Cold War Study Guide

The Cold War Beginning

-Post WWII, the US and President Truman abandons the policy of isolationism for arious reasons -Pre-empti e stri!es could ha e stopped World War -WWIII "ould be much more destructi e -#tomic bombs -Communist threat gro"ing, in po"er and in number of nations -$idn%t "or! in the past, li!e WWI and WWII -In the post-"ar treaty, because of &ussia%s significance in helping the #llies "in and because of Stalin%s desire to spread communism, Stalin "anted all 'astern 'uropean lands to be communist -Western nations disagreed and "anted free democratic elections -We "anted them free -We didn%t "ant communism to spread -(We "anted democracy to spread) -Stalin ga e support to upstart communistic groups, many of "hich used illegal means to gain po"er -The Truman $octrine* +I belie e that it must be the policy of the Unites States to support free people "ho are resisting attempted sub,ugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures-We must fight to defend democracy across the "orld -(Challenging Stalin) -Truman belie ed that containment of communist nations, limiting them to only the nations they currently controlled, "as the best "ay to ensure peace and po"er for the US (resisting So iet e.pansion) -This "ould remain US policy for years to come -#fter WWII, many countries had to rebuild (again/) Because of poor and0or "or!ing class struggles, these nations "ere fertile for communist ideas -To help these nations become democratic, the US started offering financial aid pac!ages -1no"n as the +2arshall Plan-Truman also offers member states of the So iet Union aid, Stalin declined the offer and this gesture e en heightened his anger to"ards the US -&ather than putting all the blame on 3ermany, the #llies decided to help 3ermany reco er4W567 -5elp them become democratic -Sa" "hat happened "hen they didn%t help them out -3et them a"ay from 8a9i ideology -:earned from WWI4ma!e sure 3ermany doesn%t hold a grudge to"ards Western 8ations

-To help pro ide stability in 'urope, and to be a buffer bet"een the USS& and the rest of 'urope -5o"e er, rather than reparations, Stalin "anted land and industry from 3ermany; So, the #llies agreed to di ide 3ermany into t"o countries, West 3ermany (democratic) and 'ast 3ermany (communist) -#ll < countries (=rance, Britain, US, and USS&) got a chun! of 3ermany -Problem4Berlin (capital, most industriali9ed) is in 'ast 3ermany -What do you do "ith unfair Berlin7 -$i ided into < sectors* British, =rench, US, and So iet Union -#llies decide to offer 2arshall Plan #id to West Berlin Sector (>?<@) -In response, Stalin bloc!ades all trade in and out of West Berlin -People e entually "ould ha e to turn to Stalin -#llies organi9e the +Berlin #irlift-&ound the cloc! air drops of needed items (food, fuel, etc) -Because #irlift "as successful, West Berlin sur i ed and Stalin ended the Bloc!ade but !ept 'ast 3ermany communist -(>?<?) Because of gro"ing tensions bet"een West AS 'ast countries, Western nations form 8#TB -8orth #tlantic Treaty Brgani9ation* 2ilitary alliance to pro ide support if attac!ed -In response, the USS& created the Warsa" Pact (>?CC) -These D organi9ations helped to polari9e the "orld e en more -Berlin being split caused more tension bet"een the So iets and the US -Tone of the Cold War* -=ear, paranoia, propaganda -(Similar to ?0>> fear) -+#re the communists going to ha e more nu!es7 #re they going to ta!e o er the "orld7-D Industrial superpo"ers -(>?<?) 8#TB -2ilitary alliance to pro ide support if attac!ed -#llied defensi e treaty -$esigned to stop communism -In response, the USS& created the Warsa" Pact (>?CC) -These D organi9ations helped to polari9e the "orld e en more -Western 'urope s 'astern 'urope -#s 'uropean countries rebuild and regain economic strength, West Berlin also gre" a strong capitalistic economy -Cold War because -8o direct fighting bet"een So iets and US -'ast Berlin upset because they "ere in 'ast Berlin -(8ot free, communist, etc;) -Problem7 5o" do you !eep all people in 'ast Berlin (communist)7 -Build a "all around West Berlin -Stalin builds the +Berlin Wall- (>?E>) -Propaganda "as a big part of the Cold War, from both sides

-$emocracy and Capitalism s Communism and Totalitarianism -=ear of the So iets, the 'astern Bloc! nations, the &ed #rmy, and nuclear "ar ran rampant in the US (until >??>) -+Who%s going to push the button7-Cold War largely played out in an arms race -2ost nuclear "eapons -Both sides determined to deter the other from using their nu!es -Isolationism can%t "or! -5a e to be proacti e in stopping the other side from "anting to go to "ar -5o" do you do this7 -By building more than the other side -Br by ha ing more military allies abroad -The Cold War "as a ne" and different political era for the US -5o" do you deal "ith all these ne" concerns, fears, polari9ed "orld7

The 1orean War +The =orgotten War-Comparable to Aietnam -#lthough the US s USS& "as a +Cold War- there "ere some hot spots -(1orea, Aietnam, etc;) -1orea "as controlled by Fapan, gained during WWI, until the end of WWII -#t the end of WWII, the US and USS& agreed to di ide up 1orean land -8orth of the G@th parallel H USS& -South of the G@th parallel H US -Both the USS& and US offered economic aid to their respecti e side -('.; Bf 2arshal Plan) -8 1orea Communist -S 1orea $emocratic -Both countries stayed in 1orea -Both 8orth and South 1orea had dreams of reuniting the "hole country together again -But "ould it be communist or democratic7 -Fune >?CI* 8 1orea surprise attac!s S 1orea and ta!es much of their land -United 8ations condemns the attac! and sends a military force to push bac! 8 1orean army -J=irst U8 test/J -Troops "ere mostly S 1orean and US -The U8 army pushed bac! so "ell that they "ent further than the G@th parallel -China and USS& got ner ous about losing a communist ally nation -China and USS& send military aid to 8orth 1oreans -Chinese -Weapons, troops, and money -USS& -Weapons, money -(The US and USS& don%t fight directly) -8 1orean army pushes U8 army bac! to G@th parallel -Stalemate digs in4

-Both sides agree to set up a $2K (demilitari9ed 9one) at the G@th parallel -$2K is still in place today, "ith troops0guards on both sides -Today, South 1orea is democratic and capitalist and US ally -8 1orea is communist and dictatorial, acts unilaterally (not many allies) -2ore people died in the 1orean War than in Aietnam -The "ar is still going on -(The $2K "as ,ust a ceasefire agreement)

Cuban 2issile Crisis ('arly >?EI%s)

-1ennedy%s first big challenge -Cuban 2issile Crisis "as the most serious US s USS& conflict during the Cold War -Aery close to WWIII -In the >?CI%s, =idel Castro built up a rebel guerilla force to o erthro" the +corruptleader of Cuba -Castro "as supported by USS&, as Castro "as pro-"or!er (communistic) -US supported pre ious leader because, although a dictator, Cuba had strong economic trade relations "ith US -In >?C?, Castro staged a military coup and "on control of the go ernment -#rms for re olt pro ided by So iets -JCuban &e olution -Castro limits trade "ith US and pushes all US business out of Cuba -US tried to o erthro" Castro (secret CI# plot) by training e.-Cuban e.iles to in ade Cuba and !ill Castro -Plot fails/ -JBay of Pigs (>?E>) -US starts trade embargo on Cuba Still e.ists/ -1hrushche as!s Castro to place USS& nuclear missiles on Cuba -Castro says yes to !eep economy strong -To protect Cuba from another US attac! -President 1ennedy on TA (Bctober DDnd, >?ED) announces the disco ery of this plan and states that any missile attac! from Cuba on US "ould be considered an attac! from the USS& -1ennedy imposes a na al bloc!ade of CubaL no USS& ships "ith missiles can land on Cuba -8o one !ne" "hat "ould happen ne.t -Scared -$uring the tense standoff, both leaders e.changed letters and other communications about not "anting a "ar -$eal is made to not put missiles in Cuba, if US promises not to in ade Cuba again, or ta!e Castro out of po"er, and also must pull nu!es out of Tur!ey

Communist China and the Cold War

-=or thousands of years, China had been ruled by $ynastic families, but this changed in the DIth century

-They ha e to change Muic!ly, abandon culture -$uring WWI, China aided the #llies by sei9ing control of 3erman colonies in 'ast #sia, along "ith Fapan -#t the end of WWI, China "anted all land bac! that had been coloni9ed, but Fapan maintained control of 2anchuria -2ay <th (>?>?) 2o ement, Chinese students started huge protests in response to Treaty; They "anted to restore China%s greatness by moderni9ing and getting rid of old ideas and traditions and foreign influences in its o"n land -T"o leaders emerged in the post-WWI years, hoping to unify and moderni9e China -Sun 6atsen 3oumindang (People%s 8ational Party) -:oo!ed to Western nations for support, but got none4so turned to USS& for money -6atsen used So iet "eapons and funding to conMuer much of China -Then, before he accomplished his goal, he died of cancer (>?DC) -Chiang 1aishe! became Commanding 3eneral of #rmy -1aishe! started the +8orthern Campaign- "here he conMuered the rest of China, set up a 8ationalist Party go ernment and essentially became the dictator of China -5e then turned on his supporter (USS&) and ordered the e.ecution0massacre of all communists in China -Communist supporters fled and ery fe" escaped, found refuge in the 5unan Pro ince in S' China -1aishe! maintained his po"er and support through the bourgeoisie, but "asn%t popular "ith the poor -#s Fapan consolidated control of 2anchuria, the 8ationalistic Party chose to focus more on ridding China of Communism -(8ot ridding 2anchuria of Fapan) -People sympathetic of communists, not Fapanese -Chinese people "anted more effort in ridding China of Fapanese influence0control -8ationalists began to lose support0loyalty -The :ong 2arch begins (>?G<) -Communist supporters in 5unan decide they must march across the country to a oid e.ecution and earn more public support; 1aishe!%s army surrounded them, but they bro!e through -?I,III people march for @,III !m for > year -Bnly DI,III complete ,ourney due to fatigue, sic!ness, and enemy attac!s -5o"e er, communists spread their re olutionary message to other peasant farmers and earned increased support across China -2ao Kedong begins to become popular by creating his &ed #rmy full of peasant farmers -3uerilla tactics -2ao%s +People%s :iberation #rmy- captured railroad lines to control0disrupt trade and surrounded cities, slo"ly gaining control of China city by city -#s WWII "as fought, China found itself fighting "ith the #llies against increased

Fapanese in asion -#s the end of the "ar "as near, the USS& turned its attention0focus on Fapan, they began to support the 2aoist mo ement in China4; together they helped conMuer 2anchuria -#s the conclusion of WWII neared, (>?<C) 2ao had earned the support of the people of China -1aishe! and his 8ationalist Party lost support, fought a bloody ci il "ar against 2ao, and fled to the island Tai"an -JChina is no" officially a communist nationJ -2ao declared China as against imperialism, feudalism, bureaucracy, and struggle for independence, democracy, peace, and unity -2ao established the People%s &epublic of China (P&C) (>?<?) -$iscouraged religion (ie Buddhism, Confucianism, $aoism, etc) -Sei9ed pri ate property and businesses, put under go ernment control, set up a system of +collecti i9ation- "hich "as a forced pooling of peasant land and labor to increase production -Bourgeoisie "ho disagreed "ith 2ao%s re olution "ere arrested, beaten, !illed -#lthough 2ao and China "anted to mo e for"ard on their o"n, "ith limited0no outside influence, the 1orean War bro!e out in >?CI -J2ao and So iets sided together to help communist 8orth 1orea4and against US#J -USS& helped China moderni9e by pro iding funding for their factories, dams, and armies

2aoist China a Cold War +Wild Card-2ao established the P&C in >?<?, under communist control -In >?CI, 2ao%s army conMuered the neighboring country of Tibet, to e.pand their borders and resources -#lso belie ed they "ere spiritually similar -Thousands of Tibetans !illed, some consider this ta!e-o er as genocide -$alai :ama "as forced to flee for fear of death (>?C?) -8o" resides in India and still fights for his country%s freedom -2ao%s China "as in many "ays communist and in other "ays a dictatorship4; li!e Stalin%s &ussia -The USS& helped support 2ao and China "ith economic support0aid in moderni9ation plans, and help "ith 1orean War -But disagreements o er border areas0conflicts caused tension and a brea! in relations -By >?EI, aid "as cut off -By >?C@-EI, 2ao created a program called the 3reat :eap for"ard -Plan to rapidly industriali9e0catch up (still communist though) -Communal system to get e eryone "or!ing on industriali9ing -Propaganda "as used -Set up +communes- to increase farm0factory production under state control0regulation -=or e.ample, peasant farmers "ould "or! together to produce steel0iron, instead

of local produce for the illage mar!ets -People0"or!ers "ould li e in and eat in communal housing -5o"e er, +communes- produced lo" Muality goods, due to lac! of e.perience0training -Therefore, limited people "or!ing local0pri ate farmland -:ac! of food production, for an increase in factory output, plus a "eather drought, caused "idespread famineL appro.imately CC million Chinese star ed to death -=ailure of 3reat :eap =or"ard caused 2ao and the CCP much public criticism -2ao threatened critics "ith prison0death -2ao slo"ed his plan for the 3:=, but decided to head in a ne" direction to moderni9e China4 -They needed a +Cultural &e olution-In >?EE-E?, the +Cultural &e olution- begins -Purpose is to get rid of capitalist0bourgeoisie0feudal tendencies -2ao urged the youth of China to help cause0create the re olution -Persecuted or !illed bourgeoisie, s!illed "or!ers forced to do manual labor, schools and factories close, railroad lines disrupted, burned modern literature0boo!s -(Similar to the =rench &e olution) -6outh carried 2ao%s +:ittle &ed Boo!- (2ao%s Muotes) "ith them -Began to be "idespread rioting on both sides of mo ement -1illed thousands "ho "ere not "ith the Cultural &e olution -2ao began to become an emperor; 5e had the People%s :iberation #rmy as support and used this army to help control the re olution and rioting -2ao and the CCP "as the +people%s- hero -The +Cult of Personality- began4 people began to see 2ao as greater than life0god-li!e -JIs this against 2ar.ist Communism7 Why7J -There%s no leader in 2ar.ism0communists ha e no religion or god -&elations bet"een China and the US# "ere complicated -We didn%t li!e China -Truman $octrine against communism -Ties "ith So iets -US still supported 1aishe!, and his 8ationalist Party, as the +true- leader of China -Similar to &ussian &e olution (2ao H :enin) -JWhy7J -Truman $octrine communist containment -#fter China split "ith USS&, US# changed opinion on China -JWhy7J -3eographic ad antage to ha e China as an ally -We "anted them as allies to pro ide them "ith supplies the So iets "eren%t gi ing(8i.on) -To isolate China bet"een 8#TB and 'ast #sia politically -In >?N>, US# allo"ed P&C to replace Tai"an in the U8

->?ND, President 8i.on met "ith 2ao for the first time ->?N?, 8i.on0US# sets up trade relations "ith China -Clearly still gro"ing today -Tai"an and China still in conflict today, China considers this a rogue territory0island, but still part of China -US has strong trade relations "ith both Tai"an and China -#fter 2ao died in >?NE, "ho ta!es po"er ne.t7 -T"ice e.iled during 2ao%s rule, $en Oiaoping emerges as ne" leader and starts an economic reform program to help China reco er and mo e for"ard -5o"e er, China still remains communist -Was 2ao good or bad for China7 -Star ed and !illed millions -2ostly educated people -5elped moderni9e China

Aietnam4;;# Cold War7

-The =rench had controlled S' #sia (Indochina) since the >@II%s as a colony for resources -$uring WWII, the =rench had to focus on the "ar in 'urope, so they lost focus on controlling Indochina -Fapanese mo ed in to conMuer the region -The people of Indochina "ere tired of foreign imperial rule, so ("ith guerilla "arfare) they fought off the Fapanese successfully -#fter WWII (>?<E), =rance tried to reestablish control o er Indochina, but faced resistance also -8ationalistic, patriotic ideas -&esistance mo ement "as led by a communist leader named 5o Chi 2inh -In >?C<, =rench lost the Indochina War4Aietnam "as no" liberated and free -With U8 in ol ement, they decided to di ide 8orth and South Aietnam until an official election could be held to unite the people from both sides -8orth 1orea "as communist, South "as democratic -US bloc!ed elections4"hy7 -$idn%t "ant 5o Chi 2inh leader -Bffer aid to Aietnam -Aietnam stays split -In the early >?EI%s, 8orth Aietnamese guerillas are snea!ing in the South%s ,ungles and getting into small battles or fights -South Aietnam (and US) felt they must respond ($omino Theory0Containment0Truman $octrine) -5o Chi 2inh "as funding the +8ational :iberation =ront- (or Aiet Cong), a guerilla army, to o erthro" the South Aietnamese go ernment -US sends "eapons and other military supplies, later sends appro.imately CII,III troops -USS& and China both send military aid, but no troops -In >?E@, during Tet (Aietnamese 8e" 6ear), the 8 Aietnamese launched a surprise

attac! all o er the country (called Tet Bffensi e) -#lthough they did not "in the "ar, many S Aietnamese and US troops died -US citi9en support began to change4;"hy7;;;;ho"7 -(US population becomes di ided4but troops !eep fighting) -President 8i.on pulls US out of "ar in >?NG, and signs a cease-fire agreement "ith 8 Aietnam -D years later, 8orth Aietnam conMuered the South -Aietnam is no" communist4did the US lose the Aietnam War7

The 'nd of the Cold War44;and =all of the So iet Union

-In the late >?@I%s, the USS& began to decline in po"er and stability -Signs had been e ident for some time, ho"e er4 -#fter Stalin, 1hrushche allo"ed more freedoms to the So iet people, and less +enemy of the State- labor camps (3ulags) -But he "as committed to maintaining So iet Union and the idea of a +command economy-=or e.ample, in >?CE, 5ungary began to protest and "anted to brea! free from the USS&, so 1hrushche sent in army and tan!s to enforce their loyalty -In >?E@, Bre9hne (replacement for 1hrushche ) did the same to C9ech "hen they tried to brea! from the Union -'conomic Problems* -Collecti i9ed agriculture, under the command economic system, "as a failure and USS& had to import grain to feed populace -2ost goods produced under So iet industry "ere inferior to Western goods (shoes, cars, etc) -'Mual paid "or!ers had little incenti e to produce better goods -8o competition, attempt to impro e -8o s!illed "or!ers0moti ation -3enerally, their huge bureaucracy "as slo" to ma!e decisions and "as costly to operate -Plus, go ernment officials did not understand locali9ed issues0challenges -#s Western nations% economies gre" and flourished after WWII, So iet people began to en y the materialism of the West -In >?N?, the USS& got in ol ed in a "ar in #fghanistan, supporting a ne" go ernment regime that, once in po"er, "ould be another So iet ally and possible communist nation -2u,adin -USS& #fghanistan H US# Aietnam -Trying to protect the interests of a certain go ernment -Costly, social unrest -Soldiers trained by +other side-In >?@C, 2i!hail 3orbache became leader of USS&, "hen their economy "as in bad shape -To help So iet economy*

-Wanted Cold War to decline -$ecrease military budget -'nd #fghan "ar -2ore trade partners -$ecreased tension "ould boost trade nation opportunities -Signs arms treaty "ith US -Cost less in production, and to help Cold War decline -Pulled troops out of #fghanistan -Started +3lasnost- (openness policy) -+Iron Curtain- Winston Churchill -Permanent bloc!ade 'ast to West -'nded go ernment censorship and encouraged public discussion of USS& problems -Started +Perestroi!a- (restructuring of economic0political system) -By reducing go ernment bureaucracy to boost industrial efficiency0output -#llo"ed limited pri ate enterprises for the first time -#llo"ed local factory managers to ma!e o"n decisions s Central go ernment officials -:ocal farmers gi en more "or!able land and ability to ma!e producti ity decisions -$espite positi e and popular changes4the rapid pace of change brought challenges and hardships -Bpenness to changes, or those "ho "ere not, brought many protests and societal disagreements0struggles -So iet nations began to declare independence because of unrest -(ie 'stonia, Poland, &omania) ->?@?, Berlin Wall +falls- and 'ast 3ermany ends communist rule, "ith hopes of re,oining West 3ermany -In >??>, 3orbache resigned, and the USS& ended its e.istence -Bnly &ussia is left as an independent nation -(Boris 6eltsin as leader)