson1, Aaron Wright1, Klaus Koop1 and
William Maher2.
1
2
Ecochemistry Laboratory, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra
[email protected]
The seagrass Zostera capricorni is a common macrophyte in many estuaries along the NSW coast. We present data from
surveys undertaken from 30 estuaries along the NSW coast that suggests that nitrogen content in Zostera leaves integrate and
reflect ambient nutrient concentrations in the water column and potentially effective loading of bioavailable nitrogen from
the catchment. A more intensive study examining food web linkages using carbon to nitrogen ratios (C/N) in Zostera, benthic
microalgae, phytoplankton, macroalgae, macroinvertebrates and fish in two large adjacent estuarine systems on the NSW
Central Coast. Results show that tissue C:N ratios in many groups/species significantly differed between systems (Tuggerah <
Lake Macquarie) e.g. C:N molar ratios in Zostera were 23.61.3 and 26.40.4 in Tuggerah and Lake Macquarie respectively.
These results were consistent with differences between effective nitrogen loading estimates from the lake catchments and
ambient nutrient concentrations in the water column of both lakes where mean water concentrations of NH4+, NOx, DON, PN
were 16, 7, 278, 79 g/L respectively in Tuggerah Lakes and 2, 0.3, 123, 34 g/L respectively in Lake Macquarie. The implication
of this study suggests that flow on effects of changing catchment nutrient loading can not only affect productivity rates and
standing crops of primary producers within estuarine systems but also affect the chemical composition of the broader food
web. This appears to be particularly the case for organisms that are regarded as being weakly homeostatic (primary producers
and many invertebrates). Potential use of Zostera capricorni nutrient content as an indicator of broader ecological nutrient
enrichment is discussed.
186

The oceanic response due to atmospheric forces in global scale - an

observational approach with emphasis in the Southern Hemisphere
[Poster]
Prando, Valria* 1, Enver Ramirez Gutierrez2

1 USP, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Matao Street, Sao Paulo Brazil 05508090
2 INPE, Centre for Weather Prediction and Climate Studies, Cachoeira Paulista, Sao Paulo Brazil Km 40
[email protected]
The oceanic and atmospheric intraseasonal variability for the south hemisphere was studied analyzing the sea surface
temperature (SST), the flux of surface emergent outgoing longwave radiation (SOLR), the flux of surface shortwave radiation
(SSR), the latent heat flux (LH), the sensible heat flux (SH) and the zonal (U) and meridional (V) wind components. The results
demonstrated that even with the low correlation found between each of the intraseasonal anomaly temporal series, there is
a linear relation between the ocean and atmosphere in the temporal intraseasonal scale. The anomalies of the atmospheric
variables were filtered in the intraseasonal band using the Wheeler and Kiladis spectral filter. The Pacific-South American
(PSA) atmospheric pattern was chosen to identify the intraseasonal oscillations of the variables analyzed during the research.
The PSA (-6 to -14) and the long PSA (-10 to -1), which have different wave number, are both intraseasonal patterns that can
bring on intraseasonal variability on the anomalies of the studied variables. The PSA and long PSA that were filtered through
the SOLR and SSR, that are the major components of energy exchanged between the ocean and atmosphere, presenting the
largest correlations on almost all the spatial scales analyzed.
Historical Coastline Development and Hydrodynamics and associated

Impacts on coastal Habitats in Singapore
Precht, Elimar*1, Nhung Nguyen2 and Jonas Brandi Mortensen1

1
2
DHI Water & Environment, 1 Cleantech Loop, #03-05 CleanTech One, Singapore 637141
National Biodiversity Centre, National Park Board, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore 259569
[email protected]
Singapores geographical shape has changed substantially over the past decades due to reclamation and coastal development.
Land reclamation alongside the development of Singapore into the worlds busiest port has also caused substantial changes
to the seascape, hydrodynamic regime, and coastal habitat distribution in the waters around Singapore. For the last decade,
reclamation and the state of the coastal and marine environment in Singapore have been well documented, monitored and
managed. However, data on coastal works before the 1990s, which caused substantial changes in Singapores seascape,
are much less readily available. The paper presents the changes in coastline and bathymetry in Singapore that have been
reconstructed based on historical topographic maps, navigational charts, and satellite imagery. The hydrodynamic conditions in
the past are modelled to assess changes in the flow patterns, which affect sedimentology, ecology and habitat distribution. This
delivers a pre-development baseline from the early 20th century. Using this baseline, numerical simulations using agent based
models (ABM) were conducted to study the coral larvae dispersal under past and present conditions. The results show that
locally, the flow patterns have changed substantially which impacts coral larvae dispersal and connectivity. Understanding the
original natural ecology and habitat distribution in Singapore has an important implication in coastal and marine environment,
especially in habitat restoration and rehabilitation efforts.

187
Reinventing residual reserves in Australian marine waters: ease of

establishment or need for protection?
Pressey, Bob*1, Rodolphe Devillers1,2, Graham Edgar3, Alana Grech1, John N Kittinger4,
Trevor J Ward5 and Reg Watson3
1
2
3
4
5
Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville Qld 4811
Department of Geography, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. Johns, NL, A1B3X9, Canada
Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-49, Hobart Tas 7001
Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Woods Institute for the Environment, 99 Pacific Street, Suite 555E, Monterey, CA 93940 USA
University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007
[email protected]
As systems of marine protected areas (MPAs) expand, there is a risk of their following the same pattern as protection on land.
Terrestrial protected areas tend to be residual or biased toward places that are remote or unpromising for extractive uses.
One of the resulting problems is that least protection is given to the species and ecosystems most exposed to threatening
processes. There are strong political motivations to establish residual reserves to minimize costs and conflict with users
of natural resources, and this works while progress can be sold in terms of square kilometres. We examined the extent to
which MPAs in Australia are residual both nationally and within the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) Marine Park. Nationally, the
recently announced Commonwealth marine reserves were strongly residual, making almost no difference to business as
usual. Underlying this result was the imperative to minimize costs, but without the spatial constraints of explicit objectives
for representing bioregions or key ecological features. The 2004 rezoning of the GBR was exemplary, and the potential for
residual protection was limited by representing a minimum percentage of finely subdivided bioregions; but within-bioregion
heterogeneity might have produced no-take zoning of areas unsuitable for trawling and also compositionally different from
trawled areas. We propose two ways to reduce the emerging residual tendency of MPAs: 1. Checks on the least-cost approach
to establishing MPAs to avoid perverse outcomes; and 2. More informative measures of, and targets for, MPAs related to
averting threats and minimizing loss of biodiversity.
Spatial abundance models confirm broad-scale declines in giant

cuttlefish density across northern Spencer Gulf, South Australia
Prowse, Thomas A. A.
The Environment Institute and School of Earth and Environmental Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
[email protected]
At Point Lowly in Northern Spencer Gulf (NSG), South Australia, Australian giant cuttlefish (Sepia apama) assemble in winter
to form the largest breeding aggregation known for any cephalopod species. Over the last decade fewer giant cuttlefish have
returned to reproduce which, together with genetic data suggesting the aggregation might comprise a discrete population, has
engendered concern that both a unique natural phenomenon and an entire population may be lost. I used trawl data collected
annually over 2000-2010 and Bayesian hierarchical models to investigate spatial and temporal variation in giant cuttlefish
abundance and the ability of commercial harvest data to predict the status of the population. I compared candidate aspatial
and spatial models using the deviance information criterion (DIC) and validated model predictions using an independent survey
of trawl by-catch from 2007. Conditional autoregressive (CAR) spatial models were selected and support a broad-scale decline
in S. apama abundance throughout NSG, particularly in the northern area surrounding the aggregation site. The decline could
not be attributed to climatic factors. Surprisingly, commercial S. apama harvest away from the aggregation site was the best
predictor of cuttlefish density in the following April. Further, vector autoregressions and Granger-causality tests using harvest
time series indicate that giant cuttlefish abundance throughout NSG drives that on the breeding grounds, not vice versa. These
results suggest that the aggregation site may be partially fed by spawning stock distributed throughout NSG. Consequently,
management interventions that focus solely on the breeding aggregation might not suffice to arrest the current population
decline.
188

Considering small macrofauna in biodiversity research: polychaetes of

the Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, Timor Sea
Przeslawski, Rachel*1, Chris Glasby2, Charlotte Watson2

1
2
Coastal Marine and Climate Change Group, Geoscience Australia, GPO Box 378, Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory, GPO Box 4646, Darwin NT 0801 Australia
[email protected]
Northern Australia has been the focus of recent marine biodiversity research to support resource management for both industry
and conservation. Much of this research has targeted habitat-forming sessile invertebrates and charismatic megafauna, but
smaller macrofauna and infauna must also be considered due to their important roles in ecosystem functions. In this study,
a Smith-McIntyre grab was used during two surveys of the Joseph Bonaparte Gulf in 2009 and 2010 to collect sediment
samples which were then elutriated over a 500m sieve. The associated polychaetes were identified to species-level. A total
of 2224 individual polychaetes were collected from 133 grabs and represent 43 families, including several new species, at
least one new genus (Pilargidae) and many new distribution records. Biodiversity patterns were also analysed according to
environmental and spatial factors (grain-size, carbonate, total organic content, depth, distance offshore) in order to inform
predictive models and further our understanding of ecosystem processes in the region. These patterns differ from those of
larger epifauna collected on the same surveys, highlighting the need to consider small macrofauna in biodiversity research and
associated marine management.
Sediment characteristics influencing benthic biodiversity across a

tropical sediment-starved shelf affected by seepage: Insights from
cluster analysis of baseline physical and geochemical variables
Radke, Lynda*1, Li, Jin1, Przeslawski, Rachel1, Douglas, Grant2, Nichol, Scott1, Siwabessy,
Justy1, Trafford, Janice1 and Whiteway, Tanya1
1
2
Coastal, Marine and Climate Change Group, Geoscience Australia, GPO Box 378, Canberra, ACT 2601
CSIRO Land & Water, Private Bag No.5, Wembley, WA 6913
[email protected]
Geoscience Australia undertook seabed mapping surveys in the eastern Bonaparte Gulf in 2009/2010 to deliver integrated
information relevant to marine biodiversity conservation and offshore infrastructure development. The survey objectives
were to characterise the physical, chemical and biological properties of the seabed, document potential geohazards and
identify unique or sensitive benthic habitats. Different clustering methods were applied to a 124 sample dataset comprising
74 physical and chemical variables which convey important baseline information about sediment sources, carbon reactivity/
redox and sedimentary environments. Results of the UPGMA clustering method were interpreted due to the high cophenetic
correlation (0.82), and these clusters discriminated infauna better than clusters based on geomorphology. Major geochemical
dimensions evident amongst clusters included grain-size and a cross-shelf transition from Mn and As enrichment (inner shelf)
to P enrichment (outer-shelf). Higher P was due to enhanced authigenic-P accumulation. Sponge/gorgonian occurrences were
constrained by low Nd/Sr (pointing to a diminishing terrestrial source) and relatively high 15N, and subsurface seepage was
shown to enhance the terrestrial (e.g. rare-earth element and Si) signature in outer-shelf sediments. Sponge-dominated
shallow bank/terrace clusters with abundant reactive organic matter differentiated on the basis of Si-Al relations (and redox).
These habitats shed materials to peripheral Gorgonian-dominated scree environments which had surface-area normalised
TOC concentrations that were elevated over usual continental shelf ranges. Trichodesmium were identified as an important
source of carbon to inner-shelf plains. Pair-wise ANOSIM results for infauna are brought together in a summary model which
highlights the influence of the clusters on benthic biodiversity.

189
Wave-driven exposure as a surrogate for benthic habitat distribution
Rattray, Alex*1, Daniel Ierodiaconou1, Jacquomo Monk1, Rozaimi Che Hasan2 and Tim
Womersley3
1
2
3
School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, P.O. Box 423, Warrnambool, Vic 3280
UTM Razak School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Water Technology, 15 Business Park Drive, Notting Hill, Vic 3168
[email protected]
Acoustic habitat mapping uses sonar-derived variables as proxies to describe the range of physical conditions that define the
realised niche and subsequent distribution of benthic assemblages. The role of wave exposure on habitat distribution is often
only indirectly considered through associations with water depth and seafloor aspect. In shallow coastal zones the effect of wave
energy is locally modified by factors such as coastline geometry and bottom topography. It is therefore unlikely that depth and
orientation of the seafloor are fully indicative of structuring effects of wave exposure on benthic communities. A spectral wave
model was developed for Cape Otway, the major coastal feature of western Victoria. Comparison of models implemented using
the Random Forests algorithm established that significantly more accurate estimations of habitat distribution were obtained
by including a fine-scale numerical wave model, extended to the seabed using linear wave theory, than by using acoustic
proxies alone. Variable importance measures showed that the exposure variable was most influential in discriminating habitat
classes containing the canopy forming kelp Ecklonia radiata. This study demonstrates that hydrodynamic models reflecting key
environmental drivers on wave exposed coastlines are important in determining distributions of benthic habitats.
Acoustic behaviour of pygmy blue whales migrating through a coastal

embayment with increasing human use; Geographe Bay, Western
Australia [Poster]
Recalde-Salas, Angela*, Chandra Salgado Kent, Sarah Marley and Robert McCauley
Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Curtin University, G.P.O. Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845
[email protected]
Studies undertaken on humpback whale communication indicate that vocalisation is important for functions such as
reproduction. Very little is known about pygmy blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus brevicauda) vocalisations, although a
study on the North-Pacific population suggests a reproductive song function. This study is the first to correlate East-Indian
Ocean pygmy blue whale vocalisations with group social structure as a step towards understanding vocal function in a coastal
embayment. Simultaneous land-based theodolite observations and underwater acoustic recordings were conducted in
Geographe Bay, Western Australia during November, 2011 and 2013. Observations reported on here only include groups of
confirmed group size/composition. Only one group at a time was detected in the study area, therefore, here we assume that
high signal:noise vocalisations were produced by the group observed in the study area (no multiple, simultaneous vocalisations
occurred). A total of 12 groups were tracked, 10 of which produced vocalizations. Non-vocalising groups included a cow-calf
pair and a solitary animal. Vocalisations occurred in the form of song, downsweeps, grunts and growls. All were produced by
groups with multiple adults and cow-calf-adults in the study area. If song truly has a reproductive function, the high proportion
of non-song vocalisations in Geographe Bay could have implications for how the bay is being used. This work is ongoing, with
long-term aims of understanding the context of pygmy blue whale vocalisation as a key component to understanding how
pygmy blue whales use their habitats, and how a changing acoustic environment in association with human use may influence
behaviour.
190

The effect of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations on salinity

tolerance in mangroves and implications for future distributions
Reef, Ruth*1, Klaus Winter2, Catherine Lovelock1

1
2
School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD 4072

Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
[email protected]
CO2 is at the heart of plant energy acquisition and as such elevated CO2 can have profound, generally positive, effects on plant
growth, physiology and survival. In coastal plants such as mangroves, where salinity inhibits growth, elevated CO2 could have
an additional beneficial effect on growth through the improvement of water use efficiency and the attainment of the extra
energy required to maintain turgor under saline conditions. In order to assess the effect of elevated CO2 on salinity tolerance
in mangroves we grew Avicennia germinans seedlings under a combination of 5 salinity (5, 20, 35, 50 and 65 ppt) and 3
atmospheric CO2 levels (280, 400 and 800 ppm) in CO2 controlled glasshouses. Elevated salinity had an expected negative
effect on mangrove growth and carbon assimilation, however CO2 did not significantly improve growth rates or photosynthetic
performance despite significant improvement in photosynthetic water use efficiency. Moreover, high rates of mortality were
recorded under elevated CO2 at low salinity levels. While elevated CO2 did not lead to the alleviation of salinity-inhibited
growth at high salinities, we did detect a shift in the salinity optima for growth, with the growth optimum achieved at higher
soil salinities with increasing atmospheric CO2. This will have significant effects on future mangrove distribution patterns.
Hervey Bay - A Low-Inflow Intermittent Hypersaline and Inverse

Coastal System
Ribbe, Joachim*1, Charles Lemckert2, Daniel Brieva1 and Johann Gustafson2

1
2
Australian Centre for Sustainable Catchments, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba Qld 4350
Griffith School of Engineering, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Qld 4215
[email protected]
Australias climate is one of the driest in the world. Year-to-year rainfall variability is high and prolonged drought conditions are
common. As a consequence, many estuaries and bays can be characterised as low inflow systems, often featuring hypersalinity
and inverse circulations. Examples of these are the Spencer Gulf, Shark Bay, many tropical estuaries during the dry season,
the hypersaline coastal waters of the Great Barrier Reef, and Hervey Bay on Queenslands south east coast. Hervey Bays
classification, as a low-inflow intermittent hypersaline and inverse system, is based on hydrographic surveys conducted from
2004 to 2008 and an analysis of the historical water balances. Hypersalinity is a climatological feature of this large bay and
its estuary and is not limited to the dry season of the year. Yet, significant storm events such as the high rainfall and river
runoff event during February 2013 erode the near shore hypersaline zone temporarily and in consequence, the bay and its
estuaries exhibit the features of a classical estuarine system. Simple analytical salt balances and complex three-dimensional
hydrodynamic modelling indicate that the physical system responds quickly in restoring prevailing pre-storm conditions and
without further significant freshwater input, hypersalinity rapidly returns. Data from an October 2013 and a February 2013
hydrographic survey will be discussed and new insight into the physical oceanography of the bay presented.
Plankton 2013: an assessment of Australias oceans using plankton as

ecosystem indicators
Richardson, Anthony J. 1,2,*, Wayne Rochester2, Graham Hosie3

1
2
3
CSIRO Wealth from Oceans Flagship, Division of Marine and Atmospheric Research, Dutton Park QLD 4102
Centre for Applications in Natural Resource Mathematics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072
Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities, Kingston, Tas 7050
[email protected]
Plankton 2013 is an inaugural assessment of the state of the oceans around Australia using plankton as indicators of
ecosystem change. It is based primarily on plankton data from the Australian Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS) and
supplemented by data from the SCAR Southern Ocean CPR Survey and historical plankton data. The aim of this assessment
is to provide ecosystem indicators for climate change, ocean acidification, productivity supporting fisheries, biodiversity, and
ecosystem health. It is hoped that Plankton 2013 will inform marine managers, scientists and the public of changes at the base
of the marine food web and their potential implications for higher trophic levels and ourselves. Here we describe the context
behind ecosystem assessment reports, summarise some of the findings from Plankton 2013, and suggest future pathways for
the evolution for this and similar ecosystem assessments.

191
Classifying and surveying continental shelf reefs of southeast

Queensland: Testing the utility of abiotic surrogates
Richmond, Sarah*1 and Tim Stevens1

1
Griffith University, School of Environment and Australian Rivers Institute, Gold Coast Campus, Qld 4222
[email protected]
Conservation and management of marine resources in waters beyond the practical reach of scuba diving is hampered by a
paucity of information regarding species distributions and the drivers for these. For example, biodiversity of reefal areas on
the continental shelf beyond 30m is generally poorly known, but with rapid advances in vessel positioning and echo-sounder
technology, can be accurately targeted and in places heavily exploited by commercial and recreational users. It is therefore
important to document patterns of biodiversity to support management initiatives, especially in the context of the recently
declared offshore MPAs. Using a suspended camera array this study surveyed and classified benthic assemblage structure
on inner continental shelf hard substrates of southeast Queensland across three depth categories from 30 to 70m. Five
distinct benthic assemblages were defined, and these were characterised primarily by abundances of gorgonians, sponges,
kelp, and urchins. Derived patterns of benthic assemblage structure were compared to abiotic surrogates, available at the
scales used in MPA planning. The best combination of abiotic surrogates had a relatively strong relationship with assemblage
structure (BIOENV R = 0.705), however errors of false homogeneity and false heterogeneity were also high (up to 48% and 84%
respectively); casting doubt on their utility for MPA design in this case. The results underline the limitations of using abiotic
variables for habitat mapping at the local scale, and the need for robust surveys to quantify patterns of biodiversity.
Beyond Methane: Analysis of the Diet of the Cold Seep Mussel

Bathymodiolus childressi using a Three Dimensional Model
Riekenberg, Philip*1, Carney, Robert2, Fry, Brian3

1
2
3
Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry Research, Southern Cross University, Military Road, Lismore NSW 2480
Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Nicholson Extension, Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Kessels Road, Nathan QLD 4111
[email protected]
The increasing availability of methods which allow for the simultaneous analysis of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur stable
isotopes has allowed for the development of three dimensional mixing models in order to calculate utilization of up to four
unique dietary resources for a population. This study utilizes two mixing models to analyze two separate large populations of
Bathymodiolus childressi, a methanotrophic cold seep mussel at two different sites in the Northern Gulf of Mexico, to estimate
both the stable isotope values for resources being utilized by the population and the relative utilization of those resources
within the population. The extreme differences in resource values between the two sites is an example of the heterogeneity
that is present in cold seep environments, but through the use of individual mixing models for each site, similar reliance upon
common resources is evident for both populations. The populations of both sites rely heavily on methane (50-70%), but also
utilize both sulfur oxidizing bacteria (20-30%) and phytoplankton (10-20%) in varying degrees with one site showing evidence
of heavy reliance (>60%) on sulfur oxidizing bacteria when methane is not available or limiting.
Patterns of genetic divergence and similarity within coral reef species

of the Indo-Pacific Ocean
Riginos, Cynthia
School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072
[email protected]
The greatest concentration of marine species on earth can be found in the coral reefs and shallow waters where the Indian
and Pacific Oceans intersect. Undoubtedly a key aspect of this mega biodiversity is the evolutionary dynamism of the region
and frequent sea level changes, particularly across the Sunda and Sahul continental shelves, have promoted opportunities
for divergence and speciation. Genetic surveys can clarify species boundaries and yield insights regarding the influence of
past events. Contemporary dispersal, however, can obscure the past creating distinct challenges for inferring biodiversitygenerating processes. Disentangling historic and present day dispersal patterns requires comprehensive geographic sampling,
however, the vast scale of the Indo-Pacific makes achieving this coverage extremely challenging. For example, genetic surveys
from Australian coral reefs have been poorly integrated with studies from other locations such that the affinities of Australian
populations within the broader region are generally unknown. I will discuss some of the emerging results from Indo-Pacific
studies with wide geographic coverage, especially with reference to populations from the Great Barrier Reef and Ningaloo.
I will also highlight the collective knowledge gaps and describe initiatives underway to facilitate international collaborative
studies that can provide the data to infer evolutionary and ecological processes over one of the most biodiverse regions on
earth.
192

Economic value of cyclonic storm-surge risk: a hedonic case study of

residential property in Exmouth, Western Australia
Roberts, Rebecca*1, Lynnath E. Beckley1 and Malcolm Tull2

1
2
School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150
School of Management & Governance, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150
[email protected]
Recent major natural disasters in Australia have highlighted how some of the economic costs of living in risk-prone areas
are borne by the rest of society. As it typifies expanding coastal development in areas prone to extreme weather events,
the town of Exmouth (NW Australia) was used to investigate economic strategies for coastal disaster risk reduction. Recent
marina development has amplified risk of storm-surge inundation, with a loss of disaster mitigating ecosystem functions,
and increased risk to previously unaffected areas. The extent to which risk perceptions of cyclonic storm-surge inundation
and flooding influenced the price buyers paid for residential property in Exmouth over the period 1988-2013 was examined
using a Hedonic Price Model. This incorporated dwelling variables, proximity to the coast, cyclone Vance storm-surge levels
and 1-in-100 year flood levels. The analysis indicated that prices did not reflect the real societal cost of risk. The overriding
positive influence of greater access to coastal amenity, lower sensitivity to potential risk amongst buyers at Exmouth or the
absence of a monetary signal of risk and its concomitant translation to economic behaviour, were indicated. To internalize
these costs, a mandatory private insurance scheme for high-risk properties, penalties for local councils undertaking new highrisk developments and a hybrid economic instrument aimed at correcting the market failure in coastal land is proposed. This
study is highly relevant in view of the expansion of industry along the coast of northern Australia and the predicted effects of
climate change on sea levels and extreme weather events.
The development of diagnostic assays for the detection of Zooplankton

Invertebrate Iridescent viruses in the mesozooplankton
Roennfeldt, Ruben-Lee*1, Nick Moody2, Hans Heine2, David Boyle2, Sandra Crameri2,
Andrew Leis2, Kerrie Swadling3, Ty Matthews1, Paul Jones1, Alex Hyatt2
1 School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, PO Box 423, Warrnambool, VIC 3280.
2 Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL), CSIRO Livestock Industries, Private Bag 24, Geelong, VIC 3220.
3 School of Zoology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 5, Hobart, TAS 7001.
[email protected]
Copepods are mesozooplankton with an important role in aquatic food webs globally, particularly in driving fisheries
recruitment and carbon cycling. Thus infectious diseases capable of reducing and suppressing their populations may have
far reaching effects. Zooplankton Invertebrate Iridescent virus (ZoopIIV) is an infectious virus that can cause such an impact.
ZoopIIV is a unique virus, first discovered in 2007 infecting the dominant estuarine copepod Gladioferens pectinatus (Brady)
from the Hopkins River in Victoria, Australia. Since the initial discovery, infections by ZoopIIVs have been observed in many
mesozooplankton populations, including those from marine and freshwater environments, locally and internationally. For the
identification of ZoopIIV within the mesozooplankton it is important to develop a range of sampling and diagnostic assays
including optical and real-time PCR assays for 1) detecting and monitoring the effects of ZoopIIV in dominant and ecologically
significant mesozooplankton and, 2) use in aquatic ecosystems. Our current work on co-development of optical and PCR assays
will be presented.

193
Testing the actual scheme of the marine bioregionalisation of Australia

using as Gastropods as a model fauna
Roman, Rodrigo*1, Ross Coleman1, Dieter Hochuli2 and Melanie Bishop3

1
2
3
Centre for Research on Ecological Impacts of Coastal Cities, Marine Ecology Lab A11, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006
Hochuli Lab, A08-Heydon-Laurence Building, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006
Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Macquarie University, Eastern Rd, North Ryde NSW 2109
[email protected]
Management of biodiversity for conservation often involves dividing the land/seascape into bioregions. For marine systems,
the boundaries of such bioregions are often determined using proxies or surrogates such as presence of seagrass or other types
of substratum. In the case of the designation of the Australian marine bioregions it is not known whether these boundaries
accurately predict real discontinuities in ecological assemblages. This research will address the issue by relating patterns in
diversity of gastropods with the location of bioregional boundaries. At twenty four locations a number of artificial units of
habitat (AUHs) were deployed as samplers in four bioregions in NSW, in the northern and centre areas of each bioregion, at
different spatial scale (location separated by 10 to 100 km, patches from 10 to 100 m and quadrats from 1 to 10 m). The test
of the hypotheses that bioregions differ was implemented using PERMANOVA. Initial analyses showed that the Hawkesbury
and Manning shelf bioregions actually support different assemblages but the discontinuities between assemblages may not
be consistent with the bioregional boundaries. Our results indicate that AUHs may be a reliable tool for marine conservation
planning.
Cockburn Sound, Western Australia: Moving beyond traditional

environmental risk a look at some case studies, climate change and
urban and industrial contaminant loads
Rose, Tom
PO Box 5161, Rockingham Beach, WA 6969
[email protected]
Cockburn Sound is a large southern metropolitan embayment in Perth Western Australia. It has one of Australias largest
heavy industrial areas and naval defense base and it is one of WAs most popular fishing and recreational areas in the State.
Beneficial and but often conflicting multiple use of the area is common. All of this now occurs with a background history of
massive seagrass loss and nutrient enrichment combined with a rapidly growing urban environment. The Cockburn Sound
Management Council (CSMC) was created in 2000 to better manage these conflicts and implement a nationally unique state
environmental policy to protect its remaining and surprisingly productive and resilient environmental values and assets. This
paper looks at environmental risk in light of two potentially large scale threats; climate change with sea level rise and warming
of water temperatures, and, the lack of a contemporary contaminant loads assessment. One can fundamentally change the
system over time through physical, ecological and productivity changes to the system while the other represents a more
immediate risk best understood on more traditional environmental and organisational grounds that could also significantly
change the ecosystem. Environmental risk, recent climate related vulnerability and contaminant load assessment studies are
presented to explore modern contemporary natural resource marine management in an urban and industrial setting.
Quantifying upwelling on the continental shelf of southeastern

Australia
Roughan, Moninya1, 2, Amandine Schaeffer1,2, Alessandra Mantovanelli1,3

1
2
3
Coastal and Regional Oceanography Lab, School of Mathematics, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052
Sydney Institute of Marine Science,
James Cook University
[email protected]
The shelf circulation along the coast of southeastern Australia is dominated by the East Australian Current (EAC) and its eddy
field. The plethora of new observations from the NSW-IMOS array has enabled us to thoroughly investigate the dominant
processes that drive upwelling and nutrient enrichment. The EAC has a significant impact on the shelf circulation with mean
poleward depth-integrated magnitudes of 0.35ms-1 and 0.15ms-1 on the shelf break upstream and downstream of the
separation point respectively. There is a clear response in velocity and temperature cross-shelf structure to both wind and
EAC intrusions, with a robust inverse relationship between the magnitude of the alongshelf current and bottom temperature
gradient. New HF Radar observations upstream of the EAC separation point, which are well correlated with moored surface
velocity observations and surface drifter trajectories, capture the evolution of small-scale cold-core eddies and billows on the
inshore edge of the EAC. Each of these processes draws nutrients into surface waters, which result in phytoplankton blooms,
as identified by glider observations and in situ measurements.
194

Variability in sediment organic carbon accrual in two estuarine

Posidonia australis meadows from south-western Australia
Rozaimi, Mohammad*1,2, Oscar Serrano1,3, Paul Lavery1

1
2
3
School of Natural Sciences & Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, Faculty of Computing, Health and Science, Edith Cowan University, 270
Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027
Selangor, Malaysia
Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009
[email protected]
Estuaries are known end-points for organic matter (OM) deposition. Since organic carbon (OC) is a constituent of OM, estuaries
are likely to accumulate OC facilitated by seagrasses through processes such as canopy trapping or from detrital input. This
accrual further depends on the amounts and carbon-richness of the buried OM. These two factors may vary between different
estuaries. To test this, three sediment cores from estuarine Posidonia australis meadows of Oyster Harbour and Waychinicup
(SW Australia) were compared. Oyster Harbour sediments had an OM content of 7.38 0.69% with a corresponding OC
content of 1.69 0.18%. Comparatively, Waychinicup sediments were significantly lower (p < 0.01) with an OM and OC content
of 4.17 0.23% and 1.12 0.14% respectively. Waychinicup had more carbon-rich OM (25.87% of OC to 74.13% of non-OC
matter by weight in the OM matrix) compared to Oyster Harbour (21.80% to 78.20%). 13C values of Oyster Harbour ranged
from -9.89 from the upper core levels and getting more negative towards the bottom levels at -23.01. Waychinicup had
values ranging from -13.35 to -20.17 from the upper to bottom levels of the core. Radiocarbon dating revealed a possible
massive erosional event in Waychinicup. This event, together with possible changes in the relative contributions of seagrasses
and other OM sources may explain significant differences in the OC accumulation of these two estuaries. These processes will
be discussed in the presentation.
Drivers of CO2 evasion and carbon transport in the Richmond river

estuary, northern NSW, Australia
Ruiz-Halpern, Sergio*1 Isaac Santos1, Damien Maher1 and Bradley Eyre1

1
Centre for coastal biogeochemistry research, Southern Cross Unversity. 1 MIlitary road, Lismore 2480, NSW. Australia
[email protected]
Drivers of CO2 evasion were investigated in the Richmond river estuary system, NSW, Australia. This area is characterized by the
presence of acid sulphate soils (ASS), which contain large amounts of carbon, both organic and inorganic, as well as nutrients
and metals. Following a flood event, enhanced runoff contributes a pulse of materials to the coastal ocean, and may contribute
a disproportionate amount of organic and inorganic carbon to coastal oceanic areas. In addition, drainage and canalization of
wetlands create preferential pathways with a further increase in the speed of surface and ground water discharge into rivers
and streams, delivering poorly processed DOM into stream waters and, finally, the ocean, with important consequences for
the biogeochemistry of coastal waters. Here, we investigate in a series of surveys along the swamp-estuary continuum, the
magnitude of CO2 evasion, environmental controls on this evasion and the quantity and quality (C:Nutrient) of land-derived
carbon contained in highly acidic low dissolved oxygen waters delivered to the coastal ocean.

195
The role of ocean dynamics in seagrass seed dispersal and recruitment

in Western Australia
Ruiz Montoya, Leonardo1,2,3 , Prof. Ryan Lowe1,3, Assoc. Prof. Kimberly Van Niel1, Prof.
Gary Kendrick2,3
1
2
3
School of Earth & Environment, University of Western Australia, M004 - 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009
School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009
The Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, M470 - 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009
[email protected]
Seagrasses provide numerous environmental services to coastal environments. Nonetheless, their decline over the last several
decades has rapidly accelerated. As marine angiosperms, seagrasses can reproduce both sexually via the dispersal of seeds,
as well as vegetatively through clonal growth. Sexual reproduction allows them to export seeds both outside the original
meadow and also to re-establish areas lost after disturbances. While the importance of sexual reproduction in seagrasses
is recognised, little is known quantitatively about the scales over which seagrasses can disperse and the role this plays in
maintaining and restoring seagrass populations. In this study, we investigated the physical properties of fruit and seeds of
Posidonia australis, a widely distributed species in temperate Australia. These physical properties (buoyancy, settling velocity
and resuspension characteristics) were quantified with different techniques, from image analysis using a settling tube, to
quantifying their transport in a flume. This has allowed us to identify thresholds and estimate movement of these fruit/seeds
according to the different forcing they experience in the natural environment. These properties were coupled with threedimensional hydrodynamic numerical model of the Perth coastal region to simulate the dispersal pathways of P. australis
and assess the connectivity of local populations. Results show that P. australis is capable of long distance dispersal (~90 km)
during its floating stage. This dispersal is heavily influenced by wind drag acting on the exposed (above water) portion of
the floating fruit, in addition to the wind-driven ocean circulation transport. This together produces persistent but spatially
variable northward dispersal patterns.
Productivity or consumption: which will dominate under future

conditions?
Russell, Bayden D.* and Sean D. Connell

Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005 Australia.
[email protected].
There is increasing evidence that future [CO2] and temperatures will cause an increase in the productivity and expansion
of ephemeral algal turfs. Yet the metabolic theory of ecology suggests that the molluscs which consume these turfs, being
ecotherms, should consume greater quantities under elevated temperatures, potentially countering the spread of turfs. In
contrast, ocean acidification is predicted to be detrimental to grazers, potentially decreasing their ability to consume turfs. To
tease these potentially opposing effects apart, we exposed both intertidal and subtidal gastropods to combined increases in
CO2 and temperature and quantified both their metabolic rate (O2 consumption) and the amount of algae that they consumed.
In contrast to predictions, elevated temperatures caused a decrease in the amount of algae consumed by grazers, which
was reduced even further when concurrently exposed to elevated CO2. Importantly, the mechanism for this decrease in
consumption was likely to be metabolic depression, even though grazers were well below their thermal limits. In regions where
the dominant grazers are molluscs, this result suggests that systems will have little inherent resistance against phase-shifts
which are facilitated by the expansion of fast growing algal species.
196

Carbon storage in seagrass meadows across gradients in water quality
Samper-Villarreal, Jimena*1 Peter Mumby1,2, Catherine E. Lovelock2, Megan Saunders1,3

1
2
3
Marine Spatial Ecology Lab, University of Queensland, St Lucia Qld 4072.

School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia Qld 4072.
Global Change Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072.
[email protected]
Seagrass meadows are highly productive coastal ecosystems, and are important carbon sinks. The carbon stored can be
autochthonous (from within the system) or allochthonous (from outside the system), as seagrass blades promote the settlement
of organic particles suspended in the water column. The role of ecological and environmental characteristics in determining
carbon content in seagrass sediments is unclear. The aim of this study was to relate carbon content in seagrass sediments
to seagrass structural complexity (cover, biomass, density, leaf area index and species diversity) and water quality (chl a,
nutrients and turbidity). Carbon content was expected to be highest at intermediate levels of both factors. Eleven seagrass
sites spanning a water quality gradient were sampled in June-July 2013 in Moreton Bay. Seagrass biomass and surface soil
cores were sampled. Sediment bulk density, grain size and carbon content were determined. As expected, carbon content was
highest at sites with intermediate water quality and high seagrass structural complexity. However, neither seagrasss structural
complexity nor water quality alone explained carbon content in seagrass sediments. Carbon content was lowest at sites of high
water quality and canopy complexity. Interestingly, sites of seagrass loss due to low water quality had similar or higher carbon
content than sites with high structural complexity and high water quality. Carbon content in seagrass sediments may be the
result of the balance between accumulation of autochthonous and allochthonous carbon, where maximum carbon contents
occur were seagrasses can thrive yet have inputs of allochthonous carbon.
Mapping indices of sensitivity for benthic species in Moreton Bay

Marine Park, Qld, Australia
Sanders, Chantel*1, Tim Stevens2 and Jan Warnken2

1
2
WorleyParsons, Collins Street, Melbourne Vic 3000

Griffith School of Environment and Australian Rivers Institute, Gold Coast campus, Griffith University, Qld 4222
[email protected]
Planning and design of Marine Protected Areas has become increasingly quantitative in recent years. Contemporary approaches
typically integrate layers of spatial information (e.g. biotope maps, critical habitats, patterns of existing use) to derive possible
best solutions to meet planning criteria, such as the CAR principles. Recent work has highlighted the need to include
information on the sensitivity and resilience of species and assemblages in the planning process. Such approaches rely on the
availability of source data at the requisite scale, and across the planning area; but often such data is patchy. We used distribution
data and life history attributes for 39 benthic taxa to derive interpolated layers of sensitivity to physical, chemical and biological
factors, which can be incorporated into quantitative, GIS-based MPA planning studies. Echinogorgia sp. was the most sensitive
species, ranking among the highest sensitive species for all three categories of factors. The areas found to be most sensitive
were south-east of Flat Rock, north of Mud Island, the area between Amity Banks and Moreton Banks, and the sand flats east
of Bribie Island. The study highlights the lack of species-specific sensitivity information for many benthic taxa; few studies look
specifically at the effects of various disturbances and the time taken for species to recover from them. We suggest that the
technique could be more widely applicable, and is potentially a valuable addition to the MPA designers toolbox.
Comparative seascape genetics and phylogeography of two high

dispersal invertebrates from southern Australia
Sandoval-Castillo, Jonathan*1, Peter Teske1, Jonathan M. Waters2 and Luciano B.

Beheregaray1
1
2
Molecular Ecology Lab, School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042
Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand 9016
[email protected]
The identification of large-scale biogeographic patterns contributes to our understanding of evolutionary and ecological
processes and provides an important framework for the conservation management of biodiversity. Most scientists recognise
three biogeographic provinces in Australian marine temperate waters. While some authors attribute patterns of marine
biological disjunction in southern Australia to historical events, others consider contemporary oceanographic and ecological
conditions as drivers of biodiversity structure. Here we use comparative seascape genetics and phylogeographic approaches
to clarify contemporary and historical patterns of connectivity and population structure in two abundant and high dispersal
intertidal molluscs found across the three biogeographic provinces from southern Australia: Nerita atramentosa and Siphonaria
diemenensis. Our comparative analyses are based on a codistributed sample of ~1500 individuals sampled from 32 sites and
on genetic data from 27 nuclear and mitochondrial DNA markers. Our results are discussed in relation to the contribution of
environmental variables (including fine-scale oceanography) and historical barriers to the inferred biogeographic patterns.
197
Seascape genomics of Roes abalone: a spatial analysis of adaptive

variation [Poster]
Sandoval-Castillo, Jonathan1, Nicholas Robinson2, Lachlan Strain3, Jamin Brown3,

Anthony Hart3, Luciano B. Beheregaray1
1
2
3
Molecular Ecology Lab, School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5042.
Nofima, PO Box 5010, N-1432 s, Norway
Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, PO Box 20, North Beach, WA 6920
Our knowledge about the interaction of natural selection and adaptive variation in marine populations is on its infancy.
Integration of ecological genomics and oceanographic datasets provides the means to elucidate the geographic distribution
of adaptive variation. Such information is particularly relevant for clarifying key marine ecological and evolutionary processes
as well as implementing conservation management and translocation programs. Here we report on preliminary results of
a seascape genomics project that uses the RAD-seq method in samples of Roes abalone (Haliotis roei) from the southwest
coast of Australia. The RAD-seq enabled the discovery and characterisation of tens of thousands SNPs (single nucleotide
polymorphisms) that can be used to scan the genome of abalone for adaptive variation. These results are discussed in the
context of local oceanography, topography and species biology, which will contribute to our understanding of the levels of
adaptive variation in a commercially important broadcast spawner.
Direct and indirect impacts of predicted sea level rise on seagrass
Saunders, Megan I*1, Tom Baldock2, Christopher J Brown1, David P Callaghan2, Aliastair
Golshani2, Sarah Hamylton3, Javier Leon1,4, Catherine E Lovelock1,5, Mitchell B Lyons4,
Katherine R OBrien6, Peter J Mumby1,5, Stuart R Phinn1,4, Chris M Roelfsema4
1
2
3
4
5
6
Global Change Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia Qld 4072

School of Civil Engineering, University of Queensland, St Lucia Qld 4072
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522
School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, University of Queensland, St Lucia Qld 4072
School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia Qld 4072
School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, St Lucia Qld 4072
[email protected]
Sea level rise (SLR) of a meter or more by 2100 will alter the distribution and abundance of seagrasses via both direct and
indirect mechanisms. Seagrasses form extensive and highly productive meadows in shallow coastal seas supporting high
biodiversity, including economically valuable and threatened species. Unfortunately, their distribution and abundance has
declined rapidly worldwide due to a suite of anthropogenic stressors. We used field and modelling approaches to examine the
effects of multiple stressors on 2 representative seagrass habitats in Moreton Bay, Southeast Queensland, and Lizard Island,
Great Barrier Reef. First, we modelled interactive effects of predicted SLR, light, and land use on estuarine seagrass meadows
in the peri-urban embayment of Moreton Bay, SE Qld. The extent of seagrass suitable habitat was predicted to decline by
17% by 2100, but losses could be significantly reduced by improving water quality and facilitating invasion of inundated land
by allowing space for migration. Second, we modelled changes in wave energy distribution due to expected SLR in a linked
coral and seagrass ecosystem at Lizard Island. Distribution of seagrass was strongly indirectly influenced by the response of
the adjacent coral reef to SLR in a scenario where accretion of coral was severely compromised (e.g. warming, acidification,
overfishing), the seagrass was impacted by significantly higher wave stress. Management to maintain coral health will therefore
also benefit seagrasses subject to SLR in coral reef environments. Further disentangling direct and indirect effects of climate
change on seagrass will be necessary to inform management of valuable coastal ecosystems.
198

High metabolic diversity of heterotrophic bacteria in Western

Australian sub-surface coastal seagrass sediments
Swstrm, Christin*1, Oscar Serrano1,2, Mohammad Rozaimi1,3 and Paul Lavery1

1
2
3
Centre For Marine Ecosystem Research, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup drive, Joondalup, WA 6027 Australia
Selangor, Malaysia
[email protected]
Coastal ecosystems, such as seagrass meadows, play an important role in the cycling of carbon as they are active sites for
transport, transformation and sequestration of considerable amounts of carbon in subsurface sediments (recently dubbed
as blue carbon). The bacterial communities in these sediments are responsible for the mineralisation and processing of a
variety of organic carbon compounds. We obtained subsurface sediment cores, 1 m long, from a Posidonia sinuosa and a P.
australis meadow in Western Australia. The metabolic diversity of heterotrophic bacteria was analysed with BIOLOG ECOplates
and identified high metabolic diversity in both sediment cores. Principal component analyses showed a clear depth variation
in substrate usage in the relatively organic-poor (mean of 7.3% OM) P. sinuosa sediment core but not in the organic-rich (mean
of 13.1% OM) P. australis core. Furthermore, there was a high usage of carbohydrates in the uppermost layer of the P. sinuosa
core whereas in the P. australis core we found a high response to carboxylic acids. Overall, our results show that there are
distinctly different functional bacterial communities in the sediment cores from the two meadows. This suggests that type and
amount of organic carbon compounds determines the heterotrophic bacterial community structure within the sediment and
can potentially influence the final amount of carbon that could potentially be locked up in our coastal sediments.
Mixed-stock analysis of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae)

on Antarctic feeding grounds
Schmitt, Natalie T.1,12, Michael C. Double1, Scott Baker2,8, Nick Gales1, Simon
Childerhouse1,8, Andrea M. Polanowski1,3, Debbie Steel2, Renee Albertson2, Carlos
Olavarra4, Claire Garrigue5,8, Michael Poole6,8, Nan Hauser7,8, Rochelle Constantine8,9,
David Paton8,10, Curt S. Jenner11, Simon N. Jarman3, Rod Peakall12
1 Australian Marine Mammal Centre Science, Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Queensland 7050, Australia
2 Marine Mammal Institute and the Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, 2030 SE Marine Science Dr, Newport Oregon
97365 USA
3 Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Tas 7050, Australia
4 School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
5 Opration Ctacs, BP 12827, 98802 Nouma, Nouvelle-Caldonie
6 Marine Mammal Research Program, BP 698, 98728 Maharepa, Moorea, French Polynesia
7 Cook Islands Whale Research, P.O Box 3069, Avarua, Rarotonga, Cook Islands
8 South Pacific Whale Research Consortium, P.O Box 3069, Avarua, Rarotonga, Cook Islands
9 The Oceania Project, P.O Box 646, Byron Bay, NSW 2481, Australia
10 Centre for Whale Research (Western Australia), PO Box 1622, Fremantle, Western Australia 6959, Australia
11 Blue Planet Marine, P.O Box 919 Jamison Centre, 2614, ACT Australia
12 Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
[email protected]
In understanding the impact of commercial whaling, an important gap in knowledge is estimating the mixing of low latitude
breeding populations on Antarctic feeding grounds, particularly the endangered humpback whale populations of Oceania.
Here we estimated the degree of genetic differentiation among the putative populations of Oceania (New Caledonia, Tonga,
the Cook Islands and French Polynesia) and Australia (western australia and eastern Australia) using ten microsatellite loci and
mtDNA, 2) determined ways we could improve the statistical power of our data for MSA for future studies, and 3) estimated
the population composition of Antarctic samples collected in 2010 south of New Zealand and eastern Australia. Breeding
ground sample size was found to be a key factor influencing the accuracy of population reapportionment whereas increasing
the mixture or feeding ground sample size improved the precision of results. The MSA of our Antarctic samples revealed
substantial contributions from both eastern Australia (53.2%, 6.8% SE) and New Caledonia (43.7%, 5.5% SE) [with Oceania
contributing 46.8% (5.9% SE)] but not western Australia. Despite the need for more samples to improve estimates of population
allocation, our study strengthens the emerging genetic and non-genetic evidence that Antarctic waters south of New Zealand
and eastern Australia is utilized by humpback whales from both eastern Australia and the more vulnerable breeding population
of New Caledonia, representing Oceania.

199
Projecting the trajectories of climate niches for the global network of

marine protected areas
Schoeman, David*1, Mike Burrows2, Anthony Richardson3,4, Elvira Poloczanska3, Carlos

Duarte5, John Pandolfi6, Chris Brown7, Thomas Schlacher1, Rod Connolly8, Katherine
Yates9 and NCEAS Marine Impacts of Climate Change Working Group
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Faculty of Science, Health & Education, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore QLD 4558 Australia
Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll, PA37 1QA, UK
Climate Adaptation Flagship, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Ecosciences Precinct, GPO Box 2583, Brisbane, Queensland 4102
School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
The UWA Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, WA, Australia
Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia,
Queensland 4072, Australia.
Global Change Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
Australian Rivers Institute and School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
School of Environmental Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
[email protected]
Marine protected areas (MPAs) represent a mature approach for conserving biodiversity, but a major weakness remains: MPAs
tend to be static through time, rendering them potentially vulnerable to climate change. Here, we characterise some aspects
of this vulnerability on the basis of climate-change velocity. Specifically, we use sea-surface temperature (SST) projections from
general circulation models under selected representative concentration pathways to assess the residence times of SST within
the global network of MPAs over the next 50 and 100 years. We also map the spatial trajectories of corresponding thermal
niches over these time frames, illustrating how MPAs would need to move if they were to track SST. Results indicate that
temperatures in tropical and mid- to high-latitude boreal MPAs have very short residence times, and that thermal niches tend
to move rapidly polewards. In the Southern Hemisphere, patterns are complicated by the presence of large areas of cooling,
which generate equatorward shifts in thermal niches. Importantly thermal niches for coastal MPAs facing polewards generally
shift seaward into deeper waters, while those of MPAs on equator-facing coasts tend to move landward, often disappearing
entirely. By contrast, thermal niches of MPAs on east and west coasts tend to shift polewards along the continental shelf.
Each of these generalities suggests different challenges and opportunities for long-term marine conservation plans. Additional
complexities are, nevertheless, indicated by corresponding analyses of surface pH, which often shifts in the opposite direction
from temperature. This emphasises the importance of incorporating spatial and temporal dynamism into MPA networks.
Fine-scale habitat variability affects fish community structure in

unconsolidated habitats of a subtropical marine park
Schultz, Arthur L.1,3, Hamish A. Malcolm2, Daniel J. Bucher3 and Stephen D. A. Smith1,3
1
2
3
National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Charlesworth Bay, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia.
Aquatic Ecosystem Research, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia.
Marine Ecology Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales
Australia.
[email protected]
In the Solitary Islands Marine Park (SIMP), New South Wales, approximately 80% of the seafloor is occupied by unconsolidated
sediments. However few studies have examined fish assemblages in these habitats. Studies of depth-related patterns of fish
assemblages identified a potential effect of sediment type: this study further explores this relationship. Baited Underwater
Video Stations (BRUVS) were deployed in each of four habitat types identified from multi-beam swath mapping backscatter
imagery dark coarse grained substrata, dark lenses, fine sands and fine sands with complex bathymetry. Sediments
were characterised at each site by conducting granulometric analysis of samples collected using a van-Veen grab. There was
a strong pattern in fish assemblage structure in relation to habitat type, and distinct assemblages were seen between the
two gravel habitats and the two fine sand habitats. Species richness in gravel habitats was almost twice that of fine sand
habitats, and six species were recorded in the dark lens habitat that were not recorded in any other habitat. Of the different
granulometric measures, fish assemblages were most strongly correlated with a combination of median grain size, percentage
of sand and arithmetic sorting. The current Habitat Classification System for the SIMP uses depth (shallow, intermediate and
deep) and habitat type (unconsolidated or hard substrata) as criteria for conservation planning. This study suggests that further
division of unconsolidated habitats into gravel and fine sand categories may be required if the aim of incorporating a truly
representative range of biotic assemblages in protected zones is to be met.
200

Coccolithophorid blooms at elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide

levels: indications from the SOPRAN Bergen 2011 mesocosm study
Schulz, Kai G.1,2, Richard G. J. Bellerby3,4, Rafael Bermdez1, Jan Bdenbender1, Tim
Boxhammer1, Jan Czerny1, Anja Engel1, Sarah Febiri1, Andrea Ludwig1, Michael
Meyerhfer1, Aud Larsen5, Allanah Paul1, Michael Sswat1, and Ulf Riebesell1
1
2
3
4
5
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, DsternbrookerWeg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry, School of Environmental Science and Management, Southern Cross University, P.O. Box 157, Lismore, NSW
2480, Australia
Uni Research AS, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Allgaten 55, 5007 Bergen, Norway
Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Regional Office Bergen, Thormhlensgate 53 D, N-5006 Bergen, Norway
Uni Environment, Uni Research, Bergen, Norway
[email protected]
Increasing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), caused by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels, are
driving climate change but also affect the oceans. Here, increasing levels of CO2 are decreasing pH and carbonate saturation
states, termed ocean acidification. Coccolithophores, marine calcifying phytoplankton, are key drivers of global carbon cycling,
especially as calcium carbonate is known to act as ballast for the otherwise slowly sinking organic material, thus impacting
marine export production. Calcification rates of several coccolithophores have been found to be negatively influenced by
ocean acidification in various laboratory studies. Understanding how this might impact future ecosystem functioning and
biogeochemical element cycling is crucial. Here we report on a mesocosm CO2 perturbation study in the framework of SOPRAN
carried out in Bergen, Norway, at a time at which blooms of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi occur naturally. Increasing
CO2 levels impacted phytoplankton community composition, favouring especially chlorophytes and cyanobacteria, while
haptophytes, especially Emiliania huxleyi, were negatively affected. Changes in community composition were also directly
reflected in particulate organic matter dynamics. Declining coccolithophore abundance/production and formation of ballasting
calcite could have significant impacts for future carbon cycling by decreasing marine export production, with the potential to
feed back to climate.
Influence of water depth on C stocks, accumulation rates and origin in

seagrass meadows
Serrano, Oscar*1,2, Paul Lavery1, Mohammad Rozaimi1,3, Miguel Angel Mateo4

1
2
3
4
School of Natural Sciences, Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup WA 6027
Selangor, Malaysia
Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Blanes, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientficas. Acceso a la Cala St. Francesc, 14. 17300 Blanes, Girona,
Spain
[email protected]
The recent focus on carbon pricing has increased interest in the carbon sequestered by coastal ecosystems. Seagrasses have
large carbon storage potential because they can form biogenic reefs of senescent plant tissues and sediments under anoxia,
generating peat-like deposits. However, previous estimates of seagrass carbon sequestration are derived from studies in
shallow meadows and the inability to include the variability in carbon storage along depth distribution of seagrasses may have
led to over-estimates of global C stocks. This study is pioneering in determining depth-related changes in carbon sequestration
and origins in seagrass meadows. We surveyed 4 cores (up to 1.4 m long) along a depth gradient in a continuous Posidonia
sinuosa meadow at Garden Island, Western Australia (at 2, 4, 6 and 8 m depth) and one core in un-vegetated sediment as a
control to assess the significance of seagrass presence for C sequestration accounting. There was a 4-fold difference in the
organic carbon stocks along the depth gradient (7.4, 9.5, 3.2 and 2.4 kg Corg m-3 at 2, 4, 6 and 8 m depth, respectively), and up
to 12-fold difference between vegetated and unvegetated sediments. The stable carbon isotope signatures of the sedimentary
organic matter demonstrated the importance of sestonic inputs in un-vegetated sediments and in deeper meadows (-20 and
-18, respectively), while seagrass-derived organic matter constituted the main organic pool in shallow meadows (-12).
The results showed that depth can affect the amount and origin of C sequestered by seagrasses, possibly through its effects on
irradiance and hydrodynamics.

201
Carbon sequestration, stoichiometry and storage potential of

Australian coastal and marine ecosystems* [Poster]
CSIRO Marine and Coastal Carbon Biogeochemistry Cluster* WP1

Serrano, Oscar*1,2, Daniel Alongi3, Ariane Arias4, Nagur Cherukuru5, Rod Connolly6,
Carlos Duarte2, Alba Esteban1, Bradley Eyre7, Phillip Ford5, Jordi Garcia-Orellana4,
Pauline Grierson8, Matthew Hayes9, Mohammad Rozaimi1,10, Gary Kendrick2, Anthony
Larkum11, Paul Lavery1, Shing Yip Lee6, Catherine Lovelock9, Peter Macreadie11, Nuria
Marba12, Pere Masque4, Ines Mazarrasa12, Hamish McGowan13, Kadija Oubelkheir14,
Katherina Petrou11, Peter Ralph11, Alistar Robertson2, Jimena Samper-Villarreal9,
Christian Sanders7, Megan Saunders15, Grzegorz Skrzypek8, Andy Steven14, Bronte
Tilbrook16, and Lindsay Trott3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
School of Natural Sciences, Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup WA 6027
Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville MC, Queensland 4810
Departament de F sica, Institut de Cincia i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autnoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
CSIRO Land and Water, GPO Box 1666, Canberra 2601
School of Environment, and Australian Rivers Institute, Coast and Estuaries. Gold Coast campus, Griffith University, Queensland 4222
Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry, Southern Cross University, P.O. Box 157, Lismore 2480
West Australian Biogeochemistry Centre and Ecosystem Research Group, School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling
Highway, Crawley6009
The School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072
Selangor, Malaysia
Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123 Broadway, Sydney 2007
Department of Global Change Research, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB) Institut Mediterrani dEstudis Avanats, Miquel Marqus 21, 07190 Esporles, Spain
Climate Research Group, School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072
CSIRO Land and Water, Eco-sciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Queensland 4102
Global Change Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072
CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Battery Point, Gold Coast, Queensland 7004
[email protected]
The in situ accumulation of large quantities of biogenic materials in vegetated ecosystems such as seagrasses, mangroves,
and salt marshes over millennia is of ecological relevance as these deposits can act as biogeochemical sinks and paleoenvironmental archives. Even though coastal vegetated ecosystems occupy only two percent of the seabed area, these systems
significantly contribute to the long-term carbon sequestration in the sediment. However, the amount of carbon sequestered
by these ecosystems has been inadequately examined, and has now become an active area of research. There isconsiderable
interest in quantifying the capacity of the worlds ecosystems totrap and store carbon, as this can offsetanthropogenic carbon
emissions into theatmosphere. The CSIRO Coastal Carbon Cluster Project is quantifying carbon storage in Australian coastal
ecosystems andtheir potential to offset CO2loading. This research is fundamentally important to national and global carbon
accounting, and will allow for the testing and validation of current estimates of CO2capturein coastal vegetated ecosystems.
The initial stage of the CSIROs Coastal Carbon Cluster WP1 (started in February 2013) will produce datasets compiling existing
data (literature review and unpublished results). The WP1 team is working together to conduct several field surveys across
contrasting Australian coastal habitats (seagrasses, mangroves and salt marshes) to assess (a) C, N and P burial rates, stocks
and exchanges; (b) characteristic isotopic signatures of organic carbon and carbonates; and (c) C:N:P stoichiometry of organic
matter in living biomass and sedimentary deposits across these habitats.
202

A Responsible Stocking Program for Eastern King Prawns (Penaeus

plebejus)
Setio, Christopher
Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052
[email protected]
Eastern king prawns support an important commercial fishery in NSW ($35M p.a.), and are a popular target species for anglers
along the east coast of Australia. With potential for over-exploitation and recruitment limitation in this species, estuarine stock
enhancement is being investigated as a management strategy. A collaborative project with Victoria DPI is investigating whether
stocking a small ICOLL can enhance a popular recreational fishery. Lake Tyers (Victoria) was cut off from the ocean (June 2013),
and, without stocking, there would be very few prawns for the 2013/14 recreational fishery. Optimising stocking is the key
concern of this project, and three quantitative approaches are being averaged to estimate ecologically-responsible stocking
densities: 1) availability of habitat; 2) historical adult densities; and 3) a productivity/bioenergetics approach. Lake Tyers has
an estimated 592,500 m2 adult and 143,800 m2 nursery habitat, which can be stocked with 1.7 million and 3.3 million prawns,
respectively. A stable isotope analysis showed the prawns in Lake Tyers may not be an important prey item for the bream and
flathead, as was originally suspected. Analysis also reveals that a prawns diet is mostly seagrass and epiphytes. Combining this
information with bioenergetic experiment revealed that 1.5-2.5 million prawns could be stocked. In February 2013, 300,000
post larval prawns were stocked into Lake Tyers, with another 1,000,000 planned for the end of 2013. Key considerations now
are monitoring the growth and abundance of stocked prawns, and how best to evaluate the success of the stocking (and the
accuracy of our predictions).
Behavioral flexibility as an evolutionary adaptation to dampen the

effects of environmental stress
Seuront, Laurent*1,2,3,4 and H. Eugene Stanley4

1
2
3
4
School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, SA5001, Adelaide, Australia

South Australian Research and Development Institute, Aquatic Sciences, SA5022, West Beach, Australia
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8187 LOG, 62930 Wimereux, France
Center for Polymer Studies, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston MA 02215, USA
[email protected]
There is increasing evidence for the complexity of behavioural display in both pelagic and benthic organisms. This includes
a range of models of foraging (e.g. Brownian motion, correlated random walk, fractional Brownian motion, and Lvy flights
and Lvy walks); their biological and ecological pertinence and even reality has, however, been widely and wildly debated
in the literature over the last decade based on both theoretical and empirical considerations arguments. We will first briefly
provide a general framework to non-ambiguously quantitatively assess both the geometric and stochastic nature of any motion
behaviour. This will be illustrated using empirical data from a range of copepod (Temora longicornis, Acartia clausi, Centropages
typicus, Paracalanus parvus, Pseudocalanus elongatus) and cladoceran (Daphnia pulicaria, D. pulex, Daphniopsis australis)
species, and intertidal gastropods (Nerita atramentosa, Dicathais orbita, Austrocochlea constricta) under a range of biotic and
abiotic conditions. We will further show how the changes observed in the geometric and stochastic properties of their foraging
behaviour as a response to anthropogenically-driven stressors (e.g. hydrocarbon contaminations) and hydroclimatically-driven
stressors (temperature, salinity, pH) allow these organisms to maintain their fitness despite apparent a priori detrimental
changes in their remote sensing abilities, metabolic rates and feeding rates. It will be further discussed how these behavioural
changes can be seen as an evolutionary advantage to adapt to the alterations of their surrounding environment, a critical issue
in an era of global change.

203
Marine microbial ecology: From drops of seawater to ocean basins
Seymour, Justin R
Plant Functional Biology & Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology, Sydney, GPO Box 123, Broadway, 2007, NSW
[email protected]
Microorganisms form the foundation of the marine food-web and are the engine-room for the oceans biogeochemical cycles.
As a consequence, these microbial communities influence the productivity of fisheries and govern the ocean to atmosphere
exchange of climatically important gases. The ecological and biogeographical dynamics of these important marine microbial
populations are controlled by diverse biotic and abiotic process operating over a continuum of spatiotemporal scales. Our work
has shown that large-scale oceanographic features, including currents and eddies, govern the composition and functionality
of microbial assemblages across regional scales. At these large-scales, we have observed recurring biogeographic patterns,
which are often linked to specific physicochemical characteristics of the environment. However, from the perspective of an
individual microbe, these large-scale environmental gradients are inconsequential. The world experienced by a marine microbe
is defined within a single drop of seawater. Surprisingly, at this microbial scale physical and chemical gradients are often
more pronounced than over regional scales. Our work has demonstrated that the behavior of marine microbes is adapted
to exploit this patchy microscale seascape, and that this leads to both spatial partitioning of marine microbial populations at
sub-millimetre scales, and enhanced rates of chemical cycling in the ocean. Our new insights into the environmental processes
shaping the composition, function and activity of marine microbial populations, at both the very small scales of microbial
interactions and the larger scales of oceanographic processes, is fundamentally important for ultimately understanding the
over-all function of the ocean, both now and in a climate change influenced future.
Opportunities and constraints on the revitalisation of mangrove

ecosystems in the Pacific
Sheaves, Marcus*1 and Ross Johnston1

1
Estuary and Tidal Wetland Ecosystems Research Group, Centre for Tropical Water & Aquatic Ecosystem Research, School of Marine and Tropical
[email protected]
Mangroves are among the most valuable components of tropical coastal ecosystems. They are vital for coastal protection and
sediment stabilisation, among the most valuable areas for carbon sequestration, and support important fisheries by providing
critical habitat for a variety of juvenile and adult fish. Throughout Asia and the Pacific mangroves are vital contributors to
food security, with coastal populations heavily reliant on their productivity. Despite their importance, exponential population
increase and the continual push to resume coastal land are accelerating mangrove system degradation. Repair and revitalisation
of coastal ecosystems are increasingly seen as important strategies to bring back lost fisheries productivity, with large amounts
of aid money likely to flow into the Pacific over the next decade to support these endeavours. However, these efforts will fail
unless location- and context-specific understanding is built into planning. We compared opportunities and constraints on
repair and revitalisation in West New Britain to those in Vietnam and tropical Australia. The three situations are very different,
with varying levels and types of impacts, and differing limits on the types of repair that are possible and the types of repair
likely to provide the most robust outcomes. In addition, there are substantial differences in the relative value of directing
efforts to improve mangrove versus alternative habitats in the three areas, with very different adaptive solutions likely to be
most viable in each of the locations.
Jervis Bay: An Area of Significance for Southward Migrating Humpback

Whale Cow/Calf Pairs? [Poster]
Sheehan, Scott*1,2, Michelle Blewitt1, 3

1 Marine Mammal Research Unit, PO Box 117, Huskisson, Jervis Bay, NSW 2540
2 Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480
3 Cardno Ecology Lab, PO Box 19, St Leonards, NSW, 1590
[email protected]
Humpback whale fluke identification photographs were assessed using a regional catalogue collected between 2001 and 2010.
The photographic catalogue contains images from the northern and southern migrations, taken from five locations between
Eden NSW in the south to Hervey Bay Queensland in the north. This data suggests that the Jervis Bay NSW area offers a
sheltered environment for southward migrating humpback whales. From September to November each year, humpback whale
cow/calf pairs stay from one to twelve days, with an average of three days during peak season in mid-October. On October 18
2008, a cow/calf pair was recorded within Jervis Bay. Photographic images of the cow showed clear recognisable markings on
her fluke and behind the dorsal. Two years later, on October 18 2010, the same cow was resighted in the area accompanied by
a new calf and remained for at least three days suggesting short-term residency within Jervis Bay. This dataset offers further
information on the reproductive rate of an individual humpback whale. Furthermore, this suggests a possible preference for
Jervis Bay as a resting area for southward migrating humpback whale cow/calf pairs on east coast Australia, which warrants
future research to inform management decisions.
204

Investigating Impacts on macrofaunal Assemblages from Herbicide

Control of invasive Saltmarsh Grass Spartina anglica [Poster]
Shimeta, Jeff*, Lynnette Saint and Dayanthi Nugegoda

School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora Vic 3083
[email protected]
Spartina anglica is an invasive saltmarsh grass that engineers habitat and alters macrofaunal assemblages. The herbicide
Fusilade Forte is used in Victoria to control S. anglica, but its impacts on non-target species have not been investigated in
saltmarshes. We conducted a field experiment to determine impacts on macrofaunal invertebrates. In a BACI design, trial
plots were unsprayed or sprayed with Fusilade Forte or a mixture of Fusilade Forte and the adjuvant Hasten. Fusilade Forte
hydrolysed quickly and was undetectable in sediment after 2 weeks. It persisted in plant leaves up to 8 weeks, however,
and its breakdown products were detectable in leaves after 6 months (most concentrated in plots with Fusilade Forte and
Hasten). Macrofauna collected at 4 and 8 weeks post-spraying were compared with 2 baseline samples. Total macrofaunal
abundance, species richness, and species diversity were compared among treatments and times, and separate tests were
also run on molluscs, crustaceans and annelids. There were no significant effects from spraying with Fusilade Forte or from
the Fusilade Forte/Hasten mixture. Multivariate analyses of species assemblages showed no differences between treatments
or times. The rapid hydrolysis of Fusilade Forte and lack of persistence in sediment may have minimised any potential impact
to the macrofauna by reducing their exposure. Nonsignificant trends (with low statistical power) were apparent, however, in
depletion of certain taxa (particularly annelids) in the Fusilade/Hasten plots. Further testing of Hasten alone and in conjunction
with Fusilade Forte is recommended to determine possible impacts on some invertebrates.
Development and characterization of microsatellite markers for

management and conservation of the New Zealand scallop
Silva, Catarina N. S.*1 and Jonathan P. A. Gardner1

1
School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6012, New Zealand.
[email protected]
The New Zealand scallop (Pecten novaezelandiae Reeve, 1852) is a highly valued endemic species that has been exploited for
over 40 years, supporting important commercial, recreational and customary fisheries. Sustainable scallop exploitation faces
several problems mainly because recruitment is highly variable and the processes that result in large periodic population
fluctuations are not understood. Thus, knowledge of population genetic structure and connectivity is needed to achieve suitable
management and conservation plans. As a result of being informative (highly polymorphic) and easy and cheap to develop,
microsatellites are currently the most popular and versatile DNA markers for stock assessment and connectivity applications.
To better understand the population genetics of P. novaezelandiae, 14 polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed
de novo using next-generation sequencing techniques and tested on tissue samples. A total of 315,404 reads were obtained
from an eighth-plate run on a 454 GS-FLX instrument and from these reads 448 di-, tri-, tetra- and pentanucleotide short
tandem repeats (STRs) with primers were identified. Of the 49 loci screened, 32 (65%) STRs were successfully amplified. The
success of management and conservation of marine resources relies on accurate stock identification. These 14 microsatellite
markers are currently being used for a stock assessment of the Coromandel fishery and to study genetic connectivity among P.
novaezelandiae populations around New Zealand.

205
Genetic connectivity among seagrass meadows (Posidonia australis)
Sinclair, Elizabeth*1, 2, Suzanna Evans3, Siegy Krauss 1, 2, and Gary Kendrick1, 4

1
2
3
4
School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6907

Botanic Gardens & Parks Authority, Fraser Avenue, West Perth WA 6005
Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2025
Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6907
[email protected]
Patterns of within and among population genetic structure in wide-ranging marine species can vary dramatically, even
chaotically. An understanding of spatial genetic structure is fundamental to conservation, management and restoration
activities, particularly when distributions are naturally fragmented or are becoming increasingly fragmented through
anthropogenic influences. Molecular markers (eg microsatellite DNA) are powerful tools to generate information on spatial
genetic structure that uniquely inform on the contribution of different historical (sea level changes, shelf width) and life history
traits (clonal versus sexual reproduction). Posidonia australis is present throughout the southern temperate waters of Australia
from Shark Bay in Western Australia to Wallis Lake in New South Wales including the north coast of Queensland and Bass Strait
islands. It is a foundation species in the inshore coastal and estuarine waters, providing vital ecosystem services (nutrient
cycling, food and habitat, sediment stabilization). Substantial declines in some seagrass meadows have occurred, and these are
largely correlated with the increasing human populations and pressures associated with them. We sampled and genotyped P.
australis meadows from across the range to examine clonal diversity, population genetic structure, and connectivity. Several
key results include: 1. west coast meadows have the highest level of diversity (A, Ho, MLGs), coinciding with high species
diversity; 2. a stark contrast in habitat and genetic structure between the east and west coast meadows; 3. extensive genetic
connectivity across southern and eastern Australia, with a distinct break at Cape Leeuwin, Western Australia; and 4. latitudinal
cline in diversity down the east coast.
Methodologies for quantitatively characterising seabed types from

acoustic and optical data
Siwabessy, P. Justy W.1*, James Daniell2, Jin Li1, Zhi Huang1, Scott L. Nichol1, Andrew D.
Heap1, Maggie Tran1
1
2
Coastal, Marine & Climate Change Group, Geoscience Australia, GPO Box 378, Canberra, ACT 2601
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811
[email protected]
Geoscience Australia (GA) has been developing an integrated methodology using multibeam bathymetry, backscatter data and
their derivatives together with geophysical data, sediment samples, biological specimens and underwater video/still footage
[to create seabed habitat maps]. This allows GA to provide spatial information about the physical and biological character
of the seabed to support management of the marine estate. The main advantage of using multibeam systems over other
techniques is that they provide spatially near-continuous data that can be related to physical samples and video observations.
Here we present results of a study that aims to reliably and repeatedly delineate hard and soft seabed substrates using
bathymetry, backscatter and their derivatives. Two independent approaches to the analysis of multibeam data are tested: (i) a
two-stage classification-based clustering method, based solely on acoustic backscatter angular response curves, used to derive
a substrate type map; (ii) a prediction-based classification produced using the Random Forest method based on bathymetry,
backscatter data and their derivatives, with support from video and sediment data. Data for the analysis were collected by
GA and the Australian Institute of Marine Science on the Van Diemen Rise in the Timor Sea using the vessel RV Solander. The
mapped area is characterised by carbonate banks, ridges and terraces that form hardground with patchy sediment cover, and
valleys and plains covered by muddy sediment. Results from the clustering method of hard and soft seabed types yielded
classification accuracies of 78-87% when evaluated against seabed types as observed in underwater video. The predictionbased approach achieved a classification accuracy of 92% based on 10-fold cross-validation. These results are consistent with
the current state of knowledge on geoacoustics. Patterns associated with geomorphic facies and biological categories are also
observed. These results demonstrate the utility of acoustic data to broadly and objectively characterise the seabed substrate
and thereby inform our understanding of the distribution of key habitat types.
206

A highly resolved 3D hydrodynamic and environmental model for the

Great Barrier Reef-eReefs [Poster]
CSIRO Environmental Modelling Group (Skerratt, Jenny*1, Mathieu Mongin1, Barbara

Robson1,2, Karen Wild-Allen1, Mark Baird1, Mike Herzfeld1, John Andrewartha1, Phil
Gillibrand1, Farhan Rizwi1, Nugzar Margvelashvili1)
1
2
CSIRO Division of Marine and Atmospheric Research, GPO Box 1538, Castray Esplanade, Gold Coast TAS 7001
CSIRO Division of Land and Water, Black Mountain ACT 2601
[email protected]
The GBR-eReefs project aims to link catchment models to three-dimensional receiving water quality models that encompass
the whole of the GBR at fine resolution. Our modelling suite includes a complex 3D hydrodynamic model linked with a wave
model, sediment model and a biogeochemical model and has been developed and applied in many Australian coastal waters
over the last twenty years including Moreton Bay, North West Shelf, Spencer Gulf, South east Queensland, Fitzroy Estuary and
Port Curtis. In several places the biogeochemical model has been used to simulate various management scenarios for possible
coastal futures as well as being used as a decision support tool for the placement of sampling sites. In these models we have
included industry, stormwater and waste water treatment plant nutrients to determine the effects these may have on the
coastal environments. Biogeochemical parameters include seagrass, macroalgae, a number of phytoplankton and zooplankton,
nutrients, detritus and microphytobenthos. The eReef model will include new processes such as Carbon chemistry, Corals,
Trichodesmium and improved seagrass and macroalgae models in order to better represent this unique world heritage system.
For further details and real time hydrodynamic modelling of eReefs see www.emg.cmar.csiro.au.
Modelling Lyngbya majuscula within a complex biogeochemical model

[Poster]
Skerratt Jennifer*, Mathieu Mongin, John Parslow, Ian Jameson

CSIRO Division of Marine and Atmospheric Research, GPO Box 1538, Castray Esplanade, Gold Coast TAS 7001
[email protected]
Lyngbya majuscula is a filamentous cyanobacteria that causes extensive and problematic blooms in many areas of the world. The
blooms degrade the health of seagrass and cause fish kills and human health problems. Due to the significance of its ecological
impact and the continuing presence of this cyanobacteria in Moreton Bay QLD we incorporated a simple growth model of this
cyanobacteria as an individual species into a large highly resolved 3D water quality model. We attempt to represent Lyngbya
growth, and its contribution to nitrogen fixation. We include improved temperature and salinity relationships modelled on
observations for this species and an improved representation of nitrogen fixation.
A shelf scale hydrodynamic model for the Pilbara, Western Australia
Slawinski, Dirk*1, Frank Colberg2 and Ming Feng1

1
2
CSIRO, Private Bag 5, Wembley, WA 6913.

CSIRO, Private Bag 1, Aspendale, VIC 3196
[email protected]
The Pilbara region of Western Australia is an area of economical and ecological interest. It is coastally dominated by tides, eg:
8m at Port Headland, which drive strong tidal currents and recirculation around islands. Seasonally, starting in autumn, the
shelf following Holloway Current influences the area bringing Indonesian waters past the region. This connects more tropical
regions with the Pilbara coast oceanographically and potentially biologically. Many coastal species have small and restricted
ranges while others are ubiquitous. The region is both physically and biologically complex with many confounding interactions.
Focusing on the ecological importance of the region and the potential impacts due to economic interests a multidisciplinary
and multi-organizational investigation has commenced requiring field, lab and modeling work. The recent Pilbara Integrated
Marine Observing System (IMOS) moorings are used to validate a regional hydrodynamic model for this project. The basis is a
Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) hydrodynamic model with 30 terrain following layers and 440 x 191 cells nominally
2km x 2km in area. We present an application of the IMOS Pilbara mooring line in validating the shelf scale hydrodynamic
model. We will show model results compared with observational data (ADCP derived currents and thermistor temperature
fields) at moored and coastal stations. An assessment of the model results will be presented to indicate its fitness for use. The
model incorporates particle tracking which is necessary in identifying the coastal connectivity of the Pilbara coast. We will also
present preliminary results showing potential connectivity along the Pilbara coast.

207
Designing Recreational Fishing Surveys to Inform Management at

Diverse Spatial and Temporal Scales: case studies from Western
Australia
Smallwood, Claire*, Karina Ryan, Eva Lai, Norm Hall, Brent Wise and Dan Gaughan
Department of Fisheries, Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, PO Box 20, North Beach, Western Australia 6920
[email protected]
Recreational fishing is a popular activity undertaken from numerous platforms, and at diverse spatial and temporal scales.
These characteristics make it challenging to collect representative data on fishing catch and effort in a cost-effective manner. In
Western Australia, these challenges are enhanced due to the diversity of ecosystems, species and fishing practices found along
the 12,800km coastline. A variety of on-site and off-site survey techniques are therefore required to provide information at
different scales to inform management. Case studies from Western Australia illustrate how this has been achieved. An off-site
phone-diary survey conducted in 2011/12 generated estimates of catch for boat-based recreational fishing at state-wide and
bioregional scales. On-site creel surveys are able to provide boat-based catch and effort data at bioregion and subregion scales
as demonstrated in the Gascoyne Coast bioregion in 1998/99 and 2007/08 and, for the Ningaloo subregion in 2013. Aerial
surveys can obtain information on localised fishing activity throughout large study areas. This technique was used successfully
in Carnarvon and Shark Bay during 2013 to calculate recreational shore-based fishing effort and map the spatial distribution
of shore-based fishers; highlighting strong links to type of fishing platform. Cameras operate at single, fixed locations, and, the
data from cameras installed at 12 boat ramps in 2011/12 highlighted the diurnal variation in boating activity across a 24-hr
day. Combining these techniques provides for a comprehensive understanding of recreational fishing in Western Australia with
outcomes that contribute to the sustainable management of fisheries resources.
Ecosystem modelling in the southern Benguela: comparisons of

Atlantis, Ecopath with Ecosim, and OSMOSE under fishing scenarios
Smith, Michael D.*1, Elizabeth A. Fulton2, Robert W. Day1, Lynne J. Shannon3, Yunne-Jai
Shin3,4
1
2
3
4
Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria

CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Hobart, Tasmania
Marine Research Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Western Cape, South Africa
Institut de Recherche pour le Dveloppement, CRH, Research Unit EME (UMR 212), avenue Jean Monnet, BP 171, 34203 Ste cedex, France
[email protected]
Ecosystem-based management of marine fisheries requires the use of simulation modelling to investigate the system-level
impact of candidate fisheries management strategies. However, testing of fundamental assumptions such as system structure
or process formulations is rarely done. In this study, we compare the output of three different ecosystem models (Atlantis,
Ecopath with Ecosim, and OSMOSE) applied to the same ecosystem (the southern Benguela). We subjected the models to two
contrasting fishing pressure scenarios, applying high fishing pressure to either small pelagic fish or to adult hake. We compared
the resulting model behaviour at a system level, and also at the level of model groups. We analysed the outputs in terms of
various commonly-used ecosystem indicators, and found some similarities in the overall behaviour of the models, despite
major differences in model formulation and assumptions. Direction of change in system-level indicators was consistent for
all models under the hake pressure scenario, although discrepancies emerged under the small pelagic fish scenario. Studying
biomass response of individual model groups was key to understanding more integrated system-level metrics. All three models
are based on existing knowledge of the system, and the convergence of model results increases confidence in the robustness
of the model outputs. Points of divergence in the model results suggest important areas of future study. The use of feeding
guilds to provide indicators for fish species at an aggregated level was explored, and proved to be an interesting alternative to
aggregation by trophic level.
208

Population structure and connectivity of Zostera nigricaulis in Port

Phillip Bay
Smith, Timothy*1, Paul York1, Craig Sherman1, Peter Macreadie2, Michael Keough3, Jeff
Ross4
1
2
3
4
Centre for Integrated Ecology, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Vic, 3216
School of the Environment, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007
Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, 3010
Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas, 7001
[email protected]
Genetic connectivity between populations can lead to greater levels of resilience through increased genetic diversity and
continuous recruitment from outside sources. Seagrasses have the potential to reproduce sexually and asexually, and populations
can display complex genetic patterns that reflect the varying contributions of seeds and clonal growth. Understanding the
relative importance of these two modes of reproduction to levels of genotypic diversity within and among seagrass meadows
is crucial for identifying populations at risk and will allow for better management strategies that aim to maintain and maximise
genetic diversity. The seagrass Zostera nigricaulis forms extensive, yet distinct meadows within different regions of Port Phillip
Bay, Victoria. We developed microsatellite markers for Z. nigricaulis to assess the genetic structure of populations within Port
Phillip Bay and the contribution of different modes of reproduction to population structure. Samples were collected using a
hierarchical design from 15 local populations around Port Phillip Bay. Genetic structure, genotypic diversity and connectivity
were assessed within and among seagrass meadows over a range of spatial scales (10s m, 100s m, 10s km) using nine
microsatellite loci. Preliminary results show that multiple clones occur within Port Phillip Bay and populations do not consist of
a single clone. Although seagrasses are thought to be largely clonal and rely on vegetative methods of reproduction, our results
suggest that genotypic diversity is maintained in some populations via sexual reproduction, although asexual reproduction still
makes a significant contribution in these populations.
Effect of extreme weather of 2011 on dugong distribution and

fecundity on urban coast of Queensland
Sobtzick, Susan1,2, Rie Hagihara*1, Alana Grech3, Helene Marsh1

1
2
3
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville QLD 4811
Centre for Tropical Water & Aquatic Ecosystem Research, James Cook University, Townsville QLD 4811
ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville QLD 4811
[email protected]
An aerial survey for dugongs along the urban coast of Queensland was conducted as part of a 25-year time series to determine
the overall response of local populations to the severe weather events of early 2011. The estimated total number of dugongs
in Moreton Bay plus Hervey Bay was very similar to the combined estimates for 2005. Estimates for the Southern Great Barrier
Reef Region (GBR) were the lowest since surveys began in 1986. These patterns were confirmed by statistical analyses of
changes in dugong density with time. The proportions of calves in both Hervey Bay and Moreton Bay were within the range
expected for normal conditions while no calves were seen in the Southern GBR. These responses reflected the long-term
status of seagrass in dugong habitats; seagrass meadows in the Southern GBR had been in a poor condition for several years.
To increase the resilience of dugongs in this region to extreme weather events, we recommend the following initiatives to
reduce anthropogenic impacts: (a) increasing the proportions of high and very high density dugong habitats in Moreton Bay
and Hervey Bay that are zoned to protect dugongs for vessel strike; (b) regional zoning of the East Coast Inshore Finfish Fishery
to enable fishing practices to be tailored to individual areas to minimise their interactions with dugongs; (c) re-establishment
of a regional Indigenous Council to co-ordinate the responses of Traditional Owners to extreme weather events in their Sea
Country, and (d) fewer, well-managed mega-ports along the GBR coast.

209
Marine protected areas alter fish community trophic structure: a global

analysis
Soler, German1*, Stuart Campbell2, David Galvan5, Colin Buxton1, Neville Barrett1,
Terrence Dawson3, Ant Bernard4, Russell Thomson1, Rick Stuart-Smith1 & Graham
Edgar1
1
2
3
4
5
Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, TAS 7001.
Wildlife Conservation Society, Indonesia Marine Program, Jl. Burangrang No. 18, Bogor Jawa Barat 16151, Indonesia Geography
School of the Environment, University of Dundee, Perth Rd, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK
Endangered Wildlife Trust, South Africa
Centro Nacional Patagnico CONICET Blvd Brown 2915 (9120) - Puerto Madryn - Chubut - Argentina
[email protected]
The effects of protection from fishing on fish trophic structure were assessed on a global scale using a dataset covering 79
MPAs, obtained through the Reef Life Survey program (www.reeflifesurvey.com). The biomass of higher carnivores, benthic
carnivores, planktivores and herbivores in both no take and restricted (certain fishing practices allowed) MPA zones were
higher than in adjacent open access areas. Differences in trophic group biomass ranged from 29 to 135% higher in no take
and restricted zones compared to nearby open access sites. Three of the four trophic groups also showed significantly greater
biomass (from 52 to 101%) in restricted zones than in open access areas; the exception was benthic carnivores. The biomass of
the four trophic groups was also compared amongst young (<5 years since creation), medium (5 to 9 years) and old MPAs (> 10
years). MPA age had a significant effect on three of the four trophic groups; the exception was the planktivores. The biomass
for higher carnivores, benthic carnivores and herbivores in medium and old MPAs ranged from 40 to 152% greater than in
young MPAs. Previous studies have identified changes in fish trophic structure following protection of single MPAs; this study
supports the generality of such results, suggesting that MPAs generally have differential effects across trophic groups of fish
which change with time since protection.
Assembly processes at biogeographic transition zones in tropical-totemperate eastern Australia
Sommer Brigitte*1, Maria Beger2, Peter L. Harrison3, Russ C. Babcock4, John M. Pandolfi1
1
Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane
QLD 4072 Australia
2 ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, The Ecology Centre, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane
QLD 4072 Australia
3 Marine Ecology Research Centre, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW 2480 Australia
4 CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Dutton Park QLD 4102 Australia
[email protected]
Understanding how and why ecological communities vary along spatial and environmental gradients is critically important to
predicting how they may respond to climate change, and for their management and conservation. Biogeographic transition
zones, in particular, are projected to undergo multidimensional changes, both through altered environmental conditions and
shifts in the distribution of organisms. The ambient energy hypothesis postulates that patterns in species distribution and
abundance are linked to available energy. Here we test this hypothesis for benthic communities in the tropical-to-temperate
transition zone in eastern Australia (2554S to 3248S), where tropical, subtropical and temperate taxa overlap and corals
occur at the margins of their ranges. We quantify variation in species abundance distribution along the latitudinal and
environmental gradients and demonstrate systematic spatial variation in community structure. High-latitude reefs are typified
by widely distributed, generalist, stress-tolerant coral species. Although over 80% of coral species recorded in the study region
are tropical, their contribution to overall abundance in the region is limited, as they are generally narrowly distributed and rare,
except at northerly locations. This highlights interspecific differences and species interactions with the environment as key
drivers of community organisation in biogeographic transition zones. Close coupling between patterns in community structure
and gradients of available energy supports the ambient energy hypothesis and suggests that benthic communities in the
tropical-to-temperate transition zone will be sensitive to climate change. Our findings enable predictions of how communities
may respond to projected change and inform spatial management, marine reserve planning and policy-making under climate
change.
210

Ecological redundancy and extreme generalism in Antarctic coastal

foodwebs
Stark, Jonathan S.*1, Glenn Dunshea2, Chris Gillies3, Glenn Johnstone1.

1
2
3
Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Hwy, Kingston, Tas, 7050.

Ecological Marine Services, PO Box 197, Fremantle WA 6959
Earthwatch, 126 Bank Street, South Melbourne, VIC 3205
[email protected]
Antarctic coastal foodwebs were studied using gut contents analysis, stable isotopes and DNA-based diet techniques, providing
trophic data over different timescales, resulting in the most comprehensive description of these foodwebs yet undertaken.
Stable isotope (SI) analysis revealed Antarctic nearshore foodwebs were of comparable trophic length and complexity to other
nearshore foodwebs. Carbon signatures were distinct between different communities of primary producers and macroalgae was
a major carbon source along with phytoplankton but sea ice algae was less important than expected. Molecular analysis of the
diets of large benthic predators (fish, starfish, molluscs) via pyrosequencing showed a range of ecological niches from extreme
generalist to specialised diets. Generalists displayed a diverse diet with plasticity prevalent in abundant predators, possibly
reflecting an advantageous foraging strategy given the ephemeral nature of primary production in this ecosystem. Network
analysis indicated connectivity among generalist predator diets at relatively few prey taxa. One of the main predators in coastal
ecosystems, the fish Trematomus bernachii, showed evidence of spatial differences in diet relating to differing availability of
prey items over a regional scale. DNA-based diet techniques employed on generalist predators such as T. bernachii also showed
potential as a tool for regional scale biodiversity assessment in some instances prey records extend range information of
prey species and potentially diversity within wider groups at certain sites. This latter application has considerable potential
to complement existing biodiversity sampling techniques for the study of ecosystems, like the Antarctic nearshore, that are
difficult to sample by other means.
A systems approach to seedling establishment in degraded seagrass

ecosystems for managing recruitment bottlenecks
Statton, John1*, Gary Kendrick1, Carlos Duarte1, Robert Orth2, Kingsley Dixon3, David
Merritt3
1
2
3
School of Plant Biology and UWA Oceans Institute, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009,
Western Australia
Virginia Institute of Marine Science, The College of William and Mary Gloucester Point, VA, United States
Kings Park and Botanic Garden, Fraser Ave, West Perth, 6005, Western Australia
[email protected]
Life-cycle population models have been valuable in the development of restoration theory and practice of terrestrial species.
In particular models allow the quantification of early life-stage transitions from seed, to germinant, to emerged seedling,
identifying which of these transitions are the most limiting in plant recruitment. Armed with this knowledge terrestrial
restoration practitioners can target those life-stage transitions most responsive to management. However, only recently have
marine ecologists accepted the importance of early life-history components in seagrass in an otherwise clonal dominated
existence, dispelling the long-standing paradigm that seed contribution to bed dynamics and recovery after disturbance is
negligible. As a result, detailed early life-history demographic studies are rarely developed or understood for seagrasses. That
limits our ability to understand recruitment bottlenecks. To tackle this problem and to move seagrass restoration to a level
observed in terrestrial ecosystems we propose a demographic approach adopted from terrestrial models. We develop our
demographic models for two species with contrasting life-histories; Posidonia australis (direct-developing seed) and Halophila
ovalis (seed dormancy) within an integrated framework, here referred to as a systems approach, mobilizing science and
technology to attack this complex, large-scale problem in an objective, logical, adaptive and integrated manner. Preliminary
results for P. australis suggest the transition from a seed-dependent seedling to a seed-independent seedling is a major
recruitment bottleneck and coincides with winter storm events. It is here that management will likely be most effective and
we reveal some newly developed techniques and strategies to overcome this barrier for improved seedling establishment.

211
Global diversity in reef fishes: latitudinal patterns in evenness alter

richness-based hotspots of species and functional diversity
Stuart-Smith, Rick*1, Jonathan Lefcheck2, Amanda Bates1, Sue Baker3, Russell Thomson1,
Jemina Stuart-Smith1, Nicole Hill1, Emmett Duffy2, Stuart Kininmonth4, Laura Airoldi5,
Mikel Becerro6, Stuart Campbell7, Terrence Dawson8, Sergio Navarrete9, German
Soler1, Elisabeth Strain5, Trevor Willis10, Graham Edgar1.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
University of Tasmania, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Private Bag 49, Hobart, TAS 7001.
Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Biological Sciences, Andrews Hall 332, P.O. Box 1346 Gloucester Pt., VA 23062-1346, USA
University of Tasmania, School of Plant Science, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
Stockholm University, Stockholm Resilience Centre, Krftriket 2B, SE-114 19, Stockholm, Sweden
Universit di Bologna, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali, Via San Alberto, Ravenna 1631-48123, Italy
Natural Products and Agrobiology Institute (IPNA-CSIC), Avda Astrofsico Francisco Sanchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
Wildlife Conservation Society, Indonesia Marine Program, Jl. Atletik No. 8, Bogor Jawa Barat 16151, Indonesia
University of Dundee, School of the Environment, Perth Rd, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK
Universidad Catlica de Chile, Estacin Costera de Investigaciones Marinas & Center for Marine Conservation, Pontificia, Casilla 114-D, Santiago,
Chile
10 University of Portsmouth, Institute of Marine Sciences, Ferry Road, Eastney, Portsmouth PO4 9LY, UK
[email protected]
A tropical peak in species richness has been observed for most taxonomic groups studied, including fishes, and has been central
in our view of global biodiversity since the time of Darwin. But this view has been based on knowledge of only the richness
of biological communities, despite clear evidence in the field of experimental ecology that species identities and evenness
in abundance are critical determinants of the diversity-ecosystem function relationship. Thus, to translate our knowledge of
global diversity patterns to become more informative of ecological patterns and processes requires integration of information
on species identity (and functional traits) and evenness in abundance along with species richness. Using data obtained through
the Reef Life Survey program (www.reeflifesurvey.com), we undertook the first comprehensive global assessment of diversity
measures incorporating natural variation in abundances, based on standardised, quantitative surveys of marine fishes at 1,844
sites, spanning 133 degrees of latitude from all ocean basins. A global trend of increasing evenness in abundance of reef fishes
with latitude was discovered, which when incorporated into diversity measures, alters the locations of diversity hotspots.
When species diversity is abundance-weighted (Gini-Simpson Index), coral reef areas at ~20o north and south exhibit greater
diversity than equatorial coral reefs. When functional traits of species are considered, lower evenness in abundance means
that species-rich coral reef communities possess no greater functional diversity than temperate rocky reef communities,
despite containing more trait combinations. These findings change our understanding of global fish diversity, with implications
for management of ecosystem structure and function.
Use of Aerial Surveys for Assessing Impacts on the Near-shore

Distribution of Humpback Whales
Styan, Craig*1, Barry Shepherd2, Mike Mackie3, Ben Malseed3, Warren Chisholm2 and
Glen Dunshea4
1
2
3
4
School of Energy and Resources Australia, University College London, Torrens Building, 220 Victoria Square, Adelaide, SA, 5000
RPS Environment
Woodside Petroleum
Ecological Marine Services
[email protected]
Migrating humpback whales encounter oil and gas developments at a number of places along western coastline of Australia,
but there is little information about how such developments influence the way whales use near-shore areas. To date, we
know of no study that contrasts distributions of whales before and after developments are constructed. Here we describe
aerial surveys that provide baseline information that could be used to assess if an export LNG development proposed for
James Price Point in the Kimberly region affects the way whales utilise near-shore areas. Using four years of data from 200912, statistical power analyses have been done via simulations to assess the ability of future monitoring to detect potential
decreases in the residence time of whales if the development goes ahead or shifts offshore of whales from the project area.
Because of the greater effort involved, longer term (ongoing) monitoring will have greater power to detect changes than
immediate post-development surveys, but the latter should still detect relevant impacts. Generally, monitoring should have
good power to detect relatively small changes if effects are spatially widespread across the survey area, though spatially
restricted effects will be more difficult to detect. Alternative statistical designs used to test for changes will be discussed
along with potential approaches that could maximise the power of future monitoring and which might be adopted in similar
monitoring programmes elsewhere.
212

AMSA2013 PRESENTATION ABSTRACTS - Authors and Abstracts (alphabetically by author)
Anthropogenic modification in estuaries changes sediment microbial

community structure and function
Sun, Melanie Y*1,3, Katherine A Dafforn1, Mark V Brown1,2, Anthony A Chariton1,3, and
Emma L Johnston1
1
2
3
Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052
School of Biotechnology and Bimolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052
CSIRO Land and Water, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234
[email protected]
Microbes play an integral role in ecosystem function, performing essential biogeochemical transformations that drive ecological
processes. Sediment microbial communities exhibit great diversity in estuaries and include many relatively newly discovered
groups with largely unmapped functions. Since estuarine sediments are amongst the most susceptible environments to
anthropogenic contamination it is crucial that we understand the consequences for the resident microbial communities and
potential effects on ecosystem function. We collected sediment microbial DNA from multiple sites in eight estuaries along
the coastline of NSW experiencing differing degrees of anthropogenic modification. Bacterial 16S and eukaryotic 18S DNA
amplicons were sequenced by 454 ribosomal tag pyrosequencing (RTP) and used to investigate microbial community structure.
Changes in structure were compared to sediment measures including toxic contaminants (metals and PAHs), indicators of
organic enrichment (total organic carbon and chlorophyll-a) and grain size. Significant structural shifts were observed in
the microbial community that correlated most strongly with sediment metal concentrations and grain size. To investigate
the functional consequences of these structural changes, we used microarray analysis to compare the ammonia oxidation
potential of betaproteobacteria among samples. This revealed differences in the sediment ammonia oxidising community
among estuaries, which also correlated with differences in sediment metal and grain size properties. These findings suggest
that contaminants in human-modified estuaries influence overall sediment microbial community structure and could have
consequences for important biogeochemical transformations such as nitrification.
A novel, multi-trophic method for assessing water quality and

catchment health: The zooplankton size frequency distribution
Suthers*, Iain1, Jason Everett1,4, Emma Tang1, Jocelyn DelaCruz2 and Darren Ryder3
1
Australian Wetlands, Rivers and Landscapes Centre and Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental
Sciences, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052
2 Office of Environment and Heritage, Department of Premier and Cabinet, PO Box A290, Sydney South
3 School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of New England, NSW 2351
4 C3 - Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology, Sydney NSW 2007
[email protected]
Compared to traditional estuarine indicators such as seagrass and mangrove biomass, or chlorophyll-a concentration, the
use of zooplankton particle size distribution (NBSS) quantifies the abundance of more than one trophic level and therefore
integrates patchiness over a variety of scales. Zooplankton was collected every 1-2 months in the summer of 2011/2013
at 10 estuaries from 3 estuarine morphotypes (rivers, lakes and lagoons) in southeastern Australia. Estuaries were selected
from a gradient of Disturbance Index (DI) based on historical changes to nutrient loads. There were no significant differences
among estuaries in the slope and intercept of the NBSS or small sized zooplankton biomass due to temporal variability.
Significant differences among months were found for rivers in the NBSS slope, intercept and small sized zooplankton biomass.
Surprisingly no significant differences were found NBSS between lagoons with high and low DI, possibly due to their small size
and interaction with the benthos. Estuaries with a low DI had a steeper slope than those with a higher DI, suggesting greater
top-down regulation of zooplankton by predatory fish, or a greater production by small size zooplankton. A ratio of Chl a to
small sized zooplankton biomass was positively related to the independently estimated catchment disturbance index. Other
issues such as the occurrence of detrital particles; the use of other derived parameters (mean size and CV); and the use of new
technologies (the Laser Optical Plankton Counter and ZooScan) will be discussed.

213
Drivers of krill zoogeography in the Indian Ocean: the implications of

poleward flowing boundary currents
Sutton, Alicia*, Lynnath Beckley

School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150
[email protected]
With 86 species known worldwide, krill (Euphausiaceae) are an important link in marine food webs and are widespread in all
oceans. In the Indian Ocean, the first basin-wide investigation of krill zoogeography was conducted during the International
Indian Ocean Expedition (1962-65). Many subsequent plankton and micro-nekton studies conducted in the Indian Ocean over
the past five decades have been collated in a Geographical Information System to produce distribution maps of the 66 krill
species occurring throughout the basin. Species richness was greatest around the tropical and subtropical latitudes, with a
decline towards more temperate zones. This latitudinal trend has also been observed for krill in the Pacific Ocean (80 species)
and Atlantic Ocean (54 species). Through the availability of satellite imagery and Argo data, trends in krill zoogeography can
be correlated with broad-scale environmental factors to establish basin wide relationships. Factors such as sea temperature,
chlorophyll a, latitude and depth have been investigated for their potential influence on krill zoogeography. One of the features
that makes the Indian Ocean unique is the unusual presence of two poleward flowing boundary currents, the Agulhas Current
in the south-west and the Leeuwin Current in the south-east. Investigations into the Leeuwin Current krill community have
so far revealed 25 species of which Euphausia recurva, Pseudeuphausia latifrons and Stylocheiron carinatum are numerically
dominant. Both boundary currents are responsible for the expatriation of tropical marine species to more southern latitudes,
and appear to similarly influence zoogeographical patterns of krill within the Indian Ocean.
Australian marine zooplankton: a taxonomic guide and atlas
Swadling Kerrie M.*1, Anita Slotwinski2, Claire Davies2, Jason Beard1, A. David
McKinnon3, Frank Coman2, Nicole Murphy2, Mark Tonks2, Wayne Rochester2, Graham
W. Hosie4, Anthony J. Richardson2,5
1
2
3
4
5
Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000
Climate Adaptation Flagship, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Dutton Park QLD 4102
Australian Institute of Marine Science, P.M.B. No. 3, Townsville M.C., QLD 4810
Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities, Kingston, TAS 7050
Centre for Applications in Natural Resource Mathematics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072
[email protected]
Zooplankton constitute a fascinating, diverse and abundant group of animals living in water bodies throughout the world. They
encompass representatives of all the major invertebrate phyla, including some that can only be found in the plankton. Since
they are the principal diet of most larger pelagic animals, including commercially important fish, their study is essential for
forming a more complete understanding of the functioning of marine ecosystems. Identifying zooplankton can be a challenging
task as traditional keys have usually been designed for users with a high level of expertise. Our online guide allows users to
identify their specimen to major group and species level via an image-based key. We have focused on the holoplankton, as
the meroplankton cannot routinely be identified to species. Of the holoplankton, most of the sheets are on copepods, as
they are abundant, robust and are relatively well described. Descriptions include features that are identifiable using a good
dissecting microscope but not a compound microscope. Distribution maps were based on 89,327 positive occurrence records
for zooplankton species. Much of the data for zooplankton distribution maps are from two Integrated Marine Observing System
(IMOS) projects: the Australian Continuous Plankton Recorder survey (AusCPR) and the zooplankton component of the NRS
(National Reference Stations). These data were supplemented from the Australian Zooplankton Database containing historical
published and unpublished data.
214

Does warming seawater promote smaller size? A case study of the

temperate krill species Nyctiphanes australis [Poster]
Swadling Kerrie M.*1, Kate Picone1, Jason Beard1, Graham W. Hosie2

1 Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Queensland, Gold Coast, TAS 7000
2 Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities, Kingston, TAS 7050
[email protected]
It has been hypothesised that, along with species range expansions and shifts in key life cycle events, the third universal
ecological response to global warming is reduced body size. The temperature-size rule (TSR) contends that juveniles raised at
higher temperatures will grow into smaller adults than those reared at cooler temperatures. In temperate Australian waters
the krill Nyctiphanes australis occupies a key position in coastal food webs and is the major prey item of predators such as
jack mackerel, barracouda, mutton birds and pygmy blue whales. For krill collected from Storm Bay, Queensland, in 2009-10
we observed a decrease in length compared to krill collected from the same region between 1979 and 1981. Concomitantly,
SST were at least 1C warmer during 2009-10 than during 1979-80. There was an average decrease in length of ~5% for the
population, but this decrease was not uniform across the developmental stages. While adults showed the largest reduction
(~8%) in length, juvenile and larval stages were up to 6% smaller. Clearly this decreasing size could have important implications
for productivity in the region, and the phenomenon requires closer analysis. We will present a detailed examination of krill
lengths, size class distribution and abundance in association with water temperatures during the periods 1979-81 and 2009-12.
We will assess whether this decreasing size is unidirectional, or whether size is reset at the beginning of each generation and
then regulated by environmental temperatures experienced by that cohort.
Assessing the efficacy of past and current shoreline restoration

strategies on improving the condition of the near-shore zone of
Tuggerah Lakes
Swanson, Rebecca*, Renee Gruber, Angus Ferguson, Jaimie Potts, Kirsty Brennan and
Peter Scanes
Estuaries and Catchments Unit, NSW Office of Environment and Heritage, Department of Premier and Cabinet, PO Box A290, Sydney South, 1232.
[email protected]
Extensive urban development around Tuggerah Lakes has resulted in high nutrient loads flowing into the near-shore via a
multitude of stormwater drains. Nutrient-rich runoff is trapped by seagrass beds, extensive wrack accumulations (shed
seagrass leaves) and macroalgal blooms leading to black ooze formation, toxic sediment containing high concentrations of
sulfidic compounds. The Tuggerah Lakes Restoration Project (early 1990s) involved large-scale dredging of black ooze, degraded
sediments and seagrass beds from polluted and recreational areas, and the reclamation of ~30 m of foreshore at these sites
using ooze-laden spoil as landfill. A field survey found significantly less black ooze and degraded sediments at sites restored in
Tuggerah Lake compared to unrestored sites, with no difference between these sites in Budgewoi Lake and Lake Munmorah.
Aerial photography reveals the detrimental impacts to the lakes following the project, such as persistent sediment plumes,
macroalgal blooms and leaching of nutrient-laden water from reclaimed shores. Seagrass beds returned to pre-dredging levels
within 18 months. Recent shoreline restoration strategies include regrading modified shorelines and rehabilitating saltmarsh
habitat. Black ooze was not found at two rehabilitated saltmarsh sites but was found at control sites, however, large volumes
of degraded sediments were recorded at all sites. While past and current strategies have reduced the formation of black
ooze, huge volumes of severely degraded sediments persist in the near-shore zone of Tuggerah and Budgewoi Lakes. These
sediments could degenerate into black ooze if stormwater management, coupled with community education and behavioural
change are not made the highest priority.

215
Coastal eutrophication risk assessment tool to predict impacts of

nutrient and sediment loads on NSW coastal estuaries [Poster]
Swanson, Rebecca*1, Jocelyn Dela-Cruz1, Geoff Coade1, Brian Sanderson1, Mark

Littleboy2, Damian Clark3 and Peter Scanes1
1
2
3
Water Wetlands and Coasts Science, NSW Office of Environment and Heritage, PO Box A290, Sydney South, NSW 1232
Ecosystem Management Science, NSW Office of Environment and Heritage, PO Box 733, Queanbeyan, NSW 2620
Environmental Geoscience Division, Geoscience Australia, PO Box 378, Canberra, ACT 2601
[email protected]
Coastal Eutrophication Risk Assessment Tool or CERAT is a web-based interactive risk assessment tool that can be used to
identify and prioritise land use planning decisions to protect and preserve the health of estuaries in New South Wales. CERAT
consists of
a water quality database
contextual spatial information for the catchment or estuary and
a coupled series of catchment and estuary models for the main (184) estuaries in NSW.
The models can be used by non-technical users. They are built from readily available and/or routinely collected monitoring
data and information. The catchment models provide estimates of the amounts of nutrients and sediments exported from
land-based activities, such as urban development, deforestation and agriculture. The estuary models assess the potential
impact of these exports on the water quality, micro-algal biomass and seagrass abundance in the estuary. The outputs from
the models can be used to identify estuaries which are most vulnerable to impacts from land use change in catchments and,
therefore, at most risk to eutrophication. They provide a systematic and scientific basis for prioritising resources for monitoring
and mitigation of pollutant exports from the catchment. CERAT is available on the public OzCoasts website.
Carbon flux in Sydney Harbour Estuary during summer wet and dry
conditions
Tanner, Edwina*1, Bradley Eyre2, Sergio Ruiz Halpern2

1
2
University of Sydney Institute of Marine Science, The University of Sydney, City Road, Sydney NSW 2006
Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Military road, Lismore NSW
2480
[email protected]
The Sydney Harbour Estuary is one of Australias most modified urban estuaries with 77km of the 322km of coastline replaced
by rockwalls, marinas, piers and pontoons. Estuaries are areas of high carbon fixation and respiration with carbon budgets
being critical in determining the flow of energy and material within and between ecosystems (Maher and Eyre, 2011). These
flows provide an indicator of the overall health of the estuary. During two summer surveys CO2, temperature, salinity, pH,
oxygen and chlorophyll-a data were measured. Wet and dry conditions were captured to provide baseline information on the
carbon flux under these different regimes. The salinity gradient in the estuary shows the balance between the freshwater inflow
from the rivers, and the amount of rainfall and evaporation against the tidal inflow and outflow from the heads. During rain
events nutrient rich freshwater plumes are washed into the estuary through the creeks and storm water channels stimulating
biological production. As the freshwater plume makes its way to the sea it mixes along the way with the coastal marine waters.
The results of the data analysis demonstrate the interactions of the biological production with the carbon chemistry from the
freshwater to marine dominated ecosystem under wet and dry flow conditions.
Fifty Years of Change in Coral Assemblages at Heron Island
Tanner, Jason E.*

SARDI Aquatic Sciences, PO Box 120, Henley Beach, SA 5022
[email protected].
Despite major changes in the physical environment that led to complete loss of all corals on a section of the northern reef
crest at Heron Island, the coral assemblage has returned to a remarkably similar composition to that first documented in the
1960s. Differences between the start and end of the study period are entirely due to differences within genera, with analyses
at the genus level showing an identical composition between the two time periods. Not only has the community composition
recovered, but so have population size structures. It has, however, taken 40 years of consistent recovery for total cover to also
return to what it was prior to the 1972 cyclone that altered drainage patterns on the reef and caused the drying that resulted
in the original loss of all corals. In contrast, the south reef crest has shown a consistent and sustained change, which appears
to have been brought about by the invasion of the fragmenting Acropora pulchra, which has grown upwards to the point
that it is no longer able to survive. Corals on the southern reef flat have declined precipitously, and this area is instead now
dominated by macroalgae.
216

To control or to conserve: can genetic methods distinguish between

native and introduced populations of a marine founder disperser?
Teske, Peter*, Beheregaray, Luciano

Molecular Ecology Lab, School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5042, Adelaide, South Australia.
[email protected]
Genetic methods offer great potential to investigate the introduced vs. native status of species whose taxonomy is poorly
resolved or that occur in regions for which historical distribution records are scant. Introduced species typically have low
genetic diversity and a brief evolutionary history that can be traced back to a small number of colonisers. However, the same
genetic signatures are expected in natural populations of founder dispersers, i.e. species with low dispersal potential that
establish themselves in new or recently depleted habitats by means of a few founder individuals, and that subsequently
exchange few migrants with other populations. The sea squirt Pyura doppelgangera is believed to be native to Queensland,
but it has also been reported from South Australia, Victoria and New Zealand. We explore the suitability of a number of genetic
approaches to determine whether the non-Queenslandn populations have been recently introduced.
Exploring the symbiotic interactions between bacteria and marine

invertebrates and macroalgae with omic technologies
Thomas, Torsten
School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences & Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052,
Australia
[email protected]
Bacteria form symbiotic relationships with higher marine organisms, such as macroalgae or sponges. Due to the difficulty of
culturing symbiotic bacteria, much of the ecological interactions between symbionts and host have remained obscured. Recent
developments in DNA sequencing and -omics technologies (metagenomics to metaproteomics) have paved the way to define
the phylogenetic and functional composition of host-associated bacterial communities to an unprecedented level of detail.
Here I will present three studies on how these -omics technologies have helped to reveal ecological insight into host-microbe
systems.Firstly, metagenomic analysis of microbial community associated with the seaweed Ulva australis show that functional
genes, rather than organismal phylogeny determines community composition. This observation is consistent with the lottery
hypothesis previously postulated for coral reef fish. Secondly, metagenomic analysis of sponge-associated communities from
temperate and tropical waters showed that microbial communities have functionally converged through different evolutionary
routes and that symbionts have acquired gene functions from their host to mediate symbiotic interactions. And thirdly, through
controlled temperature experiments and metaproteogenomic analysis we could show that symbionts and host progress
through a transitional phase prior to breakdown of symbiosis. This transitional phase is characterised by a stress state in both
the symbionts and the host and a loss of function that are thought to be important for maintaining symbiotic interactions.
Together our results support the model that microorganisms and marine host form essential, associational units (holobiont),
and that health and function of marine invertebrates and macroalgae cant be understood without considering their microbial
symbionts.
The quest: building an observing system to support long term

ecosystem management
Thompson, Peter1*, Keith Hayes2, Russ Babcock3, Russ Bradford1, Wayne Rochester3,
Jason Hartog1
1
2
3
CSIRO, Marine and Atmospheric Research, Hobart, Tas, 7000

CSIRO, Mathematical and Information Sciences, Hobart, Tas, 7000
CSIRO, Marine and Atmospheric Research, Brisbane, Queensland, 4001
[email protected]
Not very long ago monitoring became profoundly unpopular and then, much to the surprise of some scientists, time series
data were found to provided significant insights into global ecosystem functioning. It is increasingly accepted that sustained
environmental observations at the correct frequency and made at appropriate spatial scales give us the best measure of an
ecosystems current status. Arguably they provide the most robust predictors of its future status especially when combined
with validated, mechanistic models. Given that our capacity to impact ecosystems has grown from local to global over the last
~10,000 years there is a strong case for managing ecosystems at both larger spatial scales and over longer time frames. This
will require sustained observations of an appropriate set of variables at correct time and space scales. In this presentation we
will consider the various conceptual frameworks for sustained ocean observations and briefly compare progress in identifying
a set of essential ocean variables in the climate/oceanography sector, with similar attempts in biological domains. We will
also describe possible pathways to a list of nationally agreed biodiversity variables that balance our unique national needs with
those of the international community. Together we need to address the challenge of designing a sustained observing system
with high information content and long term sustainability; or high value for money.
217
Reconstructing historical reference conditions for the Queensland pink

snapper (Pagrus auratus) fishery
Thurstan, Ruth H*, Sarah M. Buckley, John M. Pandolfi

School of Biological Sciences and ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, University of Queensland, Hawken Drive, St Lucia, Qld 4072.
[email protected]
Pink snapper (Pagrus auratus) is an iconic species throughout much of sub-tropical and temperate Australia, and has a long
history as both a recreational and commercially targeted fishery in southeast Queensland. In 2009, results of a stock assessment
raised concerns for the fisherys long-term sustainability. The stock assessment used the year 1945 as a historical reference
point for the early fishery, yet in reality, snapper were being targeted many decades prior to this. This project reconstructs the
history of the Queensland pink snapper fishery from the 1870s to the present day, using data gathered from early newspaper
reports, scientific surveys, personal logbooks and interviews with contemporary fishers. We compare these multiple sources
of data by constructing a proxy of abundance, catch rate, which extends over a period of 140 years and thus can be compared
to contemporary commercial catch and effort data (collected since 1988). Our findings indicate that catch rates of Queensland
pink snapper have declined throughout the 20th century and to a greater extent than is shown by contemporary fisheries data
alone. These data extend the current state of knowledge and provide a picture of the changing conditions of the snapper fishery
since the late 19th century. By developing historical reference conditions for the snapper fishery and proxies of abundance that
allow us to compare changes over time, we will provide essential data for future stock assessment models and a broader
understanding of how historical data can be successfully integrated into contemporary fisheries management.
Seagrass resilience to industry and cyclones: a ten-year insight, Gulf of

Carpentaria
Toki, Beth*
BMT WBM, Level 8, 200 Creek Street, Brisbane, 4000.
[email protected]
Ecological monitoring of the response of a seagrass community to pressures related to the local mining industry (i.e. dredging,
heavy metal inputs) and extreme natural disturbances, such as tropical cyclones, has been undertaken since 2003. Given the
likelihood of regular large-scale natural disturbance events, there is some concern as to the capacity of the local seagrass
community to withstand the potential cumulative effects of anthropogenic stressors. Mindful of this risk, the surveys
commissioned by the mine aim to provide long term records and documentation of seagrass assemblages in the vicinity of
mine operations, in order to aid the identification of anthropogenic effects and guide strategic implementation of adaptive
management procedures as required. Surveys were generally undertaken on an annual basis, and primarily utilised boatbased video surveillance at approximately 100 putative impact sites. Most recently, the surveys have been expanded to also
include approximately 100 reference sites which, given their remote location are considered pristine and beyond the likely
extent of detectable human influence. Throughout the duration of the monitoring program to date, considerable differences
in the seagrass community have been observed, particularly in response to cyclonic events. These have included, for example,
changes in community composition, the spatial extent of each species, and the density of each species. While changes in the
seagrass community in response to mine operations have also been observed, these have usually been minor, or restricted to
highly localised areas. Despite the cumulative influence of both natural and anthropogenic drivers, the seagrass community
continues to remain relatively robust, with the most recent survey recording seagrass at 99% of the putative impact sites, and
moderate seagrass coverage at 45% of sites. Ongoing surveys will continue to assist in monitoring the potential effects of mine
operations on this critical component of the Gulfs marine ecosystem.
218

Place attachment and management preferences of visitors at remote

coastal campsites in Western Australia
Tonge, Joanna*1; Fiona Valesini1, Susan Moore1, Lynnath Beckley1 and Maria Ryan2
1
2
School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150
School of Marketing, Tourism and Leisure, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027
[email protected]
Coastal recreation visitation levels are increasing within Australia and globally .The challenge for managers of coastal
recreational areas is that frequent usage can result in degradation of these natural areas and a decline in the recreational
and aesthetic quality that attracted visitors in the first place. Additionally, visitors who exhibit place attachment, an emotional
connection to an area, often demonstrate greater concern regarding how an area should be managed. The extent to which the
dimensions of attachment are related to management preferences has not been sufficiently investigated, especially in coastal
and marine areas. This study examined the relationship between the place attachment of visitors to coastal campsites along
the southern Ningaloo coastline, northwestern Australia, and management preferences via an on-site survey. The relationship
was investigated using a suite of routines in the non-parametric multivariate statistics package PRIMER v6, providing the first
example of the use of these types of statistical approaches in place research. Place attachment was measured using the
dimensions of place identity, place dependence and everybodys happy. Within each dimension, significantly different groups
of visitors were identified based on differences in their responses to the place attachment survey items. This was achieved
using hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis in conjunction with a Similarity Profile (SIMPROF) test. Subsequent analysis
using the BVSTEP procedure showed that the pattern of differences among visitors in their responses to place attachment
items produced significant though weak correlations with that in their level of support for various management actions.
Chemotaxis by Coral-Reef Bacteria
Tout, Jessica*1, Thomas Jeffries1, Roman Stocker2, Peter Ralph1 and Justin Seymour1
1
2
Ocean Microbial Group, Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA.
[email protected]
Microorganisms live in tight ecological associations with corals, but the behavioural mechanisms underlying these associations
are not yet understood. To examine the potential role of chemotaxis in the ecology of coral reef bacterial communities, we
performed a suite of laboratory and in-situ experiments. We examined the behavioural response by coral associated bacteria
towards several amino acids, sugars, ammonium chloride, Symbiodinium exudates and dimethylsulfonopropionate (DMSP).
Laboratory experiments involved modified syringe assays and we developed a novel microfabricated In-situ Chemotaxis Assay
(ISCA) that was also deployed on Heron Island. We deployed the ISCAs in water samples associated with; (i) the surface of the
coral species Acropora palifera (ii) the surface of the coral species Acropora aspera (iii) the sandy substrate within the reef
lagoon and (iv) open water, outside of the reef. Strong chemotactic responses towards several chemoattractants were observed
for both laboratory and in-situ studies, where coral reef-associated bacteria exhibited significantly higher levels of chemotaxis
than bacteria from open water or the sandy substrate. The taxonomic composition of the microbes responding to the ISCAs
was sequenced using 16S rRNA tag pyrosequencing and there was a clear partitioning between the microbial communities
responding to the different chemoattractants. Metagenomes sequenced from each site supported our experimental findings
by revealing that motility and chemotaxis genes were significantly more abundant in the coral microenvironments. Our results
are the first to illustrate chemotaxis occurring in natural coral reef bacterial communities in-situ, and indicate that motility and
chemotaxis are important phenotypes among coral associated bacterial communities.

219
Predictive modelling of key benthic habitats using underwater video in

turbid and shallow estuaries along the south-west coast of Australia
Tran, Maggie*1, Tara Anderson1, David Booth2.

1
2
Geoscience Australia, GPO Box 378 Canberra ACT 2601

University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123 Broadway NSW 2007
[email protected]
Monitoring changes in the spatial distribution and health of biotic habitats requires spatially extensive surveys repeated
through time. Although a number of habitat distribution mapping methods have been successful in clear, shallow-water
coastal environments (e.g. aerial photography and Landsat imagery) and deeper (e.g. multibeam and sidescan sonar) marine
environments, these methods fail in highly turbid and shallow environments such as many estuarine ecosystems. To map,
model and predict key biotic habitats (seagrasses, green and red macroalgae, polychaete mounds [Ficopamatus enigmaticus]
and mussel clumps [Mytilus edulis]) across a range of open and closed estuarine systems on the south-west coast of Western
Australia, we integrated post-processed underwater video data with interpolated physical and spatial variables using
Random Forest models. Predictive models and associated standard deviation maps were developed from fine-scale habitat
cover data. Models performed well for spatial predictions of benthic habitats, with 7990% of variation explained by depth,
latitude, longitude and water quality parameters. The results of this study refine existing baseline maps of estuarine habitats
and highlight the importance of biophysical processes driving plant and invertebrate species distribution within estuarine
ecosystems. This study also shows that machine-learning techniques, now commonly used in terrestrial systems, also have
important applications in coastal marine ecosystems. When applied to video data, these techniques provide a valuable
approach to mapping and managing ecosystems that are too turbid for optical methods or too shallow for acoustic methods.
Microscale sediment chemistry during seagrass decomposition [Poster]
Trevathan-Tackett, Stacey*1,+, Daniel Nielsen1,+, Peter Macreadie1,+, Andy Steven1,2,+,

Peter Ralph1,+
1
2
+
University of Technology Sydney, Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster (C3), 745 Harris Street, Ultimo NSW 2007
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Ecosciences Precinct, Boggo Road, Dutton Park QLD 4102
CSIRO Marine and Coastal Carbon and Biogeochemistry Cluster
[email protected]
Seagrass meadows are a globally significant sink for biologically derived sedimentary organic carbon. While much of the
stored carbon comes from terrestrial or seston sources, seagrass detritus still plays an important role in coastal carbon
biogeochemistry and accumulation. In this study, the decomposition of above- and belowground biomass from the dominant
temperate seagrass Zostera muelleri was followed for 3 months under controlled laboratory conditions. The effects of seagrass
leaf and root/rhizome degradation on sediment oxygen and hydrogen sulfide levels were followed using electrochemical
microsensors. The aims of this study were to provide insight into the biogeochemical processes involved in seagrass organic
carbon remineralisation, as well as to eventually link this data to other factors related to seagrass degradation including seagrass
decay rates, changes in seagrass C:N:P and microbial abundance under the different temperature and nutrient treatments.
220

Designing robust marine reserves under uncertainty: trading off socioeconomic costs against the risk of failing to meet conservation targets
Tulloch, Vivitskaia J.*1, Hugh P. Possingham1, Stacy D. Jupiter2, Chris Roelfsema3, Ayesha
I. Tulloch1, Carissa J. Klein1
1
2
3
ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, University of Queensland, St Lucia Qld 4072
Wildlife Conservation Society, Fiji Country Program, 11 Maafu St, Suva, Fiji
Biophysical Remote Sensing Group, University of Queensland, St Lucia Qld 4072
[email protected]
Conservation planners should consider uncertainty associated with ecological data to minimise risk and make informed decisions.
Although maps of conservation features are subject to high error, this is rarely accounted for in conservation decision-making.
We present a novel method for designing reserves that accounts for uncertainty in coral reef habitat data, balancing ecological
and socio-economic objectives, and trading-off important attributes of conservation planning: risk, representation, and socioeconomic costs. We demonstrate our approach using the Kubulau fisheries management area of Fiji. We use the probability of
occurrence of each habitat (mapping accuracy), derived from remote sensing data, to design marine reserve networks with a
high chance of protecting every habitat. By comparing the outcomes of our approach to those of standard reserve design that
ignore mapping error, four important trade-offs emerged. First, including mapping accuracy changes the location of priority
conservation areas compared to a standard reserve design approach, with errors of omission and commission likely if mapping
accuracy is ignored. Second, reserve systems with a high chance of protecting all habitats given uncertainty cost more, but are
less risky as they are unlikely to miss representation targets. Third, less costly reserve networks are possible if we triage low
accuracy habitats. Finally, increasing the probability of all habitats meeting national targets from 50% to 99% costs fishers less
than 1% of their total income. This research highlights the need for uncertainty to be explicitly accounted for in all decisions to
maximise the chance of successful conservation outcomes.
Observations on the diatom Palmerina ostenfeldii and its unique

Vaginicola ciliate symbionts from subtropical Australian waters
Uribe-Palomino Julian*1, Gustaaf M Hallegraeff2, Nick Wade3, Anthony J. Richardson1,4

1
2
3
4
CSIRO Climate Adaptation Flagship, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Dutton Park QLD 4102
Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart TAS 7001
CSIRO Food Futures Flagship, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
Centre for Applications in Natural Resource Mathematics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072
[email protected]
The large (350-470 m long; 170-235 m wide) hemi-discoid diatom Palmerina ostenfeldii was common in subtropical
Moreton Bay, Australia, from Feb to Dec 2011 following a major flood event in Jan 2011. All cells contained the diagnostic
slitlike structure often settled by loricate peritrich ciliates of the genus Vaginicola (6 m wide; 8 m long when contracted;
12-14 m long when extended). We use molecular work to assess whether this is a new ciliate species. Scanning electron
microscopy confirmed Von Stoschs (1986) observations that the slit in P. ostenfeldii represents a bench-like fold in the external
silica cell wall upon which the ciliates attach, but without perforating the diatom cell wall itself. The number of ciliates most
commonly was 10-15, while ciliates were completely extruded from dead diatom host cells (25% of population without ciliates).
Observations on dividing cells confirmed Von Stoschs 1986 interpretation that newly formed internal valves already exhibit
the diagnostic fold before being infested by the ciliates, that is, the ciliates play no role in its development. These observations
strongly support the discrimination of P. ostenfeldii and P.hardmaniana as separate species. P. ostenfeldii thus far has only been
reported from the tropical Indo-West Pacific, while P. hardmaniana has a much broader distribution in the tropical Atlantic,
Pacific and Indian oceans. The precise nature of this curious diatom-ciliate symbiosis remains to be resolved.

221
Impacts of urbanisation on estuarine nutrient dynamics: a new

approach to detecting historical trends
van de Merwe, Jason P.*1, Shing Lee1, Rod Connolly1, Kylie Pitt1, Gerard Bourke1, Jan
Warnken1 and Andy Steven2.
1
2
Australian Rivers Institute - Estuaries and Coasts, and School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast Qld 4222
CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, P.O. Box 2583 Brisbane Qld 4001
[email protected]
Urbanisation is increasing globally and can impact estuaries through direct habitat destruction, changes to hydrodynamics,
and input of nutrients and pollutants. However, many of these urban-induced impacts can occur undetected, long before
monitoring programs have been initiated. Baseline water quality and targets for restoration can often therefore be difficult to
define. Here we present a novel approach to investigating how urbanisation in the Logan-Albert estuary (Southeast Queensland)
has increased since European settlement, and how this has historically impacted the nutrient dynamics of the estuary. Using
geographic information system (GIS) technology and decision tree statistics, land use data from historical aerial photography
were combined with geophysical (land parcel area, slope and soil type) and spatial characteristics (distance to transport hubs,
distance to watercourse) to produce a set of rules that could predict land use in the catchment prior to the 1950s (before aerial
photography was available). Historical changes to nutrient dynamics of the estuary were investigated using the carbon and
nitrogen stable isotopes and concentration of these elements in layers of sediment cores (up to 3 m deep) that were aged using
Pb-210 dating techniques. Strong links were observed between the historical changes to land use and the nutrient dynamics
of the Logan-Albert estuary, indicating changes to the system long before monitoring programs were initiated. This study
validates a novel tool for detecting historical impacts of urbanisation on estuaries, and improves our capacity for investigating
the impacts of land use changes on estuarine nutrient dynamics over longer time periods.
Origin, Dynamics and Evolution of the Ocean Garbage Patches from

Observed Surface Drifters
Van Sebille, Erik*1, Matthew England1 and Gary Froyland2

1
2
Climate Change Research Centre & ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052
School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052
[email protected]
Much of the debris in the near-surface ocean collects in so-called garbage patches where, due to convergence of the surface
flow, the debris is trapped for decades to millennia. Until now, studies modelling the pathways of surface marine debris have not
included release from the coasts nor factored in the possibility that release concentrations vary with region or that pathways
may include a seasonal cycle. Here, we use observational data from the Global Drifter Program in a particle-trajectory tracer
approach that includes the seasonal cycle to study the fate of marine debris in the open ocean from coastal regions around
the world on interannual to centennial time scales. We find that six major garbage patches emerge, one in each of the five
subtropical basins and one previously unreported patch in the Barents Sea. The evolution of each of the six patches is markedly
different. With the exception of the North Pacific, all patches are much more dispersive than expected from linear ocean
circulation theory, suggesting that on centennial time scales the different basins are much better connected than previously
thought and that inter-ocean exchanges play a large role in the spreading of marine debris. This study suggests that, over multimillennial time scales, a significant amount of the debris released outside of the North Atlantic will eventually end up in the
North Pacific patch, the main attractor of global marine debris.
222

A novel herbivore-mediated community phase shift and the

tropicalisation of temperate marine ecosystems
Vergs, Adriana*1, 2, 3, Alexandra Campbell1,

Ballesteros4, Peter Steinberg1, 2
1
2
3
4
, Ezequiel Marzinelli1,
2, 3
, Enric
2, 3
Sydney Institute of Marine Sciences (SIMS), Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, NSW 2088
Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052
Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW
2052
Centre dEstudis Avanats de Blanes, Carretera dacces a la Cala Sant Francesc 14, Blanes, Girona 17300, Spain
[email protected]
Phase-shifts, or the transformation of complex ecological systems into simpler, less productive or less desirable states due to
human activity is a major ecological threat to global ecosystems and biodiversity. In coastal marine systems, two such phase
shifts are well known: a shift from coral to seaweed dominated reefs in tropical systems when fish herbivory decreases, and a
shift from temperate kelp forests to barrens when grazing by sea urchins increases. Here, we present evidence for a third,
newly emerging phase-shift occurring as a result of the range expansion of tropical herbivorous fishes into temperate kelp
forests. This is occurring in a number of hotspots around the world, where localised warming is compounded by currents that
push tropical water into temperate systems. We provide evidence for the catastrophic impact of tropical herbivorous fishes on
algal forests of Japan and the Mediterranean. Further, we focus on a tropical-temperate transition zone off Eastern Australia
(the Solitary Islands) and evaluate the role of herbivores in maintaining contiguous coral and kelp-dominated communities.
Finally, we discuss some broad mechanisms that may facilitate a shift towards the tropicalisation of temperate marine
communities in Australia.
From featureless to fantastic: life on the desal diffuser
Viskovich, Paul*1, Simon J. Walker 2, Harry Gordon 3

1
2
3
Veolia Water Australia, Gold Coast Desalination Plant, PO Box 582, Tugun, Queensland, 4214
frc environmental, PO Box 2363, Wellington Point, Queensland, 4160
Seqwater, PO Box 16146, City East, Queensland, 4002
[email protected]
The creation of artificial structures in coastal environments has the potential to dramatically alter the diversity of benthic
habitats. Determining if artificial habitats complement the natural environment or detract from it remains a source of contention.
The Gold Coast Desalination Plant is a seawater reverse osmosis plant, which produces drinking water from seawater. The plant
includes an offshore intake system and a diffuser system built on the seabed, 1.2 km apart at Tugun. The two structures differ
in structural complexity, with the diffuser being larger and more complex than the intake. The seafloor was classified as a sandy
and featureless habitat prior to construction of the intake and diffuser. Since construction in 2008, the intake and diffuser
structures have in effect become artificial reefs, home to a variety of fish species, epi-benthic invertebrates and macroalgae.
The overall taxonomic richness of the two epi-benthic assemblages appears similar; however, there are distinct differences in
the composition of the assemblages between the intake and diffuser structures. A diverse assemblage of fish is also associated
with both structures. The dominant species were similar between the two structures; however, considerably fewer species
were recorded in association with the intake than the diffuser structure. This may be a result of the hypersaline brine discharge
at the diffuser, natural variability in recruitment and colonisation, and increased size and complexity of the diffuser structure,
providing greater heterogeneity of physical refugia for fish from both strong water currents and predators.

223
Climate driven changes in subtidal kelp forest communities in NW

Spain
Voerman, Sofietje Emma *1,2, Eva Llera2, Jos Manuel Rico 2,3
1
2
3
Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, and School of the Environment, University of Technology Sydney, 2007 NSW, Australia.
Centro de Experimentacin Pesquera, Direccin General de Pesca, Escuela de Formacin Profesional Nutico-Pesquera, 2 planta Avenida
Prncipe de Asturias, s/n 33212 Gijn, Spain
Departamento de Biologa de Organismos y Sistemas, Unidad de Ecologa, Universidad de Oviedo. C/ Catedrtico Rodrigo Ura s/n 33071 Oviedo,
Spain.
[email protected]
The marine environment is registering the impacts of climate change. In 2007 a massive decline of nearly 1400ha of kelp
forest was observed in North Western Spain. Habitat loss is possibly the greatest threat to the natural world. It can be argued
that the severity of the loss of kelp forests can be compared to that of coral bleaching or deforestation. This study provides
an assessment of potential mechanisms behind the loss of kelp. In the light of globally rising temperatures, we expected
water temperatures to have surpassed a lethal threshold for kelp. We examined whether changes in Sea Surface Temperature
(SST) correlated to the observed decline in kelp forest. All investigated SST characteristics suggested to affect kelp abundance
increased significantly during the past thirty years, reaching extreme values during the last decade. In addition over the past
two decades, the landscape formerly dominated by both cold and warm temperate canopy forming and understory species
changed to one dominated by warm temperate understory species, resulting in a loss of vertical community structure. As no
time series data prior to the kelp decline in 2007 was present, fisheries landing data of kelp associated species was used to
support the observed change in kelp abundance. Subsequent recovery of the kelp appears to be occurring in deeper waters.
Paving the way for change: creating green benefits from bridge
construction
Walker, Simon*1, Kim Forsyth2, Ashley Morton1, Adrian Derbyshire2, Carol Conacher1
1
2
frc environmental, PO Box 2363, Wellington Point QLD 4160.

Department of Transport and Main Roads, PO Box 70, Spring Hill QLD 4004.
[email protected]
Marine plant communities are highly productive and provide essential ecosystem services including coastal buffering, nutrient
cycling and maintaining diversity. The duplication of the Houghton Highway (including construction of a 2.7 km bridge) by
the Department of Transport and Main Roads was necessary to meet growing community demands; however, construction
resulted in some loss of marine plants, which are protected for their value as fisheries habitat. Under Queensland legislation,
any impacts to marine plants must be offset through rehabilitation or monetary compensation. However, little is known
about the cost or best practice techniques for rehabilitating saltmarsh in South-east Queensland. To determine the value of
rehabilitating saltmarsh for improving biodiversity, cost-benefit trials using hand and mechanical transplantation techniques
were compared. The success of each method was assessed for plant survival, cover, condition and the abundance of benthic
fauna, over a 24-month period. The work also provided a direct test of the value of rehabilitation for improving biodiversity.
There was mixed success for both methods, depending on each species and technique used. Overall, increasing the area of
transplanted saltmarsh provided the best return for investment. Following rehabilitation, there was also a substantial gain in
abundance and diversity of benthic fauna in the area, and stabilisation of sediment, resulting in less sediment-laden runoff to
a nearby creek. The overall success of this project highlights the best practice techniques for rehabilitation of saltmarsh and
the potential gains achieved through rehabilitation when habitat is removed for major infrastructure developments, albeit at
an alternate location.
Marine connectivity in southern Australia: ancient barriers, modern

oceanography, and priority effects
Waters, Jonathan
Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
[email protected]
Numerous marine biogeographic studies have revealed genetic and biogeographic breaks associated with ancient
(palaeogeographic) barriers to dispersal. The fact that many such historic discontinuities apparently persist, even in the
absence of contemporary barriers to dispersal, suggests that priority effects (both within and among species) help to maintain
these spatial biodiversity patterns. In addition to the importance of dispersal, oceanographic and ecophysiological limitations
in structuring marine biogeography, it seems that a founder-takes-all process also plays a major role in governing spatial
biodiversity in the sea. Here I review the contemporary and historic processes underpinning marine biogeography in southern
Australia.
224

Colonization and succession of marine biofilm-dwelling ciliates in

response to environmental variation [Poster]
Watson, Matthew G*1, Andrew Scardino2, Liliana Zalizniak1 & Jeff Shimeta1
1
2
School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora Vic 3083

Maritime Platforms Division, DSTO Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Port Melbourne Vic 3207
[email protected]
Despite high abundances in marine biofilms, influences of protozoa on the structure and function of biofilms is poorly
understood. There is however increasing evidence that the presence of protozoa can influence both biofilm structure and
population dynamics. We investigated the temporal composition of ciliate assemblages in biofilms, and how they are influenced
by aspect (North/South alignments) during the fouling process. Biofilm ciliate communities were studied in temperate
Australian waters (Williamstown, Victoria) over two distinct seasons during 2013-2013. Artificial substrates were colonized at
1 m depth and sampled bi-weekly during three week deployment periods. The results showed that the assemblage was similar
on both aspects, although many species were observed earlier on the north facing aspect. A total of 14 ciliate genera were
identified using both live observation and silver impregnation staining techniques. Sessile ciliates were represented by species
of the order Peritrichida, and vagile forms belonged primarily to the orders Hypotrichida, Pleurostomatida and Scuticociliatida.
The peritrich Zoothamnium spp. was the most dominant species across all samples. Vagile ciliates had low abundance in
comparison however accounted for the majority of the species diversity. Multivariate analysis revealed significant differences
in proportions of functional groups and colonisation/growth rates confirming that aspect can differentially influence
abundance and taxonomic structure of ciliate communities. The colonization and succession dynamics of biofilm-dwelling
ciliates investigated here emphasizes the need for a refreshed view on the role of ciliates in the fouling process. Further
investigation will be required to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the ecology of biofouling.
Humans in the ecosystem: the unintended rebound effect of restoring

coastal ecosystems
Webley, James1,2, Rod Connolly*1

1. Australian Rivers Institute Coasts & Estuaries, and School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4222, Queensland
2. Fisheries Queensland, Dept Agriculture, Fisheries & Forestry, Brisbane, 4000, Queensland
[email protected]
The health of coastal ecosystems is most often monitored using physico-chemical indicators, which are useful because
water quality is one of the factors affecting aquatic biota. Biotic indicators can, however, bring to light different aspects of
coastal ecosystem health, especially where they focus on ecosystem processes rather than structure. We used a measure
of scavenging as a proxy indicator of trophic transfer among predatory animals. Scavenging itself is a trophic process of
fundamental importance in nutrient cycling, although it remains undervalued by managers. Scavenging rates measured across
nine estuaries in Queensland, Australia, showed a strong negative relationship with an Estuarine Health Index based on water
quality measurements. Estuaries with good water quality had more visits from boats and recreational anglers than those with
poor water quality, so we tested how fishing pressure affects scavenging by measuring scavenging rates inside and outside five
no-take reserves (of similar water quality). Scavenging rates were 30% higher inside no-take zones. The explanation for why
locations with good water quality have fewer animals at higher trophic levels lies in humans preferring to fish in these more
natural, aesthetically attractive estuaries. The effect of water quality on human behaviour, and thus indirectly on the ecological
process, is greater than any direct effects of water quality on the process. Water quality improvement can increase use by
humans and reduce ecological integrity. This demonstrates the need to consider human responses to restoration and manage
their actions to avoid unintended adverse consequences for coastal systems.

225
Marine Microbial Symbioses Respond to Climate Change
Webster, Nicole1*, Fan Lu2, Craig Humphrey1, Sven Uthicke1, Torsten Thomas2
1
2
Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Qld Australia 4810

University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW Australia 2052
[email protected]
Environmental conditions which disturb the distribution, abundance or function of symbiotic microbes will have significant
effects on host fitness and survival. Climate change scenarios predict increases in sea surface temperatures and decreases in
oceanic pH during the coming century. A combination of experimental research and data from sponges collected at natural CO2
seeps is used to explore the impacts of elevated SST and OA on sponge microbial symbiosis. Metagenomic and metaproteomic
analysis of sponge symbionts combined with gene expression profiling of host sponges has revealed considerable functional
changes in the early stages of environmental stress and indicates that whilst symbionts persist in the host during this time,
they no longer carry out normal symbiotic functions. This breakdown of symbiotic function impacts upon the sponge holobiont
ultimately resulting in a necrotic phenotype. Analysis of symbiont communities from 2 sponge species at the CO2 seep site
revealed highly conserved bacterial populations within each species but clearly distinct symbiont communities along the pH
gradient. It is likely that these specialised microbial populations contribute to the sponges ability to survive these different pCO2
environments. Sponges at CO2 seeps have had a lifetime of exposure to high CO2 therefore these sites are natural laboratories
for OA research and allow us to answer questions of long-term acclimatization. The application of genomic, transcriptomic and
proteomic approaches to model marine symbioses allows us to explore the functional implications of environmental stress for
sponges and thereby better predict how they will acclimate and adapt to a changing climate.
Horizontal movements, diving and foraging hotspots of the manta ray

Manta alfredi off eastern Australia
Weeks presenting: Jaine, Fabrice R. A.1,2, Scarla J. Weeks1*, Lydie I. E. Couturier2,3,

Kathy A. Townsend4,5, Michael B. Bennett3, Anthony J. Richardson2,6
Refer Jaine for abstract.
Fish assemblages determined from BRUVS in protected versus
unprotected shallow seagrass meadows on Kangaroo Island, South
Australia [Poster]
Whitmarsh, Sasha*1, Peter Fairweather1, Daniel Brock2 and David Miller3

1
2
3
School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, SA 5042
Coasts and Marine Program, Kangaroo Island NRM Board, Dauncey St, Kingscote, Kangaroo Island, SA 5223
Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources, Richmond Road, Keswick, SA 5035
[email protected]
As the number of marine protected areas grows worldwide, it is important to understand how existing areas have functioned.
Few studies have investigated the effect of protection in existing aquatic reserves in South Australia, and one particularly
understudied area is the Pelican Lagoon Aquatic Reserve (PLAR) on Kangaroo Island. Baited Remote Underwater Video Systems
(BRUVS) are becoming a widely-used technique for fish monitoring. With few studies having so far used BRUVS in seagrass
habitats, it remains unclear on how they perform within these areas. The aims of this study were to trial the use of BRUVS
in shallow seagrass habitats and to compare assemblages observed from the reserve to two broadly similar locations, which
have had no protection. BRUVS identified 47 distinguishable taxa from five phyla, with the majority of those being bony fishes.
Fish assemblages taking into account relative abundances were not significantly different between protected and unprotected
areas; however, species compositions alone did vary significantly across all three locations. Only 2 out of 17 commercially and/
or recreationally targeted species had a higher abundance within the reserve. Overall, BRUVS were found to be suitable for use
in seagrass habitats; however, some limitations (particularly the potential for obstruction of the camera by seagrass blades)
may exist.
226

A decade of Argo: achievements and future challenges
Wijffels, Susan*1 and Dean Roemmich2

1
2
CSIRO Wealth from Oceans Flagship, Hobart Tas

Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA USA
[email protected]
When first mooted in the late 1990s, the idea of deploying an array of thousands of real-time reporting deep profiling ocean
floats spread evenly across the global oceans was considered extremely ambitious by many, and simply preposterous by some.
A decade later, the Argo project has largely achieved the goal of sustaining an array of over 3000 active floats delivering
high quality temperature and salinity profiles from depths of around 2000m to the surface every 10 days. This data stream
has revolutionised our ability to characterise and track subsurface ocean processes across the globe, in particular delivering
first order information from poorly sampled regions such as the Southern Hemisphere and winter oceans. In this talk we
will describe the status of Argo, its current challenges and possible future missions. These could include extensions to cover
existing gaps (deep and ice-covered ocean) and new parameters such as oxygen and optical measurements. We will also touch
on some of the new science based on Argo, including what Argo is telling us about longterm changes in the oceans, and how
this relates to the changing global water cycle, sea level and energy budgets.
You are what you eat: Foodweb analysis in two estuaries with
surprising differences [Poster]
Wright, Aaron*, Jaimie Potts, Joseph Neilson and Peter Scanes.

NSW Office of Environment and Heritage, Estuaries and Catchments Team, 59 61 Goulburn Street, Sydney NSW 2000.
[email protected]
An understanding of the sources of energy within a system is essential for appropriate management of species, habitats
and system processes. One method that allows measurement of nutritionally important material in organisms in aquatic
environments is stable isotope analysis. By determining stable isotope values of carbon and nitrogen in sources of primary
productivity (i.e. autotrophs) and consumers (i.e. invertebrates, fish), it is possible to assess trophic pathways, determine the
ultimate source for energy and nutrition for individuals in different trophic levels and identify the contribution of autotrophic
sources to consumers in a foodweb. A survey of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope values of a range of organisms was
undertaken at in Tuggerah Lakes and Lake Macquarie, both located on the mid-north coast of New South Wales, throughout
the 2010 spring and summer period. The study aimed to estimate the relative contribution of four major primary producer
groups (terrestrial vegetation, seagrass, macroalgae and microalgae) to the diet of macroinvertebrates and fish within the
broader foodweb. The survey showed that for both macroinvertebrates and fish in Tuggerah Lakes a combination of algal
sources (i.e. plankton, benthic microalgae, brown macroalgae and epiphytic algae) provided the dominant contribution to the
foodweb. In Lake Macquarie however, seagrass provided the greatest contribution to the foodweb. The difference between
the two systems, in particular the extent to which algae was driving foodweb productivity in Tuggerah Lakes, was surprising. In
terms of biomass, seagrass makes up the bulk of primary productivity in both systems yet was not as nutritionally important
as first anticipated.
Mechanisms of facilitation by a habitat-forming invasive seaweed
Wright, Jeff*1, Jeb Byers2, Jayna DeVore2 and Erik Sotka3

1
2
3
National Centre for Marine Conservation and Resource Sustainability, Australian Maritime College & University of Tasmania, P.O. Box 986,
Launceston, 7250
Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
Grice Marine Laboratory and Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina, 29412 USA
[email protected]
Invasive ecosystem engineers can have far-reaching effects on invaded ecosystems especially where they add novel physical
structure to the new environment. In several marine ecosystems, invasion of habitat-forming ecosystem engineers increases
faunal diversity and abundance but the mechanisms determining the facilitation remain largely unknown. The invasive
Japanese seaweed Gracilaria vermiculophylla is abundant on mudflats on the Atlantic coast of southern USA where high
densities of small invertebrates use it as a host. Previously, these mudflats were devoid of macrophytes. Here we identify the
mechanisms behind the facilitation of a dominant grazing amphipod on Gracilaria, Gammarus mucronatus, by determining
both their trophic (feeding) and non-trophic (protective) responses to Gracilaria. A combination of stable isotope analysis
and feeding experiments showed that despite its abundance, amphipods rarely use invasive Gracilaria as food. The benefit
Gracilaria provides to amphipods is to protect them from predators at high tide and abiotic stress at low tide: in the presence
of Gracilaria, predation on amphipods by shrimps and crabs was ~ 3 times lower while non-predation mortality at low tide was
~ 10 times lower. These results highlight the strong engineering effects of Gracilaria and how the addition of a novel habitatforming invasive species has the potential to strongly influence food webs.

227
Engaging the fishing community in marine spatial planning using

spatial access priority mapping (SAPM): a quantitative GIS approach
Yates, Katherine L.1* & David S. Schoeman2

1
2
University of Ulster, Environmental Science Research Institute, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
University of the Sunshine Coast, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC, Queensland 4558,
Australia
[email protected]
Spatial planning and protected areas are playing an increasingly important role in attempts to improve marine management
and accommodate conflicting needs. The fishing community is one of the biggest commercial stakeholder groups and arguably
the one most likely to be adversely impacted by spatial restrictions. To enable the development of management plans that
both minimise negative impacts on the fishing community and meet conservation needs, planners need quantitative data on
which parts of the sea are most important to fishers. Here we show how that data can be obtained through spatial access
priority mapping (SAPM). Unlike the use of remote-sensing data, SAPM actively engages fishers in participatory mapping,
documenting rather than inferring their priorities. By so doing, SAPM also facilitates the gathering of other valuable preplanning data, such as local ecological knowledge, improves communication between fishers and managers, and helps build
trust in the planning process. We tested SAPM in Northern Ireland, where almost half of the active skippers participated in a
mapping project. The resultant maps are easily accessible and instantly informative, providing a clear visual indication of which
areas are most important to fishers. They also provide quantitative data, which can be used to analyse the relative impact of
different management options on the fishing industry and can be incorporated into planning software, such as MARXAN. This
research shows how spatial access priority mapping can facilitate the early engagement of fishers and the ready incorporation
of their priorities into the decision-making process in a transparent, quantitative way.
Diversity in shark assemblage and nursery areas along a tropical

coastline
Yates, Peter*1, Michelle Heupel2,1, Andrew Tobin1 and Colin Simpfendorfer1

1
2
Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture & School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, James Cook
Drive, Townsville, Qld 4811
Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville MC, Qld 4810
[email protected]
Effective conservation and management of sharks in a changing ocean is complicated by our limited understanding of their
spatial ecology. In particular there is scarce data on diversity in shark nursery function across broader geographic scales, as
well as the implications of this diversity for shark populations including their resilience to environmental changes. Accordingly,
fishery independent surveys were undertaken to investigate shark assemblages along approximately 400 km of the tropical coast
of Queensland. A diversity of shark species was encountered with seventeen species of carcharhiniform sharks contributing
99.4% of the total shark catch. Of the 1177 sharks captured, 340 were immature including 210 young-of-the-year individuals.
Immature sharks from sixteen species were present, however there was interspecific variation in the proportions of each lifehistory stage. Multivariate analysis of relative abundance data revealed significant spatial heterogeneity in immature shark
assemblages and the proportions of immature individuals. Our results also indicate community-wide spatial structuring of
sharks based on body size rather than life-history stage. As well as building upon traditional shark nursery paradigms, these
results highlight the importance of coastal habitats for numerous shark species. In addition, data on the shark assemblage and
nursery function from a restricted area may not accurately portray patterns occurring over larger geographic scales.
228

The story of the South American seagrass Zostera chilensis;

endangered or invasive species [Poster]
York, Paul H.*1, Timothy M. Smith1, Craig D. H. Sherman1, Peter I. Macreadie2, Bernardo
Broitman3
1
2
3
Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Rd, Waurn Ponds VIC 3216
Plant Functional Biology & Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123 Broadway NSW 2007
Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas ridas (CEAZA), Universidad Catlica del Norte, Larrondo 1281 Coquimbo Chile
[email protected]
Seagrasses are currently facing a crisis with 29% declines in global coverage, and 14% of all seagrass species are at risk of
extinction. One of the most at risk species is Zostera chilensis, classified as endangered under the IUCN redlist. Only two
populations of this species have been documented on the coast of central Chile, the only seagrass populations on the entire
Pacific coast of South America. Its closest relative (Z. nigricaulis) occurs in southern Australia and until recently they were
considered the same species (Heterozostera tasmanica). There is ongoing debate on the validity of Z. chilensis as a species and
if the taxonomy can be settled then the IUCN listing may be reassessed as Critically Endangered. The seagrass is vulnerable
to coastal development but there are no conservation measures in place to ensure its protection. Despite this, the seagrass
beds provide nursery habitat for juvenile scallops and crabs that are exploited by local fishermen who see the benefit of
its management and conservation. Flowering has never been observed so reproduction and dispersal is thought to be
predominately through vegetative means. This suggests that the population may be very low in genetic diversity and resilience.
We are currently undertaking a genetic and demographic study of Z. chilensis to: confirm the taxonomy and determine its
establishment pathway (e.g. Gondwanan relic population or a recent translocation from Australia); determine its genetic
diversity; and relate morphology, floral density and seed banks within the seagrass population to the findings of these genetic
analyses.
Not so happy feet: Emperor Penguins in a warming climate, a genetic

perspective
Younger, Jane*1, Karen Miller1 and Barbara Wienecke2

1
2
Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Grosvenor Street, Hobart, Tas 7004
Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Highway, Kingston, Tas 7050
[email protected]
Unprecedented rates of environmental change are occurring throughout the world, and this is likely to have consequences
for species and populations that cannot adapt at an equivalent rate. In Antarctica projected changes in sea ice conditions will
greatly reduce the habitat available for species that rely on ice for breeding and foraging, such as Emperor penguins. In this
study we quantified both genetic diversity, which is a direct measure of adaptability, and genetic connectivity of populations.
Emperor penguins congregate in distinct colonies and the degree of mixing among these is currently poorly understood. By
quantifying the level of gene flow among populations we can also gain insight into overall species mobility. This is important
because a species mobility will affect its ability to shift habitat as climate changes. COI and the mitochondrial control region
were sequenced for 118 penguins from four colonies in eastern Antarctica: Dumont dUrville, Fold Island, Auster Island and
Amanda Bay. Preliminary population connectivity analyses indicate surprisingly little genetic structuring among these colonies
(FST = 0.026, p > 0.05), despite separations of up to 3000km. A maximum likelihood phylogeny further supported this, with
the phylogenetic clades showing no geographic affinity. These results suggest that there may be a great deal more gene flow
among Emperor penguin colonies than previously thought. This is the first population genetics study of Emperor penguins and
we hope that our results will increase understanding of this vulnerable species, and perhaps provide insight into how they are
likely to respond to environmental change.

229
A framework for land-sea management: integrating seascape

connectivity and ecosystem processes of Hervey Bay within the
southern GBR
Zann, Maria*1, Terry Done, Terry2 and Stuart Phinn1

1
2
Centre for Spatial Environmental Research, School of Geography, Planning & Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, Qld
4072.
Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville MC, QLD, 4810.
[email protected]
High latitude fringing coral reefs of Hervey Bay, at the southern limit of reef accretion, are an outpost of both southern GBR
and subtropical communities. They share structural characteristics with GBR turbid water reefs, and their catchments, the
Mary and Burnett receive funding for rehabilitation under ReefPlan, but lack ReefPlan monitoring. With a view to their
integrated management, ecosystem processes and connectivity of these reefs were examined at hierarchical reef, aggregation,
regional and Great Barrier Reef (GBR) wide scales. Land-sea ecosystem processes were reviewed, including functional roles
of mangroves and seagrass in maintenance of reef health and biota connectivity. Seascape spatial modelling revealed three
regional reef-seagrass-mangrove aggregations at similar scales to critical seascape connectivity metrics required for fish
diversity and coral health as reported in existing studies. To facilitate connected land and sea management in disjointed areas
like Hervey Bay, a national framework is proposed that incorporates biophysical processes for bioregionalisation, mapping,
classification and the assessment of ecosystem values and processes. Many steps for this framework are already in place, but
the next step is to bring about social connectivity that enables this to occur.
Using data-logging acoustic receivers to study dugong movements in

coastal environments: a comparison with satellite tracking
Zeh, Daniel*1, Mark Hamann1, Michelle Heupel2, Colin Limpus3, Russ Babcock4, Richard
Pillans4, Helene Marsh 1
1
2
3
4
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811
Australian Institute of Marine Science & Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811
Aquatic Threatened Species Unit, Department of Environment and Heritage Protection, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, Qld 4102
CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, Qld 4102
[email protected]
An array of 28 acoustic receivers was installed over an area of 252 km2 in Moreton Bay near Brisbane and used to compare
the potential of automated acoustic tracking and ARGOS/GPS tracking to inform dugong spatial management, especially in the
vicinity of ports. We captured 10 dugongs in the region and fitted them with acoustic and ARGOS/GPS transmitters. Individual
dugongs were tracked from 6 to 90 days. Acoustic detections closely matched the extent of occurrence and core areas of
habitat use indicated by the ARGOS/GPS tags when the dugongs were within the range of the acoustic array, providing proof
of the concept. Acoustic technology potentially has the following significant advantages over ARGOS/GPS technologies for
studying dugong habitat use in port environments: (1) the acoustic transmitters are much less expensive allowing at least a
five-fold increase in sample size for the same outlay; (2) individual dugongs can potentially be tracked for much longer using
the acoustic technology; (3) the absence of a tether should greatly reduce animal welfare issues and (4) the potential to track
fast swimming animals should be improved. Composite home ranges calculated from merged 0.95 and 0.50 home range data
from all individuals indicated that the 10 dugongs were active in an area nearly four times the designated Go Slow Zone on the
eastern banks of the Moreton Bay Marine Park suggesting that protected areas may need review.
230

High-precision U-series dating of the recent past: a tool for

palaeoecological analysis of coral reef communities
Zhao, Jian-xin1*, Yue-xing Feng1, Tara R Clark1, George Roff2, Alberto Rodriguez-Ramirez1,
Nicole D Leonard1, Mauro Lepore2, Ian Butler2, Entao Liu1, Hannah Markham2, John
M. Pandolfi2
1
2
School of Earth Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072

School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072
[email protected]
Recent accelerated climate change and dramatically intensified human activity have had severe impacts on coral reef ecosystems
worldwide, resulting in bleaching, mortality, diversity loss and habitat deterioration. However, the exact timing of such events
is poorly defined, and unresolved issues exist regarding their extent and significance, notably, what state and dynamics should
be considered natural. The reconstruction and understanding of past changes provides a strong basis for assessing current
status, linking reef degradation to stressors and devising targeted management strategies. In order to accurately determine
the timing of past changes, a robust dating technique is required. Uranium-series (also called U-Th) dating provides an ideal
method to reliably date carbonate formations ranging from several years up to 600,000 years old using mass spectrometric
techniques. At the University of Queensland, we have specifically modified the instrumental configurations and developed
a strict sample preparation protocol to enable rapid determination of highly precise and accurate U-Th ages of terrestrial
sediment-contaminated coral skeletons from highly-turbid inshore reefs from the Great Barrier Reef. Such techniques allow us
to establish precise (1-5 years) and reliable chronological records over the past millennium, upon which coral mortality events
and community structure changes and their correlations with environmental stressors (such as past droughts, floods, cyclones,
SST changes and water quality deterioration) can be investigated, and the impact of European settlement (~1850) assessed. So
far >1000 high-precision U-Th dates have been generated for surficial dead coral samples and those found in short reef-matrix
cores, resulting in a number of significant findings.
One of the fastest: Rapid growth of wahoo, Acanthocybium solandri

(Scombridae), in the Coral Sea
Zischke, Mitchell*1,2, Shane Griffiths2 and Ian Tibbetts1

1
2

CSIRO Division of Marine and Atmospheric Research, GPO Box 2583, Brisbane, Qld 4001
[email protected]
The wahoo, Acanthocybium solandri (Scombridae), is an economically important species incidentally caught in oceanic fisheries
targeting tunas and coastal fisheries targeting mackerels. Despite increasing catches in these fisheries, particularly those in the
Pacific Ocean, a dearth of life history information currently limits stock assessment and management. This study aimed to
investigate their age and growth in the Coral Sea by examining annual and daily increments on whole and sectioned otoliths
from 395 fish (790-1770 mm LF) collected during 2008-2011. Annual growth increment formation was indirectly validated using
edge analyses and presumed daily microincrements. Wahoo were aged at between 108 days and 7 years, with 76% of fish
being less than two years old. From five candidate growth models, the specialised von Bertalanffy growth function provided
the best fit to length-at-age data, with parameter estimates (sexes combined) of L = 1499 mm LF, K = 1.58 year-1 and t0 = -0.17
years. Wahoo displayed rapid growth, with an average instantaneous growth rate of 2.1 mm per day during the first year of
life. The growth performance index for wahoo in the Coral Sea (j=4.55) was one of the highest of all pelagic fishes, with their
growth and maximum size most similar to dolphinfish rather than closely related tunas and mackerels. Our estimated growth
parameters for wahoo lend themselves to inclusion in future stock assessments to guide fisheries management.

231

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Australian Marine Sciences Association Inc.

Golden Jubilee Conference

Australian Marine Sciences Association

Presentations not in Program and Abstract Handbook

Campbell, Alexandra1,2*, Enrique Zozaya Valdes1 Neil-Dan Fernandez1, Rebecca Case3,

Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Canada

SS18: Plankton: shaping the past, present and future

Armstrong, Amelia*1, Anthony Richardson2 and Scarla Weeks3

School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072

Biophysical Oceanography Group, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072

Coughlan, Alexandria*1, Anthony Richardson2, Scarla Weeks3 and Gustaaf Hallegraeff4

School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072

AMSA2013 - Authors and Abstracts (alphabetically by author): Contents List

Adame, Maria Fernanda*, Boone J. Kauffman and Jorge A. Herrera-Silveira

Ainley, Lara*; Bishop, Melanie; Verges, Adriana

Ajani, Penelope*, Andrew P. Allen, Tim Ingleton and Leanne Armand

Albert, Joelle A. , Anne-Maree J. Schwarz and Norman C. Duke*

Armand, Leanne*, Jessica Wilks, Courtney Derriman, Anne-Marie Ballegeer, Marine

Armbrecht, Linda H.*, Amandine Schaeffer, Moninya Roughan, Martin Ostrowski,

Baker, Ronald*, Candy Feller

Baring, Ryan*, Peter Fairweather and Rebecca Lester

AMSA2013- Authors and Abstracts (alphabetically by author): Contents List

Beattie, Christopher*, Kylie Pitt, Rod Connolly

Becker, Alistair , Whitfield, A.K. & Cowley, P.D.

Beeman, Peta*, Daniel Burns and Peter Harrison

Beger, Maria*, Brigitte Sommer, John M. Pandolfi

Bewley, Michael*, Oscar Pizarro and Stefan B. Williams

Blewitt, Michelle*, Scott Sheehan, Lindsey Albright and Eleanor Bruce

Blower, Dean*, Riginos, Cynthia, Ovenden, Jennifer

Bradley, Michael* and Marcus Sheaves

Brennan, Kirsty*, Aaron Wright, Marlene van der Sterren

Brodie, Jon*, Jane Waterhouse and Jeffrey Maynard

AMSA2013 - Authors and Abstracts (alphabetically by author): Contents List

Brown, Christopher* and Peter Mumby

Buchanan, Pearse J.* and Beckley, Lynnath E.

Buckley, Sarah M*, Ruth H. Thurstan and John M. Pandolfi

Budarf, Ariella Chelsky*, David T. Welsh, and Kylie A. Pitt

Bugnot, Ana*, Ross Coleman, Will Figueira and Ezequiel Marzinelli

Burfeind, Dana*, Kylie Pitt, Rod Connolly

Cambridge, Marion L.*, Hovey, Renae K. , Renton, Michael, Kendrick, Gary A.

Cameron, Shea* Sabine Dittmann and Peter Fairweather

Campbell, Marnie L*, Rebecca Hendry, and Emma L Jackson

Campbell, Marnie. L., Rebecca Hendry, Kobi Ringuet, Emma L. Jackson*

Campbell, Marnie, J., Rebecca, A. Hendry*, Kobi Ringuet, Emma L. Jackson

Cantin, Holly* and Adam Smith

Cantin, Neal*, Paulina Kaniewska, Julia Strahl and Line Bay

Carnell, Paul* and Keough, Mick

Carvalho, Matheus*, Bradley Eyre

AMSA2013- Authors and Abstracts (alphabetically by author): Contents List

Carvalho, Matheus*, Julian Sachs, Fernando Dellatorre, Pedro Carneiro, Pablo

Cetina-Heredia Paulina*, Moninya Roughan, Erik van Sebille, Melinda Coleman

Chapperon, Coraline and Laurent Seuront*

Chivers, William J.*, William Gladstone, R.D. Herbert, M.M. Fuller

Coleman, Ross*, Dan Franks and Graeme Ruxton

Condie, Scott*, Marie Savina and Beth Fulton