Standard Cr-Ni-Mo Stainless Steels

Steel grades
Outokumpu 4401 4404 4436 4432 4406 4429 4571 4435 EN 1.4401 1.4404 1.4436 1.4432 1.4406 1.4429 1.4571 1.4435 ASTM 316 316L 316 316L 316LN S31653 316Ti 316L

General characteristics
These grades are molybdenum-containing austenitic stainless steels intended to provide improved corrosion resistance relative to the standard Cr-Ni steel grades used in corrosive process environments. The addition of molybdenum provides improved resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion in environments containing chlorides or other halides. These grades are used in applications for handling the wide range of chemicals used by process industries, e.g. pulp and paper, textile, food and beverages, pharmaceutical, medical, and in the manufacture of other chemical processing equipment. These grades are supplied with a wide range of functional and aesthetic surfaces. Modern stainless steels are today eisaly produced with low carbon contents and the risk of chromium carbide precipitation has thereby decreased significantly. Intergranular corrosion caused by chromium carbides is therfore rarely an issue nowdays, but stabilised grades, often type 1.4571, are still specified. Non-titanium-stabilised grades generally have a better surface finish than titanium-stabilised grades. Given their fully austenitic structure, all these grades are non-magnetic in the annealed condition but may become slightly magnetic as a result of phase transformation due to cold working or welding. The high nitrogen grades, i.e. 1.4406 and 1.4429 have except from an increased mechanical strength also a more stable austenitic structure leading to a lower permeability in comparison to the other standard CrNi-Mo stainless steel grades.
Table 1 Typical composition, % C 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.02 N 0.14 0.14 0.20 0.22 0.10 0.17 Cr 17.2 17.2 16.9 16.9 17.2 17.3 16.8 17.3 18.1 20 20 21.5 23 22 Ni 10.2 10.1 10.7 10.7 10.3 12.5 10.9 12.6 8.3 25 18 1.5 4.8 5.7 Mo 2.1 2.1 2.6 2.6 2.1 2.6 2.1 2.6 4.3 6.1 0.3 0.3 3.1 Others Ti 1.5 Cu Cu 5 Mn BS 316S31 316S11 316S33 316S13 316S61 316S63 320S31 316S13 304S31 904S13 318S13 National steel designations, superseded by EN DIN 1.4401 1.4404 1.4436 1.4406 1.4429 1.4571 1.4435 1.4301 1.4539 1.4547 1.4362 1.4462 NF Z7 CND 17-11-022 Z3 CND 17-11-02 Z7 CND 18-12-03 Z3 CND 17-12-03 Z3 CND 17-11 Az Z3 CND 17-12 Az Z6 CNDT 17-12 Z3 CND 18-14-03 Z7 CN 18-09 Z2 NCDU 25-20 Z3 CN 23-04 Az Z3 CND 22-05 Az SS 2347 2348 2343 2353 2375 2350 2353 2333 2562 2378 2327 2377

Characteristic properties
All-purpose grades Enhanced corrosion resistance compared to standard Cr-Ni grades Excellent formability Excellent weldability Excellent impact strength

Chemical composition
The chemical composition of specific steel grades may vary slightly between different national standards. The required standard will be fully met as specified on the order.

Chemical composition Outokumpu steel name International steel no. EN 4401 4404 4436 4432 4406 4429 4571 4435 4301 904L 254 SMO LDX 2101 2304 2205 1.4401 1.4404 1.4436 1.4432 1.4406 1.4429 1.4571 1.4435 1.4301 1.4539 1.4547 1.4162 1.4362 1.4462 ASTM 316 316L 316 316L 316LN S31653 316Ti 316L 304 904L S31254 S32101 S32304 S32205*

* Also available as S31803

Outokumpu Stainless

Standard Cr-Ni-Mo Stainless Steels

Mechanical properties
Outokumpu Stainless uses the European Standard EN10088 where applicable. The permitted design values may vary between product forms, see the specification in question for the correct value. The values in Table 2 and 3 refer to hot rolled plate/cold rolled strip and sheet. For hot rolled strip, the proof strength corresponds to that of hot rolled plate, and the tensile strength and elongation to that of cold rolled strip.
Table 2 Impact value KV J 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60

Mechanical properties. Hot rolled plate/cold rolled strip and sheet, minimum values at 20C Steel grade Rp0.2 MPa 4401 4404 4436 4432 4406 4429 4571 4435 220/240 220/240 220/240 220/240 280/300 280/300 220/240 220/240 Proof strength Rp1.0 MPa 260/270 260/270 260/270 260/270 320/330 320/330 260/270 260/270 Tensile strength Rm MPa 520/530 520/530 530/550 520/550 580/580 580/580 520/540 520/550 Elongation A5 % 45/40 45/40 40/40 45/40 40/40 40/35 40/40 45/40

Mechanical properties. Hot rolled plate/cold rolled strip and sheet, typical values at 20C Steel grade Rp0.2 MPa 4401 4404 4436 4432 4406 4429 4571 4435 280/290 280/290 300/300 280/300 320/ 350/350 270/270 270/300 Proof strength Rp1.0 MPa 320/320 320/320 340/340 320/330 360/ 390/390 310/310 310/340 Tensile strength Rm MPa 570/590 570/590 590/600 570/600 620/ 670/670 570/590 570/600 Elongation A5 % 55/55 55/55 50/55 50/55 50/ 45/45 50/55 55/55

Table 3 Hardness HB 160 165 165 165 180 165 150

Tensile properties at elevated temperatures. Proof strength Rp0.2, MPa, minimum values Steel grade 100 4401 4404 4436 4432 4406 4429 4571 4435 166 177 166 177 211 211 185 165 Temperature, C 200 300 137 147 137 147 167 167 167 137 118 127 118 127 145 145 145 119 Table 4a

Tensile properties at elevated temperatures. Proof strength Rp1.0, MPa, minimum values Steel grade Temperature, C 200 300 167 117 167 177 198 198 196 165 145 156 145 156 175 175 175 145 Table 4b

400 108 115 108 115 135 135 135 108

500 100 110 100 110 128 129 129 100 4401 4404 4436 4432 4406 4429 4571 4435

100 199 211 199 211 246 246 218 200

400 135 144 135 144 164 164 164 135

500 128 139 128 139 158 158 158 128

Tensile properties at elevated temperatures. Proof strength Rm, MPa, minimum values Steel grade 100 4401 4404 4436 4432 4406 4429 4571 4435 430 430 430 460 520 520 440 420 Temperature, C 200 300 390 390 390 420 460 460 390 380 380 380 380 410 440 440 375 370 Table 4c

Mechanical properties at low temperatures. Proof strength Rm, MPa, minimum values Steel grade Temp C -80 -196 -80 -196 Rp0.2 MPa 275 350 380 600 Rp1.0 MPa 355 450 450 700 Rm MPa 840 1200 800 1150 Table 5 A5 % 40 35 35 30

400 380 380 410 435 375 -

500 360 360 390 430 360 4404* 4404* 4406** 4406**

Values from EN 10028-7 * 4401, 4571, 4432, 4436 and 4435 have approximately the same values as 4404. ** 4429 has approximately the same values as 4406.

Standard Cr-Ni-Mo Stainless Steels

Physical properties
The physical properties are the same for all steel grades in this group. Data according to EN 10088.
Physical properties, typical values at 20C Density Modulus of elasticity Poissons ratio Thermal conductivity Heat capacity Electrical resistivity kg/dm GPa
3

Temperature, C 120

100

Table 6 8.0 200 0.3 15 500 0.75

80

60
4436

904L 4436

W/mC J/kgC m

40
4301 4301

20

Physical properties at elevated temperatures. Linear expansion (RTT) x 10-6/C Steel grade 100 4571 NonTi-stabilised grades 16.5 Temperature, C 200 300 17.5 18.0 Table 7a

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90 100 H2SO4%

400 18.5

500 19.0

Fig. 1. Isocorrosion diagram for 4301, 4436 and 904L in stagnant sulphuric acid. The curves represent a corrosion rate of 0.1 mm/y. The dashed line represents the boiling point.
Pitting and crevice corrosion

16.0

16.5

17.0

17.5

18.0

Physical properties at elevated temperatures. Modulus of elasticity, GPa Steel grade 100 All grades 194 Temperature, C 200 300 186 179 Table 7b

The resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion can be enhanced by increasing the content of chromium, molybdenum and nitrogen. These grades have a significantly better resistance to these types of localised corrosion than the standard Cr-Ni grades. For better resistance, higher alloyed grades such as 2205 and 254 SMO are recommended (see Figure 2). Figure 3 shows up to which approximate temperatures stainless steel can be used in oxygen-saturated solutions of varying chloride content. There is an additional risk for stress corrosion cracking at temperatures above 50C.
CPT, C 100 80 60 40 20

400 172

500 165

Corrosion Resistance
The Cr-Ni-Mo standard stainless steels have a versatile corrosion resistance and are suitable for a wide range of applications. The grades with molybdenum content of 2.6 per cent (4432, 4436, 4435, 4429) have somewhat enhanced corrosion resistance compared to the grades with molybdenum content of 2.1 per cent (4404, 4401,4406, 4571). A brief description of their resistance to different types of corrosion follows below. For a more detailed description of their corrosion resistance properties in different environments, please refer to our Corrosion Handbook.
Uniform corrosion

Uniform corrosion is characterised by a uniform attack on the steel surface that has come into contact with a corrosive medium. The corrosion resistance is generally considered good if the corrosion rate is less than 0.1 mm/year. This group of Cr-Ni-Mo grades have a good resistance in many organic and inorganic chemicals. An example of an isocorrosion diagram is shown in figure 1.

4301

4401

4436

SAF 2304

2205

254 SMO

Fig. 2. Critical pitting temperatures (CPT) in 1M NaCl according to ASTM G 150 using the Avesta Cell. Typical values.

Standard Cr-Ni-Mo Stainless Steels

Temperature, C 80 4307 p 60 2205 p

will increase the strength and hardness of the material (see Figure 4) and may leave it slightly magnetic. For more information on deep drawing, contact Avesta Research Centre.

2205 c
4404 c

MPa 800 700

A5% HB 80 70
Rm

40 4307 c 20 100 4404 p 1000

600 500 400 300 200 100

60 Rp0.2 50
A5

10000 100000 Cl- ppm p=pitting, solid line c=crevice corrosion, dashed line

40 30 20 10 300 200 100

Fig. 3. Risk of pitting and crevice corrosion on conventional stainless steel in water of different chloride content or temperature.

Stress corrosion cracking

These austenitic grades like the standard Cr-Ni steels are susceptible to stress corrosion cracking (SCC). Critical service conditions, i.e. applications subjected to combinations of tensile stresses, temperatures above about 50C and certain solutions, especially those containing chlorides, should be avoided. For applications demanding high resistance to SCC, the duplex grades 2205, 2304, and LDX 2101 are more suitable. Stress corrosion cracking may also occur in hot alkaline solutions (above 110C).
Intergranular corrosion

0 0 5 10 15 20

0 25 Cold working. %

Fig. 4. 4404 work-hardening at cold working.

Annealing Quench annealing should be performed at 1030 1110C and followed by rapid cooling in water or air. For Ti-stabilised grades, annealing temperatures above 1070C may impair the resistance to intergranular corrosion. Ti-stabilised grades may also be given a stabilising treatment at lower temperatures. However, temperatures below 980C should only be used after due consideration of the intended service environment. In applications where high residual stresses cannot be accepted, stress relief treatment may be necessary. This can be performed by annealing as outlined above, but may also be performed at lower temperatures. Please contact Outokumpu Stainless for further information. Hardening These grades cannot be hardened by heat treatment. However, they can be hardened by cold working.
Machining

Intergranular corrosion is not a common problem for modern stainless steels since the carbon content is generally kept at a low level. Operations that increase the risk for intergranular corrosion are welding of heavy gauges, heat treatment operations within the critical temperature interval (550 850C) and slow cooling after heat treatment or hot forming. Ti-stabilised steels and steels with low carbon content (0.02%) have better resistance towards intergranular corrosion after such operation conditions.

Fabrication
Hot forming

Hot working can be carried out in the 850 1150C range. For maximum corrosion resistance, forgings should be annealed at 1070C and rapidly cooled in air or water after hot working operations.
Cold forming

These grades can be readily formed and fabricated by a full range of cold working operations. They can be used in heading, drawing and bending. Any cold working operations

These austenitic grades are more difficult to machine than ordinary carbon steels but are still comparatively easy to machine compared to more highly alloyed stainless grades. Unless modified for improved machinability, they require higher cutting forces than carbon steels, show resistance to chip breaking and a high tendency to built-up edge formation. The best machining results are obtained by using highpower equipment, sharp tooling and a rigid set-up. The machinability of these grades in relation to other stainless steels is indicated by the machinability index in Figure 5.

Standard Cr-Ni-Mo Stainless Steels

This index, which rises with increased machinability, is based on a compounded evaluation of test data from several different machining operations. It gives an indication of the machinability of different stainless steel grades in relation to that of grade 4436. It should be noted that it does not describe the relative difficulty of machining with cemented carbide and high speed steel tools. Nitrogen alloyed stainless steels are more difficult to machine. Better machinability performance is given by PRODEC versions, which have been modified for improved machinability. PRODEC is available as hot rolled plate and bar in 4401, 4404, 4436 and 4432. For more information, contact Avesta Research Centre.
Machinability index 1.4 1.2

The following welding filler metals from Avesta Welding are recommended:
Table 8 Steelgrade 4401 4404 4436 4432 4406 4429 4571 4435 Filler 316L/SKR 316L/SKR 316L/SKR 316L/SKR 316L/SKR 316L/SKR 318/SKNb, 316L/SKR 316L/SKR

Other filler metals with a molybdenum content higher than that of the base metal may also be used. For further information, contact Avesta Welding or see www.avestawelding. com.

Products
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 4436 PRODEC
Machining with cemented carbide tools high speed steel tools

Hot rolled plate, sheets and strip Cold rolled plate, sheet and coil Cold rolled narrow strip Welded tube and pipe Bar Rod Billet Welding consumables

4301

4571

4436

2205

Fig. 5. Relative machinability for some stainless steel grades.

Welding

These grades can be readily welded by a full range of conventional welding methods such as: Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) Gas tungsten arc welding, TIG (GTAW) Gas metal arc welding, MIG (GMAW) Flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) Plasma arc welding (PAW) Submerged arc welding (SAW)

Standard Cr-Ni-Mo Stainless Steels

Material Standards
EN 10088-1 EN 10088-2 EN 10088-3 EN 10028-7 EN 10272 ASTM A240/ASME SA-240 ASTM A480 ASTM A959 ASTM A666/ASME SA-666 Stainless steels List of stainless steels (Not for ordering) Stainless steels Sheet/plate and strip for general purposes Stainless steels Semi-finished products, bars, rods, sections for general purposes Flat products for pressure purposes Stainless steels Stainless steel bars for pressure purposes Heat-resisting Cr and Cr-Ni stainless steel plate, sheet and strip for pressure vessels General requirements for flat-rolled stainless and heat resisting steel Harmonized standard grade compositions for wrought stainless Austenitic stainless steel sheet, strip, plate, bar for structural and architectural applications

Table 9

1198EN-GB:2. Centrum Tryck AB, Avesta, Sweden. March 2006.

Information given in this brochure may be subject to alterations without notice. Care has been taken to ensure that the contents of this publication are accurate but Outokumpu Stainless and its aliated companies to not accept responsibility for errors or for information which is found to be misleading. Suggestions for or descriptions of the end use or application of products or methods of working are for information only and Outokumpu Stainless and its aliated companies accept no liability in respect thereof. Before using products supplied or manufactured by the company the costumer should satisfy himself of their suitability.

Outokumpu is a dynamic metals and technology group with a clear target to become the number one in stainless steel. Customer in a wide range of industries use our metal products, technologies and services worldwide. We are dedicated to helping our customers gain competitive advantage. We call this promise the Outokumpu factor.

Outokumpu Stainless AB, Avesta Research Centre Box 74, SE-774 22 Avesta, Sweden Tel. +46 (0)226 810 00, Fax +46 (0)226 810 77

www.outokumpu.com/stainless