RDL 740 Technology for Utilization of Wastelands & Weeds Analysis of Andhra Pradesh

Submitted by :Akash Sharma (2010ME10644) Apurv Chauhan (2010CE10333) Divyam Rastogi (2010CE10343)

Centre for Rural Development & Technology Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

OBJECTIVE
The objective of this term paper is to find out data regarding the following points in the state of Andhra Pradesh: NREGA Person-days of works per household Average wage cost per person day Share of women (%), Highest share of work in a category (%), Shelf of works Poverty % population BPL Food Security % Literacy Wasteland % area under WL/Ha; Major issue-water/soil/slopes/marginal lands/deforestation

Also to find the following correlations: Correlations between Food Security, % Literacy, % area under WL/Ha with Person days of work per household in separate plots based on district level data State wise average of the above data Qualitative assessment of relationship between highest share of work in category, shelf of works with the major issue responsible for wasteland generation in that area. SAMPLE SIZE: 22 DISTRICTS of Andhra Pradesh.

RAW DATA The following table gives the distribution of all the above parameters district wise:
Distribution of wasteland(% of total area)

District

Literacy Rate(%)

Households having BPL Cards(%)

Adilabad Anantpur Chittor East Godavari Guntur Karimnagar Khammam Krishna Kurnool Mahbubnagar Medak Nalgonda Nellore Nizamabad Prakasam Rangareddy Srikakulam Visakapatnam Vizianagarm Warangal West Godavari Y.S.R Statewise average

61.55 64.28 72.36 71.35 67.99 64.87 65.54 74.37 61.13 56.06 62.53 65.05 69.15 62.25 63.53 78.05 62.3 67.7 59.49 66.16 74.32 67.88 64.4

12.61 18.73 22.59 5.12 10.91 11.06 4.36 5.32 14.97 11.52 13.65 11.4 18.4 16.98 17.17 11.3 14.42 22.37 16.42 11.09 1.59 27.15 14.3

86.8 88.2 88.2 79 74 79.1 81.7 76.9 85.1 95 87.4 87 78.9 84.1 73.9 72.2 90.1 73.8 87.3 87.2 86.4 86.7 80.1

Rural Connectivity(in lakhs)

Flood Control(in lakhs)

Water Conservation And Water Herversting(in lakhs)

comp.

Ongoing/Suspended

Approved not in progress

comp.

Ongoing/Suspended

Approved not in progress

comp.

Ongoing/Suspended

Approved not in progress

347 85 44 464 169 43 54 358 55 35 158 311 234 208 462 8 121 86 155 23 230 54

2412 963 1373 4255 1600 5560 3259 2478 2231 1090 5209 3793 1564 2011 3707 617 3140 2263 4524 3127 1858 795

1490 654 229 1052 476 1389 2088 1354 2216 1071 2051 2436 873 2714 2616 1238 2142 1404 3593 1687 774 398

7 25 60 2340 64 6 30 286 15 29 2 77 410 61 74 3 14 9 28 3 301 72

586 372 707 7802 4752 1893 2101 5084 741 280 953 783 2010 364 1945 27 890 997 576 760 5493 635

34 21 114 288 7 125 192 253 48 3 63 26 396 242 181 0 128 167 67 6 650 106

9350 5223 7081 1893 781 2406 7380 2599 9992 2565 1981 6631 1137 4077 1686 6668 778 1698 1766 3908 448 1781

115656 104550 60781 34131 21578 126970 89981 28731 98356 188603 125595 170340 40808 36542 49381 66236 22228 82376 50528 127024 12716 48518

10317 5464 9180 155 61 2348 1073 2864 7683 8766 3697 7121 5542 15372 4533 804 9938 14267 2691 590 0 2937

3704

57829

33945

3916

39751

3117 81829

1701629

115403

Drought Proofing(in lakhs)

Micro Irrigation(in lakhs)

Provision of Irrigation facility to Land development(in lakhs)

comp.

Ongoing/Suspended

Approved not in progress

comp.

Ongoing/Suspended

Approved not in progress

comp.

Ongoing/Suspended

Approved not in progress

226 689 615 73 109 47 203 110 499 89 642 672 178 998 242 706 159 120 221 163 52 321

60211 28069 56253 20164 12350 95378 25962 18858 24344 39429 76760 80484 27185 44092 18052 31738 38094 45929 48732 70342 21761 13615

3577 3902 3628 173 328 1496 2524 408 2619 3220 2270 2411 2994 9578 2582 1060 6947 1860 5563 1384 197 2334

180 166 862 10523 8992 618 1564 15955 2972 84 147 1198 2878 1030 2709 0 957 863 495 368 6728 1280

2299 3045 6353 17627 27827 18894 11558 15194 10294 3806 6315 7671 11575 4500 16398 1177 7820 8564 6866 14812 15732 3895

756 1343 886 20304 10807 4667 4507 6363 9247 1322 1095 3525 6585 7628 5925 2026 9154 3178 9128 4314 4348 3450

81 74 1654 12 4 542 1244 113 141 67 73 86 236 19 56 63 191 39 12 212 8 271

17992 31434 43457 6999 4953 24667 13502 6198 25424 25289 14460 19650 13103 2497 9286 15947 9619 6317 13819 19649 5178 10514

11157 7326 9302 1137 333 3334 3662 763 5634 17311 5901 8143 2014 3514 6264 3235 6181 6597 7176 2897 35 5276

7134

897802

61055 60569

222222

120558

5198

339954

117192

Renovation of Traditional Water Bodies(in lakhs)

Land development(in lakhs)

Any Other Activity Approved by MRD(in lakhs)

comp.

Ongoing/Suspended

Approved not in progress

comp.

Ongoing/Suspended

Approved not in progress

comp.

Ongoing/Suspended

Approved not in progress

85 27 164 596 202 7 118 316 16 5 4 156 135 501 653 21 873 102 649 5 230 36

689 281 554 2514 2043 213 679 2057 262 48 631 643 892 983 5225 148 5337 1905 5851 128 2113 569

147 78 20 835 754 78 21 1051 69 13 165 101 612 391 2534 26 2938 359 1853 8 567 221

97 246 225 45 10 1 1674 39 8 21 0 348 81 10 139 204 7 7 19 6 12 29

2507 1849 2098 724 1996 1020 1176 239 2180 1886 699 2096 758 1104 1531 1004 336 234 234 697 588 780

4436 927 1028 348 260 318 1528 395 1964 4417 696 892 435 1468 576 2541 785 361 229 1109 104 489

10 27 23 3 5 0 39 10 1 2 0 25 6 0 2 2 0 0 22 0 0 2

1 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 2 2 0 4 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 2

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4901

33765

12841

3228

25736

25306

179

18

Rajiv Gandhi Seva Kendra(in lakhs)

Coastal Areas(in lakhs)

Rural Drinking Water(in lakhs)

comp.

Ongoing/Suspended

Approved not in progress

comp.

Ongoing/Suspended

Approved not in progress

comp.

Ongoing/Suspended

Approved not in progress

0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 23 0 0 0 0

269 140 352 179 195 183 92 83 523 243 268 222 319 195 335 200 209 266 326 201 41 184

4 0 10 0 0 1 0 0 3 2 1 0 24 2 9 0 2 1 2 0 3 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

27

5025

65

Fisheries(in lakhs)

Rural Sanitation(in lakhs)

Total(in lakhs)

comp.

Ongoing/Suspended

Approved not in progress

comp.

Ongoing/Suspended

Approved not in progress

comp.

Ongoing/Suspended

Approved not in progress

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 2 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 0 0 0 0

0 10 0 11 0 18 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 6 0 0 5 3 0 0 0

0 0 2 204 0 10210 4509 39 284 3 7 24 2 62 0 88 1419 2 25 8 0 2

2702 8305 9738 68387 18071 282049 129022 17343 24701 11342 41264 68290 36299 45398 30966 24109 82695 8362 6697 14132 27407 36755

26958 29874 10699 11699 41069 5251 5852 8407 8606 14030 8545 38633 8407 8151 21443 1095 7463 7963 19185 54039 2489 6901

10383 6562 10733 16153 10336 13880 16815 19825 13983 2900 3014 9528 5297 6966 6023 7763 4520 2949 3392 4696 8009 3848

205324 179011 181666 162782 95365 556830 277336 96265 189058 272020 272154 353976 134513 137687 136826 141203 170370 157220 138153 250873 92887 116262

58876 49599 35096 36002 54095 19025 21451 21858 38089 50155 24484 63288 27882 49064 46669 12025 45678 36162 49490 66034 9167 22113

16

61 16890

994034

346759 187575

4317781

836302

Person days of work per household

Average wage cost per person day

66.97625 76.00672 75.25141 65.9488 43.23353 55.09987 60.27407 56.93752 54.07725 61.0879 66.77362 68.84459 47.85164 46.64589 43.615 62.43454 48.63124 56.31257 73.82577 40.06613 65.21311 39.9922 57.95907

81.78 86.94 77.7 77.44 82.53 90.34 83.59 82.9 80.53 87.95 81.39 87.5 79.39 38.72418 27.1857 36.63427 35.54704 35.34749 40.22387 28.08834 21.53655 23.54 62.12761

Person days of work per household

Person days of work per household

InferencesAs can be seen from above the person days of work per household varies from a minimum of 40 in districts of Warangal and YSR to a maximum of 76 in the district of Anantpur. This trend shows us that this variable is complex and depends on a range of factors including competency of the block/zila parishads, awareness among the people regarding NREGA activities among a host of other factors. We see that the government mandated minimum of 100 days work is not being met in any of the districts in Andhra Pradesh.

Literacy Rate

Literacy Rates(%)
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

InferencesThe average literacy rates in various districts of Andhra Pradesh range from 55 to 78 percent. The state average is 67.66% which is less than the national average of 74.04%. Rangareddy is the only district where the literacy rate is more than the national average.

Households having BPL Cards

Households having BPL Cards

InferencesAccording to various news reports including in credible newspapers like The Hindu poverty data for Andhra Pradesh is not available. This fact has also been accepted by the current Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh Mr. Kiran Kumar Reddy. As a result weve taken the data of the percentage of households having BPL cards. Although it must be noted that this is also not a true representation of the poverty situation in the state since the numbers are unrealistic in many states(For example in Mahbubnagar 95% of the population has BPL cards whereas it is unrealistic to assume that such a high percentage of people will be below poverty line). Thus it can be safely concluded that due to the callous nature of the government agencies BPL cards have been distributed to even those households who do not need it since they do not fall below the poverty line.

Distribution of wastelands

Distribution of Wasteland
30 25 20 15 10 5 0

InferencesThus it can be concluded that YSR has the highest percentage of wastelands with 24% (wrt TGA) whereas West Godavari has the least percentage of wastelands.

HIGHEST SHARE OF WORK IN A CATEGORY. SHELF OF WORK,PROPOSED VERSUS EXISTING SHELF OF WORK
(22*2 PLOTS) The following graphs show the variation of shelf of work, proposed versus existing shelf of work and the highest share of work in a category district-wise for the state of Andhra Pradesh:

160000 140000 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0 comp. comp.

Ongoing/Suspended

Approved not in progress

Ongoing/Suspended

Any Other Rajiv Gandhi Activity Seva Approved by Kendra(in MRD(in lakhs) lakhs)

Approved not in progress

comp.

Coastal Areas(in lakhs) comp. comp.

Ongoing/Suspended

Approved not in progress

Ongoing/Suspended

Approved not in progress

Ongoing/Suspended

Rangareddy cntnd

Approved not in progress comp.

Ongoing/Suspended

Approved not in progress comp.

Ongoing/Suspended

Rural Drinking Fisheries(in Rural Total(in lakhs) Water(in lakhs) Sanitation(in lakhs) lakhs) Rangareddy cntnd

Approved not in progress

WASTELANDS
District-wise distribution of wastelands in Andhra Pradesh is as follows:

SOURCE: Economic Status and Utilization of Wastelands in Andhra Pradesh

From the above graph it is clear that the Chittor(number 3) has the highest percentage of wasteland (38.76 %). Nellore(number 15) is the second districts in having highest percentage of waste land (37.61%). Then comes the Cuddapah(number 4) having 29.93%

Correlations between Food Security, % Literacy, % area under WL/Ha with Person days of work per household in separate plots based on district level data
Correlation between person days of work and literacy rates
80

70

Person days of work per household

60

50

40

30

20

10

0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Literacy Rates(%)

Correlation coefficient= 0.034878 here the co-relation coefficient is tending to zero. Thus we see that there is no visible relationship between the literacy rate in a particular district and the corresponding person days of work. Perhaps this means that literacy does not necessarily correspond to an increase in awareness among the populace. Also this means that huge government investments in the field of education in the form of Sarva Siksha Abhiyan(SSA) are not necessarily yielding the desired benefits. This can be overcome by introducing targeted information dissemination campaigns so that people become aware of their rights especially those related to NREGA.

Correlation between distribution of wasteland and person days of work per household
80 Person days of work per household 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10 15 Distribution of Wasteland(%) 20 25 30

Correlation coefficient= -0.160642069 Here also the correlation coefficient is almost zero. This reflects that there is no specific relation between the percentage of wastelands and the person days of work per household. Although ideally speaking the person days of work should increase with a corresponding increase in the percentage of wastelands since now there is more land to be reclaimed thus resulting in more work related to land development, water harvesting, dwelling related work, etc. however this is not the case therefore we can say that the government is largely unresponsive to the actual ground reality of each and every district and is focusing more on macro-level policies as well as large-scale monitoring and assessment of NREGA-related works.

CASE STUDY OF DISTRICTS

Climate: The District has varied climatic conditions. The year may be divided into four seasons. The summer season from March to May is followed by South West monsoon season which extends up to end of September, October and November constitute the retreating monsoon or post monsoon season. The period from December to February is the North East monsoon season.

Rainfall: Normal Annual Rainfall : 1088 mm Southwest monsoon : 333 mm Northeast monsoon : 649 mm Cumulative departure for the last 5 years from normal : 13 percent. Wasteland development Programme implemented by the District : Development of wastelands mainly in non-forest areas aimed at checking land degradation, putting such wastelands to SUSTAINABLE use and increasing bio-mass i.e. food, fuel wood, fodder, fruits, fiber and small timber. Degraded land which can be brought under vegetative cover, with reasonable effort, and which is currently under utilized and land which is deteriorating for lack of appropriate water and soil management or on account of natural causes. Out of 313 Watersheds sanctioned, 277 watersheds are completed and 36 are in progress. Rs. 3147.87 lakhs was spent on completed watersheds for treating 63,399 Ha of land.

 Proposed 12 Watersheds for treating 6000 Ha of land with a project cost Rs. 360.00 lakhs under IWDP VIII scheme. Ongoing Watersheds : Rs. 360.00 lakhs was sanctioned under IWDP V programme and Rs.137.50 lakhs was spent for treating of 1420Ha as against Rs. 161.63 lakhs releases. Rs. 360.00 lakhs was sanctioned under IWDP VI programme and Rs.144.17 lakhs was spent for treating of 1600 Ha as against Rs 155.31 lakhs releases. Rs.360.00 lakhs was sanctioned under IWDP VII programme and Rs.101.38 lakhs was spent for treating of 1770Ha as against Rs. 155.38 lakhs releases. INDIRA PRABHA (COMPREHENSIVE LAND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT) The main object of the project is to identify the fallow and undeveloped lands of the poor particularly the assigned and surplus lands and to develop them comprehensively by involving the beneficiaries so that they could get sustainable livelihood. This project has been launched by Honble Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh on 19.11.2004 in Naginenigunta village of Marripadu mandal. This programme is funded by NABARD and will be implemented in two phases under RIDF IX and RIDF X in a period of 3 years. Under RIDF IX an amount of Rs. 600.00 lakhs has been sanctioned to Nellore District for implementation of C.L.D.P in 44 mandals. So far 83 blocks have been identified in 44 mandals for development of 3422 Ha covering 7210 beneficiaries and administrative sanction has been accorded for Rs. 600.00 lakhs for all the blocks. An amount of Rs. 100.00 lakhs was released to Nellore District during the year 2004-05 and the total amount was re-allotted to the C.I.G s the works like , Bush Clearing , Stone clearing and Land leveling are under progress. Regarding RIDF X proposals 3566.94 lakhs were submitted to the Government for implementation of CLDP in 139 blocks of 46 mandals for development of 6032 Ha covering 12,190 beneficiaries. The government have sanctioned Rs 3566.94 lakhs under RIDF X and releases are awaited.

APWALTA In G.O Ms. No 224 PR & RD (RD VI) dated 15.6.2002, the Govt of A.P has constituted a comprehensive act called A.P Water Land and Trees Act 2002 to promote water conservation and tree cover and to regulate the exploitation and use of ground and surface water for protection and conservation of water sources land and matters connected therein. Under this act, the District Authority with District Collector as Ex-officio Chairman and 46 mandal authorities in 46 mandals with M.R.O as Ex-officio Chirman have been constituted to implement the act at mandal level. Insurance coverage was introduced to the applicants of new irrigation wells with effect from 24.3.2005 Total wells registered in the District so far 87012 Old wells 86308 New wells 705 Rigs registered - 113 Irregular sand mining cases booked - 108 Training cum awareness programmes have been conducted in 15 mandals centers in the District to create awareness of the act and training to the Mandal Authority members and village secretaries covering all the 46 mandals. A.P. Micro Irrigation Project Andhra Pradesh Micro Irrigation scheme is started from November 2003. Now 3rd phase is continuing ie., for 2005-06 financial year. The Physical Targets allotted are Drip is 2500 Ha and Sprinkler is 800 Ha. The Financial Targets allotted 11.00 crores totally 6 micro irrigation companies ie., Jain, Parixit, Plastro, Nagarjuna, Swathi are working in this scheme with allotted targets. The achievements till to date are Drip is 208 Ha and Sprinkler is 328 Ha Awareness programme are arranged mandal & village wise to motivate the farmers in adopting Micro Irrigation methods to save water and bring more area in to cultivation with available water. Bio-Diesel Plantation Programme 2005-2006 Nellore District is one among the ten Districts in the State selected for Bio-diesel plantation programme under Rain Shadow Areas Development (RSAD) Department. Horticulture farm, Gudipallipadu was allotted to M/s. Sagar Sugars & Allied Products Ltd., for demonstration of Jatropha Nursery. The raising of Jatropha Nursery is under progress.

Infrastructure facilities like Bore well and submergible pumpset with an expenditure of Rs.0.80 lakhs, were provided. Integrated wasteland Development programme: Watershed Development Projects have been taken up under different programmes launched by Government of India in the country. The Drought Prone Area programmes (DPAP) and the Desert Development Programme (DDP) adopted the watersheds approved in 1987. The Integrated Wastelands Development Board in 1989 is aimed at development of wastelands on a watershed basis. This programme had now been brought under the administrative jurisdiction of the Department of Land Resources in the Ministry for Rural Development, Government of India. The fourth Major programme based on the watershed concept is the National Watershed Development Programme in rainfed areas (NWDPRA) under the Ministry of Agriculture. Out of these programmes, Nellore District is notified by the Government of India for implementing the Integrated Wastelands Development Programme. The reason for including Nellore district under IWDP only, is probably, due to the fact that the district is having vast extent of wastelands of different categories to an extent of 37.61% (as per 1990 statistics) to the total geographical area of the district. The District Rural Development Agency (DRDA) in Nellore district is operating IWDP and other schemes like EAS, ECRP, APHMC, etc., wherein the wastelands are getting treated up under IWDP scheme alone there are 4 sanctioned projects. With activities over the last 6 years the wasteland extent has been considerably brought down. The present extent may be around 15 to 20%. This requires detail survey by the District authorities using NRSA data and ground verification. This will help in drawing up new schemes for future projects. Report: Evaluation reports have concluded that WDP appears to have a had positive impact in the watershed villages in terms of soils and moisture conservation and a rise in water table level leading to an increase in crop productivity. It has also been successful in promoting horticulture and animal husbandry activities. Further, certain weaknesses in WDP have been observed by the evaluators. It is has been pointed out the programme appears to be week in community organisation and peoples involvement, maintenance of certain records etc. Recommendations: The following are the important recommendations offered for bringing about improvement in the functioning of WDP, particularly to strengthen the peoples participating necessary for sustaining

the efforts being made 1) Community Organisation component has to be strengthened. 2) First three months of project period should be devoted to creation of proper awareness among the people. 3) Micro planning should be unique for each watershed taking into account the locally available resources. 4) Efforts should be made to strengthen participation of user groups in the programme. The watershed works and community works should be taken up only during lean agriculture season in order to generate additional employment. The expenditures incurred on different watershed should be made known to the people. Innovative measures in construction of check dams etc. should be taken up.

CUDDAPAH Climate Maximum temperature 42.2 0C Minimum temperature 17.6 0C Actual Rainfall 700 mm RAINFALL Normal annual rainfall : 696.2 mm South west monsoon : 388.7 mm North east monsoon : 231.3 mm Cumulative departure from normal rainfall(for the last five years) : -27% Drainage The Kadapa district is drained by Pennar river. Its chief tributaries are cheyyair, Papaghni, Chitravati, Sagileru and Kunderu. Pincha and Mandavi are minor streams that join cheyyair. The Pennar river traverses through the center of the district from west to east. Kunderu and sagileru drain from northern side.and chitravati, papagni and cheyyeru from south. Land and human resources utilization: Land Unit (Lakhs Hec.) Forest 505495 Hectares Net Cropped Area 4.01 Fallow 158065 Hectares Net Irrigated Area 1.37 Wasteland development Programme implemented by the District : INDIRA PRABHA (CLDP) Comprehensive Land Development Project is being implemented in the district with a project period of 3 years i.e., from 2004-2005 to 2007-2008. CLDP has been taken up by Andhra Pradesh Government to bring the assigned lands of downtrodden fit for cultivation by land reclamation, ploughing, fortification, SMC and WHS works, Micro Irrigation methods with last priority to Ground Water exploitation. ANDHRA PRADESH MICRO IRRIGATION PROJECT (APMIP) Andhra Pradesh Micro Irrigation Project (APMIP) was launched in 2003 November. So for an area of 4100 Ha., was brought under Micro Irrigation Systems viz Drip / Sprinkler Irrigation

Systems. During the year 2005-2006 an area of 5300 Ha., is proposed to be treated with Micro Irrigation systems covering all 51 Mandals in the District, with 4000 Ha., under Drip Irrigation and 1300 Ha., under Sprinkler Irrigation Systems. BIO-FUEL PLANTATION PROGRAMME: The rainshadow district of Cuddapah of andrapradesh is characterized with low fertility and also water holding capacity soils. These all factors have resulted in acute poverty in the region,incomes for the people are low and with frequent occurrence of droughts in recent past have aggravated the plight of the poor farmers in the regions.There are large tracts of degraded landa in the possession of the farmers that are not suitable for annual cropping.There is need to develop a strategy for improving the livehoods of the farmers. Bio diesel plantations is one of the solutions which could be used successfully to improve the livelihoods of the rural people, rehabilitate the degraded lands, save huge foreign exchange and protect the environment. Large numbers of oil crops/ trees have been identified that have the potential to be used for bio diesel manufacturing. Among the various bio diesel yielding crops, Jatropha curcas and pongamia pinnata seems to have the potential and prospects for cultivation in India. For raising these crops it is not necessary to sacrifice the land are that is already under cultivation of food and horticultural crops as these crops have the inherent ability to thrive on waste/ degraded and marginal lands. These crops have also the ability to withstand harsh weather / climatic conditions.

IMPACT OF THE INTERVENTIONS

Soil and Moisture conservation:In almost all the watershed area farmers are taking care to prevent soil erosion and to retain soil moisture by adopting ploughings across the slope, contour bunding , stone terracing loose boulders structure etc. Ground Water:In most of the Watersheds, people learnt about the important of harvesting rainwater and they are coming forward to construct dug out ponds, sun ken ponds in their fields. The evaluation reports

also indicated rise in water levels in watershed area. Afforestation:After coming to know the benefits of vegetation, villagers /farmers are showing interest in growing plants especially horticulture plants because of the usufructs in future. Some of the farmers are growing trees on field bunds to protect the crops from winds, pests (since the pests eating birds take shelter on the trees). In some water sheds the villagers are protecting the nearby forest area from deforestation. Micro irrigation:The farmers in the watershed areas one gradually knowing the importance of micro irrigation (like saving time, electricity, optimum utilization of ground water, less labour expenditure, easy application of fertilizers) and are coming forward to adopt micro irrigation methods. Unity among the rural folk: The faction stricken villages of Cuddapah district are gradually converting in to peaceful places through the awareness created among themselves by watershed activities and community organization. CONVERGENCE OF NREGA WITH OTHER SCHEME In 2008, the Ministry of Rural Development issued guidelines on convergence of MNREGA with other development programs and schemes to enable creation of durable assets and strengthen the livelihood resource base of the rural poor. In the framework for convergence, the role of NREGS is to provide the primary input for natural resource generation. Backward and forward linkages, as required, are to be created for enhancement, sustainability and utilization of the natural resources for generation of livelihoods and their up gradation. Unique Features: Act include time-bound employment guarantee and wage payment within 15 days, facilitating incentive-disincentive structure to the State Governments for providing employment, since 90 per cent of the cost for employment provided is borne by the Central Government or payment of unemployment allowance at the State's own cost is to be provided. The Act also mandates 33 percent participation for women. Why convergence? Substantial public investments are being made for strengthening of rural economy and livelihood base of the poor, especially the marginalized groups like SC/STs and women. To effectively address the issue of poverty alleviation, there is a need to optimize efforts through inter-sectoral approaches. The convergence of different programs like: Watershed Programs, National

Agriculture Development Programs (Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana), National Horticulture Mission, Scheme of Artificial Recharge of Ground Water through Dug well, BRGF, with NREGA will enable better planning and effective investments in rural areas. This convergence will bring in synergies between different government programs/schemes in terms of planning, process and implementation. This will also facilitate sustainable development. Convergence of funds from other sources can help in creation of durable assets. For instance, funds available with PRIs from other sources such as the National Finance Commission, State Finance Commission, State Departments and other Central or Centrally Sponsored Schemes such as SGSY, DPAP, DDP, IWDP, BRGF can be dovetailed with other rural development funds for the construction of durable community assets under the works permissible. However, core funds of nay schemes should not be used as substitute resources by different departments and agencies for their own activities. The Ministry of Rural Development has developed and disseminated Guidelines for Convergence of NREGS with different schemes and specific programs viz. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Afforestation Programs and other schemes of the Ministry of Forest & Environment, Schemes of the Ministry of Water Resources, PMGSY (Department of Rural Development), SGSY (Department of Rural Development), Watershed Development Programs (Department of Land Resources, Ministry of Rural Development). For this, 115 pilot districts in 22 states have been identified by the MoE&F, MoWR and ICAR. Perceived expected outcomes from convergence initiatives include: Increase in Social Capital: Collective planning and implementation among different stakeholders will enhance social capital. This will improve management and work output. Increase in Physical Capital: The process will help in creating durable assets and will also improve land productivity. Facilitation of Ecological Synergies: Natural resource base regeneration through different activities such as afforestation, drought proofing, flood proofing, and watershed will lead to effective use of Resources. Mitigating Effects of Climate Change: NREGA helps in addressing issues such as CO2 emissions and industrial pollution and stemming. Enhancing Economic Opportunities: Income opportunities, savings and investments may be generated through activities such as pisciculture. Strengthening Democratic Processes: Convergence awareness and planning at the grass-root level will lead to greater ownership of projects.

 Facilitating Sustainable Development: Convergence efforts through creation of durable assets, rural connectivity, productivity enhancement and capacity development lead to sustainable development. NIRD, Civil Society Organizations/ Professional Institutions having technical competence & resources are being enlisted for monitoring of convergence pilots. This report highlights the innovative experiments and good practices happening in pilots' districts. It also documents the lessons learnt in the light of the interactions with stakeholders in these states. In this regard, the salient features of NREGS and strengthening of PRIs, as well as CBOs have been considered as the bottom line.

STATE WISE PLOTS

Note: All the graphs shown below are original and created by the authors of the report.

Here we see that all districts have a literacy rate of more than 60%. Thus even if now all households are not being provided with 100 days mandated work then it means that the

government action being taken now is inadequate and stress needs to be given on awareness among the people through target-group driven publicity.
2) HOUSEHOLDS HAVING BPL CARDS

Here we see that most households(almost 80%) have BPL cards which is unreasonably high.

3) AVERAGE WAGE COST PER PERSON DAY

Here we see that extremely high and low average wage cost per person day exists simultaneously in adjoining districts. One special case that must be pointed out is that of West Godavari and East Godavari. Although both these districts are located adjacent to each other and are largely similar to each other in terms of their climate, topography, etc they have highly differing wage costs per person day due to the differences in the working of the administration level

4) PERSON DAYS OF WORK PER HOUSEHOLD

The person days of work per household follows a randomized distribution across the state. We see districts like Nellore, Prakasam and Guntur exist in close proximity with districts like Chittoor, which has greater than 70 person days of work per household.

UNAVAILABILTY OF DATA FOR HUNGER AND SHARE OF WOMEN Overall data forshare of women work in nrega activities for Andhra Pradesh was available but we couldnt find the district wise distribution of work and the share of women in them. This, in fact, shows the negative side of the government which is insensitive to equal women and men ratio in the NREGA Data for hunger district wise wasnt available for the state. We tried to look for other things that we could relate hunger to but their data wasnt available for all the districts.