Multithreading in Java

1. Multithreading 2. Multitasking 3. Process-based multitasking 4. Thread-based multitasking 5. What is Thread Multithreading is a process of executing multiple threads simultaneously. Thread is basically a lightweight subprocess, a smallest unit of processing. Multiprocessing and multithreading, both are used to achieve multitasking. But we use multithreading than mulitprocessing because threads share a common memory area. They don't allocate separate memory area so save memory, and context-switching between the threads takes less time than processes. Multithreading is mostly used in games, animation etc.

Multitasking
Multitasking is a process of executing multiple tasks simultaneously. We use multitasking to utilize the CPU. Multitasking can be achieved by two ways: Process-based Multitasking(Multiprocessing) Thread-based Multitasking(Multithreading)

1)Process-based Multitasking (Multiprocessing)

Each process have its own address in memory i.e. each process allocates separte memory area. Process is heavyweight. Cost of communication between the process is high. Switching from one process to another require some time for saving and loading registers, memory maps, updating lists etc.

2)Thread-based Multitasking (Multithreading)

Threads share the same address space. Thread is lightweight. Cost of communication between the thread is low. Note:At least one process is required for each thread.

What is Thread?

A thread is a lightweight subprocess, a smallest unit of processing. It is a separate path of execution. It shares the memory area of process.

As shown in the above figure, thread is executed inside the process. There is contextswitching between the threads. There can be multiple processes inside the OS and one process can have multiple threads. Note:At a time only one thread is executed.

Do You Know ?
Why your class, which extends the Thread class, object is treated as thread ? Who is responsible for it ? How to perform two tasks by two threads ? How to perform multithreading by annonymous class ? What is the Thread Schedular and what is the difference between preemptive scheduling and time slicing ? What happens if we start a thread twice ? What happens if we call the run() method instead of start() method ? What is the purpose of join method ? Why JVM terminates the daemon thread if there is no user threads remaining ? What is the shutdown hook? What is garbage collection ? What is the purpose of finalize() method ? What does gc() method ? What is synchronization and why use synchronization ? What is the difference between synchronized method and synchronized block ? What are the two ways to perform static synchronization ? What is deadlock and when it can occur ? What is interthread-communication or cooperation ?

What we will learn in Multithreading ?

Multithreading Life Cycle of a Thread Two ways to create a Thread How to perform multiple tasks by multiple threads Thread Schedular Sleeping a thread Can we start a thread twice ? What happens if we call the run() method instead of start() method ? Joining a thread Naming a thread Priority of a thread Daemon Thread ShutdownHook Garbage collection Synchronization with synchronied method Synchronized block Static synchronization Deadlock Inter-thread communication

Life cycle of a Thread (Thread States)

1. Life cycle of a thread 1. New 2. Runnable 3. Running 4. Non-Runnable (Blocked) 5. Terminated A thread can be in one of the five states in the thread. According to sun, there is only 4 states new, runnable, non-runnable and terminated. There is no running state. But for better understanding the threads, we are explaining it in the 5 states. The life cycle of the thread is controlled by JVM. The thread states are as follows: 1. New 2. Runnable 3. Running 4. Non-Runnable (Blocked) 5. Terminated

1)New
The thread is in new state if you create an instance of Thread class but before the invocation of start() method.

2)Runnable
The thread is in runnable state after invocation of start() method, but the thread scheduler has not selected it to be the running thread.

3)Running
The thread is in running state if the thread scheduler has selected it.

4)Non-Runnable (Blocked)
This is the state when the thread is still alive, but is currently not eligible to run.

5)Terminated
A thread is in terminated or dead state when its run() method exits.

How to create thread:

There are two ways to create a thread: 1. By extending Thread class 2. By implementing Runnable interface.

Thread class:
Thread class provide constructors and methods to create and perform operations on a thread.Thread class extends Object class and implements Runnable interface.

Commonly used Constructors of Thread class:

Thread() Thread(String name) Thread(Runnable r) Thread(Runnable r,String name)

Commonly used methods of Thread class:

1. public void run(): is used to perform action for a thread. 2. public void start(): starts the execution of the thread.JVM calls the run() method on the thread. 3. public void sleep(long miliseconds): Causes the currently executing thread to sleep (temporarily cease execution) for the specified number of milliseconds. 4. public void join(): waits for a thread to die. 5. public void join(long miliseconds): waits for a thread to die for the specified miliseconds. 6. public int getPriority(): returns the priority of the thread. 7. public int setPriority(int priority): changes the priority of the thread. 8. public String getName(): returns the name of the thread. 9. public void setName(String name): changes the name of the thread. 10. public Thread currentThread(): returns the reference of currently executing thread. 11. public int getId(): returns the id of the thread. 12. public Thread.State getState(): returns the state of the thread. 13. public boolean isAlive(): tests if the thread is alive. 14. public void yield(): causes the currently executing thread object to temporarily pause and allow other threads to execute. 15. public void suspend(): is used to suspend the thread(depricated). 16. public void resume(): is used to resume the suspended thread(depricated). 17. public void stop(): is used to stop the thread(depricated).

18. public boolean isDaemon(): tests if the thread is a daemon thread. 19. public void setDaemon(boolean b): marks the thread as daemon or user thread. 20. public void interrupt(): interrupts the thread. 21. public boolean isInterrupted(): tests if the thread has been interrupted. 22. public static boolean interrupted(): tests if the current thread has been interrupted.

Runnable interface:
The Runnable interface should be implemented by any class whose instances are intended to be executed by a thread. Runnable interface have only one method named run(). 1. public void run(): is used to perform action for a thread.

Starting a thread:
start() method of Thread class is used to start a newly created thread. It performs following tasks: A new thread starts(with new callstack). The thread moves from New state to the Runnable state. When the thread gets a chance to execute, its target run() method will run.

1)By extending Thread class:

class Multi extends Thread{ public void run(){ System.out.println("thread is running..."); } public static void main(String args[]){ Multi t1=new Multi(); t1.start(); } } Output:thread is running...

Who makes your class object as thread object?

Thread class constructor allocates a new thread object.When you create object of Multi class,your class constructor is invoked(provided by Compiler) fromwhere Thread class constructor is invoked(by super() as first statement).So your Multi class object is thread object now.

2)By implementing the Runnable interface:

class Multi3 implements Runnable{ public void run(){ System.out.println("thread is running..."); } public static void main(String args[]){ Multi3 m1=new Multi3(); Thread t1 =new Thread(m1); t1.start(); } } Output:thread is running... If you are not extending the Thread class,your class object would not be treated as a thread object.So you need to explicitely create Thread class object.We are passing the object of your class that implements Runnable so that your class run() method may execute.

How to perform single task by multiple threads?

If you have to perform single task by many threads, have only one run() method.For example: //Program of performing single task by multiple threads class Multi extends Thread{ public void run(){ System.out.println("task one"); } public static void main(String args[]){ Multi t1=new Multi(); Multi t2=new Multi(); Multi t3=new Multi();

t1.start(); t2.start(); t3.start(); } } Output:task one task one task one //Program of performing single task by multiple threads class Multi3 implements Runnable{ public void run(){ System.out.println("task one"); } public static void main(String args[]){ Thread t1 =new Thread(new Multi3());//passing annonymous object of Multi3 class Thread t2 =new Thread(new Multi3()); t1.start(); t2.start(); } } Output:task one task one

Note: Each thread run in a separate callstack.

How to perform multiple tasks by multiple threads (multtasking in multithreading)?

If you have to perform multiple tasks by multiple threads,have multiple run() methods.For example: //Program of performing two tasks by two threads class Simple1 extends Thread{ public void run(){ System.out.println("task one"); } } class Simple2 extends Thread{ public void run(){ System.out.println("task two"); } } class Test{

public static void main(String args[]){ Simple1 t1=new Simple1(); Simple2 t2=new Simple2(); t1.start(); t2.start(); } } Output:task one task two

Same example as above by annonymous class that extends Thread class:

//Program of performing two tasks by two threads class Test{ public static void main(String args[]){ Thread t1=new Thread(){ public void run(){ System.out.println("task one"); } }; Thread t2=new Thread(){ public void run(){ System.out.println("task two"); } };

t1.start(); t2.start(); } } Output:task one task two

Same example as above by annonymous class that implements Runnable interface:

//Program of performing two tasks by two threads class Test{ public static void main(String args[]){ Runnable r1=new Runnable(){ public void run(){ System.out.println("task one"); } }; Runnable r2=new Runnable(){ public void run(){ System.out.println("task two"); } }; Thread t1=new Thread(r1); Thread t2=new Thread(r1); t1.start(); t2.start(); } } Output:task one task two

The Thread Schedular:

The thread scheduler is the part of the JVM that decides which thread should run. There is no guarantee that which runnable thread will be chosen to run by the thread schedular. Only one thread at a time can run in a single process. The thread schedular mainly uses preemptive or time slicing scheduling to schedule the threads.

What is the difference between preemptive scheduling and time slicing?

Under preemptive scheduling, the highest priority task executes until it enters the waiting or dead states or a higher priority task comes into existence. Under time slicing, a task executes for a predefined slice of time and then reenters the pool of ready tasks. The scheduler then determines which task should execute next, based on priority and other factors.

Sleeping a thread (sleep() method):

The sleep() method of Thread class is used to sleep a thread for the specified time.Syntax:

Syntax of sleep() method:

The Thread class provides two methods for sleeping a thread: public static void sleep(long miliseconds)throws InterruptedException public static void sleep(long miliseconds, int nanos)throws InterruptedException

//Program of sleep() method class Multi extends Thread{ public void run(){ for(int i=1;i Output:1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 As you know well that at a time only one thread is executed. If you sleep a thread for the specified time,the thread shedular picks up another thread and so on.

Can we start a thread twice?

No. After staring a thread, it can never be started again. If you does so, an IllegalThreadStateException is thrown. For Example:

class Multi extends Thread{ public void run(){ System.out.println("running..."); }

public static void main(String args[]){ Multi t1=new Multi(); t1.start(); t1.start(); } } Output:running Exception in thread "main" java.lang.IllegalThreadStateException

What if we call run() method directly instead start() method?

Each thread starts in a separate call stack. Invoking the run() method from main thread, the run() method goes onto the current call stack rather than at the beginning of a new call stack.

class Multi extends Thread{ public void run(){ System.out.println("running..."); } public static void main(String args[]){ Multi t1=new Multi(); t1.run();//fine, but does not start a separate call stack } } Output:running...

//Problem if you direct call run() method class Multi extends Thread{ public void run(){ for(int i=1;i Output:1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 As you can see in the above program that there is no context-switching because here t1 and t2 will be treated as normal object not thread object.

The join() method:

The join() method waits for a thread to die. In other words, it causes the currently running threads to stop executing until the thread it joins with completes its task.

Syntax:
public void join()throws InterruptedException public void join(long miliseconds)throws InterruptedException //Example of join() method class Multi extends Thread{ public void run(){ for(int i=1;i<=5;i++){ try{ Thread.sleep(500); }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);} System.out.println(i); } } public static void main(String args[]){ Multi t1=new Multi(); Multi t2=new Multi(); Multi t3=new Multi();

t1.start(); try{ t1.join(); }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);} t2.start(); t3.start(); } } Output:1 2 3 4 5 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 As you can see in the above example,when t1 completes its task then t2 and t3 starts executing. //Example of join(long miliseconds) method class Multi extends Thread{ public void run(){ for(int i=1;i<=5;i++){ try{ Thread.sleep(500); }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);} System.out.println(i); } } public static void main(String args[]){ Multi t1=new Multi(); Multi t2=new Multi(); Multi t3=new Multi(); t1.start(); try{

t1.join(1500); }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);} t2.start(); t3.start(); } } Output:1 2 3 1 4 1 2 5 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 In the above example,when t1 is completes its task for 1500 miliseconds(3 times) then t2 and t3 starts executing.

getName(),setName(String) and getId() method:

public String getName() public void setName(String name) public long getId()

class Multi6 extends Thread{ public void run(){ System.out.println("running..."); } public static void main(String args[]){ Multi6 t1=new Multi6(); Multi6 t2=new Multi6(); System.out.println("Name of t1:"+t1.getName()); System.out.println("Name of t2:"+t2.getName()); System.out.println("id of t1:"+t1.getId()); t1.start();

t2.start(); t1.setName("Sonoo Jaiswal"); System.out.println("After changing name of t1:"+t1.getName()); } } Output:Name of t1:Thread-0 Name of t2:Thread-1 id of t1:8 running... After changling name of t1:Sonoo Jaiswal running...

The currentThread() method:

The currentThread() method returns a reference to the currently executing thread object.

Syntax:
public static Thread currentThread() //Example of currentThread() method class Multi6 extends Thread{ public void run(){ System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()); } } public static void main(String args[]){ Multi6 t1=new Multi6(); Multi6 t2=new Multi6(); t1.start(); t2.start(); } } Output:Thread-0 Thread-1

Naming a thread:

The Thread class provides methods to change and get the name of a thread. 1. public String getName(): is used to return the name of a thread. 2. public void setName(String name): is used to change the name of a thread.

Example of naming a thread:

class Multi6 extends Thread{ public void run(){ System.out.println("running..."); } public static void main(String args[]){ Multi6 t1=new Multi6(); Multi6 t2=new Multi6(); System.out.println("Name of t1:"+t1.getName()); System.out.println("Name of t2:"+t2.getName()); t1.start(); t2.start(); t1.setName("Sonoo Jaiswal"); System.out.println("After changing name of t1:"+t1.getName()); } } Output:Name of t1:Thread-0 Name of t2:Thread-1 id of t1:8 running... After changling name of t1:Sonoo Jaiswal running...

The currentThread() method:

The currentThread() method returns a reference to the currently executing thread object.

Syntax of currentThread() method:

public static Thread currentThread(): returns the reference of currently running thread.

Example of currentThread() method:

class Multi6 extends Thread{ public void run(){ System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()); } } public static void main(String args[]){ Multi6 t1=new Multi6(); Multi6 t2=new Multi6(); t1.start(); t2.start(); } } Output:Thread-0 Thread-1

Priority of a Thread (Thread Priority):

Each thread have a priority. Priorities are represented by a number between 1 and 10. In most cases, thread schedular schedules the threads according to their priority (known as preemptive scheduling). But it is not guaranteed because it depends on JVM specifification that which sheduling it chooses.

3 constants defiend in Thread class:

1. public static int MIN_PRIORITY 2. public static int NORM_PRIORITY 3. public static int MAX_PRIORITY Default priority of a thread is 5 (NORM_PRIORITY). The value of MIN_PRIORITY is 1 and the value of MAX_PRIORITY is 10.

Example of priority of a Thread:

class Multi10 extends Thread{ public void run(){ System.out.println("running thread name is:"+Thread.currentThread().getName());

System.out.println("running thread priority is:"+Thread.currentThread().getPriority()); } public static void main(String args[]){ Multi10 m1=new Multi10(); Multi10 m2=new Multi10(); m1.setPriority(Thread.MIN_PRIORITY); m2.setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY); m1.start(); m2.start(); } }

Output:running running running running

thread thread thread thread

name is:Thread-0 priority is:10 name is:Thread-1 priority is:1

Daemon Thread:
There are two types of threads user thread and daemon thread. The daemon thread is a service provider thread. It provides services to the user thread. Its life depends on the user threads i.e. when all the user threads dies, JVM termintates this thread automatically.

Points to remember for Daemon Thread:

It provides services to user threads for background supporting tasks. It has no role in life than to serve user threads. Its life depends on user threads. It is a low priority thread.

Why JVM termintates the daemon thread if there is no user thread remaining?
The sole purpose of the daemon thread is that it provides services to user thread for background supporting task. If there is no user thread, why should JVM keep running this thread. That is why JVM terminates the daemon thread if there is no user thread.

Methods for Daemon thread:

The java.lang.Thread class provides two methods related to daemon thread public void setDaemon(boolean status): is used to mark the current thread as daemon thread or user thread.

public boolean isDaemon(): is used to check that current is daemon.

Simple example of Daemon thread:

class MyThread extends Thread{ public void run(){ System.out.println("Name: "+Thread.currentThread().getName()); System.out.println("Daemon: "+Thread.currentThread().isDaemon()); } public static void main(String[] args){ MyThread t1=new MyThread(); MyThread t2=new MyThread(); t1.setDaemon(true); t1.start(); t2.start(); } }

Output:Name: thread-0 Daemon: true Name: thread-1 Daemon: false

Note: If you want to make a user thread as Daemon, it must not be started otherwise it will throw IllegalThreadStateException.

class MyThread extends Thread{ public void run(){ System.out.println("Name: "+Thread.currentThread().getName()); System.out.println("Daemon: "+Thread.currentThread().isDaemon()); } public static void main(String[] args){ MyThread t1=new MyThread(); MyThread t2=new MyThread(); t1.start(); t1.setDaemon(true);//will throw exception here

t2.start(); } }

Output:exception in thread main: java.lang.IllegalThreadStateException

Garbage Collection:
In java, garbage means unreferenced objects. Garbage Collection is process of reclaiming the runtime unused memory automatically.

Advantage of Garbage Collection:

It makes java memory efficient because garbage collector removes the unreferenced objects from heap memory. It is automatically done by the garbage collector so we don't need to make extra efforts.

How can an object be unreferenced?

There are By By By many ways: nulling the reference assigning a reference to another annonymous object etc.

1) By nulling a reference:

Employee e=new Employee(); e=null;

2) By assigning a reference to another:

Employee e1=new Employee(); Employee e2=new Employee();

e1=e2;//now the first object refered by e1 is available for garbage collection

3) By annonymous object:

new Employee();

finalize() method:
The finalize() method is invoked each time before the object is garbage collected. This method can be used to perform cleanup processing. This method is defined in System class as:

protected void finalize(){}

Note: The Garbage collector of JVM collects only those objects that are created by new keyword. So if you have created any object without new, you can use finalize method to perform cleanup processing (destroying remaining objects).

gc() method:
The gc() method is used to invoke the garbage collector to perform cleanup processing. The gc() is found in System and Runtime classes.

public static void gc(){}

Note: Garbage collection is performed by a daemon thread called Garbage Collector(GC). This thread calls the finalize() method before object is garbage collected.

Simple Example of garbage collection:

class Simple{ public void finalize(){System.out.println("object is garbage collected");} public static void main(String args[]){ Simple s1=new Simple(); Simple s2=new Simple(); s1=null; s2=null; System.gc(); } } Output:object is garbage collected object is garbage collected

Note: Neither finalization nor garbage collection is guaranteed.

Synchronization
Synchronization is the capabilility of control the access of multiple threads to any shared resource. Synchronization is better in case we want only one thread can access the shared resource at a time.

Why use Synchronization?

The synchronization is mainly used to 1. To prevent thread interference. 2. To prevent consistency problem.

Types of Synchronization
There are two types of synchronization 1. Process Synchronization 2. Thread Synchronization Here, we will discuss only thread synchronization.

Thread Synchronization
There are two types of thread synchronization mutual exclusive and inter-thread communication.

Mutual Exclusive 1. Synchronized method. 2. Synchronized block. 3. static synchronization. Cooperation (Inter-thread communication)

Mutual Exclusive
Mutual Exclusive helps keep threads from interfering with one another while sharing data. This can be done by three ways in java: 1. by synchronized method 2. by synchronized block 3. by static synchronization

Understanding the concept of Lock

Synchronization is built around an internal entity known as the lock or monitor.Every object has an lock associated with it. By convention, a thread that needs consistent access to an object's fields has to acquire the object's lock before accessing them, and then release the lock when it's done with them. From Java 5 the package java.util.concurrent.locks contains several lock implementations.

Understanding the problem without Synchronization

In this example, there is no synchronization, so output is inconsistent. Let's see the example:

Class Table{ void printTable(int n){//method not synchronized for(int i=1;i<=5;i++){ System.out.println(n*i); try{ Thread.sleep(400); }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);} } } }

class MyThread1 extends Thread{ Table t; MyThread1(Table t){ this.t=t; } public void run(){ t.printTable(5); } } class MyThread2 extends Thread{ Table t; MyThread2(Table t){ this.t=t; } public void run(){ t.printTable(100); } } class Use{ public static void main(String args[]){ Table obj = new Table();//only one object MyThread1 t1=new MyThread1(obj); MyThread2 t2=new MyThread2(obj); t1.start(); t2.start(); } } Output: 5 100 10 200 15 300 20 400 25 500

Solution by synchronized method

If you declare any method as synchronized, it is known as synchronized method. Synchronized method is used to lock an object for any shared resource. When a thread invokes a synchronized method, it automatically acquires the lock for that object and releases it when the method returns.

//Program of synchronized method Class Table{ synchronized void printTable(int n){//synchronized method for(int i=1;i<=5;i++){ System.out.println(n*i); try{ Thread.sleep(400); }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);} } } } class MyThread1 extends Thread{ Table t; MyThread1(Table t){ this.t=t; } public void run(){ t.printTable(5); } } class MyThread2 extends Thread{ Table t; MyThread2(Table t){ this.t=t; } public void run(){ t.printTable(100); } } class Use{

public static void main(String args[]){ Table obj = new Table();//only one object MyThread1 t1=new MyThread1(obj); MyThread2 t2=new MyThread2(obj); t1.start(); t2.start(); } } Output: 5 10 15 20 25 100 200 300 400 500

Same Example of synchronized method by using annonymous class

In this program, we have created the two threads by annonymous class, so less coding is required.

//Program of synchronized method by using annonymous class Class Table{ synchronized void printTable(int n){//synchronized method for(int i=1;i<=5;i++){ System.out.println(n*i); try{ Thread.sleep(400); }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);} } } } class Use{ public static void main(String args[]){

final Table obj = new Table();//only one object MyThread1 t1=new MyThread1(){ public void run(){ obj.printTable(5); } }; MyThread1 t2=new MyThread1(){ public void run(){ obj.printTable(100); } }; t1.start(); t2.start(); } } Output: 5 10 15 20 25 100 200 300 400 500

Synchronized block

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Synchronized block can be used to perform synchronization on any specific resouce of the method. Suppose you have 50 lines of code in your method, but you want to synchronize only 5 lines, you can use synchronized block. If you put all the codes of the method in the synchronized block, it will work same as the synchronized method.

Points to remember for Synchronized block

Synchronized block is used to lock an object for any shared resource. Scope of synchronized block is smaller than the method.

Syntax to use synchronized block

synchronized (object reference expression) { //code block }

Example of synchronized block

Let's see the simple example of synchronized block.

//Program of synchronized block class Table{ void printTable(int n){ synchronized(this){//synchronized block for(int i=1;i<=5;i++){ System.out.println(n*i); try{ Thread.sleep(400); }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);} } } }//end of the method } class MyThread1 extends Thread{ Table t; MyThread1(Table t){ this.t=t; } public void run(){ t.printTable(5); } } class MyThread2 extends Thread{ Table t; MyThread2(Table t){ this.t=t; } public void run(){ t.printTable(100);

} } class Use{ public static void main(String args[]){ Table obj = new Table();//only one object MyThread1 t1=new MyThread1(obj); MyThread2 t2=new MyThread2(obj); t1.start(); t2.start(); } } Output:5 10 15 20 25 100 200 300 400 500

Same Example of synchronized block by using annonymous class:

//Program of synchronized block by using annonymous class class Table{ void printTable(int n){ synchronized(this){//synchronized block for(int i=1;i<=5;i++){ System.out.println(n*i); try{ Thread.sleep(400); }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);} } } }//end of the method }

class Use{ public static void main(String args[]){ final Table obj = new Table();//only one object Thread t1=new Thread(){ public void run(){ obj.printTable(5); } }; Thread t2=new Thread(){ public void run(){ obj.printTable(100); } }; t1.start(); t2.start(); } } Output:5 10 15 20 25 100 200 300 400 500

Static synchronization
If you make any static method as synchronized, the lock will be on the class not on object.

Problem without static synchronization

Suppose there are two objects of a shared class(e.g. Table) named object1 and object2.In case of synchonized method and synchronized block there cannot be inteference between t1 and t2 or t3 and t4 because t1 and t2 both refers to a common object that have a single lock.But there can be interference between t1 and t3 or t2 and t4 because t1 acquires another lock and t3 acquires another lock.I want no interference between t1 and t3 or t2 and t4.Static synchronization solves this problem.

Example of static synchronization

In this example we are applying synchronized keyword on the static method to perform statis synchrnization.

class Table{ synchronized static void printTable(int n){ for(int i=1;i<=10;i++){ System.out.println(n*i); try{ Thread.sleep(400); }catch(Exception e){} } } }

class MyThread1 extends Thread{ public void run(){ Table.printTable(1); } } class MyThread2 extends Thread{ public void run(){ Table.printTable(10); } } class MyThread3 extends Thread{ public void run(){ Table.printTable(100); } }

class MyThread4 extends Thread{ public void run(){ Table.printTable(1000); } } class Use{ public static void main(String t[]){ MyThread1 t1=new MyThread1(); MyThread2 t2=new MyThread2(); MyThread3 t3=new MyThread3(); MyThread4 t4=new MyThread4(); t1.start(); t2.start(); t3.start(); t4.start(); } } Output: 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000

Same example of static synchronization by annonymous class

In this example, we are using annonymous class to create the threads.

class Table{ synchronized static void printTable(int n){

for(int i=1;i<=10;i++){ System.out.println(n*i); try{

Thread.sleep(400); }catch(Exception e){} } } } public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { Thread t1=new Thread(){ public void run(){ Table.printTable(1); } }; Thread t2=new Thread(){ public void run(){ Table.printTable(10); } }; Thread t3=new Thread(){ public void run(){ Table.printTable(100); } }; Thread t4=new Thread(){ public void run(){ Table.printTable(1000); } }; t1.start(); t2.start(); t3.start(); t4.start(); } }

Output: 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000

Synchronized block on a class lock:

The block synchronizes on the lock of the object denoted by the reference .class. A static synchronized method printTable(int n) in class Table is equivalent to the following declaration: static void printTable(int n) { synchronized (Table.class) { // ... } } // Synchronized block on class A

Deadlock:
Deadlock can occur in a situation when a thread is waiting for an object lock, that is acquired by another thread and second thread is waiting for an object lock that is acquired by first thread. Since, both threads are waiting for each other to release the lock, the condition is called daedlock.

Example of Deadlock in java:

public class DeadlockExample { public static void main(String[] args) { final String resource1 = "ratan jaiswal"; final String resource2 = "vimal jaiswal"; // t1 tries to lock resource1 then resource2 Thread t1 = new Thread() { public void run() { synchronized (resource1) { System.out.println("Thread 1: locked resource 1"); try { Thread.sleep(100);} catch (Exception e) {} synchronized (resource2) { System.out.println("Thread 1: locked resource 2"); } } } }; // t2 tries to lock resource2 then resource1 Thread t2 = new Thread() { public void run() { synchronized (resource2) {

System.out.println("Thread 2: locked resource 2"); try { Thread.sleep(100);} catch (Exception e) {} synchronized (resource1) { System.out.println("Thread 2: locked resource 1"); } } } };

t1.start(); t2.start(); } }

Output: Thread 1: locked resource 1 Thread 2: locked resource 2

Inter-thread communication (Cooperation):

Cooperation(Inter-thread communication) is all about making synchronized threads communicate with each other. Cooperation (Inter-thread communication) is a mechanism in which a thread is paused running in its critical section and another thread is allowed to enter (or lock) in the same critical section to be executed.It is implemented by following methods of Object class: wait() notify() notifyAll()

1)wait() method:
Causes current thread to release the lock and wait until either another thread invokes the notify() method or the notifyAll() method for this object, or a specified amount of time has elapsed. The current thread must own this object's monitor.Syntax: public final void wait()throws InterruptedException public final void wait(long timeout)throws InterruptedException

2)notify() method:
Wakes up a single thread that is waiting on this object's monitor. If any threads are waiting on this object, one of them is chosen to be awakened. The choice is arbitrary

and occurs at the discretion of the implementation.Syntax: public final void notify()

3)notifyAll() method:
Wakes up all threads that are waiting on this object's monitor. public final void notifyAll()

Example of Inter thread Communication:

public class Customer { int amount=0; int flag=0; public synchronized int withdraw(int amount){ System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+" is going to withdraw"); if(flag==0){ try{ System.out.println("waiting...."); wait(); }catch(Exception e){} } this.amount-=amount; System.out.println("withdraw completed"); return amount; } public synchronized void deposit(int amount){ System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+" is going to deposit"); this.amount+=amount; notifyAll(); System.out.println("deposit completed"); flag=1; }

} public class SynMethod { public static void main(String[] args) { final Customer c=new Customer(); Thread t1=new Thread(){ public void run(){ c.withdraw(5000); System.out.println("After withdraw amount is"+c.amount); } }; Thread t2=new Thread(){ public void run(){ c.deposit(9000); System.out.println("After deposit amount is "+c.amount); } };

t1.start(); t2.start();

} }

Output: Thread-0 is going to withdraw waiting.... Thread-1 is going to deposit deposit completed After deposit amount is 9000 withdraw completed After withdraw amount is 4000

Interrupting a Thread:
If any thread is in sleeping or waiting state (i.e. sleep() or wait() is invoked), calling the interrupt() method on the thread, breaks out the sleeping or waiting state throwing InterruptedException. If the thread is not in the sleeping or waiting state, calling the interrupt() method performs normal behaviour and doesn't interrupt the thread but sets the interrupt flag to true. Let's first see the methods provided by the

Thread class for thread interruption.

The 3 methods provided by the Thread class for interrupting a thread

public void interrupt() public static boolean interrupted() public boolean isInterrupted()

Example of interrupting a thread that stops working

In this example, after interrupting the thread, we are propagating it, so it will stop working. If we don't want to stop the thread, we can handle it where sleep() or wait() method is invoked. Let's first see the example where we are propagating the exception.

class A extends Thread{ public void run(){ try{ Thread.sleep(1000); System.out.println("task"); }catch(InterruptedException e){ throw new RuntimeException("Thread interrupted..."+e); } } public static void main(String args[]){ A t1=new A(); t1.start(); try{ t1.interrupt(); }catch(Exception e){System.out.println("Exception handled "+e);} } }

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Output:Exception in thread-0 java.lang.RuntimeException: Thread interrupted... java.lang.InterruptedException: sleep interrupted at A.run(A.java:7)

Example of interrupting a thread that doesn't stop working

In this example, after interrupting the thread, we handle the exception, so it will break out the sleeping but will not stop working.

class A extends Thread{ public void run(){ try{ Thread.sleep(1000); System.out.println("task"); }catch(InterruptedException e){ System.out.println("Exception handled "+e); } System.out.println("thread is running..."); } public static void main(String args[]){ A t1=new A(); t1.start(); t1.interrupt(); } }

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Output:Exception handled java.lang.InterruptedException: sleep interrupted thread is running...

Example of interrupting thread that behaves normally

If thread is not in sleeping or waiting state, calling the interrupt() method sets the interrupted flag to true that can be used to stop the thread by the java programmer later.

class A extends Thread{ public void run(){ for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)

System.out.println(i); } public static void main(String args[]){ A t1=new A(); t1.start(); t1.interrupt(); } }

Output:1 2 3 4 5

What about isInterrupted and interrupted method?

The isInterrupted() method returns the interrupted flag either true or false. The static interrupted() method returns the interrupted flag afterthat it sets the flag to false if it is true.

class InterruptedDemo extends Thread{ public void run(){ for(int i=1;i<=2;i++){ if(Thread.interrupted()){ System.out.println("code for interrupted thread"); } else{ System.out.println("code for normal thread"); } }//end of for loop } public static void main(String args[]){ InterruptedDemo t1=new InterruptedDemo(); InterruptedDemo t2=new InterruptedDemo();

t1.start(); t1.interrupt(); t2.start(); } }

Output:Code for interrupted thread code for normal thread code for normal thread code for normal thread