THERMODYNAMICS - CASE STUDY Introduction

Neon, who works in a steam power plant, is asked to monitor the performance of a new system. The new system is running a Rankine cycle with water as the working fluid. What is known: The Schematic of the new system is shown on the left. The design data is: Condenser Pressure: 10 kPa Boiler Pressure: 16 MPa o Steam temperature at the turbine inlet: 600 C The actual data measured by Neon are: o P1 = 9 kPa T1 = 38 C P2 = 16 MPa P3 = 15.9 MPa o P4 = 15.2 MPa T4 = 625 C o P5 = 15 MPa T5 = 600 C P6 = 10 kPa The pump has an efficiency of 85% and the turbine has an efficiency of 80%. The mass flow rate is 20 kg/s.

Problem Description Click to View Movie (46 kB)

Question
The Actual Cycle

What is the net work output? What is the thermal efficiency of the cycle? What is the thermal efficiency if modeling the cycle as an ideal Rankine cycle with the design data?

Approach
Model the cycle of new system as a Rankine cycle. Use the water table to determine the enthalpy at each state. The net work output equals the difference between the turbine work and the pump work. The heat input equals the enthalpy difference between the boiler exit and inlet.

THERMODYNAMICS - THEORY
Thermodynamic cycles can be divided into two general categories: power cycles, which produce a net power output, and refrigeration and heat pump cycles, which consume a net power input. The thermodynamic power cycles can be categorized as gas cycles and vapor cycles. In gas cycles, the working fluid remains in the gas phase throughout the entire cycle. In vapor cycles, the working fluid exits as vapor phase during one part of the cycle and as liquid phase during another part of the cycle. Steam power plants run vapor power cycles with water as the working fluid. This section introduces the ideal cycle for vapor power cycle - Rankine cycle.

Rankine cycle - the Ideal Cycle for Vapor Power Cycle

Vapor power plants generate electrical power by using fuels like coal, oil or natural gas. The schematic of a vapor power plant is shown on the left. The entire power plant can be broken down into four major subsystems. Subsystem A: Energy conversion from heat to work Subsystem B: Energy source and waste removal required to vaporize the water Subsystem C: Electric generator Subsystem D: Cooling water system

Schematic of a Vapor Power Plant Click to View Movie (37.0 kB)

The focus of this chapter is subsystem A. The thermodynamic cycle in subsystem A is called the Rankine cycle. Subsystem A consists of a boiler, turbine, condenser and a pump. Fuel, burned in the boiler, heats the water to generate superheated steam (subsystem B). This steam is used to run the turbine which powers the generator. Electrical energy is generated when the generator windings rotate in a strong magnetic field (subsystem C). After the steam leaves the turbine, it is cooled to its liquid state in the condenser by transferring heat to the cooling water system (subsystem D). The liquid is pressurized by the pump prior to going back to the boiler.

All four components associated with the ideal Rankine cycle are steady-flow devices, and thus all four processes that make up the Rankine cycle can be analyzed as steady-flow process. The kinetic and potential energy changes of water are small relative to the heat and work terms, are thus neglected. Energy analysis of the four components are given below. Pump (process 1-2): Pump pressurized the liquid water from the condenser prior to going back to the boiler. Assuming no heat transfer with the surroundings, theenergy balance in the pump is
Schematic of the Rankine Cycle

wpump, in = h2 - h1 Boiler (process 2-3): Liquid water enters the boiler and is heated to superheated state in the boiler. The energy balance in the boiler is qin = h3 - h2 Turbine (process 3-4): Steam from the boiler, which has an elevated temperature and pressure, expands through the turbine to produce work and then is discharged to the condenser with relatively low pressure. Neglecting heat transfer with the surroundings, the energy balance in the turbine is wturbine, out = h3 - h4 Condenser (process 4-1): Steam from the turbine is condensed to liquid water in the condenser. The energy balance in the condenser is qout = h4 - h1 For the whole cycle, the energy balance can be obtained by summarizing the four energy equations above. It yields, (qin- qout) - (wturbine, out - wpump, in) = 0 The thermal efficiency of the Rankine cycle is determined from

th = wnet ,out/qin = 1 - qout/qin

where the net work output from the cycle is wnet ,out = wturbine, out - wpump, in

The Rankine cycle is an ideal cycle if water passes through the four components without irreversibilities and pressure drops. The ideal Rankine cycle consists of the following four processes, as shown on the T-s diagram on the left:
T-s Diagram of an Ideal Rankine Cycle

1-2: Isentropic compression in a pump 2-3: Constant pressure heat addition in a boiler 3-4: Isentropic expansion in a turbine 4-1: Constant pressure heat rejection in a condenser

Actual Vapor Power Cycle

The actual vapor power cycle differs from the ideal Rankine cycle as a result of irreversiblities in various components. The two common source of irreversiblities are the friction and undesired heat loss to the surroundings. Fluid friction causes pressure drops in the boiler, the condenser, and the connecting pipes. To compensate for these pressure drops, the water needs to be pumped to a higher pressure. Heat loss from steam to surroundings takes place when steam flows through the connecting pipes and the various components. To maintain the same work output, more heat needs to be transferred to the steam in the boiler. The deviation of actual pumps and turbines from the isentropic ones can be accounted for by utilizingadiabatic efficiencies:
Deviation of Actual Vapor Cycle from the Ideal Rankine Cycle

Click to View Movie (46.0 kB)

where the subscript a means the actual value and subscript s means the isentropic value.

THERMODYNAMICS - CASE STUDY SOLUTION

A new system has just started operating in Neon's power plant. An analysis needs to be done to make sure that the cycle works well. The thermal efficiency and the net work output need to be determined. Assumptions: All the components in the cycle operate at steady state. Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.

Model the cycle in the new section of the power plant as a Rankine cycle. The schematic and the T-s Diagram of this cycle is shown on the left. (1) Determine the work output of the new system The net work output of the cycle equals the difference between the turbine work output and the pump work input. wnet,out = wturb,out - wpump,in
The Actual Cycle

The enthalpy at each state needs to be determined first, which can be obtained from the water table. State 1: Compressed liquid water o P1 = 9 kPa T1 = 38 C (given) 3 v1 = 0.001008 m /kg State 3: Compressed liquid water o P3 = 15.9 MPa T1 = 45 C (given) h3 = 187.8 kJ/kg State 4: Superheated vapor o P4 = 15.2 MPa T4 = 625 C (given) h4 = 3641.8 kJ/kg s4 = 6.7961 kJ/(kg-K) State 5: Superheated vapor o P5 = 15 MPa T5 = 600 C (given) h5 = 3582.3 kJ/kg s5 = 6.6776 kJ/(kg-K) State 6: Saturated mixture P6 = 10 kPa (given) s6s = s5 = 6.6776 kJ/(kg-K) h6s= 2114.9 kJ/kg where s6s and h6s are the entropy and enthalpy at state 6 if process 5-6 is isentropic.

T-s Diagram of the Actual Rankine Cycle Saturated Water Temperature Table Saturated Water Pressure Table Superheated Steam Table

Since the isentropic efficiencies of the pump and turbine are given, the turbine work and the pump work can be determined as following:

Therefore, the net work output per mass is wnet,out = wturb,out - wpump,in = 1,173.9 - 19.0 = 1,154.9 kJ/kg The power produced by the new system is determined from

(2) Determine the thermal efficiency Heat input to the cycle from the boiler is determined from qin = h4 - h3 = 3,641.8 - 187.8 = 3,454 kJ/kg The thermal efficiency of the cycle is th = wnet,out/qin = 1,154.9/3,454 = 33% (3) Determine the thermal efficiency of the ideal Rankine cycle The properties at each state of the ideal Rankine cycle can be obtained from the water table. State 1: Saturated water P1 = 10 kPa (given) h1 = 191.83 kJ/kg s1 = 0.6493 kJ/(kg-K)

v1 = 0.001010 m /kg State 2: Compressed liquid water P2 = 16 MPa (given) s2 = s1 = 0.6493 kJ/(kg-K) State 3: Superheated vapor o T3 = 600 C (given) P3 = P2 = 16 MPa h3 = 3,641.8 kJ/kg s3 = 6.6988 kJ/(kg-K) State 4: Saturated mixture P4 = P1 = 10 kPa s4 = s3 = 6.6988 kJ/(kg-K) h4 = 2,121.7 kJ/kg Pump work input: wpump,in = v1(P2-P2) = 0.001010(16,000 - 10) = 16.2 kJ/kg Turbine work output: wturb,out = h3 - h4 = 3,641.8 - 2,121.7 = 1,520.1 kJ/kg Hence, the net work output of the ideal cycle is wnet,out = wturb,out - wpump,in = 1,520.1 - 16.2 = 1,503.9 kJ/kg Heat input to the ideal cycle can be determined from qin = h3 - h2 = 3,641.8 - 174.4 = 3,467.4 kJ/kg The thermal efficiency of the cycle is then determined as th = wnet,out/qin = 1,503.9/3,467.4 = 43.4% Compared with the actual Rankine cycle, the ideal cycle has a higher thermal efficiency.

The Ideal Rankine Cycle

T-s Diagram of the Ideal Rankine Cycle

THERMODYNAMICS - CASE STUDY Introduction

Neon, working at a steam power plant, received a call from a worker who reported that the moisture content at the exit of the turbine was exceeding its allowed value range. In order to improve this situation, Neon decides that a reheat process should be added to the cycle. The moisture content at the exit of the turbine and the net work output from the cycle need to be determined to make sure the cycle will run well. What is known:
Problem Description Click to View Movie (45 kB)

Steam enters the high-pressure turbine at 16 o MPa and 600 C The pressure in the condenser is 10 kPa. The moisture content of the steam at the exit of the low-pressure turbine is not allowed to exceed 10.0 percent.

Question
Determine the pressure at which the steam should be reheated if the steam is reheated to the inlet temperature of the high-pressure turbine. Determine the net work output and thermal efficiency of the cycle after adding the reheat process.

Approach
The reheat pressure can be determined from the requirement that the stream expands isentropically in the low-pressure turbine. That is, the entropies at the inlet and the exit of the low-pressure turbine are the same. Use the water tables to determine the enthalpy at each state. The net work output equals the difference between the total turbine works from the highpressure and low-pressure turbines and the pump work.

Schematic of the Reheat Rankine Cycle

THERMODYNAMICS - THEORY

Steam power plants generate most of the electric power in the world. To save fuel, extensive efforts are made to improve the efficiency of the cycle on which steam power plants operate. The general idea is to increase the fluid average temperature during heat addition or decrease the fluid temperature during heat rejection. This section will introduce one of the resulting cycle - the ideal reheat Rankine cycle.

Methods of Increasing the Efficiency of the Rankine Cycle

There are three ways to increase the efficiency of the simple ideal Rankine cycle. 1. Decreasing the condenser pressure The effect of lowering the condenser pressure on the Rankine cycle efficiency is illustrated on a T-s diagram on the left. Steam exits as a saturated mixture in the condenser at the saturation temperature corresponding to the pressure in the condenser. So lower the pressure in the condenser, lower the temperature of the steam, which is the heat The Effect of Lowing the Condenser Pressure rejection temperature. The blue area is the net work increases due to the decreasing of the condenser Click to View Movie (41 kB) pressure. 2. Superheating the steam to a high temperature The effect of superheating the steam to a high temperature on the Rankine cycle efficiency is illustrated on a T-s diagram on the left. By superheating the stream to a high temperature (from state 3 to state 3'), the average steam temperature during heat addition can be increased. The blue area is the net work increased due to superheating the steam to a high temperature.
The Effect of Superheating the Steam to a Higher Temperature Click to View Movie (40.0 kB)

3. Increasing the boiler pressure The effect of increasing the boiler pressure on the Rankine cycle efficiency is illustrated on a T-s diagram on the left. If the operating pressure of the boiler is increased, (process 2-3 to process 2'-3'), then the boiling temperature of the steam raises automatically. For a fixed inlet turbine temperature, the blue area is the net work increased and the gray area is the net work decreased. Also, the moisture content of the steam increases from state 4 to state 4', which is an undesirable side effect. This side

The Effect of Increase the Boiler Pressure

Click to View Movie (26.0 kB)

effect can be corrected by reheating the steam, and results in the reheat Rankine cycle.

The Ideal Reheat Rankine Cycle

The above section states that increasing the boiler pressure can increase the thermal efficiency of the Rankine cycle, but it also increases the moisture content at the exit of the turbine to an unacceptable level. To correct this side effect, the simple Rankine cycle is modified with a reheat process. The schematic of an ideal reheat Rankine cycle is shown on the left with its T-s diagram. In this reheat cycle, steam is expanded isentropically to an intermediate pressure in a high-pressure turbine (stage I) and sent back to the boiler, where it is reheated at constant pressure to the inlet temperature of the high-pressure turbine. Then the steam is sent to a low-pressure turbine and expands to the condenser pressure (stage II) . The total heat input and total work output is qin = qprimary + qreheat = (h3 - h2) + (h5 - h4) wtotal, out = qturb, I + qturb, II = (h3 - h4) + (h5 - h6)

Schematic and T-s Diagram of an Ideal Reheat Rankine Cycle

When the number of the reheat stages increases, the expansion and reheat processes approach an isothermal process at the maximum temperature. But using more than two stages is not practical.

Multistage Reheat Approaching an Isothermal Process

THERMODYNAMICS - CASE STUDY SOLUTION

A reheat process is considered for a simple Rankine cycle to reduce the moisture content at the turbine exit. The pressure at which the steam should be reheated and the net work output are to be determined. Assumptions: All the components in the cycle operate at steady state. Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.

Model the cycle as an ideal reheat Rankine cycle. The schematic and the T-s diagram are shown on the left. (1) Determine the pressure at which the steam should be reheated The reheat pressure can be determined from the requirement that the entropies at state 5 and state 6 be the same. State 6 is saturated mixture with a pressure of 10 kPa. The requirement of the moisture content at state 6 gives that the quality of steam at state 6 is greater than 0.9. Thus, assume the quality of steam at state 6 equals to 0.9. Then the entropy at state 6 can be determined as following: x6 = 0.9 s6 = sf@10 kPa + x6sfg@10 kPa = 0.6493 + 0.9(7.5009) = 7.4001 kJ/(kg-K) where sf@10 kPa and sfg@10 kPa can be obtained from the saturated water table. Since the steam will be reheated to the inlet temperature of the high-pressure turbine, and the entropies at state 5 and state 6 are the same, the pressure at state 5 can be determined from superheated vapor table. T5 = 600 C (given) s5 = s6 = 7.4001 P5 = 3.82 MPa h5 = 3675.1 kJ/kg Therefore, steam should be reheated at a pressure of 3.82 MPa to prevent a moisture content at the lowpressure turbine above 10.0 percent. (2) Determine the net work output after the addition of
o

The Schematic and the T-s Diagram of the Reheat Rankine Cycle Saturated Water Temperature Table Saturated Water Pressure Table Superheated Steam Table

the reheat process To determine the net work output of the cycle, the enthalpies at all other states need to be obtained first. They can be found from water tables. State 1: Saturated liquid water P1 = 10 kPa (given) h1 = 191.83 kJ/kg 3 v1 = 0.00101 m /kg State 3: Superheated vapor o T3 = 600 C P3 = 16 MPa (given) h3 = 3569.8 kJ/kg s3 = 6.6988 kJ/(kg-K) State 4: Superheated vapor P4 = P5 = 3.82 MPa s4 = s3= 6.6988 kJ/(kg-K) h4 = 3151.6kJ/kg State 5: Superheated vapor o T5 = 600 C (given) s5 = s6 = 7.4001 P5 = 3.82 MPa h5 = 3675.1 kJ/kg State 6: Saturated mixture P6 = 10 kPa (given) s6 = s5 =7.4001 kJ/(kg-K) x6 = 0.9 h6= hf@10 kPa + x6hfg@10 kPa = 191.83 + 0.9(2392.8) = 2345.4 kJ/kg The net work output of the cycle equals the difference between the turbines work and the pump work. wpump,in = v1 (P2 - P1) = 0.00101(16,000 - 10) = 16.1 kJ/kg wturb,out = w turb,high + w turb,low = (h3 - h4) + (h5 - h6) = (3569.8 -3151.6) + (3675.1 - 2345.4) = 1747.9 kJ/kg Hence, the net work output of the cycle is wnet,out = wturb,out - wpump,in = 1747.9 - 16.1 = 1,731.8 kJ/kg Heat input to the cycle equals the heat added by the primary heating process plus heat added in the reheat

process. qin = qprimary + qreheat = (h3 - h2) + (h5 - h4) = (3569.8 -207.93) + (3675.1 - 3151.6) = 3885.4 kJ/kg where h2 is determined from the energy balance of the pump. h2 = h1 + wpump,in = 191.83 + 16.1 = 207.93 kJ/kg Thus, the thermal efficiency of the cycle can be determined from

th = wnet,out/qin = 1,731.8/3885.4 = 44.6%

Note: the net work output, heat input and thermal efficiency of the cycle before adding the reheat process can be determined in a similar way using the simple ideal Rankine cycle model. wnet,out = 1448.2 kJ/kg qin = 3361.87 th = 43.1% xexit of the turbine = 0.81 This shows that the net work output, heat input, thermal efficiency are all increased after adding a reheat process. And the moisture content in the steam at the exit of the turbine is reduced from 19.0 percent to 10.0 percent.

THERMODYNAMICS - CASE STUDY Introduction

When Mike attended an on-site interview by an energy company for a summer job in a steam power plant, an engineer showed him where a Rankine cycle running. The engineer then gave him some basic data and asked him to figure out the steam fraction extracted from the turbines and the thermal efficiency of this cycle. What is known:
Problem Description Click to View Movie (80.0 kB)

Steam enters the first turbine at 16.0 MPa o and 600 C. The pressure in the condenser is 10.0 kPa. While some steam is extracted from the highpressure turbine at 5 MPa and sent to the closed feedwater heater, the remaining o steam is reheated to 600 C. The extracted steam is condensed as saturated liquid at 5.0 MPa and trapped to the open feedwater heater. Some steam is extracted from the lowerpressure turbine at 1.0 MPa and sent to the open feedwater heater.

Question
Determine the steam fraction extracted from the turbines. Determine the thermal efficiency of this cycle.

Approach
The steam power plant operates on an ideal reheat-regenerative Rankine cycle with one open feedwater heater, one closed feedwater heater, and one reheater, as shown in the diagram. Use the water tables to determine the enthalpy at each state. The fractions of steam extracted are determined from the mass and energy balances of the feedwater heaters.

Schematic of the Power Plant and its T-s Diagram for the Complete Cycle

THERMODYNAMICS - THEORY
Steam power plants generate most of the electric power in the world. To save fuel, efforts are constantly made to improve the efficiency of the cycle on which steam power plants operate. The general idea is to increase the fluid average temperature during heat addition and decrease the fluid temperature during heat rejection. This section will introduce one such cycle - the ideal regenerative Rankine cycle, which increases the fluid average temperature during the heat addition process.

Regeneration
In a simple Rankine cycle, heat is added to the cycle during process 2-2'-3 (see the T-s diagram on the left). During this first stage (process 2-2'), the temperature of the water is low. That reduces the average temperature during heat addition (process 2-2'-3). To remedy this shortcoming, increasing the temperature of the feedwater (water leaving the pump and entering the boiler) can be considered. This is accomplished by extracting stream from the turbine to heat the feedwater. This process is called regeneration and the heat exchanger where heat is transferred from steam to feedwater is called a regenerator, or a feedwater heater. There are actually two T-s Diagram of Lowering the Condenser Pressure main types of feedwater heaters. If the steam mixes with the compressed water from the pump, it is an open feedwater heater. If the steam does not mix with the compressed water from the

pump, it is a closed feedwater heater.

Open Feedwater Heaters

An open feedwater heater is basically a mixing chamber, where the steam extracted from the turbine mixes with the water exiting the pump. In an ideal condition, the water leaves the heater as a saturated liquid at the heater pressure. The schematic of a steam power plant with one open feedwater heater is shown on the left. In an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with an open feedwater heater, steam from the boiler (state 5) expands in the turbine to an intermediate pressure (state 6). At this state, some of the steam is extracted and sent to the feedwater heater, while the remaining steam in the turbine continues to expand to the condenser pressure (state 7). Saturated water from the condenser (state 1) is pumped to the feedwater pressure and send to the feedwater heater (state 2). At the feedwater heater, the compressed water is mixed with the steam extracted from the turbine (state 6) and exits the feedwater heater as saturated water at the heater pressure (state 3). Then the saturated water is pumped to the boiler pressure by a second pump (state 4). The water is heated to a higher temperature in the boiler (state 5) and the cycle repeats again. The T-s diagram of this cycle is shown on the left. Note that the mass flow rate at each component is different. If 1 kg steam enters the turbine, y kg is extracted to the feedwater heater and (1-y) kg continues to expand to the condenser pressure. So if the mass flow rate at the boiler is , then the mass flow rate from other components are: Condenser: Pump Pump : : (1-y) (1-y) y+ (1-y) =

An Open Feedwater Heater Click to View Movie (44.0 kB)

Schematic of a Power Plant Running an Ideal Regenerative Rankine Cycle with One Open Feedwater Heater

Feedwater Heater:

T-S Diagram of an Ideal Regenerative Rankine Cycle with One Open Feedwater Heater

For convenience, heat and work interactions for regenerative Rankine cycle is expressed per unit mass of steam flowing through the boiler. They are: Heat Input: qin = h5 - h4 Heat Output: qout = (1 - y)(h1 - h7) Work Output: W turb,out = (h5 - h6) + (1 - y)(h6 h7)

Work input: W pump,in = (1 - y)(h2 - h1) + (h4 - h3) Open feedwater heaters are simple and inexpensive, and can also bring the feedwater to saturated state. However, each feedwater needs a separate pump which adds to the cost.

Closed Feedwater Heaters

Closed feedwater heaters are shell-and-tube type recuperators in which feedwater temperature increases as the extracted steam condenses on the outside of the tubes carrying the feedwater. The two streams can be at different pressures since the two streams do not mix. The schematic of a steam power plant with one closed feedwater heater is shown on the left. In an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with a closed feedwater, steam from the boiler (state 4) expands in the turbine to an intermediate pressure (state 5). Then some of the steam is extracted at this state and sent to the feedwater heater, while the remaining steam in the turbine continues to expand to the condenser pressure (state 6). The extracted stream (state 5) condenses in the closed feedwater while heating the feedwater from the pump. The heated feedwater (state 3) is send to the boiler and the condensate from the feedwater heater (state 7) is allowed to pass through a trap into a lower pressure heater or condenser (state 8). Another way of removing the condensate from the closed feedwater heater is pump the condensate forward to a higher-pressure point in the cycle.The T-s diagram of this cycle is shown on the left. Heat and work interactions for regenerative Rankine cycle with one closed feedwater heater is expressed per unit mass of water flowing through the boiler. They are: Heat Input: qin = h4 - h3 Heat Output: qout = (1 - y)(h1 - h6) + y(h8 - h1) Work Output: W turb,out = (h4 - h5) + (1 - y)(h5 h6) Work input: W pump,in = (h2 - h1) Compared with open feedwater heaters, closed feedwater heaters are more complex, and thus more expensive. Since the two streams do not mix in the heater, closed feedwater heaters do not require a separate pump for each heater. Most power plants use a combination of open and closed feedwater heaters.

A Closed Feedwater Click to View Movie (49 kB)

Schematic of a Power Plant Running an Ideal Regenerative Rankine Cycle with One Closed Feedwater Heater

T-S Diagram of an Ideal Regenerative Rankine Cycle with One Closed Feedwater Heater

THERMODYNAMICS - CASE STUDY SOLUTION

A steam power plant operates on an ideal reheatregenerative Rankine cycle with one open feedwater heater, one closed feedwater heater, and one reheater. The fractions of stream extracted from turbines and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be determined. Assumptions: All the components in the cycle operate at steady state. Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.

The schematic and the T-s diagram of the power plant are shown below.

Schematic of the Power Plant and Its T-s Diagram Saturated Water Temperature Table Saturated Water Pressure Table Superheated Steam Table

(1) Determine the fraction of steam extracted from the turbines The enthalpies at various states and the pump work per unit mass of fluid flowing through them can be determined by using the water tables. State1: saturated water P1 = 10 kPa ( given) h1 = 191.83 kJ/kg 3 v1 = 0.00101 m /kg State 2: compressed water P2 = 1 MPa (given) wpump,in = v1 (P2 - P1) = 0.00101(1,000 - 10) = 1.0 kJ/kg

h2 = h1 + wpump,in = 192.83 kJ/kg State 3: saturated water P3 = 1 MPa (given) h3 = 762.81 kJ/kg 3 v3 = 0.00113 m /kg State 4: compressed water P4 = 16 MPa (given) wpump,in = v3 (P4 - P3) = 0.00113(16,000 - 1,000) = 16.9 kJ/kg h4 = h3 + wpump,in = 762.81+ 16.9 = 779.71 kJ/kg State 5: saturated water P5 = 16 MPa (given) h5 = 1,650.1 kJ/kg State 6: superheated vapor P6 = 16 MPa (given) o T6 = 600 C (given) h6 = 3,569.8 kJ/kg s6= 6.6988 kJ/(kg-K) State7: superheated vapor P7 = 5 MPa (given) s7 =s6= 6.6988 kJ/(kg-K) h7 = 3,222.4 kJ/kg State 8: superheated vapor P8 = 5 MPa (given) o T8 = 600 C (given) h8 = 3,665.6 kJ/kg s8= 7.2731 kJ/(kg-K) State 9: superheated vapor P9 = 1 MPa (given) s9 =s8= 7.2731 kJ/(kg-K) h9 = 3,138.1 kJ/kg State 10: saturated mixture P10 = 10 kPa (given) s10 =s8= 7.2731 kJ/(kg-K) x8 = (s8 - sf@10 kPa)/sfg@10 kPa = 88.3% h10 = hf@10 kPa+ x8hfg@10 kPa = 2,304.76 kJ/kg State 11: saturated water P11 = 5 MPa (given) h11 = 1,154.2 kJ/kg State 12: The trap is an throttling device h12 = h11 = 1,154.2 kJ/kg

Assume y kg steam is extracted from the highpressure turbine per kg mass of water flowing through the boiler. Also assume z kg steam is extracted from the low-pressure turbine per kg mass of water flowing through the boiler. Then y and z can be determined from the energy balance of the closed and open feedwater heaters. Closed feedwater heater: y(h7 - h11) = 1(h5 - h4) y = (1650.1 - 779.71)/(3222.4 -1154.2 ) = 0.42 kg/kg Open feedwater heater: (1)h3 = (z)h9 + (1 - y - z)h2 + (y)h12 z =0.056 kg/kg (2) Determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle The power output from the high-pressure and lowpressure turbine for 1 kg of mass flowing through the boiler is: wturb,out = (1)(h6 - h7) + (1 - y)(h8 - h9) + (1 -y - z )(h9 - h10) = (1)( 3,569.8 - 3,222.4) + (1 -0.42)(3,665.6 - 3,138.1)+ (1 - 0.42 - 0.056)(3,138.1 - 2,304.7) = 1,090.0 kJ/kg The pump input works have been determined in (1) as wpump,in = (1 - y -z)1.0 + 16.9 = 17.4 kJ/kg So the total net work output fro 1 kg mass of water flowing through the boiler is wnet,out = wturb,out - wpump,in = 1,090.0 - 17.4 = 1,072.6 kJ/kg The total heat input to the cycle equals the sum of the heat input in the boiler and the heat input from the reheater. qin = (1)(h6 - h5) + (1 - y)(h8 - h7) = (1)(3,569.8 - 1,650.1) + (1 - 0.42)(3,665.6 - 3,222.44) = 2,176.7 kJ/kg The thermal efficiency is th = wnet,out/qin = 1,072.6/ 2,176.7 = 49.3%

Open Feedwater Heater

Closed Feedwater Heater

THERMODYNAMICS - CASE STUDY Introduction

Due to the rapid rise in fuel prices, and the potentially energy efficient of district heating (DH) system, the use of district heat is on the rise in many countries. A new community, that is under construction in Oklahoma is considering this system. A cogeneration vapor power plant in this community is used to provide the district heating as well as generate the electricity for the community. What is known:
Schematic of the Cogeneration Power Plant

Steam enters the turbine at 16 MPa and 600 C Steam is extracted from the turbine at 5 MPa and sent to heat exchangers. Steam leaves the heat exchanger as saturated water, and the heat exchanger has an efficiency of 85%. The total district heating requirement is 1,100 kW in winter. The electricity requirement from this power plant is 5,500 kW in winter.

Question
What is the water mass flow rate through the boiler? What is the utilization factor of this cogeneration power plant?

Approach
Model the cycle as an ideal cogeneration Rankine cycle. Use the water tables to determine the enthalpy at each state except state 3. The enthalpy at state 3 can be calculated from the energy balance of the mixing chamber.

THERMODYNAMICS - THEORY
Some industries, like chemical, paper, and food processing, require energy input in the form of heat, called process heat. This section will introduce cogeneration power plant, which produce process heat

and electric power from the same power plant.

Cogeneration
Some industries, like chemical, paper, and food processing, require input process heat. Process heat in these industries is usually supplied by steam at 5 to 7 o atm and 150 to 200 C. So it is possible to have a power plant that produces electricity while meeting the process heat requirements of their industrial processes. In this way, more of the energy transferred to the fluid in the boiler is utilized for a useful purpose. In general, cogeneration is the production of more than one useful form of energy from the same energy source. Thus, this kind of power plant is called a cogeneration power plant.
Cogeneration of Electricity and Heat Click to View Movie (25 kB)

Either a Rankine cycle or a Brayton cycle or their combination cycle can be used as the power cycle in a cogeneration power plant. The fraction of energy that is used for either process heat or power generation is called the utilization factor of the cogeneration power plant.

The Ideal Steam-turbine Cogeneration Power Plant

The schematic of an ideal steam-turbine cogeneration power plant is shown on the left. Under normal operation, some steam is extracted from the turbine at some intermediate pressure (state 6) and sent to the process heater. The rest of the steam is expanded to the condenser pressure (state 7). When there are high demands for process heat, all the steam can be directed to the process heater. Also, some steam directly from the boiler can be sent to the process heater through an expansion valve. When there is no requirement for process heat, all the steam will expands in the turbine and the cogeneration power plant operates as an ordinary steam power plant.
Schematic of an Ideal Cogeneration Power and work interactions and process heat supply by a Plant

For unit mass of steam flowing through the boiler, heat steam-turbine cogeneration power plant are: Heat Input: qin = h4 - h3 Heat Output: qout = (1 - y - z)(h1 - h7)

Work Output: W turb,out = (1 - y)(h4 - h6) + (1 - y - z)(h6 - h7) Work input: W pump,in = (1 - y - z)(h2 - h1) + y(h3 - h8) One common cogeneration arrangement involves district heating. In this application a power plants is integrated into a community so that it provides electricity for industrial, commercial, and domestic use together with steam or hot water for process heat requirements.

District Heating System Click to View Movie (66 kB)

HERMODYNAMICS - CASE STUDY SOLUTION

A cogeneration power plant is used to generate power as well as supply heat for a district heating system. The mass flow in the cycle and the utilization factor are needed to be determined. Assumptions: All the components in the cycle operate at steady state. Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.

Model the cycle as an ideal cogeneration Rankine cycle. The schematic of the cogeneration power plant and its T-s diagram are shown on the left. (1) Determine the mass flow rate in the cycle Assume the mass flow rate in the cycle is , then the mass flow rate of steam extracted from the turbine to the heat exchanger is and the mass flow rate

of steam through the condenser is , where y is the fraction of steam extracted to the heat exchanger per kg of mass flowing through the boiler. The community needs 1,100 kW heat from the power plant. Since the heat exchanger has a 85% efficiency,

the energy balance of the heat exchanger is,

Also, the net work output from the cycle is 5,500 kW.

The Schematic of the Cogeneration Power Plant an d the T-s Diagram of the Ideal Cogeneration Rankine Cycle

All the enthalpies at state 1 to state 6 can be obtained from the water tables. Then solving the above equations simultaneously can get the mass flow rate .

Saturated Water Temperature Table Saturated Water Pressure Table Superheated Steam Table

State1: saturated water P1 = 10 kPa ( given) h1 = 191.83 kJ/kg 3 v1 = 0.00101 m /kg State 2: compressed water P2 = 16 MPa (given) wpump,in = v1 (P2 - P1) = 16.15 kJ/kg h2 = h1 + wpump,in = 207.98 kJ/kg State 4: superheated vapor P4 = 16 MPa (given) o T4 = 600 C (given) h4 = 3569.8 kJ/kg s4= 6.6988 kJ/(kg-K) State 5: superheated vapor P5 = 5 MPa (given) s5 =s4= 6.6988 kJ/(kg-K) h5 = 3222.44 kJ/kg State 6: saturated mixture P6 = 10 kPa (given) s6 =s4= 6.6988 kJ/(kg-K) x = (s - sf@10 kPa)/sfg@10 kPa = 80.7% h6 = hf@10 kPa+ xhfg@10 kPa = 2121.67 kJ/kg State 7: saturated water P7 = 5 MPa (given) h7 = 1153.36 kJ/kg 3 v7 = 0.0012849 m /kg State 8: compressed water

P8 = 16 MPa (given) wpump,in = v7(P8 - P7) = 14.13 kJ/kg h8 = h7 + wpump,in = 1167.49 kJ/kg Substituting the enthalpies to the above equations and solving for , yields,

= 4.24 kg/s = 0.635 kg/s y = 0.15 kg/kg (2) the utilization factor of the cogeneration plant The definition of the utilization factor of the cogeneration plant is

Net work output from the power plant is given as 5,500 kW. The process heat is:

Before determine the total heat input, the enthalpy at state 3 needs to be obtained first. Water at state 2 and state 8 mixes in the mixing chamber at constant pressure. The energy balance of the mixing chamber is

The total heat input to the cycle is

Hence, the utilization factor of the cogeneration plant is

u = (5,500+1,294.1)/(13,644) = 49.8%