Antologa Desarrollo Gramatical del Ingls II

Compilado por: LLI Jasha Kosberg

Universida Metropolitana de Xalapa

Junio 2013

CHAPTER I I.1.simple present (present simple) - introduction

Simple present is also called present simple.

The simple present expresses an action in the present taking place once, never or several times. It is also used for actions that take place one after another and for actions that are set by a timetable or schedule. The simple present also expresses facts in the present. SIMPLE PRESENT - FORM Be Use: Am with the personal pronoun I Is with the personal pronouns he, she or it (or with the singular form of nouns) Are with the personal pronouns we, you or they (or with the plural form of nouns) Example: I am hungry. I He/she/it You/we/they Affirmative I am. He is. You are. Negative I am not. He is not. You are not. Question Am I? Is he? Are you?

HAVEI.2. USE:
Have with the personal pronouns i, you, we und they (or with the plural form of nouns) Has with the personal pronouns he, she, it (or with the singular form of nouns) Example: I have a dog. / I have got a dog.

'Have got' is mainly used in BritishEnglish. You can also use 'have' on its own (especially in American English). In this case, however, you must form negative sentences and questions with the auxiliary verb 'do' (see 'all other verbs'). I/you/we/they He/she/it Positive I have got. / i have. He has got. / he has. Negative I have not got. / i do not have. He has not got. / he does not have. Question Have i got? / do i have? Has he got? / does he have?

All other verbs Use: The infinite verb (play) with the personal pronouns i, you, we and they (or with the plural form of nouns) The verb + s (plays) with the personal pronouns he, she, it (or with the singular form of nouns) Affirmative Negative Question I/you/we/they I play. I do not play. Do I play? He/she/it He plays. He does not play. Does he play? Tips on how to form negative sentences and questions Negative sentences and questions are formed with the auxiliary verb 'do'. The 3rd person singular of 'do' is 'does'. This means that in negative sentences and questions the 's' of the main verb is placed behind 'do'.

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SIMPLE PRESENT EXERCISE ON FORM WITH 'BE' Write down the missing sentences.

Affirmative I You He She It We You They It is okay. I am hungry. You are Sam.

Negative

Question

He is not here. Is she loud? Are we fine? You are not friendly. Are they happy?

EXERCISE ON FORM WITH 'HAVE GOT'

Write down the missing sentences. Use 'Have got'.

Affirmative I You He She It We You They It has got a window. I have got a dog. You have got a bike.

Negative

Question

He has not got a beard. Has she got a sister?

Have we got a car? You have not got time. Have they got money?

EXERCISE ON FORM WITH 'HAVE' + AUXILIARY 'DO'

Write down the missing sentences. Use 'have' and the auxiliary 'do'. Affirmative Negative Question

I You He She It We You They

I have a dog. You have a bike. He does not have a beard. Does she have a sister? It has a window. Do we have a car? You do not have time. Do they have money?

Exercises on form
Write down the missing sentences.
Affirmative Negative Questions

I You He She It We You They

I play. You help. He does not answer. Does she sing? It rains. Do we dream? You do not read. Do they work?

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Exercise on affirmative sentences Arrange the words to make sentences in Simple Present. 1. I / to collect stamps - I collect stamps. 2. We / to play card games - ___________________________________________________________________ 3. He / to read comics -__________________________________________________________________________ 4. Chris / to sing in a band -_____________________________________________________________________ 5. We / to have a hamster -______________________________________________________________________ 6. Andy and john / to like cola -_________________________________________________________________ 7. She / to be nice -_______________________________________________________________________________ 8. They / to help their parents -_________________________________________________________________ 9. The children / to speak English -_____________________________________________________________ 10. I / to buy a newspaper every Saturday -_____________________________________________________

Exercise on negative sentences

Make negative sentences. 1. I watch TV. - I do not watch TV. 2. We play football. -________________________________________________________________ 3. It is boring. -______________________________________________________________________ 4. She cleans her room. -___________________________________________________________ 5. You ride your bike every weekend. -____________________________________________ 6. Sandy takes nice photos. -________________________________________________________ 7. They open the windows. -________________________________________________________ 8. He buys a new CD. -_______________________________________________________________ 9. I am late. -__________________________________________________________________________ 10. She has a cat. - _____________________________________________________________________ Exercise on questions I Arrange the words below to make questions. 1. She / to collect / stickers - does she collect stickers? 2. They / to play / a game - _________________________________________________________ 3. The cat / to sleep / in the cat's bed -_____________________________________________ 4. She / often / to dream -__________________________________________________________ 5. He / to play / streetball -_________________________________________________________ 6. You / to be / from Paris -_________________________________________________________ 7. The pupils / to wear / school uniforms -_________________________________________ 8. You / to go / to the cinema - ______________________________________________________ 9. She / to have / friends -____________________________________________________________ 10. He / to read / books -_______________________________________________________________ Exercise on questions with interrogatives Ask for the bold part of the sentence. 1. Julia likes pop-music. What does Julia like?

2. Maria comes from Spain. -_________________________________________________________ 3. They play in the garden. -_________________________________________________________ 4. Rick rides his bike. -________________________________________________________________

5. I go to the cinema on Saturdays. -________________________________________________ 6. We go to Mallorca because it iswarm there. - _________________________________ 7. Joe repairs his bike. - ______________________________________________________________ 8. Robin drives his car carefully. -___________________________________________________ 9. Peter runs with his dog every day. -______________________________________________ 10. Eric goes to Italy for a holiday. -_________________________________________________

SIMPLE PRESENT - EXCEPTIONS IN SPELLING The 3rd person singular is usually formed by adding s. But there are a few exceptions to the rule: The verbs can, may, might, must remain the same in all forms. So don't add s. Example: he can, she may, it must Verbs ending in o or a sibilant (ch, sh, s, x) add es instead of s. Example: do - he does, wash - she washes A final y after a consonant becomes ie before s. Example: worry - he worries But: a final y after a vowel (A , e, i, o, u) is not modified. Example: play - he plays Simple present, exercise on exceptions in spelling Write down the third person singular of the following verbs. 1. I can hecan 2. I go he __________________________________________________________________________ 3. I wish - he________________________________________________________________________ 4. I must - he________________________________________________________________________ 5. I hurry - he_______________________________________________________________________ 6. I do he ________________________________________________________________________ 7. I may - he_________________________________________________________________________ 8. I kiss - he__________________________________________________________________________ 9. I worry - he_______________________________________________________________________ 10. I teach - he_________________________________________________________________________

Write down the verbs in the third person singular. Note the exceptions in spelling. 1. I can swim. - She can swim. 2. I miss the bus. She _____________________________________________________________the bus. 3. I know you. She _________________________________________________________________you. 4. I sit down. - She____________________________________________________________________ down. 5. I often cry. - She often _______________________________________________._____________ 6. I play chess. - she_______________________________________________ ___________________chess. 7. I come home. - she_______________________________________________ __________________home. 8. I must go now. - She________________________________________________________________ go now. 9. I fly to Rome every year. She_____________________________________________________ to Rome every year. 10. I always do my best. - Shealways _________________________________________________ her best.

I.1PRESENT PROGRESSIVE - INTRODUCTION

The present progressive puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action.

The present progressive is used for actions going on in the moment of speaking and for actions taking place only for a short period of time. It is also used to express development and actions that are arranged for the near future. Present progressive is also known as present continuous. Use a form of to be and the infinite verb plus -ing. Use: Am with the personal pronoun I Is with the personal pronouns he, she or it (or the singular form of nouns)

Are with the personal pronouns you, we, they (or the plural form of nouns) Affirmative Negative I am not playing. He is not playing. You are not playing. Question Am i playing? Is he playing? Are you playing?

I He, she, it You, we, they

I am playing. He is playing. You are playing.

Present progressive - use

Actions taking place at the moment of speaking (now)

The action is going on now. Signal words like now, at the moment are often used to emphasise that the action is taking place at the moment of speaking. Signal words are not really necessary, however, as this is already expressed by the tense itself. He is playing football. Tips on how to form negative sentences and questions In negative sentences, we put not between the form of be and the verb. In questions, we simply swop the places of subject and the form of be. I.2 EXERCISE ON FORM Complete the table with the correct forms. Affirmative I You He She It We You They Exercise on affirmative sentences Use the words below to make sentences in Present Progressive. 1. I / to read a book I am reading a book. You are not fighting. Are they reading? It is snowing. Are we singing? I am working. You are jumping. He is not dreaming. Is she sleeping? Negative Question

2. It / to rain -________________________________________________________________ 3. He / to repair his bike -_______________________________________________________ 4. They / to watch a film -_______________________________________________________ 5. The cat /to sleep on the chair -_________________________________________________ 6. Jane and Emily / to do their homework -_________________________________________ 7. Bill / to wait at the bus stop -__________________________________________________ 8. We / to listen to the radio -___________________________________________________ 9. The children / to play a game -_________________________________________________ 10. Laura / to walk the dog -_____________________________________________________

Exercise on negative sentences Transform the sentences below into negative sentences. 1. I am watching TV. -I am not watching TV. 2. I am talking. -______________________________________________________________ 3. They are drawing. -_________________________________________________________ 4. He is opening the window. -__________________________________________________ 5. Angela is cleaning the bathroom. -_____________________________________________ 6. We are helping in the garden. -________________________________________________ 7. You are singing. -___________________________________________________________ 8. It is raining. -______________________________________________________________ 9. She is joking. -_____________________________________________________________ 10. I am tidying up my room. - ___________________________________________________

EXERCISE ON QUESTIONS I Write questions with the words below.

1. Peter / to go / to the cinema - is Peter going to the cinema?

2. They / to play / a game -______________________________________________________ 3. She / to listen /to the radio -__________________________________________________ 4. I / to dream -_______________________________________________________________ 5. They / to pack / their bags - ___________________________________________________ 6. You / to do / the washing-up -_________________________________________________ 7. We / to talk / too fast -_______________________________________________________ 8. They / to clean / the windows -________________________________________________ 9. She / to watch / the news -____________________________________________________ 10. You / to pull / my leg - _______________________________________________________

Exercise on Questions with Interrogative Particles Ask for the information in the bold part of the sentence.
1. Ashley is going to a restaurant.- _______________________________________________ 2. Gareth is reading the paper.- _________________________________________________ 3. Stacey is playing in the garden. -_______________________________________________ 4. She is wearing a red dress. -___________________________________________________ 5. Britney is doing her homework. -_______________________________________________ 6. Mandy is leaving at nine. -____________________________________________________ 7. Joe is repairing his bike. -_____________________________________________________ 8. Amanda is going out with Dan. -_______________________________________________ 9. They are meeting at two o'clock. -______________________________________________ 10. Sandy is looking for Phil. -____________________________________________________ PRESENT PROGRESSIVE - EXCEPTIONS IN SPELLING

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A single, silent e at the end of the word is dropped before ing.

Example: come - coming I am coming home. You are coming home. He is coming home.

But: ee at the end of the word is not changed Example: agree - agreeing

The final consonant after a short, stressed vowel is doubled before ing.
Example: sit - sitting I am sitting on the sofa. You are sitting on the sofa. He is sitting on the sofa.

The letter l as final consonant after a vowel is always doubled before ing.
Example: travel - travelling I am travelling around. You are travelling around. He is travelling around. Mind: this applies only for BritishEnglish; in american English there is usually only one l.

An ie at the end of a word becomes y before ing.

Example: lie - lying I am lying in bed. You are lying in bed. He is lying in bed. Present progressive - exceptions in spelling Exercise on exceptions 1 Write down the ing form of the following words. Mind the exceptions in spelling. 1. Make - making 2. Have -_________________________________________________ 3. Sit -___________________________________________________ 4. Run -__________________________________________________ 5. Lie -___________________________________________________ 6. Stop -_________________________________________________ 7. Model -_______________________________________________ 8. Get -__________________________________________________ 9. Travel -________________________________________________ 10. Tie -___________________________________________________

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EXERCISE ON EXCEPTIONS 2 Use the words below to write sentences in present progressive. Note that sometimes there are exceptions in spelling when adding 'ing'.

1. He / to get / pretty nervous -- He is getting pretty nervous. 2. She / to write / a letter - ___________________________________________ 3. We / not / to work ____________________________________________

4. They / to argue -__________________________________________________ 5. Look! / the dog / to pee / on the carpet -______________________________ 6. I / to meet / my friends tonight -_____________________________________ 7. He / to travel / a lot -______________________________________________ 8. The kids / to play / in the garden -____________________________________ 9. She / to enter / the house -_________________________________________ 10. They / to tie / still -________________________________________________

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PRESENT PROGRESSIVE - SHORT FORMS Affirmative I am playing. - Im playing. He is playing. - Hes playing. We are playing. - Wereplaying. Negative I am not playing. - Im not playing. He is not playing. - Hes not playing. / He isn't playing. We are not playing. - Were not playing. /we aren't playing.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE - SHORT AND LONG FORMS EXERCISE ON SHORT AND LONG FORMS Write down the long forms.

1. Im climbing. -

I am climbing.

2. You're studying. - ______________________________________________

3. He's falling. -__________________________________________________ 4. We're having fun. -_____________________________________________ 5. They're shopping. -_____________________________________________ 6. He's not speaking. -____________________________________________ 7. Im not lying. -_________________________________________________ 8. They're not playing. -____________________________________________ 9. She isn't painting. -_____________________________________________ 10. You aren't watching TV. -________________________________________

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE - USE 1 2

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6 7 8 9
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EXERCISE ON ACTIONS TAKING PLACE NOW

The people in the pictures are in the middle of an action. Answer the questions in complete sentences using the words in brackets in the correct form.

1. What is he doing? (to play golf)

He is playing golf.

2. What is he doing? (to watch TV) ________________________________ 3. What is she doing? (to talk on the phone)___________________________ 4. What is he doing? (to read a book)________________________________ 5. What are they doing? (to play American football)_____________________

6. What is he doing? (to cry) _______________________________________ 7. What is she doing? (to run)______________________________________ 8. What are they doing? (to sit in a meeting)___________________________ 9. What is he doing? (to cycle)______________________________________ 10. What is she doing? (to climb up a ladder)___________________________

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PRESENT PROGRESSIVE - SHORT AND LONG FORMS

EXERCISE ON SHORT AND LONG FORMS

Write down the short forms.

1. I am reading. -

Im reading.

2. You are talking. -_____________________________________________ 3. He is running. -_______________________________________________ 4. We are jumping. -_____________________________________________ 5. They are writing. -_____________________________________________ 6. It is raining. -_________________________________________________ 7. I am not joking. -______________________________________________ 8. They are not working. -_________________________________________ 9. She is not singing. -____________________________________________ 10. You are not eating. -____________________________________________

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ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE NEAR FUTURE

In the example you can see that the tickets are already bought. So we are talking about an arrangement for the near future. To make clear that the action is not going on now, we usually use signal words like tonight, Tomorrow, next Friday, at noon.

Im going to the theatre tonight.

Present progressive - use

EXERCISE ON FUTURE ACTIVITIES Above you see Kims diary for the next week. Answer the questions. Leave out the time expressions (see example).

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1. What is Kim doing on Monday evening? (to meet Tom)

She is meeting Tom.

2. What is she doing on Tuesday afternoon? (look after carol's kids)

_________________________________________________________

3. What is she doing on Tuesday evening? (play badminton)

_________________________________________________________

4. What is she doing on Tuesday morning? (see the dentist)

_________________________________________________________

5. What is she doing on Tuesday evening? (work late)

_________________________________________________________

6. What is she doing on Thursday afternoon? (pick up Jen from the airport)

_________________________________________________________

7. What is she doing on Friday evening? (go to a concert)

_________________________________________________________

8. What is she doing on Saturday morning? (go on a sight-seeing tour with Jen)

_________________________________________________________

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9. What is she doing on Saturday evening? (have a party)

_________________________________________________________

10. What is she doing on Sunday morning? (take Jen to the airport)

_________________________________________________________

Here we are talking about a time limit. Jim does not usually work in the firm, he is still at school and wants to earn some extra money during his holidays. To make clear that there is a time limit, we usually use signal words, e.g. This week/month/year. Jim is helping in his brother's firm this week.

ACTIONS TAKING PLACE ONLY FOR A LIMITED PERIOD OF TIME

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE - USE EXERCISE ON ACTIONS THAT ARE LIMITED IN TIME

The following actions are not permanent, but limited in time. Write sentences in the present progressive.

1. John / to live / in London

John is living in London.

2. Stacey / to help / in the pub this week ____________________________________________________________ 3. Joey / to take / a computer course this month ____________________________________________________________ 4. Tony / to stay / with a friend at the moment ____________________________________________________________ 5. I / to work / this weekend ____________________________________________________________ 6. Aaron / to go by bus / this week ____________________________________________________________ 7. Ben / to make / his own sandwiches this week ____________________________________________________________ 8. I / to keep / to a strict diet this month ____________________________________________________________ 9. Kelly / not / to work / this week ____________________________________________________________ 10. ? / to tour / RobbieWilliams / Britain / this summer ____________________________________________________________

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Actions taking place around now (but not at the moment of speaking)

This action takes place around now and only for a limited period of time, but not at the moment of speaking. We don't have to use signal words here, but we often find signal words in such sentences, e.g. Now, at the moment. Im studying for my exams. Exercise on actions taking place around now

For Judy, everything is topsy-turvy right now: there's a lot to do for school and even her private life is very busy at the moment. Write sentences in the present progressive, expressing what Judy is doing now (but not at the moment of speaking).

1. What / you / to do / these days 2. I / to lead / a very busy life right now

what are you doing these days?

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____________________________________________________________ 3. I / to cram up / for a maths test at the moment ____________________________________________________________ 4. I / also / to revise / for my biology exams ____________________________________________________________ 5. I / to write / an essay for my English course ____________________________________________________________ 6. I / to prepare / a presentation for history ____________________________________________________________ 7. So i / to read / a lot about American history now ____________________________________________________________

8. At home / we / to decorate / my room ____________________________________________________________ 9. I / to take / driving lessons ____________________________________________________________ 10. And I / to date / a real cutie named Justin ____________________________________________________________

DEVELOPMENT, CHANGING SITUATIONS

The sentence describes a development from one situation to another. Signal words are not that common here, only sometimes the change of situation is emphasised by using for example more and more. The population of china is rising very fast.
EXERCISE ON CHANGING SITUATIONS

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Right now (march 2003), British papers are suffering from a changing situation. They are losing readers to other media such as TV or internet. Put the verbs into the correct form (present progressive). Use the long form as this is more typical for formal articles.
1. Newspapers (to lose) are losing readers.

2. Even the daily mail (to lose) ____________________________________ readers now for the first time in ten years. 3. Young people (just not / to buy) __________________________________ newspapers the way their parents did. 4. This generation (to grow up)__________________________________ with no particular brand loyalty to any newspaper. 5. Young Britons (to get)__________________________________ their news either online, or from television or radio.

6. Sensing the trend, advertisers (to shift)_____________________________ to other media to get their messages across. 7. Some businesses, such as fashion, (to advertise / still)___________________________ but others are not. 8. Now the sun (to try) ___________________________________________ to recapture younger readers. 9. The mirror (to hunt / now)_______________________________________ readers in the overcrowded middle ground. 10. Some papers (to think)_________________________________________ of launching new titles to survive in this contracting market.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE - USE EXERCISE ON LYRICS

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Put the verbs into the correct form (Present Progressive). Use the grammatically correct form, e.g. Is doing or 's doing, but not the forms you'd usually find in lyrics ('s doin oder 's doin').

1. Pink - get the party started: everybody (to wait) 's waiting for me to arrive. 2. Avril Lavigne - complicated: I like you the way you are when we (to drive)________________________________________ in your car. 3. J'lo - Jenny from the block: I know where I (go)_____________________________________ and I know where Im from. 4. Blue (feat. Elton John) - sorry seems to be the hardest word: and it (get)____________________________________ more and more absurd. 5. Blue - u make me wanna: that's why Im here, I (write)___________________________________________________ this song.

6. Busted - what i go to school for: I guess that's why my marks (get)________________________________________ so high. 7. JC Chasez - blowing me up: there's something about you baby. It (take)________________________________________ me over. 8. Robbie Williams - feel: before I fall in love, I (prepare) ________________________________________ to leave her. 9. Eminem: lose yourself: he opens his mouth, but the words won't come out. He (choke)________________________________________ . 10. How everybody (joke)________________________________________ now. 11. Nick carter - I got you: they say I (look)________________________________ for something that can't be found.

Exercise on useful phrases

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Put the verbs into the correct form (present progressive).

1. I (to starve) _____________'m starving. 2. I can tell when you (to lie)___________________________________ 3. I (to joke / only)___________________________________________ 4. She (to go out)__________________________________with a real cutie. 5. (you / to try)____________________________________to pull my leg? 6. You (not / to fool)_________________________________anyone. 7. What (to go on)__________________________________here? 8. I (look forward)________________________________to seeing you again.

9. What (you / to do)____________________________________________?

I.5

THE TRANSITIVE VERB

Recognize a transitive verb when you see one. A transitive verb has two characteristics. First, it is an action verb, expressing a doable activity like kick, want, paint, write, eat, clean, etc. Second, it must have a direct object, something or someone who receives the action of the verb. Here are some examples of transitive verbs:
Sylvia kicked Juan under the table. Kicked = transitive verb; Juan = direct object. Joshua wants a smile from Leodine, his beautiful but serious lab partner. Wants = transitive verb; smile = direct object. Cornelius painted the canvas in Jackson Pollock fashion, dribbling bright colours from a heavily soaked brush. Painted = transitive verb; canvas1 = direct object. Alicia wrote a love poem on a restaurant napkin. Wrote = transitive verb; poem = direct object. Antonio eats lima beans drenched in brown gravy. Eats = transitive verb; lima beans2 = direct object. Pinky the poodle cleans the dirty supper dishes with his tongue before grandma loads the "prewashed" items into dishwasher. Cleans, loads = transitive verbs; dishes, items = direct objects. Important note: when no direct object follows an action verb, the verb is intransitive.
http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/transitiveverb.htm

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1 2

Canvas= lienzo, tela para pintar Lima beans = frijoles de lima

CHAPTER II
II.1 SIMPLE PAST (PAST SIMPLE)
The simple past expresses an action in the past taking place once, never, several times. It can also be used for actions taking place one after another or in the middle of another action.

II.2 FORM OF SIMPLE PAST

Positive I spoke. Negative I did not speak. Question Did I speak?

No differences

For irregular verbs, use the past form (see list of irregular verbs, 2nd column). For regular verbs, just add ed.

II.2 SIMPLE PAST WITH VERB TO BE EXERCISE WAS OR WERE? Complete the sentences with was or were.

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1. I _____________________________ happy. 2. You _____________________________ angry. 3. She _____________________________ in London last week. 4. He_____________________________ on holiday. 5. It_____________________________ cold. 6. We_____________________________ at school. 7. You_____________________________ at the cinema. 8. They_____________________________ at home. 9. The cat_____________________________ on the roof. 10. The children_____________________________ in the garden.

II.3 SIMPLE PAST WITH REGULAR VERBS EXCEPTIONS IN SPELLING WHEN ADDING ED
Exceptions in spelling when adding ed After a final e only add d Final consonant after a short, stressed vowel or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled Final y after a consonant becomes i Example Love loved Admit admitted Travel travelled Hurry hurried

II. 5 SIMPLE PAST PAST PROGRESSIVE Form

Simple past Irregular verbs: see 2nd column of irregular verbs I spoke Regular verbs: verb + ed I worked Past progressive Past form of 'be' + ing form of verb I was speaking you were speaking he / she / it was speaking we were speaking they were speaking Exceptions Exceptions when adding 'ed' : Exceptions when adding 'ing' : When the final letter is e, only add d. Silent e is dropped (but: does not apply Example: love - loved for -ee) After a short, stressed vowel, the final Example: come - coming consonant is doubled but: agree - agreeing Example: admit - admitted After a short, stressed vowel, the final Final l is always doubled in consonant is doubled BritishEnglish (not in Example: sit - sitting AmericanEnglish) Final l is always doubled in BritishEnglish Example: travel - travelled (not in AmericanEnglish) After a consonant, final y becomes i. Example: travel - travelling (but: not after a vowel) Final ie becomes y. Example: worry - he worried Example: lie - lying but: play - he played See also explanations on Simple Past and Past Progressive Use After another or at the same time? Do you want to express that the actions in the past happened one after another or at the same time? Simple past Past progressive

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After another At the same time She came home, switched on the Simon was playing on the computer computer and checked her e-mails. while his brother was watching TV. New action or already in progress? If you want to express that a new action happened in the middle of another action, you need both tenses: simple past the new action and past progressive for the action already in progress. Simple past Past progressive New action Action already in progress My mobile rang (when i was sitting While i was sitting in a meeting, (my in a meeting.) mobile suddenly rang.) Only mentioning or emphasizing progress? Do you just want to mention that an action took place in the past (Also used for short actions)? Or do you want to put emphasis on the progress, e.g. that an action was taking place at a certain time? Simple past Past progressive Just mentioning Emphasizing progress Colin played football yesterday. Yesterday at six o'clock, Colin was playing football. Certain verbs The following verbs are usually only used in simple past (not in the progressive form). State: be, cost, fit, mean, suit Example: we were on holiday. Possession: belong, have Example: Sam had a cat. Senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch. Example: he felt the cold. Feelings: hate, hope, like, love, prefer, regret, want, wish Example: Jane loved pizza. Brain work: believe, know, think, understand Example: I did not understand him. Introductory clauses for direct speech: answer, ask, reply, say Example: I am watching TV, he said. Signal words Simple past Past progressive First When Then While Conditional type II (if I talked, ) As long as

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SIMPLE PAST OR PAST PROGRESSIVE PUT THE VERBS INTO THE CORRECT TENSE (SIMPLE PAST OR PAST PROGRESSIVE).
1. When I (do) was doing the washing-up, I (break) broke a plate.

2. While Tom (play)___________ the piano, his mother (do)_____________ the washing-up. 3. He (drink)______________ some juice and then he (eat)________________a few chips. 4. I (have)___________________ dinner when i suddenly (hear)_____________ a loud bang. 5. When my father (work)_______________ in the garden, an old friend (pass) ___________ by to see him. 6. She (go)________________ to school, (take)____________________ out her textbook 7. And (begin)__________________________ to learn. 8. When it (start)__________________ to rain, our dog (want)______________ to come inside. 9. When Jane (do)____________________ a language course in Ireland, she (visit)___________________________________ Blarney Castle. 10. When I (be)_________________ on my way home, I (see)____________ an accident. 11. I (not / understand)_____________ what they (talk)_________________ about.

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II.6 USE OF SIMPLE PAST

Action in the past taking place once, never or several times

Example: he visited his parents every weekend.

Actions in the past taking place one after the other

Example: he came in, took off his coat and sat down.

Action in the past taking place in the middle of another action

Example: when I was having breakfast, the phone suddenly rang.

If sentences type ii (if I talked, )

Example: if I had a lot of money, I would share it with you. Signal words of simple past

Yesterday, 2 minutes ago, in 1990, the other day, last Friday

EXERCISE ON SIMPLE PAST EXERCISE ON QUESTIONS WITH INTERROGATIVE

Ask for the bold part of the sentence.

1. She pushed her bike. ________________________________________ 2. She carried a bag. ___________________________________________ 3. We waited in the park. ________________________________________ 4. The policeman arrested the thief. _______________________________ 5. We ate fish. ________________________________________________ 6. She watched the match last night. ______________________________ 7. She asked her friend because she did not know what to do. ___________________________________________________________ 8. I opened the door. ____________________________________________ 9. The teacher checked our homework. ___________________________________________________________ 10. Cindy had a dog. _____________________________________________

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IRREGULAR VERBS
COMMON ENGLISH IRREGULAR VERB LIST
Base form Past simple Past participle 3rd person singular Present participle / gerund

abide alight arise awake be bear beat become begin behold bend bet bid bid bind bite bleed blow break breed bring broadcast build burn burst bust buy cast catch choose clap cling clothe come cost creep cut dare deal dig dive do draw dream drink drive dwell eat fall feed feel fight find

Abode/abided Alit/alighted Arose Awoke Was/were Bore Beat Became Began Beheld Bent Bet Bade Bid Bound Bit Bled Blew Broke Bred Brought Broadcast/broadcasted Built Burnt/burned Burst Bust Bought Cast Caught Chose Clapped/clapt Clung Clad/clothed Came Cost Crept Cut Dared/durst Dealt Dug Dived/dove Did Drew Dreamt/dreamed Drank Drove Dwelt Ate Fell Fed Felt Fought Found

Abode/abided/ abidden Alit/alighted Arisen Awoken Been Born/borne Beaten Become Begun Beheld Bent Bet Bidden Bid Bound Bitten Bled Blown Broken Bred Brought Broadcast/broadcasted Built Burnt/burned Burst Bust Bought Cast Caught Chosen Clapped/clapt Clung Clad/clothed Come Cost Crept Cut Dared Dealt Dug Dived Done Drawn Dreamt/dreamed Drunk Driven Dwelt Eaten Fallen Fed Felt Fought Found

Abides Alights Arises Awakes Is Bears Beats Becomes Begins Beholds Bends Bets Bids Bids Binds Bites Bleeds Blows Breaks Breeds Brings Broadcasts Builds Burns Bursts Busts Buys Casts Catches Chooses Claps Clings Clothes Comes Costs Creeps Cuts Dares Deals Digs Dives Does Draws Dreams Drinks Drives Dwells Eats Falls Feeds Feels Fights Finds

Abiding Alighting Arising Awaking Being Bearing Beating Becoming Beginning Beholding Bending Betting Bidding Bidding Binding Biting Bleeding Blowing Breaking Breeding Bringing Broadcasting Building Burning Bursting Busting Buying Casting Catching Choosing Clapping Clinging Clothing Coming Costing Creeping Cutting Daring Dealing Digging Diving Doing Drawing Dreaming Drinking Driving Dwelling Eating Falling Feeding Feeling Fighting Finding

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fit flee fling fly forbid forecast foresee foretell forget forgive forsake freeze frostbite get give go grind grow handwrite hang have hear hide hit hold hurt inlay input interlay keep kneel knit know lay lead lean leap learn leave lend let lie light lose make mean meet melt mislead mistake misunderstand miswed mow

Fit/fitted Fled Flung Flew Forbade/forbad Forecast/forecasted Foresaw Foretold Forgot Forgave Forsook Froze Frostbit Got Gave Went Ground Grew Handwrote Hung/hanged Had Heard Hid Hit Held Hurt Inlaid Input/inputted Interlaid Kept Knelt/kneeled Knit/knitted Knew Laid Led Leant/leaned Leapt/leaped Learnt/learned Left Lent Let Lay Lit Lost Made Meant Met Melted Misled Mistook Misunderstood Miswed/miswedded Mowed

Fit/fitted Fled Flung Flown Forbidden Forecast/forecasted Foreseen Foretold Forgotten Forgiven Forsaken Frozen Frostbitten Got/gotten Given Gone/been Ground Grown Handwritten Hung/hanged Had Heard Hidden Hit Held Hurt Inlaid Input/inputted Interlaid Kept Knelt/kneeled Knit/knitted Known Laid Led Leant/leaned Leapt/leaped Learnt/learned Left Lent Let Lain Lit Lost Made Meant Met Molten/melted Misled Mistaken Misunderstood Miswed/miswedded Mown

Fits Flees Flings Flies Forbids Forecasts Foresees Foretells Forgets Forgives Forsakes Freezes Frostbites Gets Gives Goes Grinds Grows Handwrites Hangs Has Hears Hides Hits Holds Hurts Inlays Inputs Interlays Keeps Kneels Knits Knows Lays Leads Leans Leaps Learns Leaves Lends Lets Lies Lights Loses Makes Means Meets Melts Misleads Mistakes Misunderstands Misweds Mows

Fitting Fleeing Flinging Flying Forbidding Forecasting Foreseeing Foretelling Foregetting Forgiving Forsaking Freezing Frostbiting Getting Giving Going Grinding Growing Handwriting Hanging Having Hearing Hiding Hitting Holding Hurting Inlaying Inputting Interlaying Keeping Kneeling Knitting Knowing Laying Leading Leaning Leaping Learning Leaving Lending Letting Lying Lighting Losing Making Meaning Meeting Melting Misleading Mistaking Misunderstanding Miswedding Mowing

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overdraw overhear overtake pay preset prove put quit re-prove read rid ride ring rise rive run saw say see seek sell send set sew shake shave shear shed shine shoe shoot show shrink shut sing sink sit slay sleep slide sling slink slit smell sneak soothsay sow speak speed spell spend spill spin

Overdrew Overheard Overtook Paid Preset Proved Put Quit Re-proved Read Rid/ridded Rode Rang Rose Rived Ran Sawed Said Saw Sought Sold Sent Set Sewed Shook Shaved Shore/sheared Shed Shone Shod Shot Showed Shrank Shut Sang Sank Sat Slew Slept Slid Slung Slunk Slit Smelt/smelled Sneaked/snuck Soothsaid Sowed Spoke Sped/speeded Spelt/spelled Spent Spilt/spilled Span/spun

Overdrawn Overheard Overtaken Paid Preset Proven/proved Put Quit Re-proven/re-proved Read Rid/ridded Ridden Rung Risen Riven/rived Run Sawn/sawed Said Seen Sought Sold Sent Set Sewn/sewed Shaken Shaven/shaved Shorn/sheared Shed Shone Shod Shot Shown Shrunk Shut Sung Sunk Sat Slain Slept Slid/slidden Slung Slunk Slit Smelt/smelled Sneaked/snuck Soothsaid Sown Spoken Sped/speeded Spelt/spelled Spent Spilt/spilled Spun

Overdraws Overhears Overtakes Pays Presets Proves Puts Quits Re-proves Reads Rids Rides Rings Rises Rives Runs Saws Says Sees Seeks Sells Sends Sets Sews Shakes Shaves Shears Sheds Shines Shoes Shoots Shows Shrinks Shuts Sings Sinks Sits Slays Sleeps Slides Slings Slinks Slits Smells Sneaks Soothsays Sows Speaks Speeds Spells Spends Spills Spins

Overdrawing Overhearing Overtaking Paying Presetting Proving Putting Quitting Re-proving Reading Ridding Riding Ringing Rising Riving Running Sawing Saying Seeing Seeking Selling Sending Setting Sewing Shaking Shaving Shearing Shedding Shining Shoeing Shooting Showing Shrinking Shutting Singing Sinking Sitting Slaying Sleeping Sliding Slinging Slinking Slitting Smelling Sneaking Soothsaying Sowing Speaking Speeding Spelling Spending Spilling Spinning

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spit split spoil spread spring stand steal stick sting stink stride strike string strip strive sublet sunburn swear sweat sweep swell swim swing take teach tear tell think thrive throw thrust tread undergo understand undertake upset vex wake wear weave wed weep wend wet win wind withdraw withhold withstand wring write

Spat/spit Split Spoilt/spoiled Spread Sprang Stood Stole Stuck Stung Stank Strode/strided Struck Strung Stript/stripped Strove Sublet Sunburned/sunburnt Swore Sweat/sweated Swept/sweeped Swelled Swam Swung Took Taught Tore Told Thought Throve/thrived Threw Thrust Trod Underwent Understood Undertook Upset Vext/vexed Woke Wore Wove Wed/wedded Wept Wended/went Wet/wetted Won Wound Withdrew Withheld Withstood Wrung Wrote

Spat/spit Split Spoilt/spoiled Spread Sprung Stood Stolen Stuck Stung Stunk Stridden Struck/stricken Strung Stript/stripped Striven Sublet Sunburned/sunburnt Sworn Sweat/sweated Swept/sweeped Swollen Swum Swung Taken Taught Torn Told Thought Thriven/thrived Thrown Thrust Trodden Undergone Understood Undertaken Upset Vext/vexed Woken Worn Woven Wed/wedded Wept Wended/went Wet/wetted Won Wound Withdrawn Withheld Withstood Wrung Written

Spits Splits Spoils Spreads Springs Stands Steals Sticks Stings Stinks Strides Strikes Strings Strips Strives Sublets Sunburns Swears Sweats Sweeps Swells Swims Swings Takes Teaches Tears Tells Thinks Thrives Throws Thrusts Treads Undergoes Understands Undertakes Upsets Vexes Wakes Wears Weaves Weds Weeps Wends Wets Wins Winds Withdraws Withholds Withstands Wrings Writes

Spitting Splitting Spoiling Spreading Springing Standing Stealing Sticking Stinging Stinking Striding Striking Stringing Stripping Striving Subletting Sunburning Swearing Sweating Sweeping Swelling Swimming Swinging Taking Teaching Tearing Telling Thinking Thriving Throwing Thrusting Treading Undergoing Understanding Undertaking Upsetting Vexing Waking Wearing Weaving Wedding Weeping Wending Wetting Winning Winding Withdrawing Withholding Withstanding Wringing Writing

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Fill in the correct forms of the irregular verbs.

Infinitive

Simple past

Past participle Stridden

Led Swim Plead Blow Ring Saw

Sat Forget Slept Paid Took Send Speak Came Cost Broke

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Spell Light

EXERCISE ON SIMPLE PAST

Put the verbs into the correct form (simple past).

1. Last year I (spend) spent my holiday in Ireland.

2. It (be) ___________________________________________ great. 3. I (travel) ___________________________________________ around by car with two 4. Friends and we (visit) _____________ lots of interesting places. 5. In the evenings we usually (go)_________________________ to a pub. 6. One night we even (learn)_______________________ some irish dances. 7. We (be)_____________________________ very lucky with the weather. 8. It (not / rain) ________________________________ a lot. 9. But we (see) ______________________________some beautiful rainbows. 10. Where (spend / you) ____________________ your last holiday?

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II.5 PAST PROGRESSIVE The past progressive puts emphasis on the course of an action in the past.
Form Positive I / he / she / it You / we / they I was speaking. Negative I was not speaking. Question Was I speaking?

You were speaking.

You were not speaking.

Were you speaking?

Exceptions in spelling
Exceptions in spelling when adding ing Final e is dropped (but: ee is not changed) Example Come coming (but: agree agreeing) Sit sitting Travel travelling Lie lying

After a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled L as final consonant after a vowel is doubled (in BritishEnglish) Final ie becomes y

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II.6 FORMS OF PAST PROGRESSIVE

Use of past progressive
Puts emphasis on the course of an action in the past Example: he was playing football. Two actions happening at the same time (in the past) Example: while she was preparing dinner, he was washing the dishes. Action going on at a certain time in the past Example: when I was having breakfast, the phone suddenly rang.

Signal words of past progressive

When, while, as long as

Exercises on Past Progressive

EXCEPTIONS IN SPELLING WHEN ADDING ING

Write down the ing form of the following words. Mind the exceptions in spelling. 1. Live ________________________________________________ 2. Run ________________________________________________ 3. Give ________________________________________________ 4. Swim ________________________________________________ 5. Lie ________________________________________________

6. Sit ____________________________________________________ 7. Travel __________________________________________________ WAS OR WERE Decide whether to use 'was' or 'were'. 1. Boris __________________ learning English. a) Was b) were

2. They __________________ swimming in the lake. a) Was b) were

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3. Your father _________________ repairing the car. a) Was b) were

4. I ____________________ reading a magazine. a) Was b) were

5. You _____________________ packing your bag. a) Was b) were

6. My friends _________________________ watching the match on TV. a) Was b) were

7. It _______________________________ raining. a) Was b) were

8. The dog _________________ barking. a) Was b) were

9. The children __________________ brushing their teeth. a) Was b) were

10. Anne and Maureen_____________________ singing a song.

a) Was

b)

were

EXERCISE ON PAST PROGRESSIVE

Put the verbs into the correct form (past progressive). 1. When I phoned my friends, they (play) were playing monopoly.

2. Yesterday at six I (prepare)__________________________________ dinner. 3. The kids (play)____________________________________ in the garden when it suddenly began to rain. 4. I (practise) _____________________________________ the guitar when he came home. 5. We (not / cycle)______________________ all day. 6. While Aaron (work)________________ _____________________in his room, his 7. Friends (swim)_____________________________________________ in the pool. 8. I tried to tell them the truth but they (listen / not)_________ ________________ 9. What (you / do)________________________________ yesterday? 10. Most of the time we (sit)________________________________in the park.

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II.7: TIME CLAUSES - THE PAST SIMPLE VS. THE PAST PROGRESSIVE
Expressing past time using time clauses We can show that two ideas are related to each other and also linked to a specific time within the same sentence. There are many times when the past simple and past continuous are seen in the same sentence. There are also many examples of two clauses using only the past simple. This structure usually indicates that the two clauses, or subject + verb structure, are somehow linked. The two ideas are related. A) When I went to Regina, I visited my aunt. B) I visited my aunt when I went to Regina. When I went to Regina = a time clause* I visited my aunt = a main clause* (A ) and (b) have the same meaning. A time clause can: 1. Come in front of a main clause, as in (A ); 2. Follow a main clause, as in (b).

C) After Franois ate dinner, he went to the movies. D) Franois went to the movies after he ate dinner. E) Before I went to bed, i finished my homework. F) I finished my homework before i went to bed. G) While I was having a shower, the phone rang. H) The phone rang while I was having a shower. I) when the phone rang, I was having a shower. J) I was having a shower when the phone rang. When, after, before, and while introduce time clauses. When/after/before/while + subject and verb = a time clause

Punctuation: put a comma at the end of a time clause when the time clause comes first in a sentence (comes in front of the main clause): Time clause + comma + main clause Main clause + no comma + time clause L) When the phone rang, I answered it. In a sentence with a time clause introduced by when, both the time clause verb and the main verb can be simple past. In this case, the action in the when clause happened first. In (i): first: the phone rang. Then: I answered it. http://www.vaniercollege.qc.ca/languageschool/potatoes/unit_05/rule3.htm

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II.8 USED TO
1. Se usa used to + verbo para hablar de hbitos ya pasados y para hablar de estados pasados. Despus de explicar las reglas sobre el uso de used to en ingls, les ofrecemos unos ejercicios con used to y al final un vdeo sobre la pronunciacin de used to en ingls. Ejemplos: hbito: I used to play the guitar. Significa que antes tocabas la guitarra pero ya no. Estado: i used to live in London. Significa que antes vivias en londres pero ya no.

Se forma: se usa la misma forma con todas las personas afirmativos: I you he/she/it + used to + verbo we they ejemplo: I used to play football, he used to play football, we used to play football etc... Negativos: I you he/she/it + didn't use to + verbo we they ejemplo: I didn't use to play football, he didn't use to play football, we didn't use to play football etc... Preguntas: did + use to + verbo Ejemplo: did you use to smoke? (solas fumar?) What did you use to do....? (que solas hacer...?) Ejemplo: did you use to play football? Did he use to play football? Respuestas cortas: did you use to play football? (solas jugar al futbol?) Yes I did no I didn't escribir frases con used to y para acceder a las respuestas hacer clic en: soluciones ejercicio ingls used to hbitos/estados pasados: 1. I/smoke Ejemplo I used to smoke 2. They/play tennis they______________________________________________________________________ 3. She/go swimming everyday. She_______________________________________________________________________ 4. We/study Chinese we_______________________________________________________________________ 5. I/go to concerts I ________________________________________________________________________ 6. He/live in London he _______________________________________________________________________ http://curso-gratis-ingles.euroresidentes.com/2006/03/el-uso-de-used-to-en-ingls.html

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CHAPTER III. FUTURE TENSE

III.1 WILL AND GOING TO. FORM OF WILL FUTURE
Positive No differences Use of will future

Negative I will not speak.

Question Will i speak?

I will speak.

A spontaneous decision

Example: wait, I will help you.

An opinion, hope, uncertainty or assumption regarding the future

Example: he will probably come back tomorrow.

A promise

Example: I will not watch TV tonight.

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An action in the future that cannot be influenced

Example: it will rain Tomorrow.

Conditional clauses type I

Example: if I arrive late, I will call you. Signal words

In a year, next , tomorrow I think, probably, perhaps Exercise on future I simple (will) Write positive sentences in will future.

1. We (help) __________________ you. 2. I (get) __________________ you a drink. 3. I think our team (win) __________________ the match. 4. Maybe she (do) __________________ a language course in Malta. 5. I (buy) __________________ the tickets.

6. Perhaps she (do) __________________ this for you. 7. Maybe we (stay) __________________ at home. 8. She hopes that he (cook) __________________ dinner tonight. 9. Im sure they (understand) __________________ your problem. 10. They (go / probably) __________________ to the party. http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/future-1-will/exercises?02 Write negative sentences in will future. 1. (I / answer / the question) ____________________________________________________ 2. (she / read / the book) ______________________________________________________ 3. (they / drink / beer) _________________________________________________________ 4. (we / send / the postcard) ____________________________________________________ 5. (Vanessa / catch / the ball) ___________________________________________________ 6. (James / open / the door) ____________________________________________________

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7. (we / listen / to the radio) ____________________________________________________ 8. (they / eat / fish) ___________________________________________________________ 9. (she / give / him / the apple) __________________________________________________ 10. (the computer / crash) _______________________________________________________

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/future-1-will/exercises?03 Write questions in will future. 1. (you / ask / him) __________________________________________________________ 2. (Jenny / lock / the door) ______________________________________________________ 3. (it / rain) _________________________________________________________________

4. (the teacher / test / our English)_______________________________________________

5. (what / they / eat)___________________________________________________________ 6. (when / she / be / back)______________________________________________________ 7. (who / drive / us / into town)__________________________________________________ 8. (where / we / meet)_________________________________________________________ 9. (when / i / be / famous)______________________________________________________ 10. (what / you / do)____________________________________________________________ http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/future-1-will/exercises?04

FUTURE I SIMPLE GOING TO

Going to future expresses a conclusion regarding the immediate future or an action in the near future that has already been planned or prepared. Form of going to future Positive Negative Question I I am going to speak. I am not going to speak. Am i going to speak? You / we / they You are going to speak. You are not going to speak. Are you going to speak? He / she / it He is going to speak. He is not going to speak. Is he going to speak? Use of going to future

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An action in the near future that has already been planned or prepared

Example: i am going to study harder next year.

A conclusion regarding the immediate future

Example: the sky is absolutely dark. It is going to rain. Signal words

In one year, next week, Tomorrow

Exercise on future I simple (going to) Write positive sentences in going to future. 1. I / work I am going to work

2. You / dance - _____________________________________________________________

3. It / rain - _________________________________________________________________ 4. They / ask _______________________________________________________________ 5. He / stays -________________________________________________________________ 6. We / speak -_______________________________________________________________ 7. I / give -___________________________________________________________________ 8. She / try -__________________________________________________________________ 9. They / help -_______________________________________________________________ 10. He / push -_________________________________________________________________

III.3 GOING TO VS WILL

Use Future I going to Decision made for the future Conclusion with regard to the future Future I will Simple Present Present Progressive Action in the future that Action set by a time Action already arranged cannot be influenced table or schedule for the near future Assumption with regard to the future Spontaneous decision http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/future-mix Exercise - Future mix Put the verbs into the correct form (will, going to, simple present or present progressive). 1. I love London. I (probably / go)will probably go there next year. 2. Our train (leave)______________________________________________at 4:47. 3. What (wear / you)__________________________________at the party tonight? 4. I haven't made up my mind yet. But I think I (find)_____________________something nice in my mum's wardrobe. 5. This is my last day here. I (go)________________________________back to EnglandTomorrow. 6. Hurry up! The conference (begin)________________________________________in 20 minutes.

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7. My horoscope says that I (meet)______________________________ an old friend this week. 8. Look at these big black clouds! It (rain)__________________________________________________. 9. Here is the weather forecast. Tomorrow (be)___________________________dry and sunny. 10. What does a blonde say when she sees a banana skin lying just a few metres in front of her? - Oh dear! I (slip) __________________________________________________________________ http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/future-mix/exercises Question excerpt from be going to vs. will 1) 2) 3) We ________ travel the world next year. Im feeling really hungry. I think I ____ have a sandwich. Where are you going?

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I ______ vist a customer 4) 5) Next week I _______ take the train to Scotland. Do you want to come to my house for a party?

Great! I ____ bring some wine. 6) 7) He has already decided- he _______ leave London. Do you want tea or coffee?

I ______ have tea 8) I have a headache.

Sit down and I _____ get you an aspirin. 9) The holiday ______ be fantastic.

10)

Could someone answer the phone?

I ____ get it. http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=be-going-to

III.4 FUTURE POSSIBLE WITH IF Conditional sentences type I (likely)

Condition refers to: Future action If clause Simple present If the book is interesting, Main clause Future I Imperative Modal auxiliary Future I Imperative Modal auxiliary Future I Imperative Modal auxiliary Future i Imperative Modal auxiliary Simple present I will buy it. buy it. you can buy it. I will wake him up. wake him up. you can wake him up. we will visit him. visit him. we can visit him. I will congratulate her. congratulate her. we can congratulate her. he is very nice.

Action going on Present now progressive

If he is snoring,

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Finished action

Present perfect

If he has moved into his new flat,

Improbable action

Should + infinitive

If she should win this race,

Present facts

Simple present

If he gets what he wants,

III.5 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE WITH FUTURE MEANING

In addition to the two basic functions of the present progressive (to talk about something happening at this moment and to talk about something happening generally at this time), the present progressive verb tense can also be used to talk about the future. For example: q. What are you doing tonight? A. Im having dinner with my mother.

Q. When is she coming home? A. She is coming home this weekend. This usage is similar to "be going to," which is also used with a simple future meaning. Q. What are you going to do tonight? A. Im going to have dinner with my mother. The meanings are the same and can be used interchangeably. Exercise - future mix Put the verbs into the correct form (will, going to, simple present or present progressive). 1. I love London. I (probably / go) will probably go there next year. 2. Our train (leave)_________________________________ at 4:47. 3. What (wear / you)___________________________________ at the party tonight? 4. I haven't made up my mind yet. But I think I (find)_____________________________me something nice in my mum's wardrobe. 5. This is my last day here. I (go)_____________________________back to england Tomorrow. 6. Hurry up! The conference (begin)_________________________________in 20 minutes. 7. My horoscope says that I (meet)_____________________________an old friend this week. 8. Look at these big black clouds! It (rain)______________________________________. 9. Here is the weather forecast. Tomorrow (be)_______________________________dry and sunny. 10. What does a blonde say when she sees a banana skin lying just a few metres in front of her? - Oh dear! I (slip)___________________________________________________ http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/future-mix/exercises

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III.6 IMMEDIATE FUTURE. TO BE ABOUT TO

About to do something

Definition: on the point of doing something; to be ready to do something new Also known as: often used when explaining that you are going to begin a new action. This action is often, but not always, interrupted by another action. Examples: Im just about to leave for school. - She was about to leave when the phone rang. - Hes about to begin a new job.

CHAPTER IV. PRESENT AND PAST PERFECT

IV.1 PAST PARTICIPLE
What is a past participle? A past participle indicates past or completed action or time. It is often called the 'ed' form as it is formed by adding d or ed, to the base form of regular verbs, however it is also formed in various other ways for irregular verbs. It can be used to form a verb phrase as part of the present perfect tense. For example:I have learnt English. (Learnt is part of the verb phrase 'have learnt') It can be used to form the passive voice. For example:Her hair was well brushed. It can also be used as an adjective. For example:As an adjective: he had a broken arm. (Broken is used here as an adjective.)

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PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

IV.2 FORM OF PRESENT PERFECT

The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently, but has an influence on the present. It puts emphasis on the result. Positive I / you / we / they I have spoken. He / she / it Negative I have not spoken. Question Have i spoken?

He has spoken. He has not spoken. Has he spoken?

For irregular verbs, use the participle form (see list of irregular verbs, 3rd column). For regular verbs, just add ed.

Exceptions in spelling when adding ed Exceptions in spelling when adding ed After a final e only add d Example Love loved

Final consonant after a short, stressed vowel Admit admitted or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled travel travelled Final y after a consonant becomes i Use of present perfect

Hurry hurried

Puts emphasis on the result

Example: she has written five letters.

Action that is still going on

Example: school has not started yet.

Action that stopped recently

Example: she has cooked dinner.

Finished action that has an influence on the present

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Example: I have lost my key.

Action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking

Example: I have never been to Australia. IV.3 simple past present perfect simple exercises and tests Form Simple past Irregular verbs: see 2nd column of irregular verbs Example: I spoke Regular verbs: infinitive + ed Example: I worked Exceptions Exceptions when adding 'ed': When the final letter is e, only add d Present perfect simple Irregular verbs: form of 'have' + 3rd column of irregular verbs Example: I / you / we / they have spoken He / she / it has spoken Regular verbs: form of 'have' + infinitive + ed Example: I / you / we / they have worked He / she / it has worked

Example: Love - loved After a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled Example: Admit - admitted Final l is always doubled in BritishEnglish (not in AmericanEnglish) Example: Travel - travelled After a consonant, final y becomes i (but: not after a vowel) Example: Worry - worried But: play played See also explanations on simple past and present perfect simple Use In BritishEnglish, the use of simple past and present perfect is quite strict. As soon as a time expression in the past is given, you have to use simple past. If there are no signal words, you must decide if we just talk about an action in the past or if its consequence in the present is important. Note that the following explanations and exercises refer to BritishEnglish only. In american English, you can normally use simple past instead of present perfect. We cannot accept this in our exercises, however, as this would lead to confusions amongst those who have to learn the differences.

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Iv.4 for and since

- since - if the starting point is given (two o'clock, last friday, 1998) - for - if the period of time is given (twenty minutes, two days, one year) Exercise on since and for

Decide whether to use since or for. 1. I have been waiting____________________________4 o'clock. a) For b) since

2. Sue has only been waiting____________________________20 minutes. a) For b) since

3. Tim and tina have been learning English_________________________ six years. a) For b) since

4. Fred and frida have been learning French ________________________ 1998.

a) For

b) since

5. Joe and josephine have been going out together_______________________ valentine's day. a) For b) since

6. I haven't been on holiday ___________________________ last july. a) For b) since

7. Mary has been saving her money_______________________ many years. a) For b) since

8. I haven't eaten anything __________________________ breakfast. a) For b) since

9. You have been watching TV_____________________ hours. a) For b) since

10. We have been living here_____________________2 months. a) For have or has Fill the gaps with 'have' or 'has'. 1. I a) have b) has ________________________________ answered the question. b) has _________________________________ opened the window. b) since

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2. She a) have

3. They a) have b) has _________________________________ called us. 4. You a) have b) has __________________________________ carried a box. 5. It a) have b) has ___________________________________ rained a lot. b) has ____________________________________ washed the car. b) has ____________________________________ closed the window.

6. We a)have 7. He a)have

8. Jenny a)have b) has ____________________________________ locked the door. 9. The girls a) have b) has __________________________________ visited the museum. 10. John and sophie a)have b) has __________________________ helped in the garden.

Positive sentences in present perfect simple Write positive sentences in present perfect simple The following people have just completed an action.
1. Bob / visit / his grandma _____________________________________________________

2. Jimmy / play / on the computer________________________________________________ 3. Sue and walter / wash / their car_______________________________________________ 4. Andrew / repair / his bike ____________________________________________________ 5. Phil / help / anne with maths__________________________________________________ 6. Brad and louise / watch / a film________________________________________________ 7. Tamara / talk to / her best friend_______________________________________________ 8. Bridgette / draw / a picture___________________________________________________ 9. Carol / read / a computer magazine_____________________________________________ 10. Tom and Alice / be / to a restaurant____________________________________________

IV.5 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Present perfect continuous The present perfect progressive expresses an action that recently stopped or is still going on. It puts emphasis on the duration or course of the action. Form of Present Perfect Progressive Positive I / you / we / they He / she / it Negative Question Have i been speaking? Has he been speaking?

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I have been speaking. I have not been speaking. He has been speaking. He has not been speaking.

Exceptions in spelling Exceptions in spelling when adding ing Final e is dropped (but: ee is not changed) After a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled L as final consonant after a vowel is doubled (in BritishEnglish) Final ie becomes y Use of Present Perfect Progressive

Example Come coming (but: agree agreeing) Sit sitting Travel travelling Lie lying

Puts emphasis on the duration or course of an action (not the result)

Example: she has been writing for two hours.

Action that recently stopped or is still going on

Example: I have been living here since 2001.

Finished action that influenced the present

Example: I have been working all afternoon. Signal words of present perfect progressive

All day, for 4 years, since 1993, how long?, the whole week

EXERCISE ON PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect progressive). 1. He (work) has been working in this company since 1985.

2. I (wait) _____________________________________________________ for you since two o'clock. 3. Mary (live) _____________________________________________________ in Germany since 1992. 4. Why is he so tired? He (play) _____________________________________________________ tennis for five hours. 5. How long (learn / you) _____________________________________________________ English? 6. We (look for) _____________________________________________________ the motorway for more than an hour. 7. I (live) _____________________________________________________ without electricity for two weeks. 8. The film (run / not) _____________________________________________________ for ten minutes yet, but there's a commercial break already. 9. How long (work / she) _____________________________________________________ in the garden? 10. She (not / be) _____________________________________________________ in the garden for more than an hour.

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IV.6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE VS. PRESENT PERFECT

Present perfect simple present perfect progressive Form PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE Irregular verbs: form of 'have' + 3rd column of irregular verbs Example: I / you / we / they have spoken He / she / it has spoken Regular verbs: form of 'have' + infinitive + ed PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE Form of 'have' + been + verb + ing Example: I / you / we / they have been speaking He / she / it has been speaking

Example: I / you / we / they have worked He / she / it has worked Exceptions Exceptions when adding 'ed' : Exceptions when adding 'ing' : When the final letter is e, only Silent e is dropped. (but: does not apply add d for -ee) Example: Example: come - coming Love - loved aber: agree - agreeing After a short, stressed vowel, the After a short, stressed vowel, the final final consonant is doubled consonant is doubled Example: Example: sit - sitting Admit - admitted After a vowel, the final consonant l is Final l is always doubled in doubled in BritishEnglish (but not in BritishEnglish (not in american american English). English) Example: travel - travelling Example: Final ie becomes y. Travel - travelled Example: lie - lying After a consonant, final y becomes i (but: not after a vowel) Example: Worry - worried But: play - played See also explanations on present perfect simple and present perfect progressive Use Both tenses are used to express that an action began in the past and is still going on or has just finished. In many cases, both forms are correct, but there is often a difference in meaning: we use the present perfect simple mainly to express that an action is completed or to emphasise the result. We use the present perfect progressive to emphasise the duration or continuous course of an action. Result or duration? Do you want to express what has happened so far or how long an action has been going on yet? PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE Result (what / how much / how often) I have written 5 letters. / i have been to London twice. Certain verbs The following verbs are usually only used in present perfect simple (not in the progressive form). PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE Duration (how long) I have been writing for an hour.

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State: be, have (for possession only)

Example: we have been on holiday for two weeks.

Senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch

Example: he has touched the painting.

Brain work: believe, know, think, understand

Example: I have known him for 3 years. Emphasis on completion or duration? Do you want to emphasise the completion of an action or its continuous course (how has somebody spent his time)? PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE Emphasis on completion I have done my homework. (Meaning: my homework is completed now.) Result or side effect? Do you want to express that a completed action led to a desired result or that the action had an unwanted side effect? Present perfect simple Desired result I have washed the car. (result: the car is clean now.) Present perfect progressive Unwanted side effect Why are you so wet? - i have been washing the car. (side effect: i became wet when i was washing the car. It does not matter whether the car is clean now.) PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE Emphasis on duration I have been doing my homework. (Meaning: that's how i have spent my time. It does not matter whether the homework is completed now.)

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Time + negation: last time or beginning of an action? In negative sentences: do you want to express how much time has past since the last time the action took place or since the beginning of the action? PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE Since the last time I haven't played that game for years. (Meaning: it's years ago that i last played that game.) Permanent or temporary? If an action is still going on and we want to express that it is a permanent situation, we would usually use the present perfect simple. For temporary situations, we would prefer the present perfect progressive. This is not a rule, however, only a tendency. PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE Since the beginning I haven't been playing that game for an hour, only for 10 minutes. (Meaning: it's not even an hour ago that i started to play that game.)

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE Permanent James has lived in this town for 10 years. (Meaning: he is a permanent resident of this town.) Signal words PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE Temporary James has been living here for a year. (Meaning: this situation is only temporary. Maybe he is an exchange student and only here for one or two years.)

How often ... Times

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE How long Since For

IV.7. ALREADY, YET, STILL AND ANYMORE

Already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now

Exercise on present perfect simple Exceptions in spelling when adding ed Write the participle form (3rd form) of the regular verbs. Note the exceptions in spelling when adding ed. 1. Use -______________________________________________________________________ 2. Try -______________________________________________________________________ 3. Carry -____________________________________________________________________ 4. Dance -____________________________________________________________________ 5. Cycle -____________________________________________________________________ 6. Travel -___________________________________________________________________ Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect simple). 1. I (not / work) have notworked today. 2. We (buy_____________________________________________________ a new lamp. 3. We (not / plan) _____________________________________________________ our holiday yet. 4. Where (be / you) _____________________________________________________? 5. He (write) _____________________________________________________ five letters. 6. She (not / see ___________________________________________________him for a long time. 7. (be / you) _____________________________________________________ at school? 8. School (not / start) ____________________________________________________ yet.

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9. (speak / he) _____________________________________________________ to his boss? 10. No, he (have / not) ____________________________________________________ the time yet. Certain time in the past or just / already / yet? Do you want to express that an action happened at a certain time in the past (even if it was just a few seconds ago) or that an action has just / already / not yet happened? SIMPLE PAST PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE Certain time in the past Just / already / not yet Example: Example: I phoned Mary 2 minutes ago. I have just phoned Mary. Certain event in the past or how often so far? Do you want to express when a certain action took place or whether / how often an action has happened till now? SIMPLE PAST Certain event in the past Example: He went to Canada last summer. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE Whether / how often till now Example: Have you ever been to Canada? / i have been to Canada twice.

Emphasis on action or result? Do you just want to express what happened in the past? Or do you want to emphasise the result (A past action's consequence in the present)? Simple past Emphasis on action Example: I bought a new bike. (Just telling what i did in the past.) Signal words Simple past Yesterday ... Ago In 1990 The other day Last ... Present perfect simple Emphasis on result Example: I have bought a new bike. (With this sentence i actually want to express that i have a new bike now.)

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Present perfect simple Just Already Up to now Until now / till now Ever (not) yet So far Lately / recently SIMPLE PAST OR PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE Exercise 1 Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or present perfect simple). 1. Mother: i want to prepare dinner. (you / wash)______________________ the dishes yet?

2. Daughter: i (wash)______________________ the dishes yesterday, but i (have / not)________________________________ the time yet to do it today. 3. Mother: (you / do / already)____________________________________ your homework? 4. Daughter: no, i (come / just)__________________________________ home from school. 5. Mother: you (come)___________________________________ home from school two hours ago!
6. Daughter: well, but my friend Lucy (call)__________________ when i (A rrive)________________ and i (finish / just)_________________________ the phone call. 7. Mother: (you / see / not)__________________________ Lucy at school in the morning? 8. Daughter: yes, but we (have / not)__________________________ time to talk then.

EXERCISE 2
Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or presentperfectsimple).
1. A: I (cycle / just) _______________________________________________ 50 km. 2. B: I (cycle) ______________________________________________ 100 km last week. 3. A: I (write) _____________________________________________an essay yesterday. 4. B: I (write / already) ______________________________________ two essays this term. 5. A: I (ring / just) _______________________________________________ my friend. 6. B: I (ring) ___________________________________________ my friend 10 minutes ago. 7. A: two days ago, i (watch) ____________________________ a Madonna concert on TV. 8. B: I (see / already) _____________________________________ Madonna live in concert. 9. A: I (spend) ____________________________ my summer holiday in Australia last year. 10. B: I (be / not) _______________________________________________ to Australia yet.

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Exercise 3 Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or present perfect simple). 1. A: (you / be / ever)______________________________________ to London? 2. B: yes, I (be)_________________________________________ there three times. 3. A: when (be)____________________ the last time you (be)___________________ there?

4. B: last summer. I (spend)_________________________ two weeks in Brighton with my parents and we (go)______________________________ to London one weekend. 5. (you / like)_______________________________________ it? 6. Oh yes. We really (have)________________________________ a great time in London. 7. Lucky you! I (be / never)_________________________________ to London.

PUT THE VERBS INTO THE CORRECT TENSE (SIMPLE PAST OR PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE).
1. A: (you / play / already) ___________________________ the new computer game? 2. B: no, not yet. I only (buy)___________________________ it yesterday and i (have / not)___________________________ the time yet. 3. A: (you / go)___________________________ to the cinema last night? 4. B: yes. I (be)__________________ there with sue and Louis. (you / be)___________ to the cinema recently? 5. A: i last (go)___________________________ to the cinema two weeks ago. 6. B: so you (see / not)___________________________ the new action film yet. 7. A: no, unfortunately not. (you / enjoy)___________________________ it? 8. B: oh, i really (love)___________________________ it. But sue (like / not)___________________________ it - too much action! 9. A: but why (you / take)__________________ her with you? She (tell)__________________ me last week that she (hate)__________ action films. 10. B: i think she has an eye on louis. She (try)_____________________ to flirt with him all the time. So he (can / concentrate / not)____________________________ on the film.

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IV.8 PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

The past perfect simple expresses an action taking place before a certain time in the past.

Form of past perfect simple

Positive

Negative

Question

No differences

I had spoken.

I had not spoken.

Had i spoken?

Exceptions in spelling when adding ed Exceptions in spelling when adding ed After final e, only add d Example Love loved

Final consonant after a short, stressed vowel Admit admitted or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled travel travelled Final y after a consonant becomes i Use of past perfect

Hurry hurried

Action taking place before a certain time in the past (putting emphasis only on the fact, not the duration)

Example: before i came here, i had spoken to jack. Example: if i had seen him, i would have talked to him. Signal words

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Already, just, never, not yet, once, until that day (with reference to the past, not the present)

EXERCISE ON PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

Positive sentences in Past Perfect Simple
Write the verbs in past perfect simple. 1. The pupils talked about the film they (watch) ____________________________________. 2. I was late for work because i (miss) _________________________________________ the bus. 3. We lived in the house that my father (build)____________________________________. 4. We admired the picture that lucy (paint)______________________________________. 5. They watered the trees that they (plant)_______________________________________. 6. The teacher corrected the tests that the pupils (write)_____________________________. 7. I received a good mark in my test because i (practise)___________________________ on ego4u. 8. The mail order house did not send me the shirt that i (order)______________________. 9. I had to clean the floor because my cats (knock)_________________________ over the flower pots.

10. My friend was in hospital because she (slip)___________________________ on a banana skin. Put the verbs into the correct form (past perfect simple). 1. The storm destroyed the sandcastle that we (build)had built. 2. He (not / be)______________________________ to cape town before 1997. 3. When she went out to play, she (do / already)______________________ her homework. 4. My brother ate all of the cake that our mum (make)_______________________________. 5. The doctor took off the plaster that he (put on)_________________________ six weeks before. 6. The waiter brought a drink that i (not / order)_______________________________. 7. I could not remember the poem we (learn)___________________________ the week before. 8. The children collected the chestnuts that (fall)_______________________ from the tree. 9. (he / phone)________________________________________ Angie before he went to see her in London? 10. She (not / ride)_______________________________________ a horse before that day.

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CHAPTER V. INTERROGATIVE FORM AND ITS GRAMMAR STRUCTURE

VI.1 AUXILIARIES TO DO AND TO BE
Example: I have a dog. / I have got a dog. 'Have got' is mainly used in BritishEnglish. You can also use 'have' on its own (especially in AmericanEnglish). In this case, however, you must form negative sentences and questions with the auxiliary verb 'do' (see 'all other verbs'). Positive I/you/we/they He/she/it All other verbs Use:

Negative I have not got. / I do not have. He has not got. / He does not have.

Question Have I got? / do I have? Has he got? / does he have?

I have got. / I have. He has got. / He has.

The infinite verb (play) with the personal pronouns i, you, we and they (or with the plural form of nouns)

The verb + s (plays) with the personal pronouns he, she, it (or with the singular form of nouns) Affirmative I/you/we/they I play. He/she/it He plays. Negative I do not play. He does not play. Question Do I play? Does he play?

Tips on how to form negative sentences and questions Negative sentences and questions are formed with the auxiliary verb 'do'. The 3rd person singular of 'do' is 'does'. This means that in negative sentences and questions the 's' of the main verb is placed behind 'do'.

V.2 could
'Could' can be used to talk about the past, the present or the future. 'Could' is a past form of 'can'

When i was living in Boston, I could walk to work. He phoned to say he couldn't come. I could see him clearly but I couldn't hear him and then the videoconference line went dead.

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'Could' is used to make polite requests. We can also use 'can' for these but 'could' is more polite.

Could you help me, please? Could you lend me some money? Could i have a lift? Could i bother you for a moment?

If we use 'could' in reply to these requests, it suggests that we do not really want to do it. If you agree to the request, it is better to say 'can'.

Of course i can. I could help you if it's really necessary but Im really busy right now. I could lend you some money but Id need it back Tomorrow without fail. I could give you a lift as far as Birmingham.

'Could' is used to talk about theoretical possibility and is similar in meaning to 'might'.

It could rain later. Take an umbrella. He could be there by now.

Could he be any happier? It could be Sarahs.

V.3 CONTRACTIONS IN THE INTERROGATIVE FORM

To form a negative question, the verb is placed before the subject, and the word not is placed after the subject. However, when contractions are used, the contracted form of "not" immediately follows the verb, (so remember! Contractions are often used in spoken English) for example:

1)without contractions were they not ready?

2)with contractions Weren't they ready? Didn't she want to learn...?

Did she not want to learn proper English?

V.4 WH QUESTION WORDS

We use question words to ask certain types of questions. We often refer to them as wh words because they include the letters wh (for example why, how). Question word What Function Asking for information about something Asking for repetition or confirmation Example What is your name? What? I can't hear you. You did what? What did you do that for? When did he leave? Where do they live? Which colour do you want? Who opened the door?

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What...for When Where Which Who

Asking for a reason, asking why Asking about time Asking in or at what place or position Asking about choice Asking what or which person or people (subject) Asking what or which person or people (object) Asking about ownership

Whom Whose

Whom did you see? Whose are these keys? Whose turn is it?

Why

Asking for reason, asking what...for

Why do you say that?

Why don't

Making a suggestion

Why don't i help you?

How

Asking about manner

How does this work?

Asking about condition or quality

How was your exam?

How + adj/adv

Asking about extent or degree

See examples below

How far

Distance

How far is pattaya from bangkok? How long will it take?

How long

Length (time or space)

How many

Quantity (countable)

How many cars are there?

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How much

Quantity (uncountable)

How much money do you have?

How old

Age

How old are you?

How come (informal)

Asking for reason, asking why

How come i can't see her?

Wh questions Who, what, where, why, which, when or how Choose the correct answer above. Doug: hi, Tim. _________________ are you? Tim: not bad. _________________was your Christmas? Doug: fantastic. Tim: oh! _________________did you do? Doug: i went home for Christmas. Tim: _________________is home? Doug: Australia.

Tim: _________________long did you go for? Doug: i spent three wonderful weeks there. Tim: _________________did you leave? Doug: i left on December 15th. Tim: _________________did you do in Australia? Doug: i saw my family and friends and visited all my favorite places. Tim: _________________far is it to Australia? Doug: it's eight and a half hours by plane. Tim: _________________airline did you take? Doug: i took singapore airlines. Tim: _________________didn't you take Australia - Asia airline? Doug: because they were booked out. Tim: _________________did you get back? Doug: i got back yesterday. Tim: _________________met you at the airport? Doug: my brother met me. Tim: _________________did you do on Christmas day? Doug: we had a big party at my parents' house. Tim: _________________attended the party? Doug: my whole family came. Everybody was there except for my sister. She couldn't come. Tim: _________________not? _________________ was she? Doug: she was in another city. Tim: _________________ city was she in? Doug: she was here, in chai yi. She had come to spend Christmas with me.

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Question words - Wh questions A- Change the following sentences to questions beginning with the given question word.

1. They live in Brooklyn.

Where_________________________________________?

2. The lesson begins at 8 oclock. What time_____________________________________? 3. They get home at 6 oclock every night. 4. She speaks French very well. 5. Those books cost one dollar. 6. They travel by car. What time _________________________? What __________________________________? How much ____________________________________? How _________________________________________?

7. She wants to learn English because she wants a better job. Why _____________________________________________________

______________? 8. They meet on the corner every morning. 9. She teaches us grammar. 10. He gets up at seven every morning. 11. Those girls sell newspaper there. What ________________________________? B- Supply do or does to complete the following present tense questions. 1. Where ___________________________________________________________john live? 2. What time ___________________________________________________the plane leave? 3. Where ______________________________you hang your hat and coat during the lesson? 4. Where ___________________________________________________________they live? 5. What __________________________________these girls generally do over the weekend? 6. How __________________________________________________that child go to school? 7. Who ____________________________________________________helen help at home? 8. When ____________________________________________we eat lunch in the cafeteria? 9. What __________________________________________________the children eat there? 10. Where ________________________________________________________george live? C- Choose the best Wh word: 1. _________________________________________do you want to eat? Pasta and cheese. 2. ___________________________________________________do they smoke? Cigarettes. 3. ______________________________________________________does john drive? Cars. 4. ____________________________________________do we get up? Early in the morning. 5. _________________________________________does that girl go swimming? At the club. Where _______________________?

What _____________________________________? When _____________________________?

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Open questions What - when - where - why - who - how I. Choose the correct alternative. 1) _______________________________________________ are my keys? 2) _______________________________________________ is the problem? 3) _______________________________________________ is your favourite singer?

4) _______________________________________________ is your birthday? 5) _______________________________________________ old are you? Im ten years old.

6) _______________________________________________ is your telephone number? 7) _______________________________________________ are you from? 8) _______________________________________________ is your best friend? 9) _______________________________________________ is your e-mail? 10) _______________________________________________ are you? Im fine, thanks.

11) _______________________________________________ is your graduation? Next week. 12) _______________________________________________ is she crying? 13) _____________________________ is your last name? 14) __________________is your favourite actor? 15) _________________________ old is your cat? Gonzalez. Because she is sad.

Anthony hopkins. Two years old.

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Ii. Chose and write the right option: a) what b) who c) why d) when e)how f) where 1) _______________________________________________is the concert? 2) _______________________________________________ is cristiano ronaldo from? 3) ___________________________________________ are you so happy? Im getting married! 4) _______________________________________________is your brother? 5) _____________________________________________ are you late? He is still sick.

Because of the traffic.

V.4 WHO, WHOM, WHAT, WHAT KIND OF, WHICH, WHOSE, HOW OFTEN, HOW LONG AND HOW FAR.
Who, whom, whose The following is a mini-tutorial on the uses of "who," "whom," and "whose." if you already know how to use these words, you can skip the explanation and go directly to the exercises. Subjects, objects and possessive forms

To understand how to use "who," "whom," and "whose," you first have to understand the difference between subjects, objects, and possessive forms. Subjects do an action:

He loves movies. She goes to school. We enjoy chinese food. The teachers like him. Thomas knows her. The actor smiled at us. His bike is broken. I like her new book. The teacher graded our homework.

Objects receive an action:

Possessive forms tell us the person something belongs to:

"Who" is a subject pronoun "Who" is a subject pronoun like "he," "she" and "we" in the examples above. We use "who" to ask which person does an action or which person is a certain way. Examples:

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Who made the birthday cake? Who is in the kitchen? Who is going to do the dishes?

"Whom" is an object pronoun "Whom" is an object pronoun like "him," "her" and "us." we use "whom" to ask which person receives an action. Examples:

Whom are you going to invite? Whom did he blame for the accident? Whom did he hire to do the job?

"Whose" is a possessive pronoun "Whose" is a possessive pronoun like "his," "her" and "our." we use "whose" to find out which person something belongs to. Examples:

Whose camera is this? Whose dog is barking outside? Whose cell phone keeps ringing?

"Who," "whom" and "whose" in indirect questions The sentence below contains an example of an indirect question:

I don't know whom he invited.

Such sentences usually start with a phrase such as: "i am not sure" or "he doesn't know" or "we don't care." just ignore the first part of the sentence and look at the indirect question when deciding whether to use "who," "whom" or "whose." ask yourself if the indirect question requires a subject, object, or possessive form. Examples:

He doesn't know who the boss of the company is. Subject of the indirect question I don't care whom you invite. Object of the indirect question She isn't sure whose car that is. "Whose" shows possession of car.

"Who," "whom" and "whose" in adjective clauses The sentence below contains an example of an adjective clause:

I know the man who won the contest.

Adjective clauses are used to describe a noun in the main sentence. In the example above, the adjective clause tells us about "the man." just ignore the main sentence and look at the adjective clause when deciding whether to use "who," "whom" or "whose." ask yourself if the adjective clause requires a subject, object, or possessive form. Examples:

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We knew the actress who starred in the movie. Subject of adjective clause They hired the man whom we interviewed last week. Object of adjective clause She knew the family whose house we bought. "Whose" shows possession of house.

"Whom" less common The form "whom" is becoming less and less common in English. Many native English speakers think "whom" sounds outdated or strange. This trend is particularly common in the United States. Especially when combined with prepositions, most people prefer to use "who" as the object pronoun. To most native English speakers, the examples below sound quite natural. Examples:

Who did you come to the party with? I don't know who he gave the book to. That is the woman who i was talking to. Who did you get that from? Do you have any idea who he sold his car to? That is the person who i got the information from.

Who, whom, whose

Gap-fill exercise Choose the correct answer for each gap below, then click the "check" button to check your answers. 1._____________ wrote this book? a) a) a) a) who who who who b) b) b) b) whose whose whose whose c) whom c) whom c) whom c) whom 2.___________________ are you going to recommend? 3.___________________dictionary is on the table? 4. It doesn't look like this is the right address. _____________ did you ask for directions? 5. We have two extra tickets for the concert ._______________ wants to go with us? 6. It wasn't me! I have no idea________________ left the oven on. 7.__________________ car is parked in the handicapped parking space? If someone doesn't move it, it's going to be towed. a) who b) whose c) whom 8. The police have called in an expert to identify____________ handwriting is actually on the ransom letter. a) who b) whose c) whom 9. Do you remember ____________received the academy award for best actress that year? Was it NicoleKidman? a) who b) whose c) whom 10. Melanie couldn't remember the name of the student ___________science project received the $100,000 prize. a) a) Africa. a) a) who who b) b) whose whose c) whom c)whom 13. She's the actress ______________________he so vividly describes in his scandalous new book. 14. Can you please tell me the names of the people_______________ helped organize the aids who who b) b) whose whose c) whom c) whom 11. I know exactly _________________Im going to support in the upcoming election. 12. That's the professor ______________________spent 10 years living with the pygmies in central

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charity event? a) who b) whose c)whom 15. The national park is being renamed in honor of Dian Fossey, _____________ scientific research and environmental efforts helped save the last remaining mountain gorillas A) who b) whose c)whom http://www.Englishpage.com/minitutorials/who_whom_1.htm Complete the questions with the right words: "how often, how long and how far." 1. I sometimes watch television. ____________________do you watch television? 2. New York is 2,570 miles far from Las Vegas. __________________is New-York from Las Vegas? 3. They hardly ever use the internet. ____________________do they use the internet? 4. She usually spends 2 hours in traffic. ____________________does she usually spend in traffic? 5. Sydney is 13,249 miles far from Paris. ____________________ is Sydney from Paris? 6. He has played tennis for 30 minutes. ____________________has he played tennis ? 7. The bus-stop is 300 yards away. ____________________is the bus-stop? 8. She quite often reads the newspaper. ____________________ does she read the newspaper? 9. I usually practice my swing for 10 minutes. _____________do you usually practice your swing? 10. I fly overseas twice a month. ____________________Do you fly overseas?

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V.6 IT TAKES + INFINITIVE. HOW LONG / HOW LONG AGO / HOW OFTEN /HOW MANY TIMES / WHAT TIME
1. ____________________have you been here ? ten minutes 2. ____________________did the train get to liverpool ? at 2pm 3. ____________________did steve sign the contract ?' 'two months ago' 4. ____________________do i have to tell you! Stop chatting! 5. ____________________did you stay in india ? twelve months 6. ____________________do you have competitions ? every Saturday Expressing how much is needed It takes x time

IT TAKES + INFINITIVE
Use it takes to indicate a quantity of time required for anyone to complete a task (job). The amount may be an estimation (A guess) or an exact, known quantity. It takes an hour to get ready for school in the morning.

It takes 10 minutes to shower. It takes 30 minutes to walk to school. It takes just a few seconds to reach the 2nd floor.

IT TAKES + INDIRECT OBJECT + INFINITIVE

It takes may be used to indicate a quantity of time required for a particular person to complete a task (job). It takes Jill an hour to get ready for school in the morning. It takes an hour for Jill to get ready for school in the morning. It takes Jill 10 minutes to put on her makeup. It takes 10 minutes for Jill to put on her makeup. It takes us 30 minutes to walk to school. It takes 30 minutes for us to walk to school. It takes her just a few seconds to reach the 2nd floor. It takes just a few seconds for her to reach the 2nd floor. It takes Amount of something It takes x (noun) to

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It takes + infinitive
It takes with a quantity of something (count or noncount) expresses how much is needed to complete a task (job). The amount may be a guess or an exact, known quantity. It takes a lot of newspaper to house-train a puppy. It takes three yards of material to make a dress. It takes fifteen gallons of gas to fill the tank of this car. It takes a lot of love to raise children. A noncount abstract noun

No indirect object
It takes is not used with an indirect object before a quantity of matter (solids, liquids or gases) or with abstractions. *it takes anyone a lot of newspaper to house-train a puppy.

*it takes you three yards of material to make a dress. *it takes me fifteen gallons of gas to fill the tank of this car. *it takes us a lot of love to raise children. It takes is also used with abstractions: love, patience, knowledge, kindness, etc. *yellow highlighted words are examples of incorrect usage.

Common mistakes
ERRORS AND SOLUTIONS error Solution

*it takes me six eggs to make It takes [me] six eggs to make this cake. An indirect object may be this cake. used with time phrases.. *it is taking six eggs to make It takes six eggs to make this cake. Progressive tense is not used in this cake. this expression. *it's take six eggs to make this It takes six eggs to make this cake. Subject-verb agreement error cake.

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Practice 1 Planning the next day Read Context Tomorrow, i will be pressed for time, but if I schedule things, I can get them all done. I'll need to do a few extra things. At 7:30, I will get up, shower, and get dressed. (30 minutes) Next, I will eat breakfast, eat and read through my email. (30 minutes) After that, I will have to drive to the gas station and fill up my car. (15 gallons / 56 liters) The fuel will probably cost me around $60 / 80. Then, i will stop by the bank to get some cash ($200). I need to pay my utilities bill tomorrow. ($150) Next, i will drive to work and spend the morning and afternoon in a company-review meeting. We will need several cups of coffee to stay alert. I will need a lot of concentration to get through such a long meetings. At five, i will go to the gym and lift weights for a couple hours with friends. I'll make an omelet for dinner (A few eggs) that should satisfy my appetite.

I should spend just a few minutes on the computer, but i usually end up spending over an hour reading my email and catching up with friends. Last, i will fall into bed and probably be asleep in a few seconds. Alert (A dj.) awake and clear-thinking Appetite (n.) hunger Concentration (n.) staying focused; paying close attention End up (verb expression) result in Firm (n.) strong; not weak Satisfy (v.) meet the requirement or need; be enough Tasks (n.) small jobs, chores Utilities bill (n.) charge for gas, electricity and water usage Complete the sentence with an "it takes" expression. 1. It takes me 30 minutes to get up, shower, and get dressed. 2. _____________________________________________________________________ eat breakfast, eat and read through my email. 3. _____________________________________________________________________ my car. 4. _______________________________________________________________ to refuel my car. 5. ______________________________________________________________pay the utilities bill. 6. ________________________________________________________to complete the company-review meeting. 7. It usually takes a few cups of coffee ______________________________________________. 8. ___________________________________________to get through a company-review meeting. 9. ________________________________________________________________to lift weights.

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10. _______________________________________ to prepare a good-sized omelette for dinner. 11. _________________________________________to read my email and catch up with friends. 12. _________________________________________________________________ to fall asleep. Practice 2 Jimmy he's so slow! Read for errors My little brother, jimmy is so slow before school. It's taking him forever in the morning to get dressed. He sits and stares at his clothes, but he doesn't put them on. It takes him a lot of energy just to get his pants and shirt on.

For me, it takes me five minutes to eat my breakfast. It takes for him fifteen minutes to eat his breakfast five minutes to choose it and ten minutes to eat it. Then, it takes him a lot of time in the bathroom to brush his teeth. Mom always reminds him to hurry up because it takes us a while to get to school if there is traffic. My mom takes a lot of patience to wait for him all the time. It takes a big brother like me to look after him. Jessie Patience (n.) being able to wait for something or someone without becoming angry Stare (v.) look at something for a long time, especially with eyes wide open Correct or incorrect? Select a response correct or incorrect. 2. 13. My little brother is so slow before school. It's taking him forever in the morning to get dressed. _________ correct 3. _________ incorrect 14. He sits and stares at his clothes, but he doesn't put them on. It takes him a lot of energy just to get his pants and shirt on. _________ correct 4. 5. 6. 7. _________ correct _________ correct _________ correct there is traffic. _________ correct 8. 9. _________ correct _________ correct Practice 3 Putting it all together _________ incorrect _________ incorrect _________ incorrect 19. My mom takes a lot of patience to wait for him all the time. 20. It takes a bigger brother like me to look after him. jessie _________ incorrect _________ incorrect _________ incorrect _________ incorrect 15. For me, it takes me five minutes to eat my breakfast 16. It takes for him fifteen minutes to eat his breakfast. 17. Then, it takes him a lot of time in the bathroom to brush his teeth. 18. Mom always reminds him to hurry up because it takes us a while to get to school if

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Read for Errors My partner and I made a bridge from toothpicks for our science class. We had to made a bridge that could support four bricks. The followings is what is needed to build a bridge from toothpicks:

A simple but strong design. Four boxes of flat toothpicks. One bottle of wood glue Graph paper Two dollars Two attempts (tries) Four hours of building One hour of drying A box for carrying it to school A lot of persistence

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Brick (n.) a red, rectangular block of clay; used for building Materials (n.) things, parts that will make up the bridge (toothpicks and glue) Persistence (n.) being able to stay with the project, try again and again Toothpick (n.) a little stick of wood for cleaning food from the teeth Scale (n.) relative size of the parts to the whole The toothpick bridge A friend of mine asked me to help her son with the classic math/science project, the toothpick bridge. At the time, i remembered my dad's explanation of a catenary and i decided to look into that curve as a building block of the design. The catenary is curve made by a hanging chain. A fancy description would be the 'shape assumed by a rope or chain of uniform density suspended from two points and acted upon solely by the forces of gravity.' the SaintLouis arch is the shape of a catenary. At that time, we designed and built the bridge, but in the interest of getting it built, we did not use the formula for a catenary, I think we simply dangled a chain (like the ones the pens are attached to at the bank) in front of a poster board and drew the curve.

When my son came home from 8th grade with the same assignment, i thought i would document our process on a web page. A school project, usually assigned in a physics class, or math class for junior high or high school students, the "toothpick bridge" problems tests the reasoning skills of kids and future engineers. Write an instruction for the requirements using an "it takes". Edit the sentence. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. A simple but strong design is needed to build a bridge from toothpicks. _______________________________________________________________ Four boxes of flat toothpicks are required to build the structure. _______________________________________________________________ One bottle of wood glue is needed to put the structure together. _______________________________________________________________ Graph paper is required to plan the shape and scale of the bridge. _______________________________________________________________ Two dollars are need to buy the materials for the bridge. [a quantity is or are] _______________________________________________________________ We needed two attempts to make a really good bridge. _______________________________________________________________ Four hours were required to build the bridge. _______________________________________________________________ One hour was needed for the glue to dry. _______________________________________________________________ One box with padding was needed to pack the bridge and carry it to school. _______________________________________________________________ A lot of persistence is needed to make the bridge a good and strong structure. _______________________________________________________________

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V.7 QUESTION TAGS

Question tags are used in conversation to get a (positive) reaction from the person you are talking to. Thats not really difficult, is it? We use tag questions at the end of statements to ask for confirmation. They mean something like: "am I right?" or "do you agree?" they are very common in English.

The basic structure is: Statement Question tag

+ positive statement,
Snow is white,

negative tag?
Isn't it?

negative statement,
You don't like me,
Examples You are Tom, arent you? He isnt Joe, is he?

+ positive tag?
Do you?

Main clause with auxiliary verb use auxiliary verb in question tag Youve got a car, havent you?

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EXERCISE ON QUESTION TAGS

Complete the sentences with the correct question tags. 1. Mr McGuiness is from Ireland, isn't he? 2. The car isn't in the garage,_____________________________________________? 3. You are john, _____________________________________________? 4. She went to the library yesterday, ____________________________________________? 5. He didn't recognize me, _____________________________________________? 6. Cars pollute the environment, _____________________________________________? 7. Mr. Pritchard has been to Scotland recently,_____________________________________? 8. The trip is very expensive, _____________________________________________? 9. He won't tell her,_____________________________________________? 10. Hugh had a red car,_____________________________________________? 11. Chris got up at seven, _____________________________________________? 12. You don't like yoghurt, _____________________________________________? 13. She can speak French, _____________________________________________? 14. He has a car_____________________________________________?

15. Your friends enjoy swimming,_ _____________________________________________? 16. They did not go to Vienna last week,___________________________________________? 17. The teacher was late for school,_ _____________________________________________? 18. Sue will be 14 next week,___ _____________________________________________? 19. Luciano Pavarotti was a great singer, __________________________________________? 20. It isn't very cold today, _____________________________________________? 21. Ms Patton assigns a lot of homework, _________________________________________? 22. I didn't bring enough money, _____________________________________________? 23. The children won't want to go to bed early, _____________________________________? 24. You have already seen ironman 3, ___________________________________________? 25. The movie received several Oscars ____________________________________________? 26. We can't keep our dog in the hotel room, _______________________________________? 27. The braves would like to win another world series, ______________________________? 28. Basketball players don't have small feet, _______________________________________?

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Which sentences are correct?
1) Which sentence is correct? ______the slide show was fantastic, isn't it? ______the slide show was fantastic, was it? ______the slide show was fantastic, wasn't it? 2) Which sentence is correct? ______let's go swimming, aren't we? ______let's go swimming, isn't it? ______let's go swimming, shall we? 3) Which sentence is correct? ______we must be at school at 8 o'clock, aren't we? ______we must be at school at 8 o'clock, mustn't we? ______we must be at school at 8 o'clock, needn't we? 4) Which sentence is correct? ______we had better leave, hadn't we? ______we had better leave, haven't we? ______we had better leave, weren't we?

5) Which sentence is correct? ______I think he's from India, doesn't he? ______I think he's from India, don't I? ______I think he's from India, isn't he? 6) Which sentence is correct? ______pass me the salt, aren't I? ______pass me the salt, aren't you? ______pass me the salt, won't you? 7) Which sentence is correct? ______there's a fly in your soup, is there? ______there's a fly in your soup, isn't it? ______there's a fly in your soup, isn't there? 8) Which sentence is correct? ______the sun won't shine tomorrow, will it? ______the sun won't shine tomorrow, will she? ______the sun won't shine tomorrow, won't it? Mount Rushmore Mount RushmoreNational Memorial Park in Keystone, South Dakota covers an area of 5 km. The rock formation was a sacred Indian site once and became a national memorial on March 3, 1925. Most visitors come to this place to see the famous busts of the presidents George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln (from left to right). The busts are about 18 meters high and were carved by 400 workers between 1927 and 1941.

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Grammar exercise on the text Exercise Put a question tag on the end of each sentence. (The first sentence is given as an example.) 1. The mount Rushmore National Memorial Park is in Keystone,_________________? 2. The rock was a sacred Indian site once,_______________________ ___________? 3. It has been a national memorial since 1925,_____________________________ __? 4. The monument doesnt show the bust of PresidentClinton, _______________________? 5. George Washington was the first president of the United States, __________________?

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CHAPTER VI. - NOUNS, PRONOUNS AND PREPOSITIONS

VI.1 NOUNS ARTICLES, PLURAL AND POSSESSIVE CASE
Important things to keep in mind when using nouns are which article to use and how to form the plural and how to form the possessive case. Article Direct article - the Example: the house Indirect article a / an A - If the first letter of the following word is pronounced like a consonant Example: a car, a university An - if the first letter of the following word is pronounced like a vowel Example: an apple, an hour

Exercises on nouns INDIRECT ARTICLES

Which indirect article is correct? 1. ________________ key 2. ________________ bus 3. ________________ orange 4. ________________ apple 5. ________________ watch 6. ________________ ice-cream 7. ________________ umbrella 8. ________________ university 9. ________________ 8-year-old girl 10. ________________ hour

Exercises on nouns DIRECT ARTICLE

Decide whether you must or must not use the direct article. 1. We went to________________ cinema. 2. We usually have________________ dinner at seven o'clock. 3. He plays________________ tennis very well. 4. Can you play________________ guitar? 5. This is my last year at________________ school. 6. Jane loves listening to________________ radio. 7. They went to London by________________ plane. 8. We are going to see my cousins on________________ Sunday. 9. Last night at eight we were watching________________ news on BBC. 10. That was an important day in________________ history.

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VI.1.1 RULES OF PLURAL NOUNS

General rule: singular form + s Example: a car - two cars

After s, ch, x, z the plural is formed by adding es Example: a box - two boxes Y after a consonant is changed to ie before the plural s Example: a city - two cities But: y after a vowel is not changed Example: a boy - two boys After o the plural is usually formed by adding es (this is not the case, however, with words used for electric gadgets and music: radio, video, disco) Example: a Tomato - two Tomatoes Singular or plural? Fill the gaps with the correct form of the nouns (singular or plural). 1. They ate some (Tomato)________________. 2. You can put (sugar) ________________ in your tea. 3. We have to buy new (furniture) ________________. 4. I need to wash my (hair) ________________. 5. We had lots of (fun) ________________. 6. The Milfords have a lot of (money) ________________. 7. How many (people) ________________ were at the cinema with you? 8. Could you give some (information) ________________ on your project? 9. In this hotel, (family) ________________ are very welcome. 10. Those (man) ________________ seem to be very tired.

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VI.1.2 ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY

ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY (e.g.: always, never, seldom, usually) Adverbs of frequency are put directly before the main verb. If 'be' is the main verb and there is no auxiliary verb, adverbs of frequency are put behind 'be'. Is there an auxiliary verb, however, adverbs of frequency are put before 'be'.

Subject I

Auxiliary/be

Adverb Often

Main verb Go swimming

Object, place or time In the evenings.

He We I

Doesn't Are Have

Always Usually Never

Play Been

Tennis. Here in summer. Abroad.

EXERCISES ON ENGLISH WORD ORDER VI.1.2 WORD ORDER ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY Rewrite the sentences and put the adverbs in correctly.
1. I have been to London. (often) I have often been to London 2. Have you been to Boston? (ever) _______________________________________________________ 3. He plays golf on Sundays. (sometimes) _______________________________________________________ 4. The weather is bad in November. (Always) __________________________________________ ______________ 5. It rains in California. (never) ________________________________________________________ 6. We have fish for dinner. (seldom) ________________________________________________________ 7. She will see him. (rarely) _______________________________ _________________________ 8. Peter doesn't get up before seven. (usually) ________________________________________________________ 9. They do not play tennis on Sundays. (always) ________________________________________________________ 10. Mary watches TV. (hardly / ever) __________________________________________________________ http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar

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VI.1.2 ADVERBS
Definition Adverbs are words that modify A verb (he drove slowly. How did he drive?) An adjective (he drove a very fast car. How fast was his car?) Another adverb (she moved quite slowly down the aisle. How slowly did she move?) As we will see, adverbs often tell when, where, why, or under what conditions something happens or happened. Adverbs frequently end in -ly; however, many words and phrases not ending in ly serve an adverbial function and an -ly ending is not a guarantee that a word is an adverb. The words lovely, lonely, motherly, friendly, neighborly, for instance, are adjectives: That lovely woman lives in a friendly neighborhood. If a group of words containing a subject and verb acts as an adverb (modifying the verb of a sentence), it is called an adverb clause: When this class is over, we're going to the movies. When a group of words not containing a subject and verb acts as an adverb, it is called an adverbial phrase. Prepositional phrases frequently have adverbial functions (telling place and time, modifying the verb): He went to the movies. She works on holidays. They lived in Canada during the war. And infinitive phrases can act as adverbs (usually telling why): She hurried to the mainland to see her brother. The senator ran to catch the bus. But there are other kinds of adverbial phrases: He calls his mother as often as possible. Adverbs can modify adjectives, but an adjective cannot modify an adverb. Thus we would say that "the students showed a really wonderful attitude" and that "the students showed a wonderfully casual attitude" and that "my professor is really tall, but not "he ran real fast."

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Like adjectives, adverbs can have comparative and superlative forms to show degree. Walk faster if you want to keep up with me. The student who reads fastest will finish first. We often use more and most, less and least to show degree with adverbs: With sneakers on, she could move more quickly among the patients. The flowers were the most beautifully arranged creations Ive ever seen. She worked less confidently after her accident. That was the least skillfully done performance Ive seen in years. The as as construction can be used to create adverbs that express sameness or equality: "he can't run as fast as his sister." A handful of adverbs have two forms, one that ends in -ly and one that doesn't. In certain cases, the two forms have different meanings: He arrived late. Lately, he couldn't seem to be on time for anything. In most cases, however, the form without the -ly ending should be reserved for casual situations: She certainly drives slow in that old Buick of hers. He did wrong by her. He spoke sharp, quick, and to the point. Adverbs often function as intensifiers, conveying a greater or lesser emphasis to something. Intensifiers are said to have three different functions: they can emphasize, amplify, or downtone. Here are some examples: Emphasizers: I really don't believe him. He literally wrecked his mother's car. She simply ignored me. They're going to be late, for sure. Amplifiers: The teacher completely rejected her proposal. I absolutely refuse to attend any more faculty meetings. They heartily endorsed the new restaurant. I so wanted to go with them. We know this city well. Downtoners:

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I kind of like this college. Joe sort of felt betrayed by his sister. His mother mildly disapproved his actions. We can improve on this to some extent. The boss almost quit after that. The school was all but ruined by the storm. Adverbs (A s well as adjectives) in their various degrees can be accompanied by premodifiers: She runs very fast. We're going to run out of material all the faster This issue is addressed in the section on degrees in adjectives. For this section on intensifiers, we are indebted to a grammar of contemporary English by RandolphQuirk, SidneyGreenbaum, Geoffrey leech, and Jan Svarytvik. Longman group: London. 1978. Pages 438 to 457. Examples our own. Using adverbs in a numbered list Within the normal flow of text, it's nearly always a bad idea to number items beyond three or four, at the most. Anything beyond that, you're better off with a vertical list that uses numbers (1, 2, 3, etc.). Also, in such a list, don't use adverbs (with an -ly ending); use instead the uninflected ordinal number (first, second, third, fourth, fifth, etc.). First (not firstly), it's unclear what the adverb is modifying.second (not secondly), it's unnecessary. Third (not thirdly), after you get beyond "secondly," it starts to sound silly. Adverbs that number in this manner are treated as disjoints (see below.) Adverbs we can do without Review the section on being concise for some advice on adverbs that we can eliminate to the benefit of our prose: intensifierssuch as very, extremely, and really that don't intensify anything and expletive constructions ("there are several books that address this issue.") Kinds of adverbs Adverbs of manner she moved slowly and spoke quietly. Adverbs of place she has lived on the island all her life. She still lives there now. Adverbs of frequency she takes the boat to the mainland every day. She often goes by herself.

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Adverbs of time she tries to get back before dark. It's starting to get dark now. She finished her tea first. She left early. Adverbs of purpose she drives her boat slowly to avoid hitting the rocks. She shops in several stores to get the best buys. Positions of adverbs One of the hallmarks of adverbs is their ability to move around in a sentence. Adverbs of manner are particularly flexible in this regard. Solemnly the minister addressed her congregation. The minister solemnly addressed her congregation. The minister addressed her congregation solemnly. The following adverbs of frequency appear in various points in these sentences: Before the main verb: i never get up before nine o'clock. Between the auxiliary verb and the main verb: i have rarely written to my brother without a good reason. Before the verb used to: i always used to see him at his summer home. Indefinite adverbs of time can appear either before the verb or between the auxiliary and the main verb: He finally showed up for batting practice. She has recently retired.

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Order of adverbs There is a basic order in which adverbs will appear when there is more than one. It is similar to the royal order of adjectives, but it is even more flexible.

The royal order of adverbs

Verb Beth swims Dad walks

Manner

Place

Frequency

Time Before dawn Before supper Before lunch.

Purpose To keep in shape. To get newspaper. a

Enthusiastically In the pool Every morning Impatiently Into town Every afternoon

Tashonda naps

In her Every morning room

In actual practice, of course, it would be highly unusual to have a string of adverbial modifiers beyond two or three (At the most). Because the placement of adverbs is so flexible, one or two of the modifiers would probably move to the beginning of the sentence: "every afternoon before supper, dad impatiently walks into town to get a newspaper." when that happens, the introductory adverbial modifiers are usually set off with a comma. More notes on adverb order As a general principle, shorter adverbial phrases precede longer adverbial phrases, regardless of content. In the following sentence, an adverb of time precedes an adverb of frequency because it is shorter (And simpler): Dad takes a brisk walk before breakfast every day of his life. A second principle: among similar adverbial phrases of kind (manner, place, frequency, etc.), the more specific adverbial phrase comes first: My grandmother was born in a sod house on the plains of Northern Nebraska. She promised to meet him for lunch next Tuesday. Bringing an adverbial modifier to the beginning of the sentence can place special emphasis on that modifier. This is particularly useful with adverbs of manner: Slowly, ever so carefully, Jesse filled the coffee cup up to the brim, even above the brim. Occasionally, but only occasionally, one of these lemons will get by the inspectors. Inappropriate adverb order Review the section on misplaced modifiers for some additional ideas on placement. Modifiers can sometimes attach themselves to and thus modify words that they ought not to modify. They reported that GiuseppeBalle, a European rock star, had died on the six o'clock news.

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Clearly, it would be better to move the underlined modifier to a position immediately after "they reported" or even to the beginning of the sentence so the poor man doesn't die on television. Misplacement can also occur with very simple modifiers, such as only and barely: She only grew to be four feet tall. It would be better if "she grew to be only four feet tall." Adjuncts, disjoints, and conjuncts Regardless of its position, an adverb is often neatly integrated into the flow of a sentence. When this is true, as it almost always is, the adverb is called an adjunct. ( Notice the underlined adjuncts or adjunctive adverbs in the first two sentences of this paragraph.) When the adverb does not fit into the flow of the clause, it is called a disjointsor a conjunct and is often set off by a comma or set of commas. A disjoint frequently acts as a kind of evaluation of the rest of the sentence. Although it usually modifies the verb, we could say that it modifies the entire clause, too. Notice how "too" is a disjoint in the sentence immediately before this one; that same word can also serve as an adjunct adverbial modifier: it's too hot to play outside. Here are two more disjunctive adverbs: Frankly, Martha, I don't give a hoot. Fortunately, no one was hurt. Conjuncts, on the other hand, serve a connector function within the flow of the text, signaling a transition between ideas. If they start smoking those awful cigars, then Im not staying. We've told the landlord about this ceiling again and again, and yet he's done nothing to fix it. At the extreme edge of this category, we have the purely conjunctive device known as the conjunctive adverb (often called the adverbial conjunction): Jose has spent years preparing for this event; nevertheless, he's the most nervous person here. I love this school; however, I don't think I can afford the tuition. Authority for this section: a university grammar of English by Randolph Quirk and Sidney Greenbaum. Longman group: Essex, England. 1993. 126. Used with permission. Examples our own. Some special cases The adverbs enough and not enough usually take a postmodifier position: Is that music loud enough?

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These shoes are not big enough. In a roomful of elderly people, you must remember to speak loudly enough. (Notice, though, that when enough functions as an adjective, it can come before the noun: Did she give us enough time? The adverb enough is often followed by an infinitive: She didn't run fast enough to win. The adverb too comes before adjectives and other adverbs: She ran too fast. She works too quickly. If too comes after the adverb it is probably a disjunct (meaning also) and is usually set off with a comma: Yasmin works hard. She works quickly, too. The adverb too is often followed by an infinitive: She runs too slowly to enter this race. Another common construction with the adverb too is too followed by a prepositional phrase for + the object of the preposition followed by an infinitive: This milk is too hot for a baby to drink. Relative adverbs Adjectival clauses are sometimes introduced by what are called the relative adverbs: where, when, and why. Although the entire clause is adjectival and will modify a noun, the relative word itself fulfills an adverbial function (modifying a verb within its own clause). The relative adverb where will begin a clause that modifies a noun of place: My entire family now worships in the church where my great grandfather used to be minister. The relative pronoun "where" modifies the verb "used to be" (which makes it adverbial), but the entire clause ("where my great grandfather used to be minister") modifies the word "church." A when clause will modify nouns of time: My favorite month is always February, when we celebrate Valentines Day and Presidents Day.

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And a why clause will modify the noun reason: Do you know the reason why Isabel isn't in class today? We sometimes leave out the relative adverb in such clauses, and many writers prefer "that" to "why" in a clause referring to "reason": Do you know the reason why Isabel isn't in class today? I always look forward to the day when we begin our summer vacation. I know the reason that men like motorcycles. Authority for this section: understanding EnglishGrammar by MarthaKolln. 4rth edition. Macmillan publishing company: New York. 1994. Viewpoint, focus, and negative adverbs A viewpoint adverb generally comes after a noun and is related to an adjective that precedes that noun: A successful athletic team is often a good team scholastically. Investing all our money in snowmobiles was probably not a sound idea financially. You will sometimes hear a phrase like "scholastically speaking" or "financially speaking" in these circumstances, but the word "speaking" is seldom necessary. A focus adverb indicates that what is being communicated is limited to the part that is focused; a focus adverb will tend either tolimit the sense of the sentence ("he got an a just for attending the class.") or to act as an additive ("he got an a in addition to being published." Although negative constructions like the words "not" and "never" are usually found embedded within a verb string "he has never been much help to his mother." They are technically not part of the verb; they are, indeed, adverbs. However, a so-called negative adverb creates a negative meaning in a sentence without the use of the usual no/not/neither/nor/never constructions: He seldom visits. She hardly eats anything since the accident. After her long and tedious lectures, rarely was anyone awake. For each question, you will be asked to select the most appropriate order of modifiers or the only appropriate placement of modifier(s). Submit the form using the submit application button at the end of the exercise. Your score will be returned to you in a few seconds. Select the sentence in which usually appears in an appropriate position. A. She usually shops for clothes at the local thrift store. B. Usually she shops for clothes at the local thrift store. C. She shops for clothes at the local thrift store usually. D. Either "a" or "b" is fine. 2. Select the sentence with the most appropriate order of adverbial phrases.

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a. She leaves the island during the months of December and January after dark. B. She leaves the island after dark during the months of December and January. c. Either "a" or "b" is fine. 3. Select the sentence with the most appropriate order of adverbs and adverbial phrases. A. Ramonita prays at St. Matthew's church fervently for her grandmother's recovery. B. Ramonita prays fervently for her grandmother's recovery at St. Matthew's church. C. Ramonita prays fervently at St. Matthew's church for her grandmother's recovery. D. Any one of the above is fine. 4. Select the sentence with the most appropriate order of adverbial phrases. A. Juan made an appointment to see his doctor at two o'clock on the first Thursday of July next summer. B. Juan made an appointment next summer to see his doctor next July at two o'clock on the first Thursday. C. Either "a" or "b" is fine. 5. Select the sentence with the most appropriate order of modifiers. A. My father was born in Cleveland in the backroom of a bakery. B. My father was born in the backroom of a bakery in Cleveland. C. Either "a" or "b" is fine. 6. Select the sentence with the most appropriate order of modifiers. A. Dry the car carefully with a soft fluffy towel. B. Dry the car with a soft fluffy towel carefully. C. Carefully dry the car with a soft fluffy towel. D. Either "a" or "c" is fine. 7. Select the most emphatic position for the adverbial modifier of this sentence. A. Rarely do we see this kind of talent on a small-town high school baseball team. B. We rarely see this kind of talent on a small-town high school baseball team. C. "a" and "b" are equally emphatic. 8. Select the sentence with the most appropriate order of adverbial modifiers. A. He found the golf clubs that his father had used to win the U.S. Open in the car trunk. B. In the car trunk, he found the golf clubs that his father had used to win the U.S. Open. 9. Select the sentence with the most appropriate position for the adjectival modifier. A. These miniature roses only grow to be an inch across. B. These miniature roses grow to be only an inch across. C. Either "a" or "b" is fine.

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VI.1.7 POSSESSIVE CASE OF NOUNS

Adding 's Usually used for people Ronny's brother Of phrase Usually used for things The name of the school

If there is a relation to people when using the possessive case with unanimated things, often the s is added instead of using an of phrase. Example: Germanys economy or the economy of Germany When using the possessive case with a time, s is added. Example: a three weeks' holiday

EXERCISE ON THE POSSESSIVE CASE OF NOUNS

Possessive case Fill the gaps with the possessive case of nouns. Decide whether you have to use 's or an of phrase. 1. The boy has a toy. it's the________________. 2. Peter has a book. Its________________. 3. The magazine has my picture on its cover. My picture is on________________. 4. Our friends live in this house. Its________________. 5. There is milk in the glass. Its________________. 6. This house has a number. What is________________? 7. The walk lasts two hours. Its________________. 8. John has a sister, Jane. Jane is________________. 9. The film has a name, "scream". "scream" is________________. 10. This school is for girls only. it's a________________.

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PREPOSITIONS
Prepositions are short words (on, in, to) that usually stand in front of nouns (sometimes also in front of gerund verbs). Even advanced learners of English find prepositions difficult, as a 1:1 translation is usually not possible. One preposition in your native language might have several translations depending on the situation.

There are hardly any rules as to when to use which preposition. The only way to learn prepositions is looking them up in a dictionary, reading a lot in English (literature) and learning useful phrases off by heart. The following table contains rules for some of the most frequently used prepositions in English:

Prepositions time
English

Usage On In

At Since For Ago Before To Past To / till / until Till / until By

Days of the week Months / seasons Time of day Year After a certain period of time (when?) For night For weekend A certain point of time (when?) From a certain point of time (past till now) Over a certain period of time (past till now) A certain time in the past Earlier than a certain point of time Telling the time Telling the time Marking the beginning and end of a period of time In the sense of how long something is going to last In the sense of at the latest Up to a certain time

Example On Monday In august / in winter In the morning In 2006 In an hour

At night At the weekend At half past nine Since 1980 For 2 years 2 years ago Before 2004 Ten to six (5:50) Ten past six (6:10) From Monday to/till Friday He is on holiday until Friday. I will be back by 6 oclock. By 11 o'clock, i had read five pages.

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PREPOSITIONS PLACE (POSITION AND DIRECTION)

English

Usage In

Room, building, street, town, country Book, paper etc. Car, taxi Picture, world Meaning next to, by an object For table For events

At

Example In the kitchen, in London In the book In the car, in a taxi In the picture, in the world At the door, at the station At the table

Place where you are to do something typical (watch a film, study, work) Attached For a place with a river Being on a surface For a certain side (left, right) For a floor in a house For public transport For television, radio

On

By, next to, beside Under Below Over

Left or right of somebody or something On the ground, lower than (or covered by) something else Lower than something else but above ground Covered by something else Meaning more than Getting to the other side (also across) Overcoming an obstacle Higher than something else, but not directly over it Getting to the other side (also over) Getting to the other side Something with limits on top, botTom and the sides Movement to person or building Movement to a place or country For bed Enter a room / a building Movement in the direction of something (but not directly to it) Movement to the top of something In the sense of where from

Above Across

Through To

Into Towards Onto From

At a concert, at the party At the cinema, at school, at work The picture on the wall London lies on the Thames. On the table On the left On the first floor On the bus, on a plane On TV, on the radio Jane is standing by / next to / beside the car. The bag is under the table The fish are below the surface Put a jacket over your shirt Over 16 years of age Walk over the bridge Climb over the wall A path above the lake Walk across the bridge Swim across the lake Drive through the tunnel Go to the cinema Go to London / Ireland Go to bed Go into the kitchen / the house Go 5 steps towards the house Jump onto the table A flower from the garden

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Other important prepositions

English Usage Example

From Of By On

In Off Out of By At About

Who gave it Who/what does it belong to What does it show Who made it Walking or riding on horseback Entering a public transport vehicle Entering a car / taxi Leaving a public transport vehicle Leaving a car / taxi Rise or fall of something Travelling (other than walking or horseriding) For age For topics, meaning what about

A present from Jane A page of the book The picture of a palace A book by Mark Twain On foot, on horseback Get on the bus Get in the car Get off the train Get out of the taxi Prices have risen by 10 percent By car, by bus She learned Russian at 45 We were talking about you

Exercise on prepositions place

Complete the exercise according to the picture. 1. _______________the picture, I can see a woman. 2. The woman is sitting_______________ a table. 3. She is sitting _______________a chair. 4. There is another chair_______________ the woman. 5. Her feet are_______________the table 6. The woman is holding a cup_______________her hands. 7. _______________the table are a laptop, a paper, a calculator, an appointment calendar, two pens and a muffin. 8. The woman is looking______________her laptop. 9. The woman's bag is_______________the table. Complete the exercise according to the picture.

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1. _______________the picture, there are four people. 2. A couple is sitting _______________the table. 3. They are sitting_______________chairs. 4. The drinks are_______________the table. 5. One woman is standing_______________the table. 6. _______________her is a man who is barbecuing.

Exercise on prepositions place Complete the exercise according to the picture. 1. _______________the picture, there are three kids. 2. The girl is standing _______________the two boys. 3. The boy with the gray shirt is __________the right. 4. He has a Gameboy _______________his hands. 5. The kids are looking _______________his Gameboy.

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Exercise on prepositions time

Fill in the correct prepositions. 1. Peter is playing tennis_______________________ Sunday. 2. My brother's birthday is_______________________ the 5th of november. 3. My birthday is _______________________ may. 4. We are going to see my parents_______________________ the weekend. 5. _______________________ 1666, a great fire broke out in London. 6. I don't like walking alone in the streets_______________________ night.

7. What are you doing_______________________ the afternoon? 8. My friend has been living in Canada_______________________ two years. 9. I have been waiting for you _______________________ seven o'clock. 10. I will have finished this essay_______________________ Friday. 11. What are you doing _______________________ the weekend? 12. I don't know yet. Maybe Ill go to the cinema_______________________ Saturday. 13. That's interesting. I haven't been to the cinema_______________________ so many years. 14. We could go there together_______________________ the afternoon. 15. That would be great. But i would prefer to go there_______________________ the evening. I am visiting my grandma_______________________ Saturday. 16. That's okay. The film starts_______________________ eight o'clock. 17. I can pick you up_______________ half ___________seven. How long does the film last? 18. It lasts_______________________ two hours and forty-five minutes. 19. ______________eight _______________a quarter_______________________ eleven. 20. That's right. But i must hurry home ___________________the film. I have to be home_______________________ eleven o'clock. since - if the starting point is given (two o'clock, last Friday, 1998) - for - if the period of time is given (twenty minutes, two days, one year)

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Decide whether to use since or for.

1. I have been waiting_______________________ 4 o'clock. 2. Sue has only been waiting_______________________ 20 minutes. 3. Tim and Tina have been learning English _______________________ six years. 4. Fred and Frida have been learning French_______________________ 1998. 5. Joe and Josephine have been going out together____________________ Valentine's Day. 6. I haven't been on holiday_______________________ last July. 7. Mary has been saving her money_______________________ many years. 8. I haven't eaten anything_______________________ breakfast. 9. You have been watching TV_______________________ hours. 10. We have been living here_______________________ 2 months.

VI.3 PRONOUNS (PERSONAL, POSSESSIVE, RELATIVE AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS)

Pronouns are words like I, me (personal pronouns) or my, mine (possessive pronouns).

Personal pronouns Subject Object form form

I You He She It We You They Me You Him Her It Us You Them

Possessive adjectives and pronouns Possessive Possessive adjective pronoun

My Your His Her Its Our Your Their Mine Yours His Hers Its Ours Yours Theirs

Reflexive pronouns
Myself Yourself Himself Herself Itself Ourselves Yourselves Themselves

Exercise on pronouns Personal pronouns - subject Replace the words in brackets by the correct personal pronouns. Note that Sue is the person speaking. The (*) means that you are asked a question. 1. My name is Sue. (Sue) _______________________ am English. And this is my family. 2. My mum's name is Angie. (Angie) _______________________ is from Germany. 3. Bob is my dad. (my dad) _______________________ is a waiter. 4. On the left you can see Simon. (Simon) _______________________ is my brother. 5. (Sue and Simon) _______________________ are twins. 6. Our dog is a girl, Judy. (Judy) _______________________ is two years old. 7. (sue, simon, Angie and Bob) _______________________ live in Canterbury. 8. (Canterbury) _______________________ is not far from London. 9. My grandparents live in London. (my grandparents) _______________________ often come and see us. 10. What can (*) _______________________ tell me about your family?

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Personal pronouns object Aaron was on a business trip to California. He shows you the souvenirs he got for his family.
Fill in the correct pronouns. 1. My sister Jane loves books. This novel is for (she) _______________________. 2. My children like Disney films. The video is for (they)_______________________. 3. My brother matt collects picture postcards. These postcards are for (he)____________________. 4. My parents like Latin music. The CD is for (they)_______________________. 5. I like watches. This nice watch is for (I)_______________________. 6. My wife and I love sweets. These sweets are for (we)_______________________. 7. My nephew likes cars. The toy truck is for (he)_______________________.

8. My neighbour wants to go to California next year. The guide book is for (she)_______________. 9. Here is another souvenir. I don't know what to do with (it)_______________________. 10. You know what? - Its for (you)_______________________.

Possessive adjectives
Replace the personal pronouns by possessive adjectives. 1. Where are (you)_______________________ friends now? 2. Here is a postcard from (i)_______________________ friend peggy. 3. She lives in Australia now with (she)_______________________ family. 4. (she)_______________________ husband works in newcastle. 5. (he)_______________________ company builds ships. 6. (they)_______________________ children go to school in newcastle. 7. (i)_______________________ husband and i want to go to Australia, too. 8. We want to see peggy and (she) _______________________ family next winter. 9. (we)_______________________ winter! 10. Because it is (they)_______________________ summer. Possessive pronouns Replace the personal pronouns by possessive pronouns. 1. This book is (you)_______________________. 2. The ball is (i)_______________________. 3. The blue car is (we)_______________________. 4. The ring is (she)_______________________. 5. We met paul and jane last night. This house is (they)_______________________. 6. The luggage is (he)_______________________. 7. The pictures are (she)_______________________. 8. In our garden is a bird. The nest is (it)_______________________. 9. This cat is (we)_______________________.

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10. This was not my fault. It was (you)_______________________. Reflexive pronouns Fill in the correct reflexive pronouns. 1. I did not want to believe it and then i saw the ufo_______________________. 2. The girl looked at_______________________ in the mirror. 3. Freddy, you'll have to do your homework_______________________. 4. You don't need to help them. They can do it_______________________. 5. I introduced_______________________ to my new neighbour. 6. Boys, can you make your beds_______________________? 7. She made _______________________ a pullover. 8. What happens when a fighting fish sees_______________________ in the mirror?

9. The father decided to repair the car_______________________. 10. We can move the table_______________________. Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns Decide whether you have to use the reflexive pronoun, the reciprocal pronoun (each other) or nothing. 1. John hurt_______________________ when climbing the tree. 2. Peter and sue helped_______________________ with the homework. 3. I feel_______________________ much better today. 4. Did she make_______________________ a cup of tea? 5. The wild monkey looked at_______________________ in the mirror. 6. Brigit and billy smiled at_______________________. 7. We're meeting_______________________ at the station. 8. During the meeting, jane and mary were talking to_______________________. 9. I don't remember_______________________ where we spent our holiday last year. 10. We need to concentrate_______________________. Relative pronouns (who / which / whose) Choose the correct relative pronoun (who, which, whose). 1. This is the bank_______________________ was robbed yesterday. 2. A boy_______________________ sister is in my class was in the bank at that time. 3. The man_______________________ robbed the bank had two pistols. 4. He wore a mask_______________________ made him look like mickey mouse. 5. He came with a friend_______________________ waited outside in the car. 6. The woman_______________________ gave him the money was young. 7. The bag_______________________ contained the money was yellow. 8. The people_______________________ were in the bank were very frightened. 9. A man_______________________ mobile was ringing did not know what to do. 10. A woman_______________________ daughter was crying tried to calm her. 11. The car_______________________ the bank robbers escaped in was orange. 12. The robber_______________________ mask was obviously too big didn't drive. 13. The man_______________________ drove the car was nervous. 14. He didn't wait at the traffic lights_______________________ were red. 15. A police officer_______________________ car was parked at the next corner stopped and arrested them. Fill the gaps with the correct pronouns.

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1. Once upon a time there was a girl called Little Red Riding Hood. Together with _______________________ mum_______________________ lived in a big forest. 2. One fine day, Little Red Riding Hoods mother said, _______________________ Grandma is ill. Please go and take this cake and a bottle of wine to_______________________. Grandmas house is not too far from_______________________ house, but always keep to the path and dont stop! 3. So, Little Red Riding Hood made_______________________ way to Grandmas house. 4. In the forest_______________________ met the big bad wolf. 5. Little Red Riding Hood greeted_______________________ and the wolf asked: 6. Where are _______________________ going, little red riding hood? 7. To_______________________ Grandmas house. Answered Little Red Riding Hood. 8. Can you tell_______________________ where_______________________ Grandma lives? 9. ______________________ lives in a little cottage at the edge of the forest. 10. Why dont _______________________ pick some nice flowers for_______________________? Asked the wolf. 11. Thats a good idea. Said Little Red Riding Hood and began looking for flowers. Meanwhile, the wolf was on _______________________ way to Grandmas house. 12. The house was quite small but nice and _______________________ roof was made out of straw. 13. The wolf went inside and swallowed poor old grandma. After that ___________________ put Grandmas clothes on and lay down in____________________ bed. 14. Sometime later, Little Red Riding Hood came to the little cottage._______________ went inside and was shocked by the sight of_______________________ Grandma. 15. OhGrandma, what big eyes, hands and mouth _______________________ have got! Little Red Riding Hood said. 16. There, the wolf jumped out of bed and swallowed_______________________, too. 17. Then _______________________ lay down again and fell asleep. 18. After a while, the hunter passed by Grandmas house._______________________ heard somebody snoring, thought that there was something wrong and consequently went inside. 19. In the bedroom, _______________________ saw the wolf. 20. First, the hunter wanted to shoot_______________________, but then_______________________ saw the wolfs big belly. 21. So, the hunter took out_______________________ knife and cut the belly open. 22. Out came Little Red Riding Hood and_______________________ Grandma.

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23. Thank you for saving_______________________, whispered Little Red Riding Hood. 24. Then, all of _______________________ went to fetch some stones and put_______________________ in the wolfs belly. 25. Soon the wolf woke up_______________________ was very thirsty and went to the well in the garden to drink some water. 26. When the wolf wanted to lean over and drink, the stones in _______________________ belly were too heavy and pulled_______________________ down into the well. 27. Grandma, the hunter and Little Red Riding Hood were happy, ate___________________cake and drank the wine. 28. But the wolf in the well thought, Why do such things always happen to_______________________?

VI.3.4/VI.3.5 OTHER, ANOTHER, THE OTHER. OTHER, OTHERS, THE OTHERS

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ANOTHER another is formed from a combination of the words "an" and "other", and has a meaning similar to "one other". * When used as an adjective, another can precede only a singular countable noun. * When used as a pronoun, another takes a singular verb. E.g. please bring me another knife.

Another of her uncles lives in Montreal. In the first example, another modifies the singular noun knife. In the second example, the pronoun another is the subject of the singular verb lives. * Another usually cannot be immediately preceded by a determiner. - The another student is nine years old. (wrong) OTHER other can be used with singular countable, plural countable or uncountable nouns. E.g. The other door is open. The other streets are paved. Do you have any other luggage? In these examples, other modifies the singular countable noun door, the plural countable noun streets, and the uncountable noun luggage. *when used before a singular countable noun, other usually must be preceded by adeterminer. E.g. Please pass me the other cup. I do not know any other way to do it. There must be some other explanation. In these examples, other is used with the singular countable nouns cup, way and explanation, and is preceded by the determiners the, any and some. *when other modifies a singular countable noun, the noun is sometimes omitted, particularly in the expression one ... The other. E.g. I have two pens. One is green and the other is blue. One of my parents is a teacher; the other is a doctor. OTHERS Others is a pronoun. Others can be used to take the place of the word other, followed by a plural countable noun. E.g. Those trees are hemlocks; the others are pines. Ten people belong to the group, and five others are planning to join. In the first example, others takes the place of the words other trees. In the second example, others takes the place of the words other people. *others is often used in the expression some ... Others. E.g. Some books are easy to read, but others are quite difficult. Some people like classical music, while others prefer jazz.

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CHAPTER VII. MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS MODAL VERBS

Modal verbs are for example may, can, must, should, need. They express an ability, permission, wish etc. To do something. (I may, can, must swim.) Many modal verbs cannot be used in all of the English tenses. That's why we need to know the substitutes to these modal verbs. Modal verb Must Must not Can May Need Need not Shall / should/ ought to Substitute To have to Not to be allowed to To be able to To be allowed to To have to Not to have to To be supposed to / to be expected to / to be to Example I must swim. = I have to swim. I must not swim. = I am not allowed to swim. I can swim. = I am able to swim. I may swim. = I am allowed to swim. I need to swim. = I have to swim. I need not swim. = i don't have to swim. I shall / should / ought to swim. = I am supposed to swim. / I am expected to swim. / I am to swim.

Exercise on modal verbs and their substitutes Choose the correct substitute for each modal verb. 1. We ought to win the race. we__________________________ win the race. a) Are able to a) Have to a) Have to a) Has to a) Have to a) Have to a) Has to a) Do not have to a) Do not have to b) are allowed to b) am able to b) are able to b) is supposed to b) am able to b) are supposed to b) is able to c) are supposed to c) am supposed to c) are allowed to c) is allowed to c) am allowed to c) are allowed to c) is allowed to b) are not able to b) are not able to c) are not supposed to c) are not allowed to 2. I can swim. i __________________________ swim. 3. You must meet my best friend. you_______________________ meet my best friend. 4. He should be in bed by now. he_______________________ be in bed by now. 5. I must get up early. I ____________________________ get up early. 6. They may stay up late. They_________________________ stay up late. 7. She needs to see the doctor. she______________________ see the doctor. 8. We need not walk. We_______________________________ walk. 9. You must not sleep you__________________________________ sleep.

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10. Should i go to the cinema with them? ____________________________ go to the cinema with them? a) Am I able to substitute. 1. You (must) must get up early tomorrow. 2. You (not / need)_____________________________________ call a baby sitter. 3. We (may) _____________________________________ watch the film tonight. 4. He (not / can) _____________________________________ see me yesterday. 5. She (must)__________________________________ stay at school yesterday afternoon. 6. (may / you) _____________________________________ go to the disco yesterday? 7. He (not / must) _____________________________________ sleep now. 8. You (not / need) _____________________________________ answer. 9. He (ought to) _______________________________ give evidence at the court yesterday. 10. Since he bought the new car he (not / can) _________________________________ sleep. Exercise on the use of 'must not' - Must not - prohibition (it is not allowed) - need not - option (it is not necessary) The players must not touch the ball with their hands or arms. = they are not allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms. Practise the use of 'must not' and 'need not' in the following exercise. Which is correct? 1. The teams___________________ have more than 11 players on the field during a match. a) Must not 3. Must not b) need not 2. But there___________________ even be 11 players playing for each team. b) need not b) need not b) need not b) need not b) need not b) need not 4. Players___________________ wear anything which might injure another player. a) Must not a) Must not a) Must not a) Must not a) Must not 5. Players___________________ play the ball with their feet only. 6. Substituted players___________________ return to the game. 7. Players___________________ leave the game without the referee's permission. 8. Players___________________ hold an opponent. b) am I supposed to c) am allowed to Use modal verbs where possible. If a modal verb can't be used with a certain tense, use its

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9. The referee___________________ send a player off if he has committed foul play. a) Must not a) Must not a) Must not b) need not b) need not b) need not 10. However, if a player is sent off during the game, he___________________ be replaced. 11. A period___________________ be over after exactly 45 minutes. Let's... And why don't we...? For making suggestions to friends. Let's - for making suggestions and why don't we .both constructions are followed by the verb. No change to the verb. E.g. Girl: let's go to the cinema tonight. There's a good film on. Boy: let's not. I'd rather stay in and watch TV. Let's have a take-away and watch the football. Girl: i hate football. I don't want to stay at home and watch TV. It's boring. Boy: why don't you ring some of your girlfriends and go out together. Girl: because i want to do something with you. N.b. "let's" includes the speaker and the person or people (s) he is speaking to. It's a contraction for "let us" plus the verb. "Why don't we" acts in the same way. They are both friendlysuggestions used in conversation. Practice exercise: 1. __________________ go to the zoo. I like watching the monkeys and apes. 2. I'd rather not. I don't like zoos. _____________________ (not) go out.Stay at home. 3. Tell you what! _____________________________ you stay at home and Ill go out! 4. That's no fun. I want to do something together. 5. All right. _________________________ go down the pub. 6. All right. http://www.grammar-cat.com/practice/speaking/lets_and_why_dont_we.htm choose the correct sentences and write them in the white boxes: let's drink some water - lets clean his car - let's buy a cake for her- let's go to the cinema -let's buy one ticket for you and one for me - let's watch TV - let's do some exercise - let's sit on that bench - let's dance - let's eat a sandwich - let's look at the calendar - let's telephone her -let's take an umbrella - let's close the window -

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It's very cold here. It's very hot. I am thirsty. I haven't visited granny this week.

_____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________

Ds car is very dirty. it's mum's birthday today. It's raining. We can't play outside. I want to see the film "Avatar". what's the date today? It's raining. We are going to oxford by bus. I like this music a lot and i feel so happy I am tired of walking around the park. I want to be healthy and fit I am so hungry

_____________________________________ ____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________

http://www.Englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=4854 English grammar reference: would rather and would prefer These two sentences have the same meaning: I'd rather stay at home. I'd prefer to stay at home. They both mean that if possible i want to stay at home. Look at the construction: Rather Positive Subject I I Negative Subject I I Prefer Positive Subject I I Negative Subject Would Prefer not Infinitive Would Would 'D Prefer Prefer Prefer Infinitive To go To listen to The cinema. The radio. Would Would 'D Rather not Rather not Rather not Base form Go. Invite Him. Would Would 'D Rather Rather Rather Base form Go Listen to The cinema. The radio.

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I I

Would 'D

Prefer not Prefer not

To go. To invite Him.

http://www.oneworldofEnglish.com/English_grammar_reference/would_rather_would_prefer.htm

Fill in the spaces with the correct words 1. I would rather_____________________________(learn) French than Spanish. 2. I would prefer_____________________________ (have) dinner late tonight. 3. Would you rather_____________________________ (drive) a car or a motorcycle? 4. She would rather_____________________________ (live) with her parents than alone. 5. Would you prefer_____________________________ (stay) in or go out? 6. Would you rather_____________________________(make) dinner or go out to a restaurant? 7. They would rather_____________________________ (play) soccer all day instead of studying. 8. I would prefer_____________________________ (watch) a movie. 9. Would you rather_____________________________ (eat) hotdogs or hamburgers? 10. I would rather_____________________________ (wear) a dress than pants. http://www.learnEnglish-online.com/grammar/tests/ratherprefer.html

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CHAPTER VIII. CONECTORS

Los conectores copulativos son aquellos que unen algo a lo ya mencionado.

VIII.1.AND.
Es la conjuncin copulativa y en espaol. Puede unir varias palabras o frases, ejemplos:He played the guitar and sang wonderful songs: el toc la guitarra y cant maravillosas canciones. it is hard for a student to work and study at the same time: es difcil para un estudiante trabajar y estudiar al mismo tiempo - I have a book, a pen and a pencil in my bag... Paul and Sarah are at home... I work in a school and i also work in a hospital... She comes here every day and were friends...

VIII, 2 BUT.
Es la conjuncin adversativa pero en espaol y va precedida de coma ejemplos:Im hungry, but the fridge is empty... Its raining a lot, but its warm... I want to go on holidays, but i dont have any money...

She lives in Italy, but she doesnt speak a word of Italian...

VIII.3 OR.
Es la conjuncin disyuntiva o, que puede unir palabras o frases:Do you like tea or coffee? I dont like bananas, oranges or apples... We can go to the cinema or we can stay at home... They dont work or do anything...

VIII.4 SO.
Es una conjuncin resultativa que une oraciones (en espaol, por tanto, por eso....) Ejemplos: 1 it was raining, so we didnt go out... I dont have money, so i cant go shopping... Mary insulted him, so he was very angry... We use lots of paper every day. So , we must recycle...

VIII.5 SO THAT
Tiene un uso diferente (para que), ejemplos: Im buying a present for him so that hes happy... She tells jokes so that we laugh...

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VII, 6 BECAUSE.
Es una conjuncin causal, porque en espaol ejemplos: Hes cleaning the house because its very dirty... Im taking my umbrella because its raining... Theyre tired because they work many hours...

VIII. 7 NOT ONLY...BUT ALSO...

no solo...sino tambin ejemplos: Mary plays not only the guitar but also the violin = Maryno solo toca la guitarra sino tambin el violn.-

VII. 8 NOT ONLY

Sallyis not only disappointed at her brother but also angry at his remarks = Sally no solo est decepcionada por su hermano sino tambin enfadada por su comentarios.

VII.9 NOT ONLY...BUT...AS WELL NO SOLO...SINO...TAMBIN, EJEMPLOS:She is not only beautiful but very intelligent as well = ella no solo es hermosa sino que es muy inteligente tambin Mary and bill not only argued, but shouted at each other as well = mary y bill no solo discutan sino que se gritaban tambin.

VIII.10 BOTH...AND... TANTO...COMO... / AMBAS COSAS, EJEMPLOS:-

Many politicians desire both money and power = muchos polticos desean tanto dinero como poder. Bill wants both to earn more money and to work less = bill quiere ambas cosas,ganar ms dinero y trabajar menos.

VIII.8. NO SOONER...THAN... APENAS...CUANDOThe baker had no sooner turned off the oven tan the last cusTomers arrived = el panadero apenas haba apagado el horno cuando llegaron los ltimos clientes.i had no sooner gotten into the bathtub tan the telephone rang = Apenas me haba metido en la baera cuando son el telfono.

VIII. 9 CONECTORES COMPARATIVOS:

Se utilizan cuando una o ms oraciones expresan grados de comparacin por semejanza o diferencia. Son: 2 as- como; as...as- tan...como; not as...as- no tan..comonot so...as - no tan...comoas if / as though- como si; than- que

VIII. 10. AS COMO:

He performed the operation exactly as he was told = el ejecut la operacin exactamente como se le dijo. Nobody knows that subject as i do = nadie conoce ese tema como yo.

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VIII.11 AS...AS - TAN...COMO Y NOT AS...AS- NO TAN..COMOHis car is as fast as mine = su auto es tan veloz como el mo. They are not as good as you think = ellos no son tan buenos como tu piensas.

VIII.12 NOT SO...AS - NO TAN...COMOHis second book was not so good as the first one = su segundo libro no fue tan bueno como el primero. She was not so beautiful as her mother = ella no era tan bonita como su madre.

VIII.12 AS IF / AS THOUGH - COMO SIThey treat me as if they didn't know me = me tratan como si no me conocieran- Bill started to spend money as though he had won the lottery = Bill comenz gastar dinero como si hubiera ganado la lotera.

VIII.13 TAN - QUEThey started to have more problems than they expected = empezaron a tener ms problemas que lo que esperaban.Learning English is more difficult than most people think = aprender ingls es ms difcil que lo que la mayora cree. http://es.scribd.com/doc/17662234/guia-2-ingles-conectores

Basic coordinating conjunctions Complete the sentences by choosing the best coordinating conjunction for each space. Type in all of your answers using the word list below and then click on "check answers". If you need help, click "show a letter". and but or so

1. Jaewon was cold,___________________ he put on a coat. 2. Maria tried to read a novel in French,___________________ it was too difficult. 3. To get from Vancouver to Victoria, you can fly,___________________ you can ride the ferry. 4. I bought a bottle of wine,___________________ we drank it together. 5. The waiter was not very nice,___________________ the food was delicious. 6. I went to buy a rolling stones cd,___________________ the shop didn't have it. 7. Anna needed some money,___________________ she took a part-time job. 8. There's so much rain lately! Maybe it's because of ElNio,___________________ maybe it's just coincidence. 9. Julie has a guitar,___________________ she plays it really well. 10. The concert was cancelled, ___________________ we went to a nightclub instead. http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/330/grammar/coconj1.htm

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COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
Positive Form
Use the positive form of the adjective if the comparison contains one of the following expressions: as as

Example: Jane is as tall as John.

not as as / not so as

Example: John is not as tall as Arnie.

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (-er/-est)

one-syllable adjectives (clean, new, cheap) two-syllable adjectives ending in -y or -er (easy, happy, pretty, dirty, clever)

positive form

comparative form

superlative form

clean

cleaner

(the) cleanest

EXCEPTIONS IN SPELLING WHEN ADDING -er / -est

silent e is dropped Example: late-later-latest

final y after a consonant becomes I Example: easy-easier-easiest

final consonant after short, stressed vowel is doubled Example: hot-hotter-hottest

COMPARATIVE FORM AND SUPERLATIVE FORM (MORE/MOST)

adjectives of three or more syllables (and two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y/-er)

positive form

comparative form

uperlative form

difficult

more difficult

most difficult

COMPARATIVE FORM AND SUPERLATIVE FORM (IRREGULAR COMPARISONS)

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positive form

comparative form

superlative form

good

better

best

bad / ill

worse

worst

little (amount)

less

least

little (size)

smaller

smallest

much / many

more

most

far (place + time)

further

furthest

far (place)

farther

farthest

late (time)

later

latest

late (order)

latter

last

near (place)

nearer

nearest

near (order)

next

old (people and things) older

oldest

old (people)

elder

eldest

FORM AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS

Adverbs are used to express how something is done (adjectives express how someone or something is).

Example: The dog sleeps QUIETLY. The dog is ABSOLUTELY quiet.

FORM
IN GENERAL: ADJECTIVE + -ly
adjective
slow slowly

adverb

EXCEPTIONS IN SPELLING

exception
silent E is dropped in TRUE, DUE, WHOLE Y becomes I LE after a consonant is dropped after LL only add Y

example
TRUE TRULY HAPPY HAPPILY SENSIBLE SENSIBLY FULL FULLY

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ADJECTIVES ENDING IN -ic: ADJECTIVE + -ally (EXCEPTION: PUBLICPUBLICLY)

adjective
fantastic

adverb
fantastically

ADJECTIVES ENDING IN -ly: USE IN A WAY / MANNER OR ANOTHER ADVERB WITH SIMILAR MEANING

adjective
friendly

adverb
in a friendly way in a friendly manner probably

likely

EXCEPTIONS

adjective
good difficult public deep direct hard high late most near pretty short THE FOLLOWING ADJECTIVES ARE ALSO USED AS ADVERBS (WITHOUT MODIFICATION):

adverb (meaning)
well with difficulty publicly deep (place) direct hard high (place) late most near

adverb (meaning)

deeply (feeling) directly (=soon) hardly (=seldom) highly (figurative) lately (=recently) mostly (=usually) nearly (=almost)

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pretty (=rather) prettily short shortly (=soon)

daily, enough, early, far, fast, hourly, little, long, low, monthly, much, straight, weekly, yearly,

COMPARISON
COMPARISON (-er/-est)
Comparative ending in - Superlative ending in ER one-syllable adverbs (hard) adverbs with the same form as adjectives (early) harder earlier hardest earliest EST

Comparative formed with more

Superlative formed with most

adverbs ending in -ly (happily)

more happily

most happily

IRREGULAR COMPARISONS
positive form
well badly ill little much far (place + time) far (place) late (time)

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comparative
better worse worse less more further farther later

superlative
best worst worst least most furthest farthest latest

Positive Form

Comparative

Superlative

clean

comfortable

kind

dark

quick

Positive Form

Comparative

Superlative

strong

harmful

important

healthy

thirsty

Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives

Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative).
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. My house is (big) ---____________________________________than yours. This flower is (beautiful) ---____________________________________than that one. This is the (interesting) ---____________________________________book I have ever read. Non-smokers usually live (long) ---____________________________________than smokers. Which is the (dangerous) ---____________________________________animal in the world? A holiday by the sea is (good) ---_________________________than a holiday in the mountains. It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) ---________________________________than a beer. Who is the (rich) ---____________________________________woman on earth? The weather this summer is even (bad) ---______________________________than last summer. He was the (clever) ---____________________________________thief of all.

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Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives (as ... as)

Fill in the comparison with as ... as.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. John is (tall) Glen. ---____________________________________Glen Janet is (beautiful) ---____________________________________Jeniffer. You are (crazy) ---____________________________________my sister. We can run (fast) ---____________________________________they can. My mom is (not / strict) ---____________________________________your mum. Your mobile phone is (not / trendy) ---____________________________________mine.

7. Matrix II was (not / interesting) ---____________________________________Matrix I. 8. This yoghurt (not / taste / good) ---____________________________________the one I bought yesterday. 9. I can do (many / press-ups) ---____________________________________you. 10. I (not / earn / much / money) ---____________________________________you do.

CHAPTER X. PASSIVE VOICE

USE OF PASSIVE
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.

Example: My bike was stolen.

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it. Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:

Example: A mistake was made.

In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).

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X.2 FORM OF PASSIVE

Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs) Example: A letter was written. When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following: The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence The finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle) The subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

Tense Simple Present Active: Passive: Simple Past Active:

Subject Rita A letter Rita

Verb writes is written wrote

Object a letter. by Rita. a letter.

Passive: Present Perfect Future I Can (ability or capacity) Active: Passive: Active: Passive: Active: Passive:

A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter

was written has written has been written will write will be written can write can be written

by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita.

EXAMPLES OF PASSIVE

Tense Present Progressive Past Progressive Past Perfect Future II Conditional I Conditional II

Active: Passive: Active: Passive: Active: Passive: Active: Passive: Active: Passive: Active: Passive:

Subject Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter

Verb is writing is being written was writing was being written had written had been written will have written will have been written would write would be written would have written would have been written

Object a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita.

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PASSIVE SENTENCES WITH TWO OBJECTS Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on. Active: Passive: Passive: Subject Rita A letter I Verb wrote was written was written Object 1 a letter to me a letter Object 2 to me. by Rita. by Rita.

As you can see in the examples, adding BY RITA does not sound very elegant. Thats why it is usually dropped.

PERSONAL AND IMPERSONAL PASSIVE

PERSONAL PASSIVE simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a personal passive. Example: They build houses. Houses are built. Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive sentence (as there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal construction therefore this passive is called IMPERSONAL PASSIVE. Example: he says it is said IMPERSONAL PASSIVE is not as common in English as in some other languages (e.g. German, Latin). In English, IMPERSONAL PASSIVE is only possible with verbs of perception (e. g. say, think, know). Example: They say that women live longer than men. It is said that women live longer than men. Although IMPERSONAL PASSIVE is possible here, PERSONAL PASSIVE is more common. Example: They say that women live longer than men. Women are said to live longer than men. The subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of the sentence; the verb of perception is put into passive voice. The rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive construction with 'to' (certain auxiliary verbs and THAT are dropped). Sometimes the term PERSONAL PASSIVE is used in English lessons if the indirect object of an active sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence.

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Exercises
MIXED EXERCISE ON PASSIVE VOICE

Rewrite the sentences in passive voice.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. John collects money. -____________________________________ Anna opened the window-____________________________________ We have done our homework. -____________________________________ I will ask a question. --____________________________________ He can cut out the picture. --____________________________________ The sheep ate a lot. --____________________________________ We do not clean our rooms. --____________________________________ William will not repair the car. --____________________________________ Did Sue draw this circle? --____________________________________ Could you feed the dog? --____________________________________

EXERCISE ON PASSIVE VOICE - SIMPLE PRESENT

Rewrite the sentences in passive voice.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. He opens the door. ---The door is opened by him. We set the table. ---_________________________________________ She pays a lot of money. --____________________________________ I draw a picture. --___________________________________________ They wear blue shoes. --______________________________________ They don't help you. ---_______________________________________ He doesn't open the book. ---__________________________________ You do not write the letter. ---_________________________________ Does your mum pick you up? ---________________________________ Does the police officer catch the thief? ---________________________

Who, Whom, Whose The following is a mini-tutorial on the uses of "who," "whom," and "whose." If you already know how to use these words, you can skip the explanation and go directly to the exercises. Subjects, Objects and Possessive Forms To understand how to use "who," "whom," and "whose," you first have to understand the difference between subjects, objects, and possessive forms. Subjects do an action:

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He loves movies. She goes to school. We enjoy Chinese food.

Objects receive an action:

The teachers like him. Thomas knows her. The actor smiled at us.

Possessive forms tell us the person something belongs to:

His bike is broken. I like her new book. The teacher graded our homework.

"Who" is a Subject Pronoun "Who" is a subject pronoun like "he," "she" and "we" in the examples above. We use "who" to ask which person does an action or which person is a certain way. Examples:

Who made the birthday cake? Who is in the kitchen? Who is going to do the dishes?

"Whom" is an Object Pronoun "Whom" is an object pronoun like "him," "her" and "us." We use "whom" to ask which person receives an action. Examples:

Whom are you going to invite? Whom did he blame for the accident? Whom did he hire to do the job?

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"Whose" is a Possessive Pronoun "Whose" is a possessive pronoun like "his," "her" and "our." We use "whose" to find out which person something belongs to. Examples:

Whose camera is this? Whose dog is barking outside? Whose cell phone keeps ringing?

"Who," "Whom" and "Whose" in Indirect Questions The sentence below contains an example of an indirect question:

I don't know whom he invited.

Such sentences usually start with a phrase such as: "I am not sure" or "He doesn't know" or "We don't care." Just ignore the first part of the sentence and look at the indirect question when deciding whether to use "who," "whom" or "whose." Ask yourself if the indirect question requires a subject, object, or possessive form. Examples:

He doesn't know who the boss of the company is. subject of the indirect question

I don't care whom you invite. object of the indirect question She isn't sure whose car that is. "Whose" shows possession of car.

"Who," "Whom" and "Whose" in Adjective Clauses The sentence below contains an example of an adjective clause:

I know the man who won the contest.

Adjective clauses are used to describe a noun in the main sentence. In the example above, the adjective clause tells us about "the man." Just ignore the main sentence and look at the adjective clause when deciding whether to use "who," "whom" or "whose." Ask yourself if the adjective clause requires a subject, object, or possessive form. Examples:

We knew the actress who starred in the movie. subject of adjective clause They hired the man whom we interviewed last week. object of adjective clause She knew the family whose house we bought. "Whose" shows possession of house.

"Whom" Less Common The form "whom" is becoming less and less common in English. Many native English speakers think "whom" sounds outdated or strange. This trend is particularly common in the United States. Especially when combined with prepositions, most people prefer to use "who" as the object pronoun. To most native English speakers, the examples below sound quite natural. Examples:

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Who did you come to the party with? I don't know who he gave the book to. That is the woman who I was talking to. Who did you get that from? Do you have any idea who he sold his car to? That is the person who I got the information from. WHO, WHOM, WHOSE

GAP-FILL EXERCISE

Choose the correct answer for each gap below, then click the "Check" button to check your answers. 1._____________ wrote this book?

a) who

b)

whose c)

whom

2.___________________ are you going to recommend? a) who b) whose c) whom

3.___________________dictionary is on the table? a) who b) whose c) whom

4. It doesn't look like this is the right address. _____________ did you ask for directions? a) who b) whose c) whom

5. We have two extra tickets for the concert ._______________ wants to go with us? 6. It wasn't me! I have no idea________________ left the oven on.

7.__________________ car is parked in the handicapped parking space? If someone doesn't move it, it's going to be towed. a) who b) whose c) whom 8. The police have called in an expert to identify____________ handwriting is actually on the ransom letter. a) who b) whose c) whom

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9. Do you remember ____________received the Academy Award for best actress that year? Was it Nicole Kidman? a) who b) whose c) whom

10. Melanie couldn't remember the name of the student ___________science project received the $100,000 prize. a) who b) whose c) whom

11. I know exactly _________________I'm going to support in the upcoming election. a) who b) whose c) whom

12. That's the professor ______________________spent 10 years living with the Pygmies in Central Africa. a) who b) whose c) whom

13. She's the actress ______________________he so vividly describes in his scandalous new book. a) who b) whose c) whom

14. Can you please tell me the names of the people_______________ helped organize the AIDS charity event? a) who b) whose c) whom 15. The National Park is being renamed in honor of Dian Fossey, _____________ scientific research and environmental efforts helped save the last remaining mountain gorillas a) who b) whose c) whom

http://www.englishpage.com/minitutorials/who_whom_1.htm

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REPORTED SPEECH (INDIRECT SPEECH)
If we report what another person has said, we usually do not use the speakers exact words (direct speech), but reported (indirect) speech. Therefore, you need to learn how to transform direct speech into reported speech. The structure is a little different depending on whether you want to transform a statement, question or request.

Statements
When transforming statements, check whether you have to change:

Pronouns Present tense verbs (3rd person singular) Place and time expressions Tenses (backshift)

Type direct speech reported speech (no backshift) reported speech (backshift)

Example I speak English. He says that he speaks English. He said that he spoke English.

PRONOUNS
In reported speech, you often have to change the pronoun depending on who says what.

Example She says, My mum doesnt have time today. She says that her mum doesnt have time today.

TENSES
NO BACKSHIFT
Do not change the tense if the introductory clause is in Simple Present (e. g. He says). Note, however, that you might have to change the form of the present tense verb (3rd person singular).

Example He says, I speak English. He says that he speaks English.

BACKSHIFT
You must change the tense if the introductory clause is in Simple Past (e. g. HE SAID). This is called BACKSHIFT. Example He said, I am happy. He said that he was happy. Direct Speech Simple Present Present Progressive Simple Past Present Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple Past Progressive Present Perfect Progressive Past Perfect Progressive Future I (going to) Future I (will) Conditional I (would) was / were going to Conditional I (would) Past Perfect Progressive Reported Speech Simple Past Past Progressive Past Perfect Simple

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The verbs could, should, would, might, must, neednt, ought to, used to do not normally change.

Example: He said, She might be right. He said that she might be right.

Place and Time expressions

For place and time expressions you have to check whether place and time are the same in direct and reported speech or not. Check out the following example:

It is Friday and you meet James at a restaurant. James tells you that he saw Caroline in this restaurant today. (I saw Caroline here today.) A few minutes later, Helen joins you and you want to report what James has told you. Place (here) and time (today) are the same and you can say: James said that he had seen Caroline here today. One day later, you meet Mary at the same restaurant. Again, you want to report to her what James has told you. The place is the same, but not the time (it happened yesterday). So you would say: James said that he had seen Caroline here yesterday.

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Still a few days later, Tom rings you at home. Again, you want to report to him what James has told you. However, now you are not at the restaurant (but at home) and a few days have passed since then. So you would say: James said that he had seen Caroline at the restaurant on Friday. oder I met James in a restaurant on Friday and he said that he had seen Caroline there that day.

Therefore you always have to think which place and time expressions are logical in a certain situation. In the following table, you will find ways of transforming place and time expressions into reported speech. Direct Speech today now yesterday days ago Reported Speech that day then the day before days before

last week next year tomorrow here this these Questions

the week before the following year the next day / the following day there that those

When transforming questions, check whether you have to change:

pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift) Also note that you have to:

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if / whether Type with interrogative without interrogative direct speech reported speech direct speech reported speech Example Why dont you speak English? He asked me why I didnt speak English. Do you speak English? He asked me whether / if I spoke English.

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For pronouns, tenses and place / time expressions see statements in reported speech. Besides, note that instead of that you use the interrogative. If there is no interrogative, use whether / if. Direct Speech statement question with interrogative question without interrogative He said: She lives in London. He asked:Where does she live? He asked: Does she live in London? Reported Speech He said that she lived in London He asked where she lived. He asked whether she lived in London. He asked if she lived in London.

It is also important that you use an indirect question in reported speech, i.e. after the interrogative or whether / if you continue the sentence as if it were a statement (subject-verb etc.). The auxiliary verbdo is not used in indirect questions. Example: He asked: Where does she live? He asked where she lived.

For pronouns and place / time expressions see statements in reported speech. Tenses are not relevant for requests simply use to + infinite verb.

Example: She said, Say hello to your mum. She asked me to say hello to my mum.
For negative requests, use not to + infinite verb.

Example: He said, Dont give up, Bob. He advised Bob not to give up.

Additional Information and Exeptions

Apart from the above mentioned basic rules, there are further aspects that you should keep in mind, for example:
main clauses connected with and / but tense of the introductory clause reported speech for difficult tenses exeptions for backshift requests with must, should, ought to and lets

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MAIN CLAUSES CONNECTED WITH AND / BUT

If two complete main clauses are connected with AND or BUT, put THAT after the conjunction.

Example: He said,I saw her but she didnt see me. He said that he had seen her but that she hadnt seen him.
If the subject is left out in the second main clause (the conjunction is followed by a verb), do not use THAT.

Example: She said,I am a nurse and work in a hospital. He said that she was a nurse and worked in a hospital.

TENSE OF THE INTRODUCTORY CLAUSE

The introductory clause usually is in Past Tense.

Example: He said that

Present Tense is often used to report a conversation that is still going on, e. g. during a phone call or while reading a letter.

Example: I am fine. Tom says / writes that he is fine.

The introductory clause can also be in another tense. In the following table you can see, for which tense of the introductory clause you have to use backshift in reported speech.

No Backshift if introductory clause is in

Backshift if introductory clause is in

Simple Present (He says ) Present Perfect (He has said ) Future I will (He will say ) Future I going to (He is going to say )

Simple Past (He said ) Past Perfect (He had said ) Future II ( He will have said ) Conditional I (He would say ) Conditional II (He would have said )

BACKSHIFT IN REPORTED SPEECH

The basic rules for backshift when transforming direct speech into reported speech are: Direct Speech Simple Present Present Progressive Simple Past Present Perfect Past Perfect Past Progressive Present Perfect Progressive Past Perfect Progressive Future I (going to) Future I (will) Conditional I Future II Conditional II EXCEPTIONS Backshift of Simple Present is optional if the situation is still unchanged or if you agree with the original speaker. Beispiel: Canberra is the capital of Australia. She said that Canberra is / was the capital of Australia. Conditional II was / were going to Conditional I Past Perfect Progressive Reported Speech Simple Past Past Progressive Past Perfect Simple

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Backshift of Simple Past and Past Progressive is optional if they cannot be mistakenly taken for backshift of Present Tense. So backshift is not necessary if there is a time expression indicating past. Example: She left Boston on Monday. He said that she left / had left Boston on Monday. Simple Past and Past Progressive do not normally change in sentences with WHEN / IF. Example: When I was having breakfast, the telephone suddenly rang. She said that when she was having breakfast, the telephone suddenly rang. Example: If I had more time, I would learn French. He said that if he had more time, he would learn French. REQUESTS The basic rule for requests is: introductory clause + to + infinite verb. Example: Say hello to your mum. She asked me to say hello to my mum. Advise expressions with must, should and ought are usually reported using ADVISE / URGE. Example: You must read that book. He advised / urged me to read that book. The expression lets is usually reported using SUGGEST. In this case, there are various possibilities for reported speech: gerund or statement with SHOULD. Example: Lets go to the cinema. He suggested going to the cinema. He suggested that we should go.to the cinema.

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EXERCISE ON REPORTED SPEECH

MIXED EXERCISE 1
Complete the sentences in reported speech. Note whether the sentence is a request, a statement or a question. 1. He said, "I like this song." He said---____________________________________

2. "Where is your sister?" she asked me. She asked me ---____________________________________ 3. "I don't speak Italian," she said. She said---____________________________________ 4. "Say hello to Jim," they said. They asked me---____________________________________ 5. "The film began at seven o'clock," he said. He said---____________________________________ 6. "Don't play on the grass, boys," she said. She told the boys---____________________________________ 7. "Where have you spent your money?" she asked him. She asked him---____________________________________ 8. "I never make mistakes," he said. He said---____________________________________ 9. "Does she know Robert?" he wanted to know. He wanted to know---____________________________________ 10. "Don't try this at home," the stuntman told the audience. The stuntman advised the audience---____________________________________

Mixed Exercise 2
Complete the sentences in reported speech. Note whether the sentence is a request, a statement or a question and whether you have to change the tenses or not. 1. "I was very tired," she said. She said---____________________________________ 2. "Be careful, Ben," she said. She told Ben---____________________________________ 3. "I will get myself a drink," she says. She says---____________________________________ 4. "Why haven't you phoned me?" he asked me. He wondered---____________________________________ 5. "I cannot drive them home," he said. He said---____________________________________ 6. "Peter, do you prefer tea or coffee?" she says. She asks Peter---____________________________________ 7. "Where did you spend your holidays last year?" she asked me. She asked me---____________________________________ 8. He said, "Don't go too far." He advised her---____________________________________ 9. "Have you been shopping?" he asked us. He wanted to know---____________________________________ 10. "Don't make so much noise," he says. He asks us---____________________________________

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PHRASAL VERBS LIST

Phrasal verbs are usually two-word phrases consisting of verb + adverb or verb + preposition. Think of them as you would any other English vocabulary. Study them as you come across them, rather than trying to memorize many at once. Use the list below as a reference guide when you find an expression that you don't recognize. The examples will help you understand the meanings. If you think of each phrasal verb as a separate verb with a specific meaning, you will be able to remember it more easily. Like many other verbs, phrasal verbs often have more than one meaning. This list shows about 200 common phrasal verbs, with meanings and examples. Only the most usual meanings are given. Some phrasal verbs may have additional meanings. As well as learning their meanings, you need to learn how to use phrasal verbs properly. Some phrasal verbs require a direct object (someone/something), while others do not. Some phrasal verbs can be separated by the object, while others cannot. Review this phrasal verbs grammar from time to time so that you don't forget the rules! Verb ask someone out ask around add up to something back something up back someone up blow up blow something up break down break down break somethingdown Meaning invite on a date ask many people the same question equal reverse support explode add air stop functioning (vehicle, machine) get upset divide into smaller parts force entry to a building enter forcibly wear something a few times so that it doesn't look/feel new Example Brian asked Judy out to dinner and a movie. I asked around but nobody has seen my wallet. Your purchases add up to $205.32. You'll have to back up your car so that I can get out. My wife backed me up over my decision to quit my job. The racing car blew up after it crashed into the fence. We have to blow 50 balloons up for the party. Our car broke down at the side of the highway in the snowstorm. The woman broke down when the police told her that her son had died. Our teacher broke the final project downinto three separate parts. Somebody broke in last night and stole our stereo. The firemen had to break into the room to rescue the children. I need to break these shoes in before we run next week.

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break in break into something break something in

break in break up break up break out break out insomething bring someone down bring someone up bring something up bring something up call around call someone back call something off call on someone call on someone call someone up calm down not care forsomeone/something catch up check in check out checksomeone/somethingout check outsomeone/something cheer up cheer someone up chip in clean something up come acrosssomething

interrupt end a relationship start laughing (informal) escape develop a skin condition make unhappy raise a child start talking about a subject vomit phone many different places/people return a phone call cancel ask for an answer or opinion visit someone phone relax after being angry not like (formal) get to the same point as someone else arrive and register at a hotel or airport leave a hotel look at carefully, investigate look at (informal) become happier make happier help tidy, clean find unexpectedly

The TV station broke in to report the news of the president's death. My boyfriend and I broke up before I moved to America. The kids just broke up as soon as the clown started talking. The prisoners broke out of jail when the guards weren't looking. I broke out in a rash after our camping trip. This sad music is bringing me down. My grandparents brought me up after my parents died. My mother walks out of the room when my father brings up sports. He drank so much that he brought his dinner up in the toilet. We called around but we weren't able to find the car part we needed. I called the company back but the offices were closed for the weekend. Jason called the wedding off because he wasn't in love with his fianc. The professor called on me for question 1. We called on you last night but you weren't home. Give me your phone number and I willcall you up when we are in town. You are still mad. You need to calm down before you drive the car. I don't care for his behaviour. You'll have to run faster than that if you want to catch up with Marty. We will get the hotel keys when wecheck in. You have to check out of the hotel before 11:00 AM. The company checks out all new employees. Check out the crazy hair on that guy! She cheered up when she heard the good news. I brought you some flowers to cheer youup. If everyone chips in we can get the kitchen painted by noon. Please clean up your bedroom before you go outside. I came across these old photos when I

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come apart come down withsomething come forward come fromsomewhere count onsomeone/something cross something out cut back onsomething cut something down cut in cut in

separate become sick volunteer for a task or to give evidence originate in rely on draw a line through consume less make something fall to the ground interrupt pull in too closely in front of another vehicle start operating (of an engine or electrical device) remove with something sharp stop providing take out of a will remove part of something (usually with scissors and paper) beat up, ransack (Br.E., informal) do again (N.Amer.)

was tidying the closet. The top and bottom come apart if you pull hard enough. My nephew came down with chicken pox this weekend. The woman came forward with her husband's finger prints. The art of origami comes from Asia. I am counting on you to make dinner while I am out. Please cross out your old address and write your new one. My doctor wants me to cut back onsweets and fatty foods. We had to cut the old tree in our yarddown after the storm. Your father cut in while I was dancing with your uncle. The bus driver got angry when that carcut in. The air conditioner cuts in when the temperature gets to 22C. The doctors cut off his leg because it was severely injured. The phone company cut off our phone because we didn't pay the bill. My grandparents cut my father off when he remarried. I cut this ad out of the newspaper.

cut in

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cut something off cut something off cut someone off cut something out

Dosomeone/somethingover do something over

do away withsomething do something up dress up drop back drop in/by/over Dropsomeone/somethingoff

discard fasten, close wear nice clothing move back in a position/group come without an appointment take

He's lucky to be alive. His shop was done over by a street gang. My teacher wants me to do my essayover because she doesn't like my topic. It's time to do away with all of these old tax records. Do your coat up before you go outside. It's snowing! It's a fancy restaurant so we have todress up. Andrea dropped back to third place when she fell off her bike. I might drop in/by/over for tea sometime this week. I have to drop my sister off at work

drop out eat out end up fall apart fall down fall out fall out

someone/something somewhere and leave them/it there quit a class, school etc eat at a restaurant eventually reach/do/decide break into pieces fall to the ground separate from an interior (of hair, teeth) become loose and unattached understand, find the answer to write information in blanks (Br.E.) to write information in blanks (N.Amer.) fill to the top discover discover communicate, make understandable like each other have mobility go on a vacation do without being noticed or punished return receive something you had before retaliate, take revenge become interested in something again step onto a vehicle

before I come over.

I dropped out of Science because it was too difficult. I don't feel like cooking tonight. Let's eat out. We ended up renting a movie instead of going to the theatre. My new dress fell apart in the washing machine. The picture that you hung up last nightfell down this morning. The money must have fallen out of my pocket. His hair started to fall out when he was only 35. I need to figure out how to fit the piano and the bookshelf in this room. Please fill in the form with your name, address, and phone number. The form must be filled out in capital letters. I always fill the water jug up when it is empty. We don't know where he lives. How can we find out? We tried to keep the time of the party a secret, but Samantha found it out. I tried to get my point across/over to the judge but she wouldn't listen. I was surprised how well my new girlfriend and my sister got along/on. My grandfather can get around fine in his new wheelchair. We worked so hard this year that we had to get away for a week. Jason always gets away with cheating in his maths tests. We got back from our vacation last week. Liz finally got her Science notes backfrom my room-mate. My sister got back at me for stealing her shoes. She stole my favourite hat. I finally got back into my novel and finished it. We're going to freeze out here if you don't let us get on the bus.

figure something out fill something in fill something out fill something up find out find something out get somethingacross/over get along/on get around get away get away withsomething get back get something back get back at someone get back intosomething get on something

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get over something get over something get round tosomething

recover from an illness, loss, difficulty overcome a problem finally find time to do (N.Amer.:get around to something) meet (usually for social reasons) get out of bed stand reveal hidden information about someone take the bride to the altar ruin a secret give something to someone for free return a borrowed item reluctantly stop fighting or arguing give to many people (usually at no cost) quit a habit stop trying follow someone try to achieve something compete, oppose start, proceed return to a place leave home to go on a social event date review visit someone nearby

I just got over the flu and now my sister has it. The company will have to close if it can'tget over the new regulations. I don't know when I am going to get round to writing the thank you cards. Let's get together for a BBQ this weekend. I got up early today to study for my exam. You should get up and give the elderly man your seat. His wife gave him away to the police.

get together get up get up give someone away

give someone away give something away give something away give something back give in give something out give something up give up go after someone go after something go against someone go ahead go back go out go out with someone go over something go over

My father gave me away at my wedding. My little sister gave the surprise partyaway by accident. The library was giving away old books on Friday. I have to give these skates back to Franz before his hockey game. My boyfriend didn't want to go to the ballet, but he finally gave in. They were giving out free perfume samples at the department store. I am giving up smoking as of January 1st. My maths homework was too difficult so I gave up. My brother tried to go after the thief in his car. I went after my dream and now I am a published writer. We are going against the best soccer team in the city tonight. Please go ahead and eat before the food gets cold. I have to go back home and get my lunch. We're going out for dinner tonight. Jesse has been going out with Luke since they met last winter. Please go over your answers before you submit your test. I haven't seen Tina for a long time. I think I'll go over for an hour or two.

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go without something grow apart grow back grow up grow out ofsomething

suffer lack or deprivation stop being friends over time regrow become an adult get too big for

grow into something hand something down hand something in hand something out hand something over hang in hang on hang out hang up Holdsomeone/somethingback hold something back hold on hold ontosomeone/something Holdsomeone/somethingup keep on doingsomething keep something fromsomeone Keepsomeone/somethingout keep something up let someone down let someone in look aftersomeone/something

grow big enough to fit give something used to someone else submit to distribute to a group of people give (usually unwillingly) stay positive (N.Amer., informal) wait a short time (informal) spend time relaxing (informal) end a phone call prevent from doing/going hide an emotion wait a short time hold firmly using your hands or arms rob continue doing not tell stop from entering continue at the same rate fail to support or help, disappoint allow to enter take care of

When I was young, we went withoutwinter boots. My best friend and I grew apart after she changed schools. My roses grew back this summer. When Jack grows up he wants to be a fireman. Elizabeth needs a new pair of shoes because she has grown out of her old ones. This bike is too big for him now, but he should grow into it by next year. I handed my old comic books down to my little cousin. I have to hand in my essay by Friday. We will hand out the invitations at the door. The police asked the man to hand overhis wallet and his weapons. Hang in there. I'm sure you'll find a job very soon. Hang on while I grab my coat and shoes! Instead of going to the party we are just going to hang out at my place. He didn't say goodbye before he hung up. I had to hold my dog back because there was a cat in the park. Jamie held back his tears at his grandfather's funeral. Please hold on while I transfer you to the Sales Department. Hold onto your hat because it's very windy outside. A man in a black mask held the bank upthis morning. Keep on stirring until the liquid comes to a boil. We kept our relationship from our parents for two years. Try to keep the wet dog out of the living room. If you keep those results up you will get into a great college. I need you to be on time. Don't let medown this time. Can you let the cat in before you go to school? I have to look after my sick

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look down onsomeone look forsomeone/something look forward tosomething look into something look out look out forsomeone/something look something over look something up

think less of, consider inferior try to find be excited about the future investigate be careful, vigilant, and take notice be especially vigilant for check, examine search and find information in a reference book or database have a lot of respect for invent, lie about something forgive each other apply cosmetics to confuse two or more things die

grandmother. Ever since we stole that chocolate bar your dad has looked down on me. I'm looking for a red dress for the wedding. I'm looking forward to the Christmas break. We are going to look into the price of snowboards today. Look out! That car's going to hit you! Don't forget to look out for snakes on the hiking trail. Can you look over my essay for spelling mistakes? We can look her phone number up on the Internet.

look up to someone make something up make up make someone up mix something up pass away pass out pass something out pass something up pay someone back pay for something pick something out Pointsomeone/somethingout put something down

My little sister has always looked up to me. Josie made up a story about why we were late. We were angry last night, but we made up at breakfast. My sisters made me up for my graduation party. I mixed up the twins' names again!

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put someone down

His uncle passed away last night after a long illness. faint It was so hot in the church that an elderly lady passed out. give the same thing The professor passed the to many people textbooks outbefore class. decline (usually I passed up the job because I am something good) afraid of change. return owed money Thanks for buying my ticket. I'll pay youback on Friday. be punished for doing That bully will pay for being mean to something bad my little brother. choose I picked out three sweaters for you to try on. indicate with your I'll point my boyfriend out when he finger runs by. put what you are You can put the groceries down on holding on a surface the kitchen counter. or floor insult, make The students put the substitute someone feel stupid teacherdown because his pants were

put something off put something out put somethingtogether put up withsomeone/something put something on

postpone extinguish assemble tolerate put clothing/accessories on your body meet unexpectedly drive a vehicle over a person or thing rehearse, review leave unexpectedly, escape have none left return (usually by mail) arrange, organize trick, trap compare prices act extra special for people watching (usually boastfully) stay somewhere for the night (informal) organize, resolve a problem continue doing something, limit yourself to one particular thing stop the energy flow, turn off start the energy flow, turn on resemble a family member purposely break into pieces return an item

too short. We are putting off our trip until January because of the hurricane. The neighbours put the fire out before the firemen arrived. I have to put the crib together before the baby arrives. I don't think I can put up with three small children in the car. Don't forget to put on your new earrings for the party. I ran into an old school-friend at the mall. I accidentally ran over your bicycle in the driveway. Let's run over/through these lines one more time before the show. The child ran away from home and has been missing for three days. We ran out of shampoo so I had to wash my hair with soap. My letter got sent back to me because I used the wrong stamp. Our boss set a meeting up with the president of the company. The police set up the car thief by using a hidden camera. I want to shop around a little before I decide on these boots. He always shows off on his skateboard You should sleep over tonight if the weather is too bad to drive home. We need to sort the bills out before the first of the month. You will lose weight if you stick to the diet.

run intosomeone/something run oversomeone/something run over/throughsomething run away run out send something back set something up set someone up shop around show off

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sleep over sort something out stick to something

switch something off switch something on take after someone take something apart take something back

The light's too bright. Could you switch itoff. We heard the news as soon as weswitched on the car radio. I take after my mother. We are both impatient. He took the car brakes apart and found the problem. I have to take our new

take off take something off take something out take someone out

tear something up think back think something over

start to fly remove something (usually clothing) remove from a place or thing pay for someone to go somewhere with you rip into pieces remember (often + to, sometimes + on) consider

TV back because it doesn't work. My plane takes off in five minutes. Take off your socks and shoes and come in the lake! Can you take the garbage out to the street for me? My grandparents took us out for dinner and a movie. I tore up my ex-boyfriend's letters and gave them back to him. When I think back on my youth, I wish I had studied harder. I'll have to think this job offer overbefore I make my final decision. We threw our old furniture away when we won the lottery. Please turn the TV down while the guests are here. I turned the job down because I don't want to move. Your mother wants you to turn the TVoff and come for dinner. It's too dark in here. Let's turn some lights on. Can you turn the music up? This is my favourite song. Our cat turned up after we put posters up all over the neighbourhood. I'm going to try these jeans on, but I don't think they will fit. I am going to try this new brand of detergent out. The kids used all of the toothpaste up so we need to buy some more. We have to wake up early for work on Monday. You can warm your feet up in front of the fireplace. I always warm up by doing sit-ups before I go for a run. Most of my make-up wore off before I got to the party. I work out at the gym three times a

throw somethingaway

dispose of

turn something down

turn something down turn something off turn something on turn something up

decrease the volume or strength (heat, light etc) refuse stop the energy flow, switch off start the energy, switch on increase the volume or strength (heat, light etc) appear suddenly

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turn up

try something on try something out use something up

sample clothing test finish the supply

wake up Warmsomeone/somethingup warm up wear off work out

stop sleeping increase the temperature prepare body for exercise fade away exercise

work out work something out

be successful make a calculation

week. Our plan worked out fine. We have to work out the total cost before we buy the house.

PHRASAL VERBS QUIZ

Write the correct phrasal verb in the space provided. Choose the correct answer among a) , b), or c) 1. Would you look ____________________________________-my dog this weekend? a) Look up b) look after c) look 2. My neighbour ______________________________________ of eggs yesterday a) Ran out of b) ran into c) ran 3. I ___________________________ at my baseball game Broke down b) broke off c) broke

4. Our boss _______________________ our meeting until next week Put off b) put down c) put

5. Could you ____________________________ the music while Im at the phone? Turn around b) turn down c) turn

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6. I dont _________________________________ my new Science teacher get up b) get on with c) get over

7. I ____________________________ meeting your new girlfriend a) Look b) look forward to c) look up 8. My car _________________________ in the highway yesterday a) Broke down b) broke off c) broke away 9. It will be easier to read if you ___________________________- the lights a) Switch b) switch on c) switch over 10. I have to ___________________________ to the finish line and back a) Run away b) run out of c) run http://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/phrasal-verbs-quiz.htm