Faculty of Science and Technology MASTERS THESIS

Study program/ Specialization: Offshore technology Marine and Subsea Technology. Spring semester, 2012 Open / Restricted access

Writer: Frode Tjelta

(Writers signature)

Faculty supervisors: Ove Tobias Gudmestad, Conrad Carstensen. External supervisor: Helge Nesse, IKM Ocean Design. Title of thesis: A comparison study of pressure vessel design using different standards. Credits (ECTS): 30 Key words: Pressure vessel, Elastic stress analysis, Plastic stress analysis, Direct route, Finite element method, ASME VIII div. 2, 2010, NS-EN 13445; 2009, Calculations, Comparison, Recommendations. Guide to pressure vessel design. Pages: 139 + Enclosure: 180 Stavanger, 15th June, 2012

 2012 Frode Tjelta ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Dedicated to future students and to my fiance Ellen-Marita

Abstract

Abstract
Due to a recent pressure vessel design error (see chapter 1.2.7) the design methods used for pressure vessel design is investigated. Several codes are currently available for design and analysis of pressure vessels. Two of the main contributors are the American Society of Mechanical Engineers providing the ASME VIII code, and the Technical Committee in Brussels providing the European Standard. Methods written in bold letters will be considered in this thesis. The ASME VIII code contains three divisions covering different pressure ranges: Division 1: up to 200 bar (3000 psi) Division 2: in general Division 3: for pressure above 690 bar (10000 psi)

In this thesis the ASME division 2 Part 5 will be considered. This part is also referred to in the DNVOS-F101 for offshore pressure containing components. Here different analysis methods are described, such as: Elastic Stress Analysis Limit Load Analysis Elastic Plastic Analysis

The Elastic Stress Analysis method with stress categorization has been introduced to the industry for many years and has been widely used in design of pressure vessels. However, in the latest issue (2007/2010) of ASME VIII div. 2, this method is not recommended for heavy wall constructions as it might generate non-conservative analysis results. Heavy wall constructions are defined by: ( ) as illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Simplified pressure vessel geometry.

Abstract In the case of heavy wall constructions the Limit Load Analysis or the Elastic-plastic method shall be used. In this thesis focus will be on the Elastic-plastic method and the Limit Load Analysis will not be considered. Experience from recent projects at IKM Ocean Design indicates that the industry has not been fully aware of the new analysis philosophy mentioned in the 2007 issue of ASME VIII div.2. The Elastic Stress Analysis method is still (2012) being used for heavy wall constructions. The NS-EN 13445-3; 2009 provides two different methodologies for design by analysis: Direct Route Method based on stress categories.

The method based on stress categories is similar to the Elastic Stress Analysis method from ASME VIII div. 2 and it will therefore not be considered in this thesis. Heavy wall construction is not mentioned in NS-EN 13445. Therefore this thesis shall compare the results obtained using the Direct Route approach with the ASME VIII div. 2 for heavy wall pressure containing components. The thesis will present some theory and examples to gain a general understanding about the content to be presented. The methods will be described in detail with references to the standard they are adopted from. Advantages and disadvantages for the different methods shall be included where applicable. A complete design basis for a heavy wall pressure vessel and a thin wall pressure vessel will be established. Complete construction drawing sets, part lists, 3D models and material properties shall be included. Future construction and production of the pressure vessels for testing purposes shall be possible using the information provided in this thesis. The analysis tools used will be described in detail and model simplifications shall be explained. The calculation shall be carried out with respect to the relevant standard and the approach will be presented in a way that is easy to follow for the reader. The results will be presented in table format for easy comparison. The use of the different methods shall be commented upon. The comments will be based upon experience gained during the work with this thesis Recommendation on application of the different methods will be given along with a recommended scope for possible further studies.

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Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank: Professor Ove Tobias Gudmestad, my faculty supervisor, for his support and guidance which have been a remarkable help during the work process. Helge Nesse, my supervisor at IKM Ocean Design, for introducing me to his company in the form of summer work and providing me with an interesting theme for my thesis. His help during my thesis have been tremendous. Loyd Kjetil Andersen at IKM Ocean Design for his valuable input to the calculations in the part containing ASME VIII in this thesis. Asle Seim Johansen at IKM Ocean Design for his help with the part containing FE analysis using ANSYS workbench. Eric Risa for helping me with Inventor 3D modeling. All other colleagues at IKM Ocean Design for the fantastic working environment in the company. IKM Ocean Design for providing me with equipment and office space. The University of Stavanger for providing me with the knowledge needed to solve complex engineering problems. And finally my fantastic fiance Ellen-Marita Askestrand for her support and understanding during the time I`ve been working with this thesis.

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Table of contents

Table of contents
Abstract ................................................................................................................................................ i Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................iii Table of contents ................................................................................................................................. iv List of figures ...................................................................................................................................... vii Nomenclature.......................................................................................................................................x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Thesis Organization ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Background .................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2.1 Design methods ...................................................................................................................... 2 1.2.2 Finite element analysis ........................................................................................................... 3 1.2.3 Differences between linear and non-linear analysis .............................................................. 4 1.2.4 Large deformation effects ...................................................................................................... 6 1.2.5 Non-linear material ................................................................................................................ 7 1.2.6 Bulkhead analysis example..................................................................................................... 8 1.2.7 Serious design error example ............................................................................................... 10 1.3 Problem Statement ..................................................................................................................... 11 1.4 Purpose and Scope ...................................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER 2 METHODS ........................................................................................................................... 13 2.1 Direct Route NS-EN 13445; 2009.............................................................................................. 13 2.1.1 General information ............................................................................................................. 13 2.1.2 Notations .............................................................................................................................. 14 2.1.3 Partial Safety factors ............................................................................................................ 15 2.1.4 Design checks ....................................................................................................................... 17 2.1.5 Procedure ............................................................................................................................. 19 2.1.6 Gross Plastic Deformation (GPD).......................................................................................... 19 2.1.7 Progressive Plastic Deformation (PD)................................................................................... 20 2.1.8 Instability (I) .......................................................................................................................... 23 2.1.9 Fatigue failure (F).................................................................................................................. 23 2.1.10 Static equilibrium (SE) ........................................................................................................ 25 2.2 Elastic Stress Analysis ASME VIII div. 2; 2010 ........................................................................... 26 2.2.1 General information ............................................................................................................. 26 2.2.2 Loading conditions ............................................................................................................... 27 2.2.3 Material properties .............................................................................................................. 27 iv

Table of contents 2.2.4 Protection against plastic collapse ....................................................................................... 28 2.2.5 Protection against local failure ............................................................................................. 32 2.2.6 Protection against collapse from buckling ........................................................................... 32 2.2.7 Protection against failure from cyclic loading ...................................................................... 33 2.2.8 Ratcheting assessment ......................................................................................................... 39 2.3 Elastic-plastic Analysis ASME VIII div. 2; 2010 .......................................................................... 40 2.3.1 General information ............................................................................................................. 40 2.3.2 Loading conditions ............................................................................................................... 41 2.3.3 Material properties .............................................................................................................. 42 2.3.4 Protection against plastic collapse ....................................................................................... 43 2.3.5 Protection against local failure ............................................................................................. 44 2.3.6 Protection against collapse from buckling ........................................................................... 47 2.3.7 Protection against failure from cyclic loading ...................................................................... 48 2.3.8 Ratcheting assessment ......................................................................................................... 50 CHAPTER 3 DESIGN BASIS...................................................................................................................... 51 3.1 General ........................................................................................................................................ 51 3.2 Geometrical dimensions.............................................................................................................. 51 3.2.1 Overall dimensions ............................................................................................................... 51 3.2.2 Drawings ............................................................................................................................... 52 3.3 Material properties ..................................................................................................................... 53 3.4 Loads and load cases ................................................................................................................... 53 3.5 Acceptance Criteria ..................................................................................................................... 53 CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS TOOLS ................................................................................................................. 54 4.1 Visual vessel design ..................................................................................................................... 54 4.1.1 Thin wall configuration ......................................................................................................... 54 4.1.2 Heavy wall configuration ...................................................................................................... 55 4.2 ANSYS workbench ....................................................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER 5 CALCULATIONS ................................................................................................................... 61 5.1 Direct Route NS-EN 13445; 2009.............................................................................................. 61 5.1.1 Thin wall construction .......................................................................................................... 61 5.1.2 Heavy wall construction ....................................................................................................... 67 5.2 Elastic Stress Analysis ASME VIII div.2; 2010 ............................................................................ 73 5.2.1 Thin wall construction .......................................................................................................... 73 5.2.2 Heavy wall construction ....................................................................................................... 83

Table of contents 5.3 Elastic-plastic Analysis ASME VIII div. 2; 2010 .......................................................................... 93 5.3.1 Thin wall construction .......................................................................................................... 96 5.3.2 Heavy wall construction ..................................................................................................... 104 5.4 Summary.................................................................................................................................... 112 5.5 Comparison of results ............................................................................................................... 112 CHAPTER 6 COMMENTS ...................................................................................................................... 113 6.1 Pressure vessel failure ............................................................................................................... 113 6.2 Comments ................................................................................................................................. 113 6.2.1 Direct Route NS-EN 13445; 2009 ..................................................................................... 114 6.2.2 Elastic Stress Analysis ASME VIII div. 2; 2010 .................................................................. 114 6.2.3 Elastic-plastic Analysis ASME VIII div. 2; 2010 ................................................................. 114 CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER STUDIES ............................................................................ 115 7.1 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................ 115 7.1.1 Flow chart for method selection ........................................................................................ 115 7.2 Further Studies .......................................................................................................................... 117 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................ 118 APPENDIX ............................................................................................................................................ 119

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List of figures

List of figures
Figure 1: Simplified pressure vessel geometry......................................................................................... i Figure 2: Useful conversion factors. ...................................................................................................... xiv Figure 3: Size and thickness conversions. ............................................................................................. xiv Figure 4: Engineering stress-strain diagram (expanded strain scale), Ref /1/. ....................................... 2 Figure 5: Thin shell element. ................................................................................................................... 3 Figure 6: 3D solid element....................................................................................................................... 3 Figure 7: I-beam versus channel beam Ref /2/. ...................................................................................... 4 Figure 8: Steel beam versus iron beam Ref /2/. ...................................................................................... 4 Figure 9: Boundary conditions for simple beam, Ref /2/. ....................................................................... 4 Figure 10: Newton-Raphson iterative algorithm, Ref /5/. ...................................................................... 5 Figure 11: Arc-length algorithm, Ref /5/. ................................................................................................ 5 Figure 12: Following load versus non-following load, Ref /2/. ............................................................... 6 Figure 13: Flat membrane subjected to pressure loading, Ref /2/. ........................................................ 6 Figure 14: Membrane stiffness, Ref /2/. ................................................................................................. 6 Figure 15: The linear material model, Ref /2/. ........................................................................................ 7 Figure 16: The elastic-perfectly plastic material model, Ref /2/. ............................................................ 7 Figure 17: Linear solution of a bulkhead, Ref /2/. ................................................................................... 8 Figure 18: Non-linear solution using the elastic-perfectly plastic model, Ref /2/. ................................. 8 Figure 19: Cylinder with increasing internal pressure loading, Ref /3/................................................... 9 Figure 20: Beam with increasing external load, Ref /3/. ......................................................................... 9 Figure 21: Pressure vessel failure and wall thickness. .......................................................................... 10 Figure 22: Ruptured pressure vessel shell............................................................................................. 10 Figure 23: Margin of structure against various design limits, Ref /4/. .................................................. 12 Figure 24: Characteristic values for different types of actions, Ref /6/. ............................................... 14 Figure 25: Partial safety factors for actions and normal operation cases, Ref /6/. .............................. 15 Figure 26: Partial safety factors for different material types used for pressure vessels, Ref /6/. ........ 16 Figure 27: Classification of failure modes and limit states, Ref /6/. ..................................................... 18 Figure 28: The Deviatoric map, Ref /10/. .............................................................................................. 21 Figure 29: Material behavior considering stress versus strain, Ref /11/. ............................................. 22 Figure 30: Summary of the fatigue assessment process for pressure vessels according to Ref /6/. .... 24 Figure 31: Load case combinations, Ref /12/. ....................................................................................... 27 Figure 32: Decomposition of a nonlinear stress field, Ref /14/. ........................................................... 29 Figure 33: Example of the stress categorizing method result plot, Ref /14/. ....................................... 29 Figure 34: Examples of stress classification, Ref /12/. .......................................................................... 30 Figure 35: Load vs. end shortening with collapse (A) and bifurcation buckling (B) points, Ref /15/. ... 33 Figure 36: Temperature factors for fatigue screening criteria, Ref /12/. ............................................. 34 Figure 37: Fatigue screening criteria for method A, Ref /12/. .............................................................. 35 Figure 38: Weld surface fatigue strength reduction factors, Ref /12/. ................................................. 37 Figure 39: Weld surface fatigue strength reduction factors, Ref /12/. ................................................. 37 Figure 40: Fatigue penalty factors, Ref /12/.......................................................................................... 38 Figure 41: Load case combinations, Ref /12/. ....................................................................................... 41 Figure 42: Sample of table 5A, Ref /13/. ............................................................................................... 42 Figure 43: Uniaxial strain limit, Ref /12/. .............................................................................................. 45

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List of figures Figure 44: Drawing of thin wall pressure vessel. ................................................................................... 52 Figure 45: Drawing of heavy wall pressure vessel................................................................................. 52 Figure 46: Material properties. ............................................................................................................. 53 Figure 47: Loads and load cases. ........................................................................................................... 53 Figure 48: Component utilization chart (thin wall). .............................................................................. 54 Figure 49: Component utilization chart (heavy wall). ........................................................................... 55 Figure 50: 3D model of the pressure vessels. ....................................................................................... 56 Figure 51: Weldment details for the heavy wall pressure vessel.......................................................... 57 Figure 52: Weldment details for the thin wall pressure vessel. ............................................................ 57 Figure 53: Mesh for the thin wall configuration generated in ANSYS workbench................................ 58 Figure 54: Mesh for the heavy wall configuration generated in ANSYS workbench. ........................... 58 Figure 55: Refined mesh for the thin wall pressure vessel. .................................................................. 59 Figure 56: Mesh detail for the nozzle geometry including welds for the thin wall pressure vessel. .... 59 Figure 57: Refined mesh for the heavy wall pressure vessel. ............................................................... 60 Figure 58: Mesh detail for the nozzle geometry including welds for the heavy wall pressure vessel. . 60 Figure 59: Design values and directions for the action effects. ............................................................ 62 Figure 60: Stress intensity plot. ............................................................................................................. 63 Figure 61: Stress plot of areas above the design limit. ......................................................................... 64 Figure 62: Detail view of areas above the design limit. ........................................................................ 64 Figure 63: Maximum value for the principal structural strain. ............................................................. 66 Figure 64: Design values for the action effects. .................................................................................... 68 Figure 65: Stress intensity plot. ............................................................................................................. 69 Figure 66: Stress plot of areas above the design limit. ......................................................................... 70 Figure 67: Detail view of areas above the design limit. ........................................................................ 70 Figure 68: Maximum value for the principal structural strain. ............................................................. 72 Figure 69: Loading conditions and boundary conditions. ..................................................................... 73 Figure 70: Stress linearization paths. .................................................................................................... 74 Figure 71: Path A-1 to A-2 for the main shell. ....................................................................................... 75 Figure 72: Stress versus distance for path A-1 to A-2. .......................................................................... 75 Figure 73: Path C-1 to C-2 for the end cap. ........................................................................................... 77 Figure 74: Stress versus distance for path C-1 to C-2............................................................................ 77 Figure 75: Path D-1 to D-2 for the nozzle. ............................................................................................. 79 Figure 76: Stress versus distance for path D-1 to D-2. .......................................................................... 79 Figure 77: Maximum principal stress. ................................................................................................... 81 Figure 78: Middle principal stress. ........................................................................................................ 81 Figure 79: Minimum principal stress. .................................................................................................... 81 Figure 80: Loading conditions and boundary conditions. ..................................................................... 83 Figure 81: Stress linearization paths. .................................................................................................... 84 Figure 82: Path A-1 to A-2 for the main shell. ....................................................................................... 85 Figure 83: Stress versus distance for path A-1 to A-2. .......................................................................... 85 Figure 84: Path C-1 to C-2 for the end cap. ........................................................................................... 87 Figure 85: Stress versus distance for path C-1 to C-2............................................................................ 87 Figure 86: Path D-1 to D-2 for the nozzle. ............................................................................................. 89 Figure 87: Stress versus distance for path D-1 to D-2. .......................................................................... 89 Figure 88: Maximum principal stress. ................................................................................................... 91

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List of figures Figure 89: Middle principal stress. ........................................................................................................ 91 Figure 90: Minimum principal stress. .................................................................................................... 91 Figure 91: Material curve for SA-516 Grade 70 pressure vessel steel from Mathcad. ......................... 93 Figure 92: Material curve for SA-516 Grade 70 pressure vessel steel from Excel. ............................... 93 Figure 93: Calculation sheet from Mathcad, true stress-strain curve................................................... 95 Figure 94: Factored loading condition and boundary conditions. ........................................................ 96 Figure 95: Equivalent stress for the end cap. ........................................................................................ 98 Figure 96: Maximum principal stress for the end cap. .......................................................................... 98 Figure 97: Middle principal stress for the end cap. ............................................................................... 98 Figure 98: Minimum principal stress for the end cap. .......................................................................... 98 Figure 99: Equivalent plastic strain for the end cap. ............................................................................. 98 Figure 100: Design limit for the end cap. .............................................................................................. 99 Figure 101: Equivalent stress for the main shell. ................................................................................ 100 Figure 102: Maximum principal stress for the main shell. .................................................................. 100 Figure 103: Middle principal stress for the main shell. ....................................................................... 100 Figure 104: Minimum principal stress for the main shell. ................................................................... 100 Figure 105: Equivalent plastic strain for the main shell. ..................................................................... 100 Figure 106: Design limit for the main shell.......................................................................................... 101 Figure 107: Equivalent stress for the nozzle. ...................................................................................... 102 Figure 108: Maximum principal stress for the nozzle. ........................................................................ 102 Figure 109: Middle principal stress for the nozzle. ............................................................................. 102 Figure 110: Minimum principal stress for the nozzle. ......................................................................... 102 Figure 111: Equivalent plastic strain for the nozzle. ........................................................................... 102 Figure 112: Design limit for the nozzle. ............................................................................................... 103 Figure 113: Factored loading condition and boundary conditions. .................................................... 104 Figure 114: Equivalent stress for the end cap. .................................................................................... 106 Figure 115: Maximum principal stress for the end cap. ...................................................................... 106 Figure 116: Middle principal stress for the end cap. ........................................................................... 106 Figure 117: Minimum principal stress for the end cap. ...................................................................... 106 Figure 118: Equivalent plastic strain for the end cap. ......................................................................... 106 Figure 119: Design limit for the end cap. ............................................................................................ 107 Figure 120: Equivalent stress for the main shell. ................................................................................ 108 Figure 121: Maximum principal stress for the main shell. .................................................................. 108 Figure 122: Middle principal stress for the main shell. ....................................................................... 108 Figure 123: Minimum principal stress for the main shell. ................................................................... 108 Figure 124: Equivalent plastic strain for the main shell. ..................................................................... 108 Figure 125: Design limit for the main shell.......................................................................................... 109 Figure 126: Equivalent stress for the nozzle. ...................................................................................... 110 Figure 127: Maximum principal stress for the nozzle. ........................................................................ 110 Figure 128: Middle principal stress for the nozzle. ............................................................................. 110 Figure 129: Minimum principal stress for the nozzle. ......................................................................... 110 Figure 130: Equivalent plastic strain for the nozzle. ........................................................................... 110 Figure 131: Analysis limit for the nozzle.............................................................................................. 111 Figure 132: Pressure vessel failure modes. ......................................................................................... 113

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Nomenclature

Nomenclature
Symbols Latin characters A A1 A2 a D Df Df, k D D form D,k d E E Ed Ey Eya,k F G H1 i inf j K1 K e,k K, k Kf k M M1 M2 Nk nk NFP NP0 NTE NT P General action (EN-13445-3) Curve fitting constant for the elastic region of the stress-strain curve (ASME VIII div. 2) Curve fitting constant for the plastic region of the stress-strain curve (ASME VIII div. 2) Radius of hot spot within a plate (ASME VIII div. 2) Fatigue damage (EN-13445-3) Cumulative fatigue damage (ASME VIII div. 2) Fatigue damage for the kth cycle Cumulative strain limit damage Strain limit damage from forming Strain limit damage for the kth loading condition Design value (EN-13445-3) Exceptional action (EN-13445-3) Young`s modulus Combined design effects of various actions. Modulus of elasticity evaluated at the temperature of interest (ASME VIII div. 2) Value for modulus of elasticity of the point under consideration, at the kth cycle Additional stress produced by a stress concentration (ASME VIII div. 2) Permanent action (EN-13445-3) Stress-strain curve fitting parameter (ASME VIII div. 2) ith value (EN-13445-3) Lower bound (EN-13445-3) jth value (EN-13445-3) Material parameter for stress-strain curve model (ASME VIII div. 2) Fatigue penalty factor for the kth cycle Plastic Poissons ratio adjustment for local thermal and thermal bending stresses for the kth cycle. Fatigue strength reduction factor used to compute the cyclic stress amplitude or range kth value (EN-13445-3) Total number of stress ranges at a point derived from the cycle counting procedure Curve fitting exponent for the stress-strain curve equal to the true strain at the proportional limit and the strain hardening coefficient in the large strain region (ASME VIII div. 2) Curve fitting exponent for the stress-strain curve equal to the true strain at the true ultimate stress (ASME VIII div. 2) Permissible number of cycles for the kth cycle Actual number of repetitions for the kth cycle Design number of full-range cycles (ASME VIII div. 2) Expected number of operating cycles in which the range exceeds a given value Number of cycles associated with TE (ASME VIII div. 2) Number of temperature cycles for components with different coefficient of expansion. Pressure action (EN-13445-3)

Nomenclature P Specified design pressure (ASME VIII div. 2) Pb Primary bending equivalent stress (ASME VIII div. 2) PM Primary membrane equivalent stress (ASME VIII div. 2) PL Local primary membrane equivalent stress (ASME VIII div. 2) Pd Design pressure (EN-13445-3) Ps Maximum allowable pressure (EN-13445-3) Q Variable action (EN-13445-3) Q Secondary equivalent stress from operating loadings (ASME VIII div. 2) R Inside radius (ASME VIII div. 2) R1 Engineering yield to engineering tensile ratio (ASME VIII div. 2) Rd Design resistance. RM Material strength parameter (EN-13445-3) ReH Minimum upper yield strength (EN-13445-3) Rm Minimum tensile strength (EN-13445-3) Rm/t Minimum tensile strength at temperature t in C (EN-13445-3) Rp 0.2 Minimum 0.2% proof strength (EN-13445-3) Rp 0.2/t Minimum 0.2% proof strength at temperature t in C (EN-13445-3) Rp 1.0 Minimum 1.0% proof strength (EN-13445-3) Rp 1.0/t Minimum 1.0% proof strength at temperature t in C (EN-13445-3) S Allowable stress based on material and temperature (ASME VIII div. 2) Se Computed equivalent stress (ASME VIII div. 2) SPS Allowable limit on the primary plus secondary stress range Su Minimum ultimate strength Sy Minimum specified yield strength at design temperature Sa, k Value of alternating stress obtained from the design fatigue curve Salt,k Alternating equivalent stress for the kth cycle. Sy, k Yield strength for the material evaluated at the kth cycle sup Upper bound (EN-13445-3) t Calculation temperature (EN-13445-3) t Wall thickness (ASME VIII div. 2) tc max/min Maximum and minimum temperature during an action cycle (EN-13445-3) td Design temperature (EN-13445-3)

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Nomenclature Greek characters Sn,k SP,k SLT ,k T TE ij ij,k peq, k eff, k Pij, k B 1 2 sl cr 1 2 1 2 cf e L LU p p t ys t YS UTS 1 2 3 Primary plus secondary equivalent stress range Range of primary plus secondary plus peak equivalent stress range for the kth cycle Local thermal equivalent stress for the kth cycle Operating temperature range Effective number of changes in material temperature between any two adjacent points Stress tensor range Stress tensor range at the point under evaluation for the kth cycle Equivalent plastic strain range for the kth cycle Effective strain at the kth cycle Change in plastic strain range components for th kth cycle Design factor for buckling (ASME VIII div. 2) Thermal expansion coefficient of the material (ASME VIII div. 2) Thermal expansion coefficient of material 1 evaluated at mean temperature of the cycle Thermal expansion coefficient of material 2 evaluated at mean temperature of the cycle Material factor for the multi axial strain limit Capacity reduction factor (ASME VIII div. 2) Partial safety factor (EN-13445-3) True strain in the micro-strain region of the stress-strain curve (ASME VIII div. 2) True strain in the macro-strain region of the stress-strain curve (ASME VIII div. 2) Strain True plastic strain in the micro-strain region of the stress-strain curve (ASME VIII div. 2) True plastic strain in the macro-strain region of the stress-strain curve (ASME VIII div. 2) Cold forming strain Elastic strain Limiting tri axial strain Uniaxial strain limit Plastic strain Stress-strain curve fitting parameter (ASME VIII div. 2) Total true strain (ASME VIII div. 2) 0,2% engineering offsett strain (ASME VIII div. 2) Mass density Poisson ratio True stress at which the strain will be evaluated (ASME VIII div. 2) Engineering yield stress evaluated at the temperature of interest (ASME VIII div. 2) True ultimate tensile stress evaluated at the true ultimate tensile strain (ASME VIII div. 2) Principal stress in 1-direction, Maximum principal stress Principal stress in 2-direction, Middle principal stress Principal stress in 3-direction, Minimum principal stress

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Nomenclature Abbreviations ASME CAD DBA DBF DBR DOF FEA ID LRFD NDT NS-EN OD SCL American Society of Mechanical Engineers Computer assisted design Design by Analysis Design by Formula (see DBR) Design by Rule Degrees of Freedom Finite Element Analysis Internal diameter Load Resistance Factor Design Non Destructive Testing Norwegian Standard European Norm Outer diameter Stress Classification Line

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Nomenclature Tables Useful conversion factors1 US Customary units SI units inches [in] millimeters [mm] feet [ft] meters [m] 2 [in ] [mm2] [ft2] [m2] 3 [in ] [mm3] [ft3] [m3] US Gallon [gal] [m3] pounds [lb] Newton [N] pounds/ square inch [MPa] [psi] [psi] [kPa] [F] [C] [F] [C] [lbm] [kg] [in-lbs] [N-mm] [ft-lbs] [N-m] [lbs/ft3] [kg/m3] Other units [bar] [kPa]

Conversion factor 25,4 0,3048 645,16 0,09290304 16,387064 0,02831685 0,003785412 4,4482217 0,0068948 6,894757 5/9(F-32) 5/9(F) 0,4535924 112,98484 1,3558181 16,018463 100

Notes

Used in equations. Used for nameplates. Not for temperature difference. For temperature difference. For use in equations. For use in text.

The unit bar is widely used in descriptions of pressure.

Figure 2: Useful conversion factors.

The common engineering size and thickness conversions for fractions including differences (e.g. 1 inch are 1,6% more than the proposed SI unit 25 mm) as suggested by, Ref /12/ are given in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Size and thickness conversions.

1

Table content adopted from Ref /1/.

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Chapter 1

Introduction

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Thesis Organization
Chapter 1 (Introduction): The introduction contains the background information, some theory and examples to gain an illustrative understanding about the content of this thesis. The problem is stated followed by the purpose and scope of the thesis. A short thesis organization is also included (this section) to make navigation in the document simple for the reader. Chapter 2 (Methods): This section contains general information about the methods considered in this thesis. The procedures for using the different methods are presented in detail with references to the standard they are adopted from. Advantages and disadvantages for the different methods are included and examples are presented where clarification are required. Chapter 3 (Design basis): This section of the thesis includes the overall geometrical dimensions of the pressure vessel and the attached nozzle, a purposed CAD drawing and material properties. The loads and load cases are specified along with the acceptance criteria. Chapter 4 (Analysis tools): This section contains information regarding the Visual Vessel Design (VVD) calculation software and the FEA software ANSYS workbench. Calculation results from VVD are added for comparison reasons. The proposed 3D models of the vessels are presented in this section. The FEM model and the purposed mesh are also presented in this section. Model simplifications are explained. Chapter 5 (Calculations): This section consists of calculations carried out with respect to the relevant standard. The pressure vessel is checked for plastic deformation using different approaches, and the results are commented upon. Figures and graphs are used to increase the readers understanding of the different methods that are being used. All analysis results are combined in table format for easy comparison. Chapter 6 (Comments): This section contains comments regarding the use of different methods in pressure vessel design. Comments regarding each method are made based on the results and experience obtained during the work with this thesis. Chapter 7 (Conclusions and further studies): Here recommendations are given based on experience gained during the work with this thesis. Further studies are also mentioned for future research based on the results and descriptions in this thesis. Appendixes are added containing all relevant information not referred to in the reference list.

Chapter 1

Introduction

1.2 Background
1.2.1 Design methods The pressure vessel design methods can be divided into two basic categories regardless of which code or standard they are inherent from, namely the Design by Rule (DBR) method and the Design by Analysis (DBA) method. The main differences between the categories are: Design by Rule o Overall dimensions and loads are specified. o Wall thickness is calculated by predefined procedures, formulas and charts. Design by Analysis o The vessel geometry and overall dimensions are defined. o Allowable loads are evaluated through detailed structural analysis.

In this thesis the main focus will be directed towards the design by analysis approach. The structural analysis using this method is divided into elastic analysis and inelastic or plastic analysis depending on anticipated material behavior. Differences between the material behaviors will be explained with reference to the stress-strain diagram presented in Figure 4, Ref /1/. A material is said to exhibit linear elastic behavior if loading and unloading occurs along the line 0-A. Loading along line 0-L and offloading along L-M is also considered to be elastic behavior within the 0.2% offset range. Loading and offloading along the line 0-L is called non-linear elastic behavior. Loading along the line 0-J and offloading along J-K is called plastic response. Loading along the line 0-J and offloading along J-K-0 is called viscoelastic behavior. Loading along the line 0-J and offloading along J-K-M is called viscoplastic behavior.

Figure 4: Engineering stress-strain diagram (expanded strain scale), Ref /1/.

Chapter 1 1.2.2 Finite element analysis

Introduction

Recently the finite element analysis (FEA) has entered the practical world of design engineering and stopped being regarded just as an analyst`s tool. Now most design by analysis is performed using the FEA method. FEA using elastic or linear analysis method provides an acceptable approximation to real life characteristics for most problems related to design engineering. The elastic analysis assumes shelltype membrane and bending stress distributions. The method requires use of shell elements or stress linearization procedures. The thin shell element2 and its degrees of freedom are shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5: Thin shell element.

FEA using inelastic or non-linear analysis methods is called for when more challenging problems occur. The non-linear analysis may be based on shell elements or solid elements. Improved solution algorithms and powerful desktop computers have made it more feasible to conduct these analyses within reasonable time frame. The solid element1 and its degrees of freedom are shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6: 3D solid element.

The element types are adopted from CCOPPS Webinar The interfacing of FEA with pressure vessel design codes

Chapter 1 1.2.3 Differences between linear and non-linear analysis

Introduction

The fundamental difference between linear and non-linear (elastic and plastic) analysis lies in the term called stiffness. The different factors affecting the stiffness, Ref /2/: Shape: An I-beam has different stiffness than a channel or U-beam. Beam geometry differences are shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7: I-beam versus channel beam Ref /2/.

Material: A steel beam has higher stiffness than an iron beam of same dimensions. Material difference illustrated by means of Figure 8.

Figure 8: Steel beam versus iron beam Ref /2/.

Boundary conditions: A beam with simple support is less stiff than the same beam with both end supported as shown in Figure 9.

Figure 9: Boundary conditions for simple beam, Ref /2/.

Chapter 1

Introduction

If deformation of a structure occurs due to applied load the stiffness of the structure changes. However, if the change in stiffness is small it is reasonable to assume that neither the shape nor the material properties changes during the deformation process. This is the fundamental principle for linear analysis. Constant stiffness greatly simplifies the calculations required to obtain a numerical solution of a structural problem. Consider the fundamental FEA equation:

Where: is the known vector of nodal loads. is the known stiffness matrix. is the unknown vector of nodal displacement. This equation describes the behavior of FEM models. Depending on the model size it might contain several million linear algebraic equations. The stiffness matrix depends on the geometry, material properties and restrains. Under linear analysis assumptions this is constant and the set of equations are assembled and solved just once. The result is produced in the matter of seconds or minutes. Considering the non-linear analysis the stiffness matrix must be updated as the non-linear solver progresses through an iterative solution process. Several iteration algorithms exist, among them the Newton-Raphson iterative algorithm and the Arc-length algorithm. The principal of the methods is shown in Figure 10 and Figure 11, Ref /5/.

Figure 10: Newton-Raphson iterative algorithm, Ref /5/.

Figure 11: Arc-length algorithm, Ref /5/.

The numerical solution process might take considerable time for geometric complex models.

Chapter 1 1.2.4 Large deformation effects

Introduction

When considering large deformations in the analysis it is important to recognize that the load direction can change as the model deforms. Most of the existing FEA programs offer two choices to account for this direction change, namely the following and non-following load. The difference between following (non-conservative) and non-following (conservative) load are illustrated in Figure 12, Ref /2/.

Figure 12: Following load versus non-following load, Ref /2/.

A pressure vessel subjected to very high internal pressure provides a good example of a situation where the following load should be utilized in the analysis. The pressure load always acts normal to the pressure vessels walls regardless of how much deformation the pressure vessel sustains. Change of shape might cause change of stiffness. An example of this is an initially flat membrane with boundary conditions as illustrated in Figure 13, Ref /2/ deflecting under pressure loading.

Figure 13: Flat membrane subjected to pressure loading, Ref /2/.

Initially the membrane resists the pressure loading by means of bending stiffness only. After the pressure has caused some deflection or curvature, the stiffness is increased with membrane stiffness in addition to the original bending stiffness as illustrated in Figure 14, Ref /2/.

Figure 14: Membrane stiffness, Ref /2/.

Chapter 1 1.2.5 Non-linear material

Introduction

Changes in stiffness might occur due to changes in material properties under operating conditions. This problem is called material non-linearity. A linear material model assumes stress to be proportional with strain. Another assumption for the linear material model is that it will return to its original shape when the load is removed. The stressstrain curve for the linear material model is show in Figure 15, Ref /2/.

Figure 15: The linear material model, Ref /2/.

This simplification is in many cases acceptable, however if the loads are high enough to cause some permanent deformations the non-linear material model must be used in order to obtain more accurate analysis results. The simplest of non-linear material models is the elastic-perfectly plastic model. This model represents a material that has lost all its ability to return to original shape after deformation has been initiated. The stress remains constant over a certain value of strain. This model is a good description of most cast iron material. The stress-strain curve of the elastic-perfectly plastic model is shown in Figure 16, Ref /2/.

Figure 16: The elastic-perfectly plastic material model, Ref /2/.

Chapter 1 1.2.6 Bulkhead analysis example

Introduction

The following example is adopted from, Ref /2/ and used to illustrate the difference between FEA using the linear material model versus the elastic-perfectly plastic model. The linear analysis using the material model presented in Figure 15 indicates a maximum von Mises stress of 614 MPa without considering the material yield strength of 206 MPa. So considering this analysis the bulkhead might fail. The result of the linear analysis is shown in Figure 17.

Figure 17: Linear solution of a bulkhead, Ref /2/.

The non-linear analysis using the material model presented in Figure 16 is used to find out how much of the material that consists of stresses in the plastic deformation area. The non-linear solution shows maximum stresses equal to yield stress. Plastic zones are still local which indicates that the bulkhead will not fall apart. The analysis result is shown in Figure 18.

Figure 18: Non-linear solution using the elastic-perfectly plastic model, Ref /2/.

Careful engineering judgment is required to decide if the design is acceptable or if modifications are required.

Chapter 1

Introduction

Another example is the initial yielding of a cylinder with internal pressure, or a beam with increasing external loading. They have not failed until the formation of the plastic hinge is complete, or the entire cross section of the cylinder consists of stresses above the plastic limit as shown in Figure 19 and Figure 20, Ref /3/.

Figure 19: Cylinder with increasing internal pressure loading, Ref /3/.

Figure 20: Beam with increasing external load, Ref /3/.

Again careful engineering judgment is called for to determine the acceptability criteria for these situations, which brings the problem statement of this thesis forward. When should the different standards and codes be used, and which code offers the most accurate description of the problem encountered? How should the results obtained from the different methods be interpreted?

Can the use of different methods lead to serious design errors?

9

Chapter 1 1.2.7 Serious design error example

Introduction

The following example3 presents the fatal failure of a brand new pressure vessel during the hydrotesting procedure. The vessel exploded during the test throwing metal pieces over a large area. Fortunately the test area was closed and no injuries occurred. The root cause of this incident is at the moment not fully known but there are thoughts that hydro testing with to cold water was a contributing factor. Questions regarding the design method used have also been noted, suggesting that non conservative results might have been overseen due to the heavy wall construction. Specific recommendations Water temperature is critical when conducting hydro testing of pressure vessels. It is suggested by TOTAL that both metal and water temperature during pressure testing shall be maintained at least 10 C above the impact test temperature of the metal.

Figure 21 shows pictures of the pressure vessel including the wall thickness, while Figure 22 shows a close up picture of the pressure vessel ruptured shell.

Figure 21: Pressure vessel failure and wall thickness.

Figure 22: Ruptured pressure vessel shell.

3

The example is presented with permission from TOTAL.

10

Chapter 1

Introduction

1.3 Problem Statement

Several standards and codes are currently available for design and analysis of pressure vessels. Two of the main contributors are the American Society of Mechanical Engineers providing the ASME VIII rules for construction of pressure vessels, and the Technical Committee in Brussels providing the European Standard for unfired pressure vessels. The ASME VIII code consists of three divisions covering different pressure ranges: Division 1: Up to 200 bar (3000 psi). Division 2: In general. Division 3: For pressure ranges above 690 bar (10000 psi).

Considering ASME division 2, Part 5 the following design by analysis methods are described: Elastic stress analysis method. Limit load analysis. Elastic-plastic analysis method.

The NS-EN 13445-3; 2009 provides two different methodologies for design by analysis, namely: The Direct route method. Method based on stress categories.

The method based on stress categories is similar to the Elastic Stress Analysis method from ASME VIII div.2. Problems might arise when the various methods produces different answers to identical design problems. When conducting design procedures a component could be designed: By rule. By classical interaction analysis. With an elastic FEA using a shell model. With an elastic FEA using a solid model and linearization procedures. By FEA limit analysis. By FEA plastic analysis.

Considering this list most designers might feel that the methods are presented in an order of increasing sophistication, indicating that they will reveal an increasing amount of information about the true structural behavior. One would therefore expect the more traditional methods to give conservative results. However, experience from recent projects at IKM Ocean Design, as well as published research papers on the subject indicate that this might not be the case. Figure 23, Ref /4/ presents the results of an investigated pressure vessel design problem using various analysis methods.

11

Chapter 1

Introduction

Figure 23: Margin of structure against various design limits, Ref /4/.

The maximum deviation between the results is about 30%. What should the designer or engineer do in this case? Should the traditional method (elastic analysis) be selected, knowing from the results above that it could be more conservative than a supposedly more exact one (plastic analysis)? Should a more sophisticated method be selected to improve the design even though traditionally designed vessels have performed satisfactorily in practice?

None of the existing codes or standards offers any guidance here.

1.4 Purpose and Scope

In this thesis differences between the different analysis methods will be investigated, and situations where there are advantages to use one type of analysis versus the other shall if possible be identified. The result of an extensive literature review of the following methods, including both advantages and disadvantages shall be included for: o Elastic Stress Analysis ASME VIII div. 2; 2010 o Elastic-plastic Analysis ASME VIII div. 2; 2010 o Direct Route NS-EN 13445; 2009 A design basis for a typical pressure vessel shall be established at: o 100 bar (thin wall construction) o 200 bar (heavy wall construction) o The pressure vessel to be used in the study shall be generic. A cylindrical tank with a nozzle can be a good option. Calculations using the different methods and different available analysis programs such as: o ANSYS Workbench. o Visual Vessel Design. Comparison of design results for both heavy wall and thin wall pressure vessels using NS-EN 13445; 2009 Direct Route and ASME VIII div.2; 2010 Elastic-plastic Analysis. o Evaluate the suitability of Elastic Stress Analysis for a heavy wall pressure vessel. Recommendations on Design by Analysis methods for different applications shall be included in this thesis. Present A simplified guide to pressure vessel design.

12

Chapter 2

Methods

CHAPTER 2 METHODS
2.1 Direct Route NS-EN 13445; 2009
2.1.1 General information The Design by Analysis Direct Route (DBA-DR) included in EN-13445-3:2002, Ref /6/ establishes a set of design rules for any component under any action. It might be used: As an alternative to the common Design by Formulas route (DBF). For cases that are not covered by the DBF route, such as for superposition of environmental actions. For cases where the quality related manufacturing tolerances are exceeded. When the local authorities, due to a high risk project require more detailed investigations.

Main advantages of the DBA-DR route, Ref/7/ are: The elimination of the problems associated with the stress categorization route. Direct addressing of the failure modes thus better insight into the critical failure modes and the relevant safety margins. This might improve the design philosophy. Direct assessment of other actions than pressure, such as thermal and environmental effects.

Disadvantages of the DBA-DR route, Ref /7/: Non-linear calculations are required and this influences the calculation time directly. Linear superposition is not possible anymore. The method requires good knowledge of the underlying theories.

With the computer software available today it is quite easy to obtain Finite Element results, but obtaining reasonable correct results is not that easy. The process of setting up the model and defining the relevant boundary conditions requires experience and good knowledge of the theory of structures. The DBA-DR requires a great amount of expertise, and it should therefore be used with care. Because of the advanced approach the following warning remark was introduced in the standard EN-13445-3 Annex B, Section B1, Ref /6/. Due to the advanced methods applied, until sufficient in-house experience can be demonstrated, the
involvement of an independent body, appropriately qualified in the field of DBA, is required in the assessment of the design (calculations) and the potential definition of particular NDT requirements. All checks considered in this thesis are for normal operating loads. For testing loads reference is made to EN-13445-3:2002 Appendix A, Ref /6/.

13

Chapter 2 2.1.2 Notations

Methods

A clear distinction between principle and application rules is given in the standard, Ref /6/. Principles consist of general statements, definitions and requirements that are absolute, thus no alternative is permitted. The application rules on the other hand are generally recognized rules, where alternatives are allowed provided that the alternative can be demonstrated and verified to be in confirmation with the principle. The term action denotes all quantities imposed on the structure that causes stress or strain, like forces, pressure, displacement and temperature. The action types are classified by their variation in time: Permanent actions (G) Variable actions (Q) Exceptional actions (E) Operating pressures and temperatures (p,T)

There is usually a strong correlation between pressure and temperature. Therefore they shall be considered to act simultaneously. Figure 24 illustrates the characteristic values of the different action types as they were presented in table B.6-1, Ref /6/.

Figure 24: Characteristic values for different types of actions, Ref /6/.

14

Chapter 2

Methods

The coefficient of variation is a statistical measure of the dispersion of data points in a data series around the mean value. It is defined as:

The characteristic values identified are used to establish the design values of the different action effects. 2.1.3 Partial Safety factors The design values for actions are obtained by multiplying the characteristic values with partial safety factors. The partial safety factors of the actions depend on the action type, and whether the action is favorably or non-favorably. Favorable effect is when the action in a given load case acts opposite to the governing action, e.g. weight acting opposite to pressure. If the governing action is not obvious separate load cases are required. The partial safety factors for actions and normal operations from table B.8-1, Ref /6/, are presented in Figure 25.

Figure 25: Partial safety factors for actions and normal operation cases, Ref /6/.

The design values for material resistance are obtained by dividing the material strength parameter with the relevant partial safety factor. The partial safety factors for material depend on the material type, the dispersion in material parameters, uncertainties of the relationship between material test parameters and those materials to be used in the real structure. The partial safety factors for different material types under normal operations and load cases from table B.8-2, Ref /6/, are presented in Figure 26.

15

Chapter 2

Methods

Figure 26: Partial safety factors for different material types used for pressure vessels, Ref /6/.

Note: The deformations at this material strength may be very large for austenitic steels, and it is therefore advisable to check for leakages at bolted connections. Considering the action types, the characteristic values of each action and the partial safety factors for the given action type, the design effects are calculated. The design effects are usually the stresses in the structure. The expression for design effects, Ref /7/:

Considering the material strength parameter and its corresponding partial safety factor the expression for design resistance is obtained. The expression for design resistance, Ref /7/:

16

Chapter 2 2.1.4 Design checks

Methods

Design checks are investigations of the construction`s safety when subjected to specified combinations of actions with respect to different limit states. A limit state is defined as a structural condition beyond the point where the design requirements are satisfied. The limit states are divided into ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state. Ultimate limit states as defined in, Ref /6/: Failure by gross plastic deformation. Rupture caused by fatigue. Collapse caused by instability. Loss of equilibrium. Overturning or displacement of a rigid body. Leakage affecting safety.

Serviceability limit states as defined in, Ref /6/: Deformation or deflection which affects the normal use of the vessel, or causes damage to structural or non-structural elements. Leakage which affects efficient use of the vessel but does not compromise safety or causes unacceptable environmental damage.

The failure modes considered are listed in Table B.4-1, Ref /6/ and presented in Figure 27.

17

Chapter 2

Methods

Figure 27: Classification of failure modes and limit states, Ref /6/.

To each failure mode, there exists a single design check (DC). The design checks are named after the main failure mode they deal with. Design checks to be considered are, Ref /6/: Gross Plastic Deformation Design Check (GPD-DC). Progressive Plastic Deformation Design Check (PD-DC). Instability Design Check (I-DC). Fatigue Design Check (F-DC). Static Equilibrium Design Check (SE-DC).

18

Chapter 2 2.1.5 Procedure

Methods

1. All design checks listed above shall be considered. Thus the failure mode and corresponding limit state of the construction must be identified. 2. All relevant load cases shall be considered for each design check. 3. For each design check appropriate application rule shall be selected, or the principle shall be used directly. If the principle is not satisfied, repeat the design check with different loading, geometry or material. 4. For each design check the fulfillment of the principle shall be shown. a. Specification of design check, load case and corresponding actions. b. Determination of the characteristic values of the actions. c. Calculation of the design values for the given action. d. Calculate the effect of the actions. e. Calculate the resistance of the component. f. Check the fulfillment of the principle. g. Statement confirming if the principle is fulfilled for the load case considered. 2.1.6 Gross Plastic Deformation (GPD) Nominal values shall be used for all dimensions with the exception of thickness. For thickness effective value shall be used. That is the nominal value minus allowance for material tolerances, allowance for possible thinning during manufacture, and corrosion allowance. Principle For each load case, the design value of an action shall be carried entirely by the design model using: A linear-elastic ideal-plastic constitutive law. The Tresca yield condition (maximum shear stress condition) and associated flow rule. o The flow rule determines the relationship between stress and plastic strain. In other words it describes how the material behavior is beyond the yield point. o Von Mises` condition might be used, but then the design strength parameter shall be multiplied by .

Material strength parameters and partial safety factors as given in Figure 26. Maximum absolute value of the principal structural strains for proportional increase of all actions and a stress free initial state shall be less than: o 5% in normal operating load cases. o 7% in testing load cases. In exceptional load cases this strain limitation requirement does not apply.

Application rule The Lower bound limits approach state that if it can be verified that any lower bound limit value of the applied action, determined with the design model specified in the principle, is reached without violating the strain limit the principle is considered fulfilled.

19

Chapter 2 Problems

Methods

The use of Tresca`s yield condition in the constitutive law of the design model poses a problem for usual soft- and hardware as they do not provide for elasto-plastic calculations with that criteria. On the other hand experience has shown that the usage of Von Mises` yield condition with the reduced design yield strength gives quite acceptable results, Ref /9/. 2.1.7 Progressive Plastic Deformation (PD) The design model established for the GPD design check may also be used in the PD design check. Characteristic values of permanent actions and combinations of temperature/pressure shall be combined with the most unfavorable variable action in the action cycle. Principle For all relevant load cases applied to the model in specified repeated action cycles no progressive plastic deformation shall occur for: First order theory. A linear-elastic ideal-plastic constitutive law. Von Mises` yield condition (maximum distortion energy criterion) and associated flow rule. Material design strength parameters as given in Figure 26 at a temperature which shall not be less than (lowest and highest temperature at the position during the action cycle) All partial safety factors equal to unity (1) in this design check.

Application rule 1 The principle is considered fulfilled if it can be verified that the maximum absolute value of the principal structural strains is less than 5% after the application of the number of cycles specified for the considered load case. If the number of cycles is not specified, then a reasonable number, no less than 500 cycles, shall be assumed. Application rule 2 According to the shakedown approach the principle is considered fulfilled if the structure shakes down to linear elastic behavior, or purely alternating plasticity. Two simple and effective tools are available for the shakedown approach, the Melan`s Shakedown theorem Ref /9/, and the Deviatoric map, Ref /10/. The Deviatoric map is a map of the stress tensor, represented as an isometric view of the principal stress vector in the principal stress space. It illustrates a structure`s behavior at specific points with regard to ideal plasticity. A problem worth mentioning is that some of the information value are lost if the principal stress directions change during the considered action cycle.

20

Chapter 2 The Deviatoric map is shown in Figure 28, Ref /10/.

Methods

The coordinate system axis are defined as the principal stresses;

Stress caused by constant action;

Stress caused by time varying cyclic action;

Figure 28: The Deviatoric map, Ref /10/.

Melan`s shakedown theorem reads, Ref /9/: A structure will shake down to linear elastic behavior under a given action cycle, if there exists a time-invariant self-equilibrating stress field such as the sum of this stress field and where the stress field , determined with the linear elastic constitutive law for the cyclic action, nowhere and at no time exceeds the material yield strength. The theorem sounds complicated, but the difference between the stress field calculated for a specific action with the elasto-plastic constitutive law and the stress field for the same action but for the linear-elastic law is in fact ,very convenient, a self-equilibrating stress field. The self-equilibrating stress field is self-equilibrating in the sense that it fulfils all internal and external equilibrium conditions such as vanishing imposed forces and all external forces which are not reactions. In other words for all forces which contribute to work in a virtual deformation. Reaction forces due to kinematic boundary conditions may be different from zero. Only the forces in points with dynamic boundary conditions, where surface forces are specified, must be zero for a stress field to be self-equilibrating.

21

Chapter 2

Methods

Different material behavior with respect to stress and strain is illustrated in Figure 29, Ref /11/.

Figure 29: Material behavior considering stress versus strain, Ref /11/.

Purely elastic behavior. o No plastic deformation. Shakedown. o Structure shows elastic behavior after a given number of cycles. Low-cycle fatigue or alternating plasticity. o Consider the risk of failure due to fatigue. Ratchetting. o Material failure after a given number of cycles. Ratchetting is not permitted in pressure vessel design according to the standard.

22

Chapter 2 2.1.8 Instability (I) Principle

Methods

For each considered load case, the design value of an action or of a combination of actions shall not exceed the design value of the corresponding buckling strength. The value of the principal structural strains shall not exceed 5%. The design model shall be according to: Pre-deformation according to EN 13445-4:2002 or per specification on the drawings. A linear-elastic ideal plastic constitutive law. Von Mises`s yield condition and associated flow rule. Design strength parameters and partial safety factors as given in Figure 26. Partial safety factors for actions as given in Figure 25. o Partial safety factor for temperature action shall be equal to unity (1). o All actions shall be applied with proportional increase. Stress-free initial state. The design value for buckling strength shall be determined by division by the safety factor o 1, 25 if pressure test is to be carried out. o 1, 5 otherwise.

Application rule 1 This rule may be used if experimental results for the specific load cases are available. The principle is considered fulfilled if the design value of an action is below a lower bound limit of the range of failure values based on experimental observations. Application rule 2 Fulfillment of all the other design checks mentioned here is sufficient as a stability check for pure pressure action. 2.1.9 Fatigue failure (F) Principle The design value of the damage indicator obtained for the design function of pressure/temperature and variable actions shall not exceed 1. Application rule The requirements given in NS-EN 13445-3, section 18 are sufficient as a check against failure. A summary of the requirements are presented in Figure 30, Ref /6/. As an additional requirement, cladding should be considered with respect to the thermal analysis and the stress analysis. If the cladding thickness is less than 10% of the total thickness of the component it can be neglected and the model can be simplified to base metal geometry.

23

Chapter 2

Methods

Figure 30: Summary of the fatigue assessment process for pressure vessels according to Ref /6/.

24

Chapter 2 2.1.10 Static equilibrium (SE) Principle

Methods

The design effect of the destabilizing actions shall be smaller than the design effect of the stabilizing actions. Partial safety factors for actions as given in Figure 25. Stabilizing actions shall be represented by lower design value, while destabilizing actions shall be represented by highest design value. Self-weights of construction elements shall be treated as separate permanent actions. Favorable effects of a variable action shall not be considered.

25

Chapter 2

Methods

2.2 Elastic Stress Analysis ASME VIII div. 2; 2010

2.2.1 General information In the elastic stress analysis, the material is assumed to be linear-elastic. The plastic hardening of the material is not considered. This method is also known as the stress categorization method due to the classification procedure of the elastic stresses. The stresses are classified into the primary stress, secondary stress and peak stress. The stresses are limited to allowable values that have been established such that plastic collapse will not occur. The requirements given in the code are based on protection against different failure modes. The failure modes considered are, Ref /12/: Protection against plastic collapse. Protection against local failure. Protection against collapse from buckling. Protection against failure from cyclic loading or fatigue. o Ratcheting assessment.

Disadvantages of the elastic stress analysis method, Ref /14/: The major problem is the stress categorization. The stresses must be defined and sorted in their respective categories. The linearization of stresses over certain regions of the pressure vessel has no theoretical justification. In areas where the stress distribution is complex the designer might have problems assigning the stresses to the appropriate category as significant knowledge and expert judgment are required. The method cannot be used for geometries with significant non-linear variation in throughthickness stress. (E.g. thick/heavy-wall pressure vessels).

Section 5.2.1.3, Ref /12/ states: The use of elastic stress analysis combined with stress classification procedures to demonstrate structural integrity for heavy-wall pressure containing components may produce nonconservative results and is not recommended. Advantages of the elastic stress analysis method: A useful aspect of linear elastic analysis is that superposition of combined action effects are allowed. The method is widely used in the pressure vessel industry and is therefore well known and accepted. ASME VIII div. 2 offers a detailed and easy to follow approach for use of this method. For design purposes quick calculation time is often desired and the use of this method reduces the calculation times significantly.

26

Chapter 2 2.2.2 Loading conditions

Methods

All loads applied on the component shall be considered in the analysis. Combination of loads and loads that are varying in time must also be considered. For time varying loads a load histogram shall be developed to show the time variation of each specific load. For normal operation the following load cases are considered: Dead weight of the vessel, content, and appurtenances at the location of interest (D). Live loading including the effect of fluid momentum (L). Internal and external specified design pressure (P). Static head from liquid or bulk materials (PS). Earthquake loads (E). Wind loads (W). Snow loads (SS). Self-restraining loads like thermal loads and applied displacements (T).

Suggested load case combinations are provided in the code, Ref /12/ and presented in Figure 31.

Figure 31: Load case combinations, Ref /12/.

2.2.3 Material properties Physical properties like; Young`s modulus, thermal expansion coefficient, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, density and Poisson`s ratio are found in Part 3, Ref /12/ Strength parameters like allowable stress (S), minimum specified yield strength and minimum specified tensile strength are found in ASME II Part D; 2007, Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Material properties, Ref /13/.

27

Chapter 2 2.2.4 Protection against plastic collapse

Methods

To evaluate a structure`s protection against plastic collapse using the elastic stress analysis method, the results from an elastic analysis of the component subjected to the loading conditions given above are categorized and compared to a limiting value. The equivalent stress must be calculated at selected locations in the component and compared to allowable values to determine if the component is suitable for intended design conditions. The von Mises` (maximum distortion energy) yield criterion shall be used to establish the equivalent stress:

The use of elastic stress analysis method for structural evaluation against plastic collapse provides an approximated value. For more accurate estimates the elastic-plastic analysis method should be used to develop limits and plastic collapse loads.

Stress categories The tree basic primary categories and limits that are to be satisfied for plastic collapse are defined as, Ref /12/: General Primary Membrane equivalent stress (PM). o Average stress across the thickness of a section. o Excluding discontinuities and stress concentrations. o Produced by the design internal pressure and other specified mechanical loads. Local Primary Membrane equivalent stress (PL). o Average stress across any solid section. o Produced by mechanical loads. o Including discontinuities and excluding stress concentrations. o A region is considered local if the distance where the equivalent stress exceeds o is more than . Regions of local primary membrane stress that exceeds by a distance greater than . shall be separated

Primary membrane (general or local) plus primary bending equivalent stress (PL+Pb). o Derived from the highest value across the thickness of a section. o Obtained by superposition of the membrane and bending stresses. o The decomposition of a nonlinear stress field into equivalent membrane stress and equivalent bending stress is shown graphically in Figure 32, Ref /14/.

28

Chapter 2

Methods

Figure 32: Decomposition of a nonlinear stress field, Ref /14/.

The procedure mentioned above is presented mathematically in section 5.A.4.1.2, Ref /12/. The numerical work required to perform this by hand is beyond the scope of this thesis but a graphical example is provided for the reader to understand the required procedure. The numerical calculations are to be conducted for each value of x (i.e. distance through the cross section along the stress classification line). The results as a function of cross section thickness are plotted in a graph as illustrated in Figure 33, Ref /14/.

Figure 33: Example of the stress categorizing method result plot, Ref /14/.

29

Chapter 2

Methods

Two secondary categories also exist, but they are not needed to evaluate protection against plastic collapse. However these components are needed for fatigue and ratcheting evaluations. They are defined as: Secondary equivalent stress (Q). o Self-equilibrating stress necessary to satisfy continuity of structure. o Occurs at structural discontinuities. o Caused by mechanical loads or thermal expansion effects. Peak or stress concentration (F). o Increment added to a primary or secondary stress by a concentration. o Certain thermal stresses that may cause fatigue, but not distortion of the vessel shape.

A table including examples of stress classification is included in the code, Ref /12/ as a helping aid in the stress categorizing procedure. A short summary of the table is presented in Figure 34 while the reader is referred to the code for the full content of the table.

Figure 34: Examples of stress classification, Ref /12/.

30

Chapter 2 Assessment procedure

Methods

The following procedure is used to calculate and categorize the equivalent stress at a given point in the structure, and to determine the acceptability of the resulting stress state. Step 1: Determine all types of loads including the different load combinations that are acting on the component. Suggested load combinations are presented in Figure 31. Step 2: At the point of interest, the stress tensor must be calculated for each type of load. The computed stress tensors shall be categorized as defined in the stress categories section. Step 3: The stress tensors assigned to each equivalent stress category shall be summarized. The summarizing is done on component basis and the final result is a stress tensor representing the combined effect of all loads assigned to the respective stress category. When using numerical methods such as finite element analysis the combinations of PL+Pb and PL+Pb+Q+F are usually provided directly. For a load case that include only load-controlled loads, that is pressure and weight effects, the computed equivalent stress shall be used to directly represent the Pm, PL+Pb or PL+Pb+Q. For a load case that include only strain-controlled loads such as thermal gradients the computed equivalent stress represent the Q only. For cases where stress is produced by a stress concentration or thermal stress the quantity F is the additional stress exceeding the nominal membrane stress plus the bending stress. General primary membrane equivalent stress (Pm). Local primary membrane equivalent stress (PL). Primary bending equivalent stress (Pb). Secondary equivalent stress (Q). Additional stress over and above the nominal (P+Q) level (F).

Step 4: For each category the principal stresses of the sum of the stress tensors need to be calculated. Then the von Mises` (maximum distortion energy) yield criterion shall be used to calculate the equivalent stress at the location being investigated. Step 5: To evaluate protection against plastic collapse, the computed equivalent stress shall be compared to: If these conditions are satisfied protection against plastic collapse is considered fulfilled.

31

Chapter 2 2.2.5 Protection against local failure

Methods

The use of the elastic stress analysis method provides an approximation of the protection against local failure. In addition to the fulfillment of the conditions given in the protection against plastic collapse the following criterion shall be satisfied for each point in the component.

The sum of the local primary membrane plus bending principal stresses (PL+Pb) shall be used to check this criterion. 2.2.6 Protection against collapse from buckling The design criteria for protection against plastic collapse shall be satisfied along with a design factor for protection against collapse from buckling. The protection against buckling criteria shall prevent buckling of components subjected to a compressive stress field under applied design loads. If a bifurcation buckling analysis is performed using the elastic stress analysis without geometric nonlinearities in the solution to obtain the buckling load the minimum design factor shall be:

The following capacity reduction factors shall be used: For un-stiffened or ring stiffened cylinders and cones under axial compression:

For un-stiffened and ring stiffened cylinders and cones under external pressure:

For spherical, tori-spherical and elliptical heads under external pressure:

For this analysis the pre-stress in the component shall be established based on the load combinations given in Figure 31. For the numerical analysis all possible buckling modes shall be considered in the determination of the minimum buckling load. The geometric model should be carefully examined to ensure that model simplifications do not result in the exclusion of a critical buckling mode. The capacity reduction factor is used to consider the effects of possible shell imperfections. The difference between collapse load and the bifurcation buckling point is illustrated in Figure 35, Ref /15/.

32

Chapter 2

Methods

Figure 35: Load vs. end shortening with collapse (A) and bifurcation buckling (B) points, Ref /15/.

2.2.7 Protection against failure from cyclic loading Fatigue analysis is required if the component is subjected to cyclic loading operation. To determine if a fatigue analysis is required screening criteria are provided. For design cases where the specified number of cycles is greater than 106, screening criteria are not applicable and a fatigue analysis is required. Screening criteria for fatigue analysis Screening based on experience with comparable equipment: If successful experience is obtained with comparable equipment, and can be documented to follow a similar loading histogram, then a fatigue analysis is not required as part of the vessel design. Fatigue analysis screening, Method A: This simplified screening method can only be used for materials with a specified tensile strength less than or equal to 552 MPa (80000 psi). For materials with tensile strength above specified limit the reader is referred to Method B, section 5.5.2.4, Ref /12/. Method B is more elaborating and will not be considered in this thesis. Step 1: Determine a detailed load history of all cyclic operation loads and events that are applied to the component.

33

Chapter 2 Step 2:

Methods

Based on the load history, determine the expected number of full-range pressure cycles including startup and shut down. This value shall be designated as . Step 3: Based on the load history, determine the expected number of operating cycles where the pressure range exceeds the design pressure by: 20% for integral construction. 15% for non-integral construction. .

This value shall be designated as Step 4:

Based on the load history, determine the effective number of changes in material temperature between any two adjacent points. The number is determined by multiplying the number of changes in material temperature difference of a certain magnitude by a factor given in Figure 36, Ref /12/ and then adding the resulting numbers. The value shall be designated as .

Figure 36: Temperature factors for fatigue screening criteria, Ref /12/.

34

Chapter 2 The length between adjacent points considered shall be:

Methods

, for shells and dished heads. , for flat plates. For through-the-thickness temperature differences any two points on a line normal to the surface of the component are defined as adjacent.

Step 5: Based on the load history, determine the number of temperature cycles for welded components where the materials thermal expansion coefficients differ causing:

Designate this value as Step 6:

Compare all values obtained in Step 2, 3, 4 and 5 with the criterion presented in Figure 37, Ref /12/.

Figure 37: Fatigue screening criteria for method A, Ref /12/.

If the criterion presented above is satisfied no fatigue analysis is required as part of the vessel design. Fatigue assessment using the elastic stress analysis method The controlling stress to be used in the fatigue evaluation is the effective total stress amplitude, defined as:

Assessment procedure Step 1: Determine load history including all significant operation loads and events that are applied to the component.

35

Chapter 2 Step 2:

Methods

Determine the individual stress-strain cycles and define the number as M. Methods for counting cycles are available in Annex 5.B, Ref /12/. Step 3: Determine the equivalent stress range for the kth cycle that is counted in step 2. The code offers two different approaches to do this. Only one method is presented in this thesis. The stress tensor be determined. Calculate the following quantities: for the start and end points need to be determined (time points mt at the same time points must also

and nt for the kth cycle). The local thermal stress

Step 4: Determine the effective alternating equivalent stress amplitude for the kth cycle by means of the quantities established in step 3.

If effects from local notch and welds are included in the numerical model, then the strength reduction factor is Kf=1.0. If not values for the strength reduction factor are provided in Figure 38 (table 5.11) and Figure 39 (table 5.12), Ref /12/.

36

Chapter 2

Methods

Figure 38: Weld surface fatigue strength reduction factors, Ref /12/.

The quality levels obtained from Figure 38 shall be used in Figure 39 below to establish the strength reduction factor.

Figure 39: Weld surface fatigue strength reduction factors, Ref /12/.

The fatigue penalty factor

is calculated using the following equations:

37

Chapter 2

Methods

The factors m and n are determined from Figure 40, (table 5.13), Ref /12/ and the values for are defined under Ratcheting assessment.

and

Figure 40: Fatigue penalty factors, Ref /12/.

The Poisson correction factor

is calculated using the following equation:

Step 5: Determine the number of permissible cycles, for the alternating equivalent stress computed in step 4. The value is obtained from fatigue curves that are provided in Annex 3.F, Ref /12/. Step 6: Determine the fatigue damage factor for the cycle is . cycle, where the actual number of repetitions of the

Step 7: Step 3 through step 6 shall be repeated for all stress ranges identified in step 2.

38

Chapter 2 Step 8:

Methods

Finally the total accumulated fatigue damage for all stress ranges must be computed. The location investigated for fatigue damage is acceptable for continued operation if the following equation is satisfied:

Step 9: Repeat this check for each point in the structure subjected to a fatigue evaluation. 2.2.8 Ratcheting assessment When using the elastic approach for ratcheting analysis the following limit shall be satisfied:

The quantity is the equivalent stress range, derived from the highest value across the thickness of a section of the . (See the stress categories section). The allowable limit is computed as the largest of:

Three times the average of the S value for the material from Annex 3.A for the highest and lowest temperature during the operation cycle. Two times the Sy values for the material from Annex 3.D at the highest and lowest temperature during the operation cycle.

39

Chapter 2

Methods

2.3 Elastic-plastic Analysis ASME VIII div. 2; 2010

2.3.1 General information In the elastic-plastic stress analysis a collapse load is derived considering both the loading and the deformation characteristics of the component. The allowable load is established by applying design factors to the calculated plastic collapse load. The requirements given in the code are based on protection against different failure modes. The main failure modes considered in ASME VIII div. 2; 2007/2010, Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code are, Ref /12/: Protection against plastic collapse. Protection against local failure. Protection against collapse from buckling. Protection against failure from cyclic loading or fatigue. o Ratcheting assessment.

Disadvantages of the elastic-plastic stress analysis method, Ref /14/: The elastic-plastic analysis is more complex and the calculations will require more computation time. The analyst is required to define appropriate service criteria for the structure which require significant experience and excellent understanding of structural behavior.

Advantages of the elastic-plastic stress analysis method: Inelastic analysis eliminates the problem with categorizing stresses. Applicable for tree-dimensional stress fields and models with complex geometry. The actual structure behavior is more accurate presented by using this method. The method allows for improvements to the conventional design. Provides a more flexible approach to customized engineered solutions and details.

40

Chapter 2 2.3.2 Loading conditions

Methods

All loads applied on the component shall be considered in the analysis. Combination of loads and loads that are varying in time must also be considered. For time varying loads a load histogram shall be developed to show the time variation of each specific load. For normal operation the following load cases are considered: Dead weight of the vessel, content, and equipment at the location of interest (D). Live loading including the effect of fluid momentum (L). Internal and external specified design pressure (P). Static head from liquid or bulk materials (PS). Earthquake loads (E). Wind loads (W). Snow loads (SS). Self-restraining loads like thermal loads and applied displacements (T).

Suggested design load case combinations for an elastic-plastic analysis are provided in the code (table 5.5), Ref /12/ and presented in Figure 41.

Figure 41: Load case combinations, Ref /12/.

41

Chapter 2 2.3.3 Material properties

Methods

Physical properties like; Young`s modulus, thermal expansion coefficient, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, density and Poisson`s ratio are found in Part 3, Ref /12/ Strength parameters like allowable stress (S), minimum specified yield strength and minimum specified tensile strength for different materials at different temperatures are found in, Table 5A, Ref /13/. A sample of table 5A containing the first six lines is provided in Figure 42.

Figure 42: Sample of table 5A, Ref /13/.

42

Chapter 2 2.3.4 Protection against plastic collapse

Methods

The plastic collapse load can be established using a numerical analysis like the finite element method. An elastic-plastic model needs to be incorporated to obtain a solution. The effect of nonlinear geometry shall be included as well as geometric strengthening/weakening. The plastic collapse load is defined as the load that causes overall structural instability. This point is indicated by the inability to obtain equilibrium conditions for the solution for a small increase in load. For the numerical calculation it is the point where the solution will not converge. Acceptance criteria Two acceptance criteria are presented for use with an elastic-plastic analysis, namely the global criteria and the service criteria. The global criterion uses the global plastic collapse load as a limiting value. The plastic collapse load is defined as the load, or load combination which causes overall structural instability. As an alternative to the rigorous calculations and iterations needed to obtain the plastic collapse load for a structure, the concept of Load and Resistance Factor Design might be used (LRFD). The LRFD procedure uses factored loads as presented in Figure 41 including a design factor to account for uncertainty. Then the resistance of the component to these factored loads is determined using the elastic-plastic analysis. The service criteria states that every location in the structure shall be within the limit for acceptable performance when the component is subjected to design loads. The plastic collapse criteria may be satisfied but the component could have large deformations causing unsatisfactory performance. In this case the design loads may have to be reduced based on deformation or deflection criterion. Assessment procedure The following procedure is used to determine the acceptability of component using an elastic-plastic stress analysis. Step 1: An accurate numerical model of the component needs to be constructed. The model shall contain all relevant geometry properties, boundary conditions and applied loads of the component. Areas of complex geometry might acquire additional numerical models to obtain an accurate description of the stresses and strains. Step 2: All relevant loads and combination of loads shall be determined. The loads to be considered are defined and presented in the chapter called loading conditions. Step 3: A material model that includes hardening or softening, or an elastic-perfectly plastic model might be used. If plasticity is expected the von Mises yield function and associated flow rule shall be used. The effect of non-linear geometry shall be considered. Appendix 3.D, Ref /12/ contains true stress-strain

43

Chapter 2

Methods

curve models that consider temperature dependent hardening. When using this model the hardening behavior shall be considered up to the true ultimate stress limit and perfect plasticity behavior shall be used beyond this limit. Perfect plasticity behavior is equivalent to no slope of the stress-strain curves. Step 4: Determine the different load case combinations to use in the analysis from Figure 41 (table 5.5). Each of the load cases shall be investigated and evaluated. Step 5: Perform an elastic-plastic analysis for each of the load cases established in step 4. If convergence is obtained the component is stable under the applied load case. If the analysis is unable to reach convergence the component configuration shall be modified or the applied loads reduced and the analysis repeated. Convergence for the solution of the elastic-plastic analysis is considered as protection against plastic collapse. 2.3.5 Protection against local failure The following procedure shall be used to evaluate protection against local failure using the elasticplastic method. Step 1: An elastic-plastic stress analysis based on the load combinations given in Figure 31 shall be performed. The combinations for local criteria shall be used along with the effects of non-linear geometry (large deflections). Step 2: For the location to be investigated the principal stresses shall be determined. The von Mises` (maximum distortion energy) yield criterion shall be used to establish the equivalent stress:

The total equivalent plastic strain shall be obtained from the equivalent stress and denoted as Step 3: The limiting tri-axial strain is determined by the following equation:

The quantities (

and

) are determined from (table 5.7) Figure 43 , Ref /12/.

44

Chapter 2

Methods

Figure 43: Uniaxial strain limit, Ref /12/.

Step 4: The forming strain based on the materials and fabrication method in Part 6, Ref /12/ shall be determined and denoted as . If heat treatment is performed the forming strain may be assumed to be zero. Step 5: If the following equation is satisfied at the location being investigated the component is considered protected against local failure.

45

Chapter 2

Methods

A procedure for evaluating protection against local failure for a component subjected to a sequence of loading is also provided. In this procedure the load sequence is divided into k load increments. Then the principal stresses for each increment:

The equivalent stress for each increment is calculated with von Mises formula as presented in step 2. And then the change in equivalent stress and change in the equivalent plastic strain from the previous load increment will be:

The strain limit for the kth load increment is calculated using the following formula:

Here the quantities

and

are determined from (table 5.7) Figure 43, Ref /12/.

The strain limit damage for each increment is calculated using:

The strain limit damage from forming is calculated by:

If heat treatment is performed according to Part 6, Ref /12/ the strain limit damage from forming is assumed to be zero. If the following equation is satisfied the location in the component is acceptable for the specified loading sequence:

46

Chapter 2 2.3.6 Protection against collapse from buckling

Methods

The design criteria for protection against plastic collapse shall be satisfied along with a design factor for protection against collapse from buckling. The protection against buckling criteria shall prevent buckling of components subjected to a compressive stress field under applied design loads. If a bifurcation buckling analysis is performed using the elastic-plastic stress analysis with the effect of geometric nonlinearities in the solution to obtain the buckling load the minimum design factor shall be:

The following capacity reduction factors shall be used: For un-stiffened or ring stiffened cylinders and cones under axial compression:

For un-stiffened and ring stiffened cylinders and cones under external pressure: For spherical, tori-spherical, elliptical heads under external pressure:

For this analysis the pre-stress in the component shall be established based on the load combinations presented for the elastic analysis. For the numerical analysis all possible buckling modes shall be considered in the determination of the minimum buckling load. The geometric model should be carefully examined to ensure that model simplifications do not result in the exclusion of a critical buckling mode. If a plastic collapse analysis is conducted as presented in the section protection against plastic collapse using the factored load combinations given in Figure 31, the design factor for buckling is accounted for.

47

Chapter 2 2.3.7 Protection against failure from cyclic loading

Methods

Fatigue analysis is required if the component is subjected to cyclic loading operation. To determine if a fatigue analysis is required the screening criteria presented in the section containing the elastic analysis method might be used. For design cases where the specified numbers of cycles are greater than 106, screening criteria are not applicable and a fatigue analysis is required anyway. When using the elastic plastic stress analysis in the fatigue damage evaluation a parameter known as the effective strain range is used. Two methods are suggested for this calculation, namely the cycleby-cycle analysis or the twice yield method. The cycle-by-cycle method require a cyclic plasticity algorithm with kinematic hardening while the twice yield method can be used with an analysis program without cyclic plasticity capability. The twice yield method is based on a specified cyclicstress range-strain range curve with a load representing the cycle. The cyclic curve can be obtained by material testing or curves that are known to be more conservative can be used. Cyclic stress-strain curves for certain materials and temperatures are also provided in Annex 3. D, Ref/12/. Assessment procedure Step 1: Determine all significant operating loads and events the component might be subjected to. Step 2: Determine the individual stress-strain cycles for the location being investigated and define the number as M. Methods for counting cycles are available in Annex 5.B, Ref /12/. Step 3: For each of the cycles counted in step 2, determine the loadings at the start and end points. Use this data to calculate the loading ranges (the differences between the loadings at the start and end point) for the kth cycle. Step 4: Perform an elastic-plastic stress analysis for the kth cycle. For the cycle-by-cycle analysis a constant amplitude loading is cycled using the plasticity algorithm with kinematic hardening. For the twice yield method, the loading at the start point is considered to be zero while the loading at the end point is the range determined in step 3. Cyclic stress-strain curves from Annex 3.D, Ref /12/ may be used. Step 5: Calculate the effective strain range for the kth cycle using the following equation:

48

Chapter 2 Where the effective von Mises stress range is calculated by:

Methods

And equivalent plastic strain range for the kth step is calculated by:

The component stress and plastic strain ranges for the kth cycle are designated as respectively.

and

Using the twice yield method the equivalent plastic strain range and the von Mises equivalent stress range are outputs that can be obtained directly from a stress analysis. Step 6: Calculate the effective alternating stress for the kth cycle using:

Step 7: Determine the number of permissible cycles, for the alternating equivalent stress computed in step 6. The value is obtained from fatigue curves that are provided in Annex 3.F, Ref /12/. Step 8: Determine the fatigue damage factor for the cycle is . cycle, where the actual number of repetitions of the

Step 9: Step 3 through step 8 shall be repeated for all stress ranges identified in step 2. Step 10: The total accumulated fatigue damage for all stress ranges must be computed. The location investigated for fatigue damage is acceptable for continued operation if the following equation is satisfied:

49

Chapter 2 Step 11:

Methods

Repeat step 2 through 10 for each point in the component subjected to the fatigue evaluation. 2.3.8 Ratcheting assessment Under special combinations of steady state loads and cyclic loadings there is a possibility for ratcheting. A proper evaluation of ratcheting will require an elastic-plastic analysis of the component. When using the elastic-plastic method for evaluating protection against ratcheting the loadings are applied and removed in a cycle. If the progression of the stress-strain hysteresis loop is stabilized protection against ratcheting is considered fulfilled. Assessment procedure Step 1: A numerical model including all relevant geometry, applied loads and boundary conditions shall be developed. Step 2: All relevant loads and load cases shall be defined. Step 3: An elastic-perfectly plastic material model shall be used in the analysis. The effect of non-linear geometry (large deflections) shall be considered. The yield strength for definition of the plastic limit shall be the minimum yield strength at specified temperature. Step 4: The elastic-plastic analysis for the loading event that has the highest probability of ratcheting shall be performed for a number of repetitions. See Annex 5. B, Ref /12/. Step 5: The following ratcheting criteria shall be evaluated after a minimum of three complete repetition of the applied load cycle. Additional cycles might be required to demonstrate solution convergence. If any of the criteria presented below is met, ratcheting protection is considered fulfilled. No plastic action or zero plastic strains in the component. The core in the primary load bearing boundary of the component is elastic. There is no permanent change in the overall dimensions of the component. o Verified by a plot of relevant component dimensions versus cycle time.

50

Chapter 3

Design Basis

CHAPTER 3 DESIGN BASIS

3.1 General
In order to obtain comparable analysis results using the different methods presented in this thesis simple pressure vessel geometry is required. A cylindrical tank with one nozzle is chosen. The nozzle is selected from standard components and attached perpendicular to the centerline of the vessel. The comparison of heavy wall construction and thin wall construction require two different pressure vessel models. The criteria ( wall construction. ) establishes the limit between heavy wall construction and thin

3.2 Geometrical dimensions

3.2.1 Overall dimensions Length: 1000 mm. Internal diameter without corrosion and thinning allowance: 500 mm. Corrosion allowance: 1,0 mm. Material thinning allowance: 1,0 mm. Wall thickness: o Thin wall configuration: . 35 mm is selected as initial value. o Heavy wall configuration: . 70 mm is selected as initial value. Nozzle data, thin wall configuration: o Size: 3 Class 900 lbs o Outer diameter: 127 mm o Internal diameter: 76,22 mm o Wall thickness: 25,39 mm o Nozzle standout from vessel OD: 200 mm o Reinforcement pad: Diameter: 229 mm Thickness: 25 mm Nozzle data, heavy wall configuration: o Size: 3 Class 1500 lbs o Outer diameter: 133,3 mm o Internal diameter: 76.16 mm o Wall thickness: 28,57 mm o Nozzle standout from vessel OD: 200 mm o Reinforcement pad: Diameter: 235,3 mm Thickness: 40 mm

51

Chapter 3 3.2.2 Drawings

Design Basis

The dimensions for the thin wall pressure vessel including corrosion and thinning allowance are illustrated by the drawing4 presented in Figure 44, while the dimensions for the heavy wall pressure vessel are illustrated by the drawing4 in Figure 45. These drawings were used as basis for the full set of construction drawings that are presented in APPENDIX A.

Figure 44: Drawing of thin wall pressure vessel.

Figure 45: Drawing of heavy wall pressure vessel.

The drawings are produced with AutoCAD Mechanical 2011.

52

Chapter 3

Design Basis

3.3 Material properties

The material considered used is SA-516 Grade 70, UNS K02700 with main properties as specified in Figure 46. Material data are obtained from, Ref /13/ table 5A. Young`s Modulus, E [GPa] Poisson`s ratio, [-] Mass density, [kg/m3] Min. Yield strength, Sy [MPa] Min. Ultimate strength, Su [MPa] 210 0,3 7850 260 485
Figure 46: Material properties.

3.4 Loads and load cases

The load cases to be considered during the analyses are listed in Figure 47. Description Internal operating pressure Nozzle load (unfavorable) Pressure high Pressure low Temperature high Temperature low Max number of cycles Thin wall vessel 100 bar (10 MPa) 30 000 N 100 bar (10 MPa) PATM = 1 bar (0,1 MPa) 100 C 20 C 500
Figure 47: Loads and load cases.

Heavy wall vessel 200 bar (20 MPa) 30 000 N 200 bar (20 MPa) PATM = 1 bar (0,1 MPa) 100 C 20 C 500

3.5 Acceptance Criteria

In order to obtain proper comparison basis between the different analysis methods the results of each individual test shall be given as the utilization factor:

Both the analysis result and the corresponding design limit are obtained using the same method. The respective design check of the method being investigated is accepted if the ratio is less than one (1). The final result including all methods shall be presented in table format for easy comparison.

53

Chapter 4

Analysis Tools

CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS TOOLS

4.1 Visual vessel design
Visual Vessel Design (VVD) computer software is used for mechanical design of pressure vessels. The program utilizes calculation formulas included in the following national codes and standards, Ref /16/: American Standard, ASME VIII Div. 1 British Standard, PD5500 European Code, EN13445 Swedish Standard, TKN Norwegian Standard, TBK2

Visual vessel design is meant to be a time saving tool for the design by formula route. In this thesis the program is used to verify and check the parameters included in the design basis section. The minimum required wall thickness might also be calculated with VVD. The established design basis and vessel geometry are used to construct the finite element model for the design by analysis methods considered in this thesis. 4.1.1 Thin wall configuration The maximum utilization factor is calculated to 0,597 for the nozzle. Hence the thin wall configuration is acceptable according to the DBF route. The utilization chart for the components is presented in Figure 48, while the complete calculation report is available in APPENDIX B.

Figure 48: Component utilization chart (thin wall).

54

Chapter 4 4.1.2 Heavy wall configuration

Analysis Tools

The maximum utilization factor is calculated to 0,595 for the main shell. Hence the heavy wall configuration is acceptable according to the DBF route. The utilization chart for the components is presented in Figure 49, while the complete calculation report is available in APPENDIX C.

Figure 49: Component utilization chart (heavy wall).

Another important notice to consider is that due to the heavy wall configuration of this pressure vessel the condition of applicability for the equations needed for nozzle load calculations is NOT fulfilled.

Where the quantity ( ) is the shell analysis thickness divided by the mean diameter of the vessel. The analysis thickness considers the corrosion allowance.

Outside this range the effects of torsion moment are significant, Ref /6/. In this case the analysis is considered valid due to: There is no torsion applied to the nozzle. The condition of applicability is barely over the limit.

55

Chapter 4

Analysis Tools

4.2 ANSYS workbench

In order to conduct analysis of the pressure vessel in ANSYS workbench a 3D model of the vessel geometry must be constructed. A 3D model of both thin and heavy wall configuration is required. The model should be as accurate as possible to obtain result close to the real structural behavior under the imposed loads. A 3D model of the pressure vessels is presented in Figure 50. The thin wall configuration is shown on top, while the heavy wall configuration is shown at the bottom. The 3D models are constructed with Autodesk Inventor 2011, Ref /17/.

Figure 50: 3D model of the pressure vessels.

Welds were added between the reinforcement pad and the main shell, between the reinforcement pad and the nozzle and between the nozzle and the flange to further enhance the model accuracy. The weldment details are shown in Figure 51 for the heavy wall pressure vessel and in Figure 52 for the thin wall pressure vessel.

56

Chapter 4

Analysis Tools

Figure 51: Weldment details for the heavy wall pressure vessel.

Figure 52: Weldment details for the thin wall pressure vessel.

These models are then used to create the finite element models for further analysis in ANSYS Workbench. The process of building a finite element model is called meshing. The initial mesh for the thin wall pressure vessel is shown in Figure 53, and the mesh for the heavy wall pressure vessel is shown in Figure 54.

57

Chapter 4

Analysis Tools

Figure 53: Mesh for the thin wall configuration generated in ANSYS workbench.

Figure 54: Mesh for the heavy wall configuration generated in ANSYS workbench.

58

Chapter 4

Analysis Tools

In order to reduce the numerical calculations required to solve the finite element model symmetry and boundary conditions were applied. The model was cut in half and the mesh refined as shown in Figure 55 and Figure 56 for the thin wall pressure vessel and in Figure 57 and Figure 58 for the heavy wall pressure vessel.

Figure 55: Refined mesh for the thin wall pressure vessel.

Figure 56: Mesh detail for the nozzle geometry including welds for the thin wall pressure vessel.

59

Chapter 4

Analysis Tools

Figure 57: Refined mesh for the heavy wall pressure vessel.

Figure 58: Mesh detail for the nozzle geometry including welds for the heavy wall pressure vessel.

60

Chapter 5

Calculations

CHAPTER 5 CALCULATIONS
5.1 Direct Route NS-EN 13445; 2009
The calculations are carried out according to section 2.1 Direct Route NS-EN 13445; 2009 in this thesis. 5.1.1 Thin wall construction 5.1.1.1 Design value for action effects The internal operating pressure (pressure high) is classified as the Reasonably foreseeable highest pressure and denoted with the partial safety factor for action without natural limit. Hence the design effect for the operating pressure (pressure high) is:

The Reasonably foreseeable lowest pressure is the atmospheric pressure with partial safety factor action with a natural limit.

The following action effects for temperature are identified:

The nozzle load is classified as permanent action with partial safety factor action with unfavorable effect. Hence the design effect for the nozzle load is:

The vessel weight is classified as permanent action with partial safety factor action with unfavorable effect. Hence the design value for earth gravity is:

61

Chapter 5

Calculations

The boundary conditions and design values with directions for the imposed actions are shown in Figure 59. Here the frictionless support (C) is fixed in x-direction and accounts for the symmetry conditions. The displacement (D) is set to zero for the x and z component to prevent the vessel from rotating. The frictionless support (E) is fixed in y-direction and accounts for the vessel standing on the floor. The nozzle load (F) is half the total nozzle load due to symmetry conditions.

Figure 59: Design values and directions for the action effects.

5.1.1.2 Design resistance for the material The material strength parameter is:

Partial safety factor for the material is:

Hence the expression for the design resistance:

62

Chapter 5 5.1.1.3 Gross plastic deformation

Calculations

The stress intensity (Tresca criterion) is used, and the maximum value of stress is calculated to 258,54 MPa at the point where the nozzle is attached to the main shell as illustrated in Figure 60. The full calculation report from ANSYS is available in APPENDIX D.

Figure 60: Stress intensity plot.

The value of 258,54 MPa is above the design limit of 208 MPa, indicating that the design might not be acceptable according to the Gross Plastic Deformation design check. Careful engineering judgment is required to evaluate the results. By investigating Figure 61 and Figure 62 where only areas above the design limit of 208 MPa are shown the conclusion is that the model is fully capable of carrying the design values of the combined action effects. The zones above the design limit are still local, and the model will not sustain gross plastic deformation.

63

Chapter 5

Calculations

Figure 61: Stress plot of areas above the design limit.

Figure 62: Detail view of areas above the design limit.

64

Chapter 5 The utilization factor: End cap:

Calculations

Main shell:

Nozzle:

65

Chapter 5 Average utilization factor for the pressure vessel is 0,929. The maximum value for the principal structural strain is presented in Figure 63.

Calculations

Figure 63: Maximum value for the principal structural strain.

Principal structural strain criterion:

Hence protection against gross plastic deformation under operating conditions is considered fulfilled according to Direct Route NS-EN 13445; 2009.

66

Chapter 5 5.1.2 Heavy wall construction 5.1.2.1 Design value for action effects

Calculations

The internal operating pressure (pressure high) is classified as the Reasonably foreseeable highest pressure and denoted with the partial safety factor for action without natural limit. Hence the design effect for the operating pressure (pressure high) is:

The Reasonably foreseeable lowest pressure is the atmospheric pressure with partial safety factor action with a natural limit.

For the temperature following action effects are identified:

The nozzle load is classified as permanent action with partial safety factor action with unfavorable effect. Hence the design effect for the nozzle load is:

The vessel weight is classified as permanent action with partial safety factor action with unfavorable effect. Hence the design value for earth gravity is:

67

Chapter 5

Calculations

The boundary conditions and design values with directions for the imposed actions are shown in Figure 64. Here the frictionless support (C) is fixed in x-direction and accounts for the symmetry conditions. The displacement (D) is set to zero for the x and z component to prevent the vessel from rotating. The frictionless support (E) is fixed in y-direction and accounts for the vessel standing on the floor. The nozzle load (F) is half the total nozzle load due to symmetry conditions.

Figure 64: Design values for the action effects.

5.1.2.2 Design resistance for the material The material strength parameter is:

Partial safety factor for the material is:

Hence the expression for the design resistance:

68

Chapter 5

Calculations

5.1.2.3 Gross plastic deformation The stress intensity (Tresca criterion) is used, and the maximum value of stress is calculated to 326,02 MPa at the point where the nozzle is attached to the main shell as illustrated in Figure 65.The full calculation report from ANSYS is available in APPENDIX E.

Figure 65: Stress intensity plot.

The value of 326,02 MPa is above the design limit of 208 MPa, in fact it is above the material yield strength of 260 MPa, indicating that the design might not be acceptable according to the Gross Plastic Deformation design check. Careful engineering judgment is required to evaluate the results. By investigating Figure 66 and Figure 67 where only areas above the design limit of 208 MPa are shown the conclusion is that the model is fully capable of carrying the design values of the combined action effects. The zones above the design limit are still local, and the model will not sustain gross plastic deformation.

69

Chapter 5

Calculations

Figure 66: Stress plot of areas above the design limit.

Figure 67: Detail view of areas above the design limit.

70

Chapter 5 The utilization factor: End cap:

Calculations

Main shell:

Nozzle:

71

Chapter 5 Average utilization factor for the pressure vessel is 1,12. The maximum value for the principal structural strain is presented in Figure 68.

Calculations

Figure 68: Maximum value for the principal structural strain.

Principal structural strain criterion:

Hence protection against gross plastic deformation under operating conditions is considered fulfilled according to Direct Route NS-EN 13445; 2009.

72

Chapter 5

Calculations

5.2 Elastic Stress Analysis ASME VIII div.2; 2010

The calculations are carried out according to section 2.2 Elastic Stress Analysis ASME VIII div. 2; 2010 in this thesis. 5.2.1 Thin wall construction 5.2.1.1 Loading conditions The loading condition to consider in this case is:

Where: P is the operating pressure of 100 bar. Ps is the static head from liquid or bulk materials, in this case zero due to the content being gas. D is the weight of the vessel accounted for by standard earth gravity of 9,8066 m/s2. L is the live loading applied to the nozzle of 30000 N. The loading condition and boundary conditions are illustrated in Figure 69. Here the frictionless support (B) is fixed in x-direction and accounts for the symmetry conditions. The displacement (C) is set to zero for the x and z component to prevent the vessel from rotating. The frictionless support (D) is fixed in y-direction and accounts for the vessel standing on the floor. The nozzle load (E) is half the total nozzle load due to symmetry conditions.

Figure 69: Loading conditions and boundary conditions.

73

Chapter 5 5.2.1.2 Material properties

Calculations

The maximum allowable stress at maximum anticipated operation temperature for the SA-516 Grade 70, UNS K02700 steel is obtained from table 5A, Ref /13/. Thus for 100C maximum allowable stress is:

5.2.1.3 Protection against plastic collapse The stresses are evaluated along the paths illustrated in Figure 70 using the procedure presented in section 2.2.4 Protection against plastic collapse in this thesis. The full calculation report is available in APPENDIX F.

Figure 70: Stress linearization paths.

Here the following paths are used: A-1 to A-2 is used for the main shell. The most unfavorable of B-1 to B-2 or C-1 to C-2 is used for the end cap. D-1 to D-2 is used for the nozzle.

74

Chapter 5 Main shell:

Calculations

Detailed plot of the path A-1 to A-2 is shown in Figure 71 and the numerical values for the stresses are shown in the chart presented in Figure 72. (Membrane + Bending is almost identical to Total)

Figure 71: Path A-1 to A-2 for the main shell.

100 90 80 70 60 Stress 50 [MPa] 40 30 20 10 0 0 2,1875 4,375 6,5625 8,75 10,937 13,125 15,313 17,5 19,688 21,875 24,063 26,25 28,438 30,625 32,813 35 Membrane [MPa] Bending [MPa] Membrane+Bending [MPa] Peak [MPa] Total [MPa]

Distance [mm]

Figure 72: Stress versus distance for path A-1 to A-2.

75

Chapter 5 From this data set the following results are obtained:

Calculations

To evaluate protection against plastic collapse, the computed equivalent stress shall be compared to:

Hence:

The main shell protection against plastic collapse is considered fulfilled according to the Elastic Stress Analysis ASME VIII div.2; 2010. The utilization factor for the main shell is:

76

Chapter 5 End cap:

Calculations

Detailed plot of the path C-1 to C-2 is shown in Figure 73 and the numerical values for the stresses are shown in the chart presented in Figure 72

Figure 73: Path C-1 to C-2 for the end cap.

100 90 80 70 60 Stress 50 [MPa] 40 30 20 10 0 0 2,1875 4,375 6,5625 8,75 10,938 13,125 15,313 17,5 19,687 21,875 24,062 26,25 28,437 30,625 32,812 35 Membrane [MPa] Bending [MPa] Membrane+Bending [MPa] Peak [MPa] Total [MPa]

Distance [mm]

Figure 74: Stress versus distance for path C-1 to C-2.

77

Chapter 5 From this data set the following results are obtained:

Calculations

To evaluate protection against plastic collapse, the computed equivalent stress shall be compared to:

Hence:

The end cap protection against plastic collapse is considered fulfilled according to the Elastic Stress Analysis ASME VIII div.2; 2010. The utilization factor for the end cap is:

78

Chapter 5 Nozzle:

Calculations

Detailed plot of the path D-1 to D-2 is shown in Figure 75 and the numerical values for the stresses are shown in the chart presented in Figure 76.

Figure 75: Path D-1 to D-2 for the nozzle.

200 180 160 140 120 Stress 100 [MPa] 80 60 40 20 0 0 5,4359 10,872 16,308 21,744 27,179 32,615 38,051 43,487 48,923 54,359 59,795 65,231 70,666 76,102 81,538 86,974 Membrane [MPa] Bending [MPa] Membrane+Bending [MPa] Peak [MPa] Total [MPa]

Distance [mm]

Figure 76: Stress versus distance for path D-1 to D-2.

79

Chapter 5 From this data set the following results are obtained:

Calculations

To evaluate protection against plastic collapse, the computed equivalent stress shall be compared to:

Hence:

The nozzle protection against plastic collapse is considered fulfilled according to the Elastic Stress Analysis ASME VIII div.2; 2010. The utilization factor for the nozzle is:

The nozzle design is considered acceptable even with a utilization factor of above (1) and the reason for this is careful engineering judgment when reading and evaluating the calculation results. By consider a point 5 mm from the end, the total stress is calculated to 147,79 MPa which is acceptable. The conclusion is that the stress concentration is only local and the vessel will not sustain any total plastic deformation. However the nozzle should be evaluated according to the protection against local failure procedure. 5.2.1.4 Protection against local failure The criterion to satisfy at the point of interest, (at X = 86,974 mm) for the path D-1 to D-2:

The principal stresses are obtained from the charts presented in Figure 77, Figure 78 and Figure 79.

80

Chapter 5

Calculations

Maximum principal stress

160 140 120 100 Stress 80 [MPa] 60 40 20 0 0 7,2478 14,496 21,744 28,991 36,239 43,487 50,735 57,983 65,231 72,478 79,726 86,974

Membrane+Bending [MPa]

Distance [mm]

Figure 77: Maximum principal stress.

Middle principal stress

30 25 20 Stress 15 [MPa] 10 5 0 0 7,2478 14,496 21,744 28,991 36,239 43,487 50,735 57,983 65,231 72,478 79,726 -5 86,974 Membrane+Bending [MPa]

Distance [mm]

Figure 78: Middle principal stress.

Minimum principal stress

5 0

65,231

7,2478

14,496

21,744

28,991

36,239

43,487

50,735

57,983

72,478

79,726

-5 Stress -10 [MPa] -15 -20 -25

86,974

Membrane+Bending [MPa]

Distance [mm]

Figure 79: Minimum principal stress.

81

Chapter 5

Calculations

The utilization factor for the nozzle according to the local failure criteria is:

Hence the nozzle will not fail and protection against local failure is considered fulfilled according to the Elastic Stress Analysis ASME VIII div.2; 2010.

82

Chapter 5 5.2.2 Heavy wall construction 5.2.2.1 Loading conditions The loading condition to consider in this case is:

Calculations

Where: P is the operating pressure of 200 bar. Ps is the static head from liquid or bulk materials, in this case zero due to the content being gas. D is the weight of the vessel accounted for by standard earth gravity of 9,8066 m/s2. L is the live loading applied to the nozzle of 30000 N. The loading condition and boundary conditions are illustrated in Figure 80. Here the frictionless support (B) is fixed in x-direction and accounts for the symmetry conditions. The displacement (C) is set to zero for the x and z component to prevent the vessel from rotating. The frictionless support (D) is fixed in y-direction and accounts for the vessel standing on the floor. The nozzle load (E) is half the total nozzle load due to symmetry conditions.

Figure 80: Loading conditions and boundary conditions.

83

Chapter 5 5.2.2.2 Material properties

Calculations

The maximum allowable stress at maximum anticipated operation temperature for the SA-516 Grade 70, UNS K02700 steel is obtained from table 5A, Ref /13/. Thus for 100C maximum allowable stress is:

5.2.2.3 Protection against plastic collapse The stresses are evaluated along the paths illustrated in Figure 81 using the procedure presented in section 2.2.4 Protection against plastic collapse in this thesis. The full calculation report is available in APPENDIX G.

Figure 81: Stress linearization paths.

Here the following paths are used: A-1 to A-2 is used for the main shell. The most unfavorable of B-1 to B-2 or C-1 to C-2 is used for the end cap. D-1 to D-2 is used for the nozzle.

84

Chapter 5 Main shell:

Calculations

Detailed plot of the path A-1 to A-2 is shown in Figure 82 and the numerical values for the stresses are shown in the chart presented in Figure 83.

Figure 82: Path A-1 to A-2 for the main shell.

120

100

80 Stress 60 [MPa] 40 Membrane [MPa] Bending [MPa] Membrane+Bending [MPa] Peak [MPa] Total [MPa] 20

0 0 4,375 8,75 13,125 17,5 21,875 26,25 30,625 35 39,375 43,75 48,125 52,5 56,875 61,25 65,625 70 Distance [mm]
Figure 83: Stress versus distance for path A-1 to A-2.

85

Chapter 5 From this data set the following results are obtained:

Calculations

To evaluate protection against plastic collapse, the computed equivalent stress shall be compared to:

Hence:

The main shell protection against plastic collapse is considered fulfilled according to the Elastic Stress Analysis ASME VIII div.2; 2010. The utilization factor for the main shell is:

86

Chapter 5 End cap:

Calculations

Detailed plot of the path C-1 to C-2 is shown in Figure 84 and the numerical values for the stresses are shown in the chart presented in Figure 85.

Figure 84: Path C-1 to C-2 for the end cap.

80 70 60 50 Stress 40 [MPa] 30 20 10 0 0 4,375 8,75 13,125 17,5 21,875 26,25 30,625 35 39,375 43,75 48,125 52,5 56,875 61,25 65,625 70 Membrane [MPa] Bending [MPa] Membrane+Bending [MPa] Peak [MPa] Total [MPa]

Distance [mm]

Figure 85: Stress versus distance for path C-1 to C-2.

87

Chapter 5 From this data set the following results are obtained:

Calculations

To evaluate protection against plastic collapse, the computed equivalent stress shall be compared to:

Hence:

The end cap protection against plastic collapse is considered fulfilled according to the Elastic Stress Analysis ASME VIII div.2; 2010. The utilization factor for the end cap is:

88

Chapter 5 Nozzle:

Calculations

Detailed plot of the path D-1 to D-2 is shown in Figure 86 and the numerical values for the stresses are shown in the chart presented in Figure 87.

Figure 86: Path D-1 to D-2 for the nozzle.

300

250

200 Membrane [MPa] Bending [MPa] Membrane+Bending [MPa] 100 Peak [MPa] Total [MPa] 50

Stress 150 [MPa]

0 0 7,2447 14,489 21,734 28,979 36,223 43,468 50,713 57,957 65,202 72,447 79,691 86,936 94,181 101,43 108,67 115,91 Distance [mm]
Figure 87: Stress versus distance for path D-1 to D-2.

89

Chapter 5 From this data set the following results are obtained:

Calculations

To evaluate protection against plastic collapse, the computed equivalent stress shall be compared to:

Hence:

The nozzle protection against plastic collapse is considered fulfilled according to the Elastic Stress Analysis ASME VIII div.2; 2010. The utilization factor for the nozzle is:

The nozzle design is considered acceptable even with a utilization factor of above (1) and the reason for this is careful engineering judgment when reading and evaluating the calculation results. By consider a point 12 mm from the end, the total stress is calculated to 157,57 MPa which is acceptable. The conclusion is that the stress concentration is only local and the vessel will not sustain any total plastic deformation. However the nozzle should be evaluated according to the protection against local failure procedure. 5.2.2.4 Protection against local failure The criterion to satisfy at the point of interest, (at X = 115,91 mm) for the path D-1 to D-2:

The principal stresses are obtained from the charts presented in Figure 88, Figure 89 and Figure 90.

90

Chapter 5

Calculations

Maximum principal stress

200 150 Stress 100 [MPa] 50 0 0 7,2447 14,489 21,734 28,979 36,223 43,468 50,713 57,957 65,202 72,447 79,691 86,936 94,181 101,43 108,67 115,91 Membrane+Bending [MPa]

Distance [mm]

Figure 88: Maximum principal stress.

Middle principal stress

20 15 10 5 0 -5 0 7,2447 14,489 21,734 28,979 36,223 43,468 50,713 57,957 65,202 72,447 79,691 86,936 94,181 101,43 108,67 115,91 Membrane+Bending [MPa]

Stress [MPa]

Distance [mm]

Figure 89: Middle principal stress.

Minimum principal stress

0 -5 -10 Stress -15 [MPa] -20 -25 -30 Distance [mm] Membrane+Bending [MPa] 0 7,2447 14,489 21,734 28,979 36,223 43,468 50,713 57,957 65,202 72,447 79,691 86,936 94,181 101,43 108,67 115,91
Figure 90: Minimum principal stress.

91

Chapter 5

Calculations

The utilization factor for the nozzle according to the local criteria is:

Hence the nozzle will not fail and protection against local failure is considered fulfilled according to the Elastic Stress Analysis ASME VIII div.2; 2010.

92

Chapter 5

Calculations

5.3 Elastic-plastic Analysis ASME VIII div. 2; 2010

The calculations are carried out according to section 2.3 Elastic-plastic Analysis ASME VIII div. 2; 2010 in this thesis. To use this method an accurate numerical model containing the true stress-strain curve for the material must be constructed. Appendix 3.D, Ref /12/ contains the equations required to construct the material curve. The material curve constructed in Mathcad is shown in Figure 91, the Excel graph in Figure 92 and the calculation sheet for the material curve from Mathcad is presented in Figure 93.

Figure 91: Material curve for SA-516 Grade 70 pressure vessel steel from Mathcad.

900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 0,1 0,2

ASME VIII Div.2

ASME VIII Div.2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

Figure 92: Material curve for SA-516 Grade 70 pressure vessel steel from Excel.

93

Chapter 5

Calculations

94

Chapter 5

Calculations

Figure 93: Calculation sheet from Mathcad, true stress-strain curve.

The material curve constructed in Excel is used in the input file for further calculations using the Elastic-plastic method in ANSYS workbench.

95

Chapter 5 5.3.1 Thin wall construction 5.3.1.1 Factored loading conditions The factored loading condition to consider in this case is:

Calculations

Where: P is the operating pressure of 100 bar. Ps is the static head from liquid or bulk materials, in this case zero due to the content being gas. D is the weight of the vessel accounted for by standard earth gravity of 9,8066 m/s2. L is the live loading applied to the nozzle of 30000 N. T and SS are not applicable and therefore set to zero. The factored loading condition and boundary conditions are illustrated in Figure 94. Here the frictionless support (B) is fixed in x-direction and accounts for the symmetry conditions. The displacement (C) is set to zero for the x and z component to prevent the vessel from rotating. The frictionless support (D) is fixed in y-direction and accounts for the vessel standing on the floor. The nozzle load (E) is half the total nozzle load due to symmetry conditions. The acceleration (F) accounts for the factored weight of the vessel.

Figure 94: Factored loading condition and boundary conditions.

96

Chapter 5 5.3.1.2 Protection against plastic collapse

Calculations

The solution converges for the factored loading condition considered, hence the pressure vessel will not sustain plastic collapse, and protection against plastic collapse is considered fulfilled according to 2.3 Elastic-plastic Analysis ASME VIII div. 2; 2010. The full calculation report is available in APPENDIX H. 5.3.1.3 Protection against local failure If the following equation is satisfied at the location being investigated the component is considered protected against local failure.

Heat treatment is assumed performed therefore

The limiting tri-axial strain must be determined for each location being investigated. The limiting tri-axial strain is determined by the following equation:

The quantities (

and

) are determined from (table 5.7) Figure 43 , Ref /12/.

97

Chapter 5 End cap calculations:

Calculations

The quantities needed for the end cap calculations are presented in Figure 95, Figure 96, Figure 97, Figure 98 and Figure 99.

Figure 95: Equivalent stress for the end cap.

Figure 96: Maximum principal stress for the end cap.

Figure 97: Middle principal stress for the end cap.

Figure 98: Minimum principal stress for the end cap.

Figure 99: Equivalent plastic strain for the end cap.

98

Chapter 5 Quantities needed for the end cap calculations:

Calculations

There is no plastic strain present in the pressure vessel end cap, hence the following strain criteria are satisfied and the protection against local failure is fulfilled for the end cap.

The utilization factor for the end cap is obtained using the limiting tri-axial strain in the material curve as shown in Figure 100 and reading out the corresponding stress.

Figure 100: Design limit for the end cap.

99

Chapter 5 Main shell calculations:

Calculations

The quantities needed for the main shell calculations are presented in Figure 101, Figure 102, Figure 103, Figure 104 and Figure 105.

Figure 101: Equivalent stress for the main shell.

Figure 102: Maximum principal stress for the main shell.

Figure 103: Middle principal stress for the main shell.

Figure 104: Minimum principal stress for the main shell.

Figure 105: Equivalent plastic strain for the main shell.

100

Chapter 5 Quantities needed for the main shell calculations:

Calculations

The plastic strain present in the main shell is (2,4375E-5), hence the following strain criteria are satisfied and the protection against local failure is considered fulfilled for the main shell.

The utilization factor for the main shell is obtained using the limiting tri-axial strain in the material curve as shown in Figure 106 and reading out the corresponding stress.

Figure 106: Design limit for the main shell.

101

Chapter 5 Nozzle calculations:

Calculations

The quantities needed for the nozzle calculations are presented in Figure 107, Figure 108, Figure 109, Figure 110 and Figure 111.

Figure 107: Equivalent stress for the nozzle.

Figure 108: Maximum principal stress for the nozzle.

Figure 109: Middle principal stress for the nozzle.

Figure 110: Minimum principal stress for the nozzle.

Figure 111: Equivalent plastic strain for the nozzle.

102

Chapter 5 Quantities needed for the nozzle calculations:

Calculations

The plastic strain present in the nozzle is (1,1637E-3), hence the following strain criteria are satisfied and the protection against local failure is considered fulfilled for the nozzle.

The utilization factor for the nozzle is obtained using the limiting tri-axial strain in the material curve as shown in Figure 112 and reading out the corresponding stress.

Figure 112: Design limit for the nozzle.

103

Chapter 5 5.3.2 Heavy wall construction 5.3.2.1 Factored loading conditions The factored loading condition to consider in this case is:

Calculations

Where: P is the operating pressure of 200 bar. Ps is the static head from liquid or bulk materials, in this case zero due to the content being gas. D is the weight of the vessel accounted for by standard earth gravity of 9,8066 m/s2. L is the live loading applied to the nozzle of 30000 N. T and SS are not applicable and therefore set to zero. The factored loading condition and boundary conditions are illustrated in Figure 113. Here the frictionless support (B) is fixed in x-direction and accounts for the symmetry conditions. The displacement (C) is set to zero for the x and z component to prevent the vessel from rotating. The frictionless support (D) is fixed in y-direction and accounts for the vessel standing on the floor. The nozzle load (E) is half the total nozzle load due to symmetry conditions. The acceleration (F) accounts for the factored weight of the vessel.

Figure 113: Factored loading condition and boundary conditions.

104

Chapter 5 5.3.2.2 Protection against plastic collapse

Calculations

The solution converges for the factored loading condition considered, hence the pressure vessel will not sustain plastic collapse, and protection against plastic collapse is considered fulfilled according to 2.3 Elastic-plastic Analysis ASME VIII div. 2; 2010. The full calculation report is available in APPENDIX I. 5.3.2.3 Protection against local failure If the following equation is satisfied at the location being investigated the component is considered protected against local failure.

Heat treatment is assumed performed therefore

The limiting tri-axial strain must be determined for each location being investigated. The limiting tri-axial strain is determined by the following equation:

The quantities (

and

) are determined from (table 5.7) Figure 43 , Ref /12/.

105

Chapter 5 End cap calculations:

Calculations

The quantities needed for the end cap calculations are presented in Figure 114, Figure 115, Figure 116, Figure 117 and Figure 118.

Figure 114: Equivalent stress for the end cap.

Figure 115: Maximum principal stress for the end cap.

Figure 116: Middle principal stress for the end cap.

Figure 117: Minimum principal stress for the end cap.

Figure 118: Equivalent plastic strain for the end cap.

106

Chapter 5 Quantities needed for the end cap calculations:

Calculations

There is no plastic strain present in the pressure vessel end cap, hence the following strain criteria are satisfied and the protection against local failure is fulfilled for the end cap.

The utilization factor for the end cap is obtained using the limiting tri-axial strain in the material curve as shown in Figure 119 and reading out the corresponding stress.

Figure 119: Design limit for the end cap.

107

Chapter 5 Main shell calculations:

Calculations

The quantities needed for the main shell calculations are presented in Figure 120, Figure 121, Figure 122, Figure 123 and Figure 124.

Figure 120: Equivalent stress for the main shell.

Figure 121: Maximum principal stress for the main shell.

Figure 122: Middle principal stress for the main shell.

Figure 123: Minimum principal stress for the main shell.

Figure 124: Equivalent plastic strain for the main shell.

108

Chapter 5 Quantities needed for the main shell calculations:

Calculations

The plastic strain present in the main shell is (2,15E-4), hence the following strain criteria are satisfied and the protection against local failure is considered fulfilled for the main shell.

The utilization factor for the main shell is obtained using the limiting tri-axial strain in the material curve as shown in Figure 125 and reading out the corresponding stress.

Figure 125: Design limit for the main shell.

109

Chapter 5 Nozzle calculations:

Calculations

The quantities needed for the nozzle calculations are presented in Figure 126, Figure 127, Figure 128, Figure 129 and Figure 130.

Figure 126: Equivalent stress for the nozzle.

Figure 127: Maximum principal stress for the nozzle.

Figure 128: Middle principal stress for the nozzle.

Figure 129: Minimum principal stress for the nozzle.

Figure 130: Equivalent plastic strain for the nozzle.

110

Chapter 5 Quantities needed for the nozzle calculations:

Calculations

The plastic strain present in the nozzle is (2,087E-3), hence the following strain criteria are satisfied and the protection against local failure is considered fulfilled for the nozzle.

The utilization factor for the nozzle is obtained using the limiting tri-axial strain in the material curve as shown in Figure 131 and reading out the corresponding stress.

Figure 131: Analysis limit for the nozzle.

111

Chapter 5

Calculations

5.4 Summary
The best afford is made to obtain the calculation results as accurate as possible using the respective standard. All results have been evaluated as specified in the code and interpreted with the best possible engineering judgments. The Direct Route, NS-EN 13445 clearly gives more conservative results than the Elastic-plastic stress analysis, ASME VIII div. 2. The method requiring the absolute shortest set-up and calculation time is the Elastic stress analysis, ASME VIII div. 2. Using this method also makes it very easy to interpret the results as the code offers clear comparison limits. The Elastic-plastic stress analysis, ASME VIII div. 2 is not affected by local stress concentrations, and offer the great advantage of utilizing the structure`s plastic capacity resulting in a more optimized design. However the time required for set-up and calculations is significant. The results obtained are presented in table format in the following section of the thesis.

5.5 Comparison of results

Utilization factor of the different components against various design limits Thin wall pressure vessel (35 mm @ 100 bar) Main shell End cap Nozzle Analysis type and method DBF, VVD 0,595 0,574 0,597 DBA, Direct Route, NS-EN 13445 0,850 0,697 1,2405 DBA, Elastic stress analysis, ASME VIII div. 2 0,593 0,581 1,1816 (0,267) DBA, Elastic-plastic stress analysis, ASME VIII div. 27 0,422 0,388 0,437 Average 0,585 0,929 0,785 0,416

Utilization factor of the different components against various design limits Heavy wall pressure vessel (70 mm @ 200 bar) Main shell End cap Nozzle Analysis type and method DBF, VVD 0,595 0,551 0,481 DBA, Direct Route, NS-EN 13445 1,010 0,779 1,5705 DBA, Elastic stress analysis, ASME VIII div. 2 0,668 0,458 1,6286 (0,304) DBA, Elastic-plastic stress analysis, ASME VIII div. 27 0,438 0,408 0,412

Average 0,544 1,1208 0,918 0,419

Notes:
5 6

The complete pressure vessel is considered acceptable even though the nozzle itself fails the test. The nozzle is considered acceptable according to the local failure criteria. The utilization factor for the nozzle according to the local failure criteria is presented in parentheses. 7 The pressure vessel design is acceptable according to the protection against plastic collapse due to a converging solution. The utilization factors are obtained from the protection against local failure criterion. 8 The heavy wall pressure vessel utilization factor indicates that the design should be re-evaluated according to this method.

112

Chapter 6

Comments

CHAPTER 6 COMMENTS
6.1 Pressure vessel failure
One should always remember that the way pressure vessels will fail has never changed even if the methods for calculations, codes or standards sometimes do change. The most common pressure vessel failure modes are illustrated in Figure 1329. When evaluating calculation or analysis results good engineering judgment should be used to conclude if the results make any sense or that they are reasonable compared to real anticipate physical behavior.

Figure 132: Pressure vessel failure modes.

6.2 Comments
Normally there is no reason to assume that the design resulting from one method is better than the design resulting from another method, especially if the method has been widely used and the designs have performed satisfactorily. Sometimes there might be reasons to prefer or reject a method on technical background. For example, if large stress concentrations are expected in a structure, an elastic-plastic analysis method is recommended. For a total new and unproven design for which no previous experience exists, it would be wise to use different methods and compare the results. Remember DO NOT mix the codes, this could cause SERIOUS design errors. It will probably not be possible to resolve all conflicts between the different acceptable design approaches, but an attempt should be made to ensure consistency as far as possible. If several examples from different sources suggest that a method is too conservative or that it generates nonconservative results, a proper adjustment should be made. Possible adjustment could be a change in the methodology, or a change in factors of safety.

The picture is taken from the front of a Strathclyde training course leaflet from 1973.

113

Chapter 6 6.2.1 Direct Route NS-EN 13445; 2009

Comments

The Direct Route method assesses the entire structure and therefore the calculation time might be considerable. Interpreting the results require a great amount of experience especially for geometrical complex models where stress concentrations might occur. Incorrect interpretation of the analysis results might cause an over conservative design due to the local stress concentrations being incorporated in the utilization factor calculations. The use of partial safety factors might give an incorrect (to conservative) picture of the combined load cases for the pressure vessel, especially if the load picture is complex. 6.2.2 Elastic Stress Analysis ASME VIII div. 2; 2010 The Elastic Stress analysis method is very quick both in terms of set up and calculation time. It is very easy to use, and the code offers clear guidelines for comparison limits and acceptance criterions. The main problem with this method is that the calculations are ONLY done along the stress classification lines (or paths). Therefore the analysis result is strongly dependent on the placement of these lines. Failing to create a path through a weak zone in the pressure vessel might cause serious design errors. Identifying the correct zones for the stress classification lines requires great experience of structural analysis. The linearization procedure might fail for structures with significant non-linear variation in the through thickness stress gradient. (E.g. heavy wall pressure vessels or structures with complex geometry). 6.2.3 Elastic-plastic Analysis ASME VIII div. 2; 2010 The main drawback with this method is the time required to perform an analysis of the model. The true stress-true strain material curve has to be constructed for each material type present in the structure. For the protection against plastic collapse no utilization factor is obtained, either the solution converges and the design is acceptable or the solution does not converge and the design is not acceptable and modifications are required. However the utilization factor can be obtained from the protection against local failure but the calculations take considerable time. A great advantage with this method is that the plastic capacity of the material is utilized which could lead to a more optimized design in terms of material costs. The large deformation consideration in combination with constructed material curves presents a model which is closer to the structures real behavior.

114

Chapter 7

Conclusions and further studies

CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER STUDIES

7.1 Conclusions
As mentioned in the thesis there is no reason to assume that the design resulting from one method is better than the design resulting from another method, especially if the method has been widely used and the designs have performed satisfactorily. However there are significant differences and limitations to be aware of. Direct Route NS-EN 13445; 2009 o Offers limited descriptions and require a great amount of experience when interpreting the results. o Incorrect interpreting of the results might cause an over conservative design due to local stress concentrations being incorporated in the utilization factor calculations. o For cases with complex load picture the design might be too conservative. o In this comparison investigation this method represents the most conservative results. Elastic Stress Analysis ASME VIII div. 2; 2010 o Evaluates stresses only along the stress classification line and therefore the results are greatly dependent on the correct placement of these lines. Incorrect placement might cause the acceptance of non-conservative results. o The modeling time and calculation time is by far the shortest of the methods considered, thus for simple structures significant savings in terms of cost related to time usage might be achieved. o The linearization procedure might fail for structures with a significant non-linear variation in the through thickness stress gradient. Elastic-plastic Analysis ASME VIII div. 2; 2010 o Requires a great deal of time for modeling and the calculation time might be considerable for geometric complex structures. The calculations require high performance computing power, thus expensive computer equipment are needed. o A great advantage with this method is that the plastic capacity of the material is utilized which could lead to a more optimized design in terms of material costs. o The constructed material curves represent a model which is closer to the structures` real behavior. o In this comparison investigation this method represents the least conservative results.

7.1.1 Flow chart for method selection The experience gained during the work with this thesis along with the calculation results obtained were used to construct a flow chart for simplified method selection. The intention is to use this flow chart in combination with the theoretical information, and examples given in this thesis, as a simplified guide to pressure vessel design. Pictures used in the flow chart are previously used in this thesis and therefore no references are made. The complex pressure vessel picture in the flow chart is the internal of a nuclear reactor, Ref /18/.

115

Chapter 7

Conclusions and further studies

116

Chapter 7

Conclusions and further studies

7.2 Further Studies

Due to time and size constrains for this master thesis only one design check for each method were investigated and the results compared, namely the check for total plastic collapse called: Gross Plastic Deformation design check by NS-EN 13445; 2009. Protection against plastic collapse by ASME VIII div. 2; 2010. o Protection against local failure by ASME VIII div. 2; 2010.

It is suggested (strongly recommended) to repeat the same procedure as presented in this thesis for the other design checks mentioned in the different standards, comparing the results and evaluating and commenting upon any differences discovered. Thus comparing: Progressive Plastic Deformation design check by NS-EN 13445; 2009. o Fatigue failure design check by NS-EN 13445; 2009. Protection against failure from cyclic loading by ASME VIII div. 2; 2010. o Ratcheting assessment by ASME VIII div. 2; 2010.

And: Instability design check by NS-EN 13445; 2009. Protection against collapse from buckling by ASME VIII div. 2; 2010.

117

References

REFERENCES

/1/ /2/ /3/ /4/ /5/

/6/ /7/ /8/ /9/

/10/ /11/ /12/ /13/ /14/

/15/ /16/ /17/ /18/

Boresi, A. P. and Schmidt, R. J.; Advanced Mechanics of Materials, sixth edition, John Wiley and Sons, 2003. Dassault Systmes SolidWorks Corp.; Understanding Non-linear Analysis, 2008. Institution of mechanical engineers; Advanced design and life assessment methods for pressure plants, London, 2010. Porter M. A., Reinhardt W. D., Martens D. H.; Comparison of limit load, linear and non-linear FE analysis of a typical vessel nozzle, 2001. Peng-fei LIU, Jin-yang ZHENG, Li MA, Cun-jian MIAO, Lin-lin WU; Calculations of plastic collapse load of pressure vessel using FEA, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. European Committee for Standardization; NS-EN 13445; 2009, Unfired Pressure vessels, Brussels. Union de Normalisation de la Mcanique, Background to the rules in Part 3 of EN 13445, 2004. Det Norske Veritas; DNV-OS-F101, Offshore pressure containing components, Oslo, 2010. Zeman, J. L., The European Approach to Design by Analysis, Institute for Pressure Vessel and Plant Technology, Proceedings of the 2002 ASME PVP Conference Vancouver, Canada. Zeman, J.L., Preiss, R., The Deviatoric Map a simple tool to design by analysis, International Journal of Pressure Vessels and piping, 1999. Weichert, D, A historical view on the development of shakedown theory, Presentation, Institute of General Mechanics RWTH Aachen University, Graz, 2011. ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) VIII div. 2; 2007/2010, Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, New York. ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) II Part D; 2007, Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Material properties, New York. Mackenzie, D., The Finite Element Method in Pressure Vessel Design by Analysis, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, presented at FENet conference in Budapest, 2005. Bushnell, D., Computational Buckling Analysis of Shells, Martinus Nijhof Publishers, 1985. OhmTech AS, Visual Vessel Design, user manual, 2005, http://www.ohmtech.no/ Learning Autodesk Inventor, Official training guide, Vol. 1 and vol. 2, 2010. Scanscot Technology Nuclear Engineering, http://www.scanscot.com/services/nuclear-engineering/ .

118

Appendix

APPENDIX
APPENDIX A: Set of construction drawings o 2 sheets of A3 paper APPENDIX B: Calculation report from VVD (35 mm @ 100 bar) o 26 pages APPENDIX C: Calculation report from VVD (70 mm @ 200 bar) o 26 pages APPENDIX D: Calculation report from ANSYS, Direct Route NS-EN 13445; 2009, Gross plastic deformation (35 mm @ 100 bar) o 13 pages APPENDIX E: Calculation report from ANSYS, Direct Route NS-EN 13445; 2009, Gross plastic deformation (70 mm @ 200 bar) o 13 pages APPENDIX F: Calculation report from ANSYS, Elastic Stress Analysis - ASME VIII div. 2; 2010, Protection against plastic collapse (35 mm @ 100 bar) o 25 pages APPENDIX G: Calculation report from ANSYS, Elastic Stress Analysis - ASME VIII div. 2; 2010, Protection against plastic collapse (70 mm @ 200 bar) o 25 pages APPENDIX H: Calculation report from ANSYS, Elastic - plastic Stress Analysis, ASME VIII div. 2; 2010, Protection against plastic collapse (35 mm @ 100 bar) o 20 pages APPENDIX I: Calculation report from ANSYS Elastic - plastic Stress Analysis, ASME VIII div. 2; 2010, Protection against plastic collapse (70 mm @ 200 bar) o 20 pages

119

APPENDIX
APPENDIX ................................................................................................................................................. i APPENDIX A: Set of construction drawings ............................................................................................. A APPENDIX B: Calculation report from VVD (35 mm @ 100 bar) ............................................................. B APPENDIX C: Calculation report from VVD (70 mm @ 200 bar) ............................................................. C APPENDIX D: Calculation report from ANSYS, Direct Route - NS-EN 13445; 2009, Gross plastic deformation (35 mm @ 100 bar) ............................................................................................................D APPENDIX E: Calculation report from ANSYS, Direct Route - NS-EN 13445; 2009 Gross plastic deformation (70 mm @ 200 bar) ............................................................................................................ E APPENDIX F: Calculation report from ANSYS, Elastic Stress Analysis - ASME VIII div. 2; 2010, Protection against plastic collapse (35 mm @ 100 bar)...........................................................................F APPENDIX G: Calculation report from ANSYS Elastic Stress Analysis, ASME VIII div. 2; 2010, Protection against plastic collapse (70 mm @ 200 bar)............................................................................................G APPENDIX H: Calculation report from ANSYS, Elastic - plastic Stress Analysis, ASME VIII div. 2; 2010, Protection against plastic collapse (35 mm @ 100 bar)..........................................................................H APPENDIX I: Calculation report from ANSYS Elastic - plastic Stress Analysis, ASME VIII div. 2; 2010, Protection against plastic collapse (70 mm @ 200 bar)........................................................................... I

APPENDIX A: Set of construction drawings

12

11

10

4 NOTES:

H 78.2

A
6 44 108

200

25

35

200

G 89

129 229

127

496

158.5

1000

158.5

A
496 566 E 1 1317 6 2 E

A-A ( 1 : 6 )
4

191
25

241

B
Parts List ITEM QTY PART NUMBER 1 1 Main shell 2 4 2 1 End cap 3 inch Weldneck Flange 900 RF TITLE Main shell End cap 3" Weldneck Flange 900# RF MASS 454,739 kg 85,938 kg 13,329 kg MATERIAL C Steel Steel Steel

B(1:3)

6 7
CLIENT

1 1

Reinforcement pad2 Nozzle2

COMPANY

5,679 kg 8,302 kg

Carbon Steel Carbon Steel B

Thin wall configuration

CONTR. No. SCALE PROJECT SYSTEM / AREA ESTIMATED WEIGHT TITLE PROJECT No. ORIG. CODE DISC DRAW CODE SEQUENCE No.

-01 01
SHEET No. REV. SIZE

654 kg

A1
PRO

DRAWN BY

DRAWING START DATE

TOT. No. OF SHEETS

A
CLIENT REV. REV. DATE DESCRIPTION

frodet
Prep'd Chec'd CONTRACTOR Appr'd COMPANY
PART No. CLIENT DRAWING No.

1
CLIENT REV.

Main assembly 3 2

Add Client Drw. No. In Keyword Field 1

12

11

10

12

11

10

4 NOTES:

78.2

A
6 54 124

200

70 G 89 133 135.3 235.3

40

200

496

193.5

1000

193.5

A
496 636

E 1387 1

A-A ( 1 : 6 ) B
5

203

267
32

B(1:3)

Parts List ITEM QTY PART NUMBER TITLE MASS MATERIAL 1 1 Main shell Main shell 969,133 kg Steel 2 2 End cap End cap 200,486 kg Steel 5 1 3 inch Weldneck 3 inch Weldneck Flange 19,175 kg Steel Flange 1500 RF 1500 RF 6 1 Reinforcement pad 0,000 kg Carbon thick2 Steel 7 1 Nozzle thick2 0,000 kg Carbon CLIENT COMPANY Steel B

Thick wall configuration

CONTR. No. SCALE PROJECT SYSTEM / AREA ESTIMATED WEIGHT TITLE PROJECT No. ORIG. CODE DISC DRAW CODE SEQUENCE No.

-01 01
SHEET No. REV. SIZE

1389 kg

A1
PRO

DRAWN BY

DRAWING START DATE

TOT. No. OF SHEETS

A
CLIENT REV. REV. DATE DESCRIPTION

frodet
Prep'd Chec'd CONTRACTOR Appr'd COMPANY
PART No. CLIENT DRAWING No.

1
CLIENT REV.

Main assembly 3 2

Add Client Drw. No. In Keyword Field 1

12

11

10

APPENDIX B: Calculation report from VVD (35 mm @ 100 bar)

IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Operator : Rev.:A Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c

1 Drawing

Drawing
3D View of Vessel (alter by using the Save User Specified View command)

History of Revisions

History of Revisions
Rev A A A A ID E2.1 E2.2 N.1 S1.1 Component Type Ellipsoidal End Ellipsoidal End Nozzle,Forging (LWN) Cylindrical Shell Comp. Description End cap End cap Nozzle Main Shell DATE & TIME 17 Apr. 2012 17:19 17 Apr. 2012 17:19 17 Apr. 2012 17:19 17 Apr. 2012 17:19

A
3

Design Data & Process Information

First Issue

28 Mar. 2012 12:26

Design Data & Process Information

Description Process Card Design Code & Specifications Internal Design Pressure (MPa) External Design Pressure (MPa) Hydrotest Pressure (MPa) Maximum Design Temperature ('C) Minimum Design Temperature ('C) Operating Temperature ('C) Corrosion Allowance (mm) Content of Vessel Specific Density of Oper.Liq
4 Weight & Volume of Vessel

Units

Design Data General Design Data ASME VIII Div.1:2007 A09 10 0 100 20 1 1

MPa MPa MPa 'C 'C 'C mm

4 Weight & Volume of Vessel

Page: 1

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Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Operator : Rev.:A Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c

Weight & Volume of Vessel

ID S1.1 N.1 E2.1 E2.2 Total No. 1 1 1 1 4 Wt-UnFinish. 459.0 kg 31.0 kg 84.0 kg 84.0 kg 658.0 kg Wt-Finished 455.4 kg 31.0 kg 84.0 kg 84.0 kg 654.4 kg Weights 687 kg 916 kg 804 kg Tot.Volume 0.196 m3 0.001 m3 0.016 m3 0.016 m3 0.229 m3 Test.Liq.Wt 196.0 kg 1.0 kg 16.0 kg 16.0 kg 229.0 kg Oper.Liq.Wt 96.6 kg 0.0 kg 10.3 kg 10.3 kg 117.3 kg

Weight Summary/Condition Empty Weight of Vessel incl. 5% Contingency Total Test Weight of Vessel (Testing with Water) Total Operating Weight of Vessel
5 Center of Gravity

Center of Gravity
ID S1.1 N.1 E2.1 E2.2 X-Empty -2 376 0 0 Y-Empty 0 0 0 0 Z-Empty 599 600 38 1162 X-Test 0 352 0 0 X 16 12 -2 Y-Test 0 0 0 0 Z-Test 600 600 54 1146 Y 0 0 0 X-Oper -105 352 -100 -100 Z 599 600 600 Y-Oper 0 0 0 0 Z-Oper 600 600 -2 1202

CENTER OF GRAVITY AT CONDITIONS BELOW Empty Vessel Test Condition of Vessel (Testing with Water) Operating Condition of Vessel
6 Max. Allowable Pressure MAWP

Max. Allowable Pressure MAWP

ID S1.1 N.1 E2.1 E2.2 Comp. Type Cylindrical Shell Nozzle,Forging (LWN) Ellipsoidal End Ellipsoidal End MAWP Liq.Head 0.000 MPa 0.000 MPa 0.000 MPa 0.000 MPa MAWP New & Cold 17.488 MPa 29.000 MPa 18.666 MPa 18.666 MPa 17.488 MPa MAWP Hot & Corr. 16.949 MPa 27.875 MPa 18.124 MPa 18.124 MPa 16.949 MPa

Note : Other components may limit the MAWP than the ones checked above. Note : The value for MAWP is at top of vessel, with static liquid head subtracted.
7 Test Pressure

Test Pressure
UG-99(b) REQUIRED MINIMUM TEST PRESSURE. TEST PRESSURE OF VESSEL - NEW & COLD - HORIZONTAL
Design Pressure.........................: Design Temperature......................:
ID S1.1 N.1 N.1 E2.1 E2.2 Description Cylindrical Shell-Main Shell 3" ANSI B16.5 900 lbs WN -RF Raised Face Nozzle,Forging (LWN)Nozzle Ellipsoidal End-End cap Ellipsoidal End-End cap Pdesign 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 PtMax 29.423 23.096 49.000 31.521 31.521 PtMin 13.000 NA NA 13.000 13.000

10.000 MPa 100.0 C

Wat.Head 0.008 0.003 0.003 0.005 0.008 PtTop 12.992 NA NA 12.995 12.992 PtTopMax 29.415 23.092 48.997 31.516 31.513

7 Test Pressure

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IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Operator : Rev.:A Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c

HYDRO-TEST
REQUIRED TEST PRESSURE AT TOP OF VESSEL PtReq(Hydro Test) ......: MAXIMUM TEST PRESSURE AT TOP OF VESSEL PtLim(Hydro Test) .......: Note : Other components may limit Ptlim than the ones checked above. NOMENCLATURE: Pdesign- is the design pressure including liquid head at the part under consideration. PtMax - is the maximum allowed test pressure determined at the part under consideration. PtMin - is the required test pressure determined at the part under consideration. Wat.Head - is the water head during hydrotesting at the part under consideration. PtBot - is the required test pressure at bottom of the vessel, for the part under consideration. PtTop - is the required test pressure at top of the vessel, for the part under consideration. PtTopMax - is the maximum test pressure allowed at top of the vessel, for the part under consideration. PtReq - is the required minimum test pressure (largest value of PtTop) at top of vessel for the listed components. PtLim - is the maximum allowed test pressure (minimum value for PtTopMax) at top of vessel for the listed components.
8 Bill of Materials

13.000 MPa 23.092 MPa

Bill of Materials
ID E2.1 E2.2 N.1 No 1 1 1 Description Ellipsoidal End-End cap Ellipsoidal End-End cap Flange:ANSI B16.5:Class 900 lbs Nozzle,Forging (LWN)Nozzle Component Dimensions Do= 566, t= 35, h= 158.5, SemiEllipsoidal Head R:h 2:1 Do= 566, t= 35, h= 158.5, SemiEllipsoidal Head R:h 2:1 WN Welding Neck, 1a RF Raised Face Material Standard ID 1, SA-516(M) Gr.70, K02700 Plate ID 1, SA-516(M) Gr.70, K02700 Plate 1.1 - Carbon Steel - A105, A515 70, A516 70, A350 LF2 (BS 1503 164 490, BS 1504 161 480) ID 1, SA-516(M) Gr.70, K02700 Plate ID 1, SA-516(M) Gr.70, K02700 Plate ID 1, SA-516(M) Gr.70, K02700 Plate

N.1 N.1 S1.1

9 Notes, Warning & Error Messages

1 1 1

3" do=127,t=25.39,L=243.5,ho=200,PAD OD=229 Reinforcement Pad PAD OD=229, wt= 25, width= 50 Cylindrical Shell-Main Shell Do= 566, t= 35, L= 1000

Notes, Warning & Error Messages

ID & Comp. Description S1.1 Cylindrical Shell Main Shell N.1 Nozzle,Forging (LWN) Nozzle E2.1 Ellipsoidal End End cap E2.2 Ellipsoidal End End cap WARNING: UCS-79 EXTREME FIBER ELONGATION EXCEEDS 5%, HEAT TREATMENT MAY BE REQUIRED. WARNING: UCS-79 EXTREME FIBER ELONGATION EXCEEDS 5%, HEAT TREATMENT MAY BE REQUIRED. NOTE: Pad thickness is less than recommended minimum value of 75% of shell thickness. WARNING: UCS-79 EXTREME FIBER ELONGATION EXCEEDS 5%, HEAT TREATMENT MAY BE REQUIRED. Notes/Warnings/Error Messages

TOTAL No. OF ERRORS/WARNINGS : 3

10 Nozzle List

Nozzle List

10 Nozzle List

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IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Operator : Rev.:A Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c

ID

Service

SIZE

STANDARD/CLASS ANSI B16.5 900 lbs WN -RF Raised Face CLASS :900 LWN Long Welding Neck

ID

Standout

Rot.

Orient.

N.1
11 Nozzle Loads

Nozzle

3"

78.19

200

265.5

600

Radial

Nozzle Loads
ID N.1
12 Maximum Component Utilization -

Load Desc. Nozzle

Nozzle Loads Fz=30kN,My=0,Mx=0,Mt=0kNm,Fl=0,Fc=0kN

Maximum Component Utilization - Umax

ID S1.1 N.1 E2.1 E2.2 Comp.Type Cylindrical Shell Nozzle,Forging (LWN) Ellipsoidal End Ellipsoidal End Umax(%) 59.5% 59.7% 57.4% 57.4% Limited by Internal Pressure PhiAll AT EDGE OF PAD Internal Pressure Internal Pressure

Component with highest utilization

13 Material Data/Mechanical Properties

Umax = 59.7% N.1

Nozzle

Average utilization of all components Umean= 58.5%

Material Data/Mechanical Properties

ID 1 Material Name SA-516(M) Gr.70, K02700 Plate , SG=7.85 Temp 100 ST 485 SY 260 SYd 239 S_d 138.6 Sr 138.6 ftest 234 E-mod 0 Note

Notation: Thickness in mm, stress in N/mm2, temperature in deg.C TG : Test Group 1 to 4 Max.T: Maximum thickness for this stress set, 0 or 999 = No limit specified S/C : CS = Carbon Steel, SS = Stainless Steel SG : SG = Specific Gravity (Water = 1.0) ST : MIN.TENSILE STRENGTH at room temp. SY : MIN. YIELD STRENGTH at room temp. SYd : MIN. YIELD STRENGTH at calc.temp. S_d : DESIGN STRESS at calc.temp. Sr : DESIGN STRESS at room temp.
14 Comp.Location in Global Coord.System

Comp.Location in Global Coord.System

ID E2.1 E2.2 N.1 S1.1 Comp. Type Ellipsoidal End Ellipsoidal End Nozzle,Forging (LWN) Cylindrical Shell X 0 0 266 0 Y 0 0 0 0 Z 100 1100 600 100 Teta 0.0 0.0 90.0 0.0 Phi 0.0 0.0 360.0 0.0 ConnID S1.1 S1.1 S1.1

The report above shows the location of the connecting point (x, y and z) for each component referenced to the coordinate system of the connecting component (ConnID). The connecting point (x, y and z) is always on the center axis of rotational symmetry for the component under consideration, i.e. the connecting point for a nozzle connected to a cylindrical shell will be at the intersection of the nozzle center axis and the mid thickness of the shell referenced to the shell s coordinate system. In addition the orientation of the the center axis of the component is given by the two angles Teta and Phi, where Teta is the angle between the center axis of the two components and Phi is the orientation in the x-y plane

14 Comp.Location in Global Coord.System

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IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Operator : Rev.:A Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c

The basis for the coordinate system used by the software is a right handed coordinate system with the z-axis as the center axis of rotational geometry for the components, and Teta as the Polar Angle and Phi as the Azimuthal Angle
15 MDMT Minimum Design Metal Temperature

MDMT Minimum Design Metal Temperature

Table : ID-Description E2.1 End cap - End E2.2 End cap - End N.1 Nozzle - Flange N.1 Nozzle - Nozzle N.1 Nozzle - Pad S1.1 Main Shell - Shell Table Continued ID-Description E2.1 End cap - End E2.2 End cap - End N.1 Nozzle - Flange N.1 Nozzle - Nozzle N.1 Nozzle - Pad S1.1 Main Shell - Shell T1(C) -27.9 -27.9 -28.8 -35.0 -35.2 -27.9 T2(C) -24.8 -24.8 0.0 -80.0 -23.7 -23.7 MDMT(C) -52.7 -52.7 -28.8 -115 -58.9 -51.6 Comments Material Normalized or Quenced and Tempered Material Normalized or Quenced and Tempered The ASME B16.5 nozzle flange has an unadjusted MDMT of -28.8 C Material Normalized or Quenced and Tempered Material Normalized or Quenced and Tempered Material Normalized or Quenced and Tempered Material Name SA-516(M) Gr.70, K02700 Plate SA-516(M) Gr.70, K02700 Plate 1.1 - Carbon Steel - A105, A515 70, A516 70, A350 LF2 (BS 1503 164 490, BS 1504 161 480) SA-516(M) Gr.70, K02700 Plate SA-516(M) Gr.70, K02700 Plate SA-516(M) Gr.70, K02700 Plate tn(mm) 35.0 35.0 0.0 25.4 25.0 35.0 tg(mm) 35.0 35.0 0.0 25.4 25.0 35.0 Ratio 0.57 0.57 3.52 0.12 0.59 0.59 E(*) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Curve D D NA D D D

MDMT CALCULATIONS PER UCS-66 MDMT Required : 20.0 C MDMT Lowest Allowable: -28.8 C NOMENCLATURE: tn - Nominal thickness of component under consideration(including corr. allow.). tg - Governing thickness of component under consideration. Ratio- tr*E(*)/(tn-c), utiliztion of component for given process conditions. tr - Required minimum thickness of component at calculation temperature of MDMT. E(*) - Joint efficiency factor, not lower than 0.8. Curve- Applicable curve A, B, C or D in Figure UCS-66. T1 - Unadjusted MDMT/Lowest allowable temperature for given part, value taken from Figure UCS-66 based on curve A, B, C or D. T2 - Reduction in MDMT without impact testing per Figure UCS-66.1. NOTES: UCS-68(c) If postweld heat treatment is performed when it is not otherwise a requirement, a 17C reduction in impact test exemption temp. may be given to the min. permissible temp. for P.no.1 materials. The maximum general primary stress in the pads are conservatively assumed to be the same as that in the corroded shell.

NOTE: LOWEST MDMT = -28.8 C (Warmest Value)

16 Utilization Chart

Utilization Chart
Utilization Chart

16 Utilization Chart

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IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Operator : Rev.:A Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c

17

Surface Area

Surface Area
Table Surface Area: ID S1.1 N.1 E2.1 E2.2 Total No. 1 1 1 1 4 Description Cylindrical Shell, Main Shell Nozzle,Forging (LWN), Nozzle Ellipsoidal End, End cap Ellipsoidal End, End cap Area Outside(m2) 1.778 0.080 0.324 0.324 2.506 Area Inside(m2) 1.571 0.048 0.286 0.286 2.191

Page: 6

IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Rev.:A Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c-01 Operator : ASME VIII Div.1:2007 A09 - UG-27 CYLINDRICAL SHELL S1.1 Main Shell 17 Apr. 2012 17:19
18 S1.1 Cylindrical Shell Main Shell

INPUT DATA
COMPONENT ATTACHMENT/LOCATION GENERAL DESIGN DATA
PRESSURE LOADING: Design Component for Internal Pressure Only PROCESS CARD: General Design Data : Temp= 100C, P=10.000 MPa, c= 1 mm, Pext=0.000 MPa

SHELL DATA
CYLINDER FABRICATION: Plate Material DIAMETER INPUT: Base Design on Shell Inside Diameter SA-516(M) Gr.70, K02700 Plate THK<=0mm 100'C ST=485 SY=260 SYd=239 S=138.57 Sr=138.57 Stest=234 (N/mm2) WELD JOINT EFFICIENCY FACTOR: Full RT UW-11(a) Type 1 (E=1.0) INSIDE SHELL DIAMETER (corroded)....................:Di 500.00 mm LENGTH OF CYLINDRICAL PART OF SHELL.................:Lcyl 1000.00 mm AS BUILT WALL THICKNESS (uncorroded)................:tn 35.00 mm NEGATIVE TOLERANCE/THINNING ALLOWANCE...............:th 1.00 mm Split shell into several shell courses and include welding information: NO

CALCULATION DATA
UG-27 - CYLINDRICAL SHELLS UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE
Inside Radius of Shell R = Di / 2 =500/2= 250.00 mm

Thin Cylinder Check P=10 <= 0.385 * S * E=53.35[MPa] OK

Required Minimum Shell Thickness Excl.Allow. tmin : tmin = P * R / (S * E - 0.6 * P) =10*250/(138.57*1-0.6*10)= (UG-27(1)) 18.86 mm

Thin Cylinder Check tmin=18.86 < 0.5 * R=125[mm]

Required Minimum Shell Thickness Incl.Allow. : tmina = tmin + c + th =18.86+1+1= Analysis Thickness ta = tn - c - th =35-1-1=

OK
20.86 mm 33.00 mm

Internal Pressure tmina=20.86 <= tn=35[mm]

(U= 59.5%) OK

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE MAWP :

Outside Diameter of Shell Do = Di + 2 * ta =500+2*33= Outside Radius of Shell Ro = Do / 2 =566/2= MAWP HOT & CORR. (Corroded condition at design temp.) MAWPHC = S * E * ta / (R + 0.6 * ta) =138.57*1*33/(250+0.6*33)= MAWP NEW & COLD (Uncorroded condition at ambient temp.) MAWPNC = Sr * E * (ta + c) / (R - c + 0.6 * (ta + c)) =138.57*1*(33+1)/(250-1+0.6*(33+1))= 566.00 mm 283.00 mm 16.95 MPa

17.49 MPa

MAX TEST PRESSURE (Uncorroded cond.at ambient temp.)

MAX TEST PRESSURE (Uncorroded cond.at ambient temp.) Ptmax = SYtest * Etest * (ta + c) / (R + 0.6 * (ta + c)) =234*1*(33+1)/(250+0.6*(33+1))= 29.42 MPa

18 S1.1

Cylindrical Shell

Main Shell

Umax= 59.5%

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IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Rev.:A Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c-01 Operator : ASME VIII Div.1:2007 A09 - UG-27 CYLINDRICAL SHELL S1.1 Main Shell 17 Apr. 2012 17:19
Ptmin = 1.3 * Pd * Sr / S =1.3*10*138.57/138.57=

UG-99(b) REQUIRED MINIMUM TEST PRESSURE: NEW AT AMBIENT TEMP. Ptmin

13.00 MPa

Test Pressure Ptmin=13 <= Ptmax=29.42[MPa] UCS-79 Extreme Fiber Elongation

fext = 50 * tn / Rf * (1 - Rf / INFINITY) =50*35/265.5*(1-265.5/Infinity)=

(U= 44.1%) OK

6.59 %

CALCULATION SUMMARY
UG-27 - CYLINDRICAL SHELLS UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE
Required Minimum Shell Thickness Excl.Allow. tmin : tmin = P * R / (S * E - 0.6 * P) =10*250/(138.57*1-0.6*10)= Required Minimum Shell Thickness Incl.Allow. : tmina = tmin + c + th =18.86+1+1= (UG-27(1)) 18.86 mm 20.86 mm

Internal Pressure tmina=20.86 <= tn=35[mm]

(U= 59.5%) OK
16.95 MPa

MAWP HOT & CORR. (Corroded condition at design temp.) MAWPHC = S * E * ta / (R + 0.6 * ta) =138.57*1*33/(250+0.6*33)= MAWP NEW & COLD (Uncorroded condition at ambient temp.) MAWPNC = Sr * E * (ta + c) / (R - c + 0.6 * (ta + c)) =138.57*1*(33+1)/(250-1+0.6*(33+1))=

17.49 MPa

MAX TEST PRESSURE (Uncorroded cond.at ambient temp.)

MAX TEST PRESSURE (Uncorroded cond.at ambient temp.) Ptmax = SYtest * Etest * (ta + c) / (R + 0.6 * (ta + c)) =234*1*(33+1)/(250+0.6*(33+1))= 29.42 MPa

Test Pressure Ptmin=13 <= Ptmax=29.42[MPa]

(U= 44.1%) OK

WARNING: UCS-79 EXTREME FIBER ELONGATION EXCEEDS 5%, HEAT TREATMENT MAY BE REQUIRED. Volume:0.2 m3 Weight:458.3 kg (SG= 7.85 )

18 S1.1

Cylindrical Shell

Main Shell

Umax= 59.5%

Page: 8

IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Rev.:A Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c-01 Operator : ASME VIII Div.1:2007 A09 - UG-27 CYLINDRICAL SHELL S1.1 Main Shell 17 Apr. 2012 17:19

18 S1.1

Cylindrical Shell

Main Shell

Umax= 59.5%

Page: 9

IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c-01 Operator : Rev.:A ASME VIII Div.1:2007 A09 - UG-32 ELLIPSOIDAL HEADS E2.1 End cap 17 Apr. 2012 17:19 ConnID:S1.1
19 E2.1 Ellipsoidal End End cap

INPUT DATA
COMPONENT ATTACHMENT/LOCATION
Attachment: S1.1 Cylindrical Shell Location: Along z-axis zo= 100 Main Shell

GENERAL DESIGN DATA

PRESSURE LOADING: Design Component for Internal Pressure Only PROCESS CARD: General Design Data : Temp= 100C, P=10.000 MPa, c= 1 mm, Pext=0.000 MPa

DIMENSIONS OF END
Design Diameter: Base Design on Inside Diameter Type of Ellipsoidal End: Semi-Ellipsoidal Head R:h 2:1 WELD JOINT EFFICIENCY FACTOR: Full RT UW-11(a) Type 1 (E=1.0) INSIDE SHELL DIAMETER (corroded)....................:Di LENGTH OF CYLINDRICAL PART OF END...................:Lcyl NEGATIVE TOLERANCE/THINNING ALLOWANCE...............:th AS BUILT THICKNESS OF HEAD/END (uncorroded).........:tn

498.00 0.00 1.00 35.00

mm mm mm mm

MATERIAL DATA FOR END

SA-516(M) Gr.70, K02700 Plate THK<=0mm 100'C ST=485 SY=260 SYd=239 S=138.57 Sr=138.57 Stest=234 (N/mm2) MODULUS OF ELASTICITY at design temp................:E 1,9993E05 N/mm2

CALCULATION DATA
UG-32(d) ELLIPSOIDAL HEADS UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE
Factor K from Appendix 1 Article 1-4(c) K = 1 =1= 1.00

Application of Rules for Ellipsoidal Heads: Geometry Check Di/2h=2 >= 1.0=1 Geometry Check Di/2h=2 <= 3.0=3

OK OK
(APP.1-4(c)) 18.10 mm 20.10 mm

Required Minimum Head Thickness Excl.Allow. tmin : tmin = P * Di * K / (2 * S * E - 0.2 * P) =10*498*1/(2*138.57*1-0.2*10)= Required Minimum End Thickness Incl.Allow. : tmina = tmin + c + th =18.1+1+1=

Internal Pressure tmina=20.1 <= tn=35[mm]

Analysis Thickness ta = tn - c - th =35-1-1= Outside Diameter of Shell Do = Di + 2 * (tn - c) =498+2*(35-1)= Mean Diameter of Shell Dm = (Do + Di) / 2 =(566+498)/2= h = Di / 4 + (tn - c) =498/4+(35-1)=

(U= 57.4%) OK
33.00 mm 566.00 mm 532.00 mm 158.50 mm

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE MAWP :NEW & COLD

Pmax = 2 * S * E * ta / (K * Di + 0.2 * ta) =2*138.57*1*34/(1*498+0.2*34)= 18.67 MPa

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE MAWP :HOT & CORR

Pmax = 2 * S * E * ta / (K * Di + 0.2 * ta) =2*138.57*1*33/(1*498+0.2*33)= 18.12 MPa

19 E2.1

Ellipsoidal End

End cap

Umax= 57.4%

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IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c-01 Operator : Rev.:A ASME VIII Div.1:2007 A09 - UG-32 ELLIPSOIDAL HEADS E2.1 End cap 17 Apr. 2012 17:19 ConnID:S1.1

MAX TEST PRESSURE (Uncorroded cond.at ambient temp.)

Pmax = 2 * S * E * ta / (K * Di + 0.2 * ta) =2*234*1*34/(1*498+0.2*34)= 31.52 MPa

UG-99(b) REQUIRED MINIMUM TEST PRESSURE: NEW AT AMBIENT TEMP. Ptmin

Ptmin = 1.3 * Pd * Sr / S =1.3*10*138.57/138.57= 13.00 MPa

Test Pressure Ptmin=13 <= Ptmax=31.52[MPa] UCS-79 Extreme Fiber Elongation

fext = 75 * tn / Rf * (1 - Rf / INFINITY) =75*35/87.615*(1-87.615/Infinity)=

(U= 41.2%) OK

29.96 %

CALCULATION SUMMARY
UG-32(d) ELLIPSOIDAL HEADS UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE
Required Minimum Head Thickness Excl.Allow. tmin : tmin = P * Di * K / (2 * S * E - 0.2 * P) =10*498*1/(2*138.57*1-0.2*10)= Required Minimum End Thickness Incl.Allow. : tmina = tmin + c + th =18.1+1+1= (APP.1-4(c)) 18.10 mm 20.10 mm

Internal Pressure tmina=20.1 <= tn=35[mm]

Pmax = 2 * S * E * ta / (K * Di + 0.2 * ta) =2*138.57*1*34/(1*498+0.2*34)=

(U= 57.4%) OK

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE MAWP :NEW & COLD

18.67 MPa

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE MAWP :HOT & CORR

Pmax = 2 * S * E * ta / (K * Di + 0.2 * ta) =2*138.57*1*33/(1*498+0.2*33)= 18.12 MPa

MAX TEST PRESSURE (Uncorroded cond.at ambient temp.)

Pmax = 2 * S * E * ta / (K * Di + 0.2 * ta) =2*234*1*34/(1*498+0.2*34)= 31.52 MPa

Test Pressure Ptmin=13 <= Ptmax=31.52[MPa]

(U= 41.2%) OK

WARNING: UCS-79 EXTREME FIBER ELONGATION EXCEEDS 5%, HEAT TREATMENT MAY BE REQUIRED. Volume:0.02 m3 Weight:83.8 kg (SG= 7.85 )

19 E2.1

Ellipsoidal End

End cap

Umax= 57.4%

Page: 11

IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c-01 Operator : Rev.:A ASME VIII Div.1:2007 A09 - UG-32 ELLIPSOIDAL HEADS E2.1 End cap 17 Apr. 2012 17:19 ConnID:S1.1

19 E2.1

Ellipsoidal End

End cap

Umax= 57.4%

Page: 12

IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c-01 Operator : Rev.:A ASME VIII Div.1:2007 A09 - UG-32 ELLIPSOIDAL HEADS E2.2 End cap 17 Apr. 2012 17:19 ConnID:S1.1
20 E2.2 Ellipsoidal End End cap

INPUT DATA
COMPONENT ATTACHMENT/LOCATION
Attachment: S1.1 Cylindrical Shell Location: Along z-axis z1= 1100 Main Shell

GENERAL DESIGN DATA

PRESSURE LOADING: Design Component for Internal Pressure Only PROCESS CARD: General Design Data : Temp= 100C, P=10.000 MPa, c= 1 mm, Pext=0.000 MPa

DIMENSIONS OF END
Design Diameter: Base Design on Inside Diameter Type of Ellipsoidal End: Semi-Ellipsoidal Head R:h 2:1 WELD JOINT EFFICIENCY FACTOR: Full RT UW-11(a) Type 1 (E=1.0) INSIDE SHELL DIAMETER (corroded)....................:Di LENGTH OF CYLINDRICAL PART OF END...................:Lcyl NEGATIVE TOLERANCE/THINNING ALLOWANCE...............:th AS BUILT THICKNESS OF HEAD/END (uncorroded).........:tn

498.00 0.00 1.00 35.00

mm mm mm mm

MATERIAL DATA FOR END

SA-516(M) Gr.70, K02700 Plate THK<=0mm 100'C ST=485 SY=260 SYd=239 S=138.57 Sr=138.57 Stest=234 (N/mm2) MODULUS OF ELASTICITY at design temp................:E 1,9993E05 N/mm2

CALCULATION DATA
UG-32(d) ELLIPSOIDAL HEADS UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE
Factor K from Appendix 1 Article 1-4(c) K = 1 =1= 1.00

Application of Rules for Ellipsoidal Heads: Geometry Check Di/2h=2 >= 1.0=1 Geometry Check Di/2h=2 <= 3.0=3

OK OK
(APP.1-4(c)) 18.10 mm 20.10 mm

Required Minimum Head Thickness Excl.Allow. tmin : tmin = P * Di * K / (2 * S * E - 0.2 * P) =10*498*1/(2*138.57*1-0.2*10)= Required Minimum End Thickness Incl.Allow. : tmina = tmin + c + th =18.1+1+1=

Internal Pressure tmina=20.1 <= tn=35[mm]

Analysis Thickness ta = tn - c - th =35-1-1= Outside Diameter of Shell Do = Di + 2 * (tn - c) =498+2*(35-1)= Mean Diameter of Shell Dm = (Do + Di) / 2 =(566+498)/2= h = Di / 4 + (tn - c) =498/4+(35-1)=

(U= 57.4%) OK
33.00 mm 566.00 mm 532.00 mm 158.50 mm

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE MAWP :NEW & COLD

Pmax = 2 * S * E * ta / (K * Di + 0.2 * ta) =2*138.57*1*34/(1*498+0.2*34)= 18.67 MPa

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE MAWP :HOT & CORR

Pmax = 2 * S * E * ta / (K * Di + 0.2 * ta) =2*138.57*1*33/(1*498+0.2*33)= 18.12 MPa

20 E2.2

Ellipsoidal End

End cap

Umax= 57.4%

Page: 13

IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c-01 Operator : Rev.:A ASME VIII Div.1:2007 A09 - UG-32 ELLIPSOIDAL HEADS E2.2 End cap 17 Apr. 2012 17:19 ConnID:S1.1

MAX TEST PRESSURE (Uncorroded cond.at ambient temp.)

Pmax = 2 * S * E * ta / (K * Di + 0.2 * ta) =2*234*1*34/(1*498+0.2*34)= 31.52 MPa

UG-99(b) REQUIRED MINIMUM TEST PRESSURE: NEW AT AMBIENT TEMP. Ptmin

Ptmin = 1.3 * Pd * Sr / S =1.3*10*138.57/138.57= 13.00 MPa

Test Pressure Ptmin=13 <= Ptmax=31.52[MPa] UCS-79 Extreme Fiber Elongation

fext = 75 * tn / Rf * (1 - Rf / INFINITY) =75*35/87.615*(1-87.615/Infinity)=

(U= 41.2%) OK

29.96 %

CALCULATION SUMMARY
UG-32(d) ELLIPSOIDAL HEADS UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE
Required Minimum Head Thickness Excl.Allow. tmin : tmin = P * Di * K / (2 * S * E - 0.2 * P) =10*498*1/(2*138.57*1-0.2*10)= Required Minimum End Thickness Incl.Allow. : tmina = tmin + c + th =18.1+1+1= (APP.1-4(c)) 18.10 mm 20.10 mm

Internal Pressure tmina=20.1 <= tn=35[mm]

Pmax = 2 * S * E * ta / (K * Di + 0.2 * ta) =2*138.57*1*34/(1*498+0.2*34)=

(U= 57.4%) OK

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE MAWP :NEW & COLD

18.67 MPa

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE MAWP :HOT & CORR

Pmax = 2 * S * E * ta / (K * Di + 0.2 * ta) =2*138.57*1*33/(1*498+0.2*33)= 18.12 MPa

MAX TEST PRESSURE (Uncorroded cond.at ambient temp.)

Pmax = 2 * S * E * ta / (K * Di + 0.2 * ta) =2*234*1*34/(1*498+0.2*34)= 31.52 MPa

Test Pressure Ptmin=13 <= Ptmax=31.52[MPa]

(U= 41.2%) OK

WARNING: UCS-79 EXTREME FIBER ELONGATION EXCEEDS 5%, HEAT TREATMENT MAY BE REQUIRED. Volume:0.02 m3 Weight:83.8 kg (SG= 7.85 )

20 E2.2

Ellipsoidal End

End cap

Umax= 57.4%

Page: 14

IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c-01 Operator : Rev.:A ASME VIII Div.1:2007 A09 - UG-32 ELLIPSOIDAL HEADS E2.2 End cap 17 Apr. 2012 17:19 ConnID:S1.1

20 E2.2

Ellipsoidal End

End cap

Umax= 57.4%

Page: 15

IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c-01 Operator : Rev.:A ASME VIII Div.1:2007 A09 - UG-37 REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED FOR OPENINGS IN SHELLS N.1 Nozzle 17 Apr. 2012 17:19 ConnID:S1.1
21 N.1 Nozzle,Forging (LWN) Nozzle

INPUT DATA
COMPONENT ATTACHMENT/LOCATION
Attachment: S1.1 Cylindrical Shell Main Shell

Orientation & Location of Nozzle: Radial to Shell z-location of nozzle along axis of attacment........:z 600.00 mm Angle of Rotation of nozzle axis projected in the x-y plane:Phi 360.00 Degr.

GENERAL DESIGN DATA

Type of Opening: Standard ANSI or DIN/EN Flange Attachment

Nozzle Type: Set In Flush Nozzle Nozzle Weld Intersect: Nozzle Does NOT Intersect with a Welded Shell Seam PRESSURE LOADING: Design Component for Internal Pressure Only PROCESS CARD: General Design Data : Temp= 100C, P=10.000 MPa, c= 1 mm, Pext=0.000 MPa Include Nozzle Load Calculation: YES

SHELL DATA (S1.1)

Shell Type: Cylindrical Shell OUTSIDE DIAMETER OF SHELL...........................:Do AS BUILT WALL THICKNESS (uncorroded)................:tn WELD JOINT EFFICIENCY FACTOR........................:E1 NEGATIVE TOLERANCE/THINNING ALLOWANCE...............:th SA-516(M) Gr.70, K02700 Plate THK<=0mm 100'C ST=485 SY=260 SYd=239 Sv=138.57 Sr=138.57 Stest=234 (N/mm2) 566.00 mm 35.00 mm 1.00 1.00 mm

NOZZLE DATA
SA-516(M) Gr.70, K02700 Plate THK<=0mm 100'C ST=485 SY=260 SYd=239 Sn=138.57 Sr=138.57 Stest=234 (N/mm2) Nozzle without pipe connections(access/inspection openings): NO

Delivery Form: Forging (LWN) Base calculations on Forging OD: NO INSIDE DIAMETER OF NOZZLE (corroded)................:d AS BUILT NOZZLE THICKNESS (uncorroded)..............:tnb Size of Flange and Nozzle: 3" Comment (Optional): CLASS :900# LWN Long Welding Neck NEGATIVE TOLERANCE/THINNING ALLOWANCE...............: NOZZLE STANDOUT MEASURED FROM VESSEL OD.............:ho

78.19 mm 25.39 mm 1.00 mm 200.00 mm

21 N.1

Nozzle,Forging (LWN) Nozzle

Umax= 59.7%

Page: 16

IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c-01 Operator : Rev.:A ASME VIII Div.1:2007 A09 - UG-37 REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED FOR OPENINGS IN SHELLS N.1 Nozzle 17 Apr. 2012 17:19 ConnID:S1.1

FLANGE DATA
A: Flange Standard: ANSI B16.5 Flanges E: Pressure Class: ANSI B16.5:Class 900 lbs C: Flange Type: WN Welding Neck D: Facing Sketch/ANSI facing (Table 3.8.3(2)): 1a RF Flange Material Category: 1.1 - Carbon Steel - A105, A515 70, A516 70, A350 LF2 161 480)

Raised Face (BS 1503 164 490, BS 1504

DATA FOR REINFORCEMENT PAD

Type of Pad: Single Pad THICKNESS OF THE REINFORCEMENT PAD..................:te WIDTH OF THE REINFORCEMENT PAD......................:Lp SA-516(M) Gr.70, K02700 Plate THK<=0mm 100'C ST=485 SY=260 SYd=239 Sp=138.57 Sr=138.57 Stest=234 (N/mm2) 25.00 mm 50.00 mm

WELDING DATA
Nozzle to Shell Welding Area: Include Area of Nozzle to Shell Weld as Min.Required

Weld Connection: Full Penetration Weld + Outward Fillet Weld (to=tc) + PAD Fillet Weld (tp=0.5*tmin)

LIMITS OF REINFORCEMENT
Reduction of Limits of Reinforcement: No Reduction Required

EXTERNAL LOADS ON NOZZLE

FACTOR C4: C4 = 1.1 Nozzle is Attached to a Piping System with due Allowance for Expansion and Thrust

TYPE OF LOAD INPUT: Load Cases External Nozzle Loads: User Specified Loads

LOADING DATA
Table NOZZLE LOADS: Load Description Pressure Radial Load ID P Fz Units MPa kN Load Case 1 10 30

21 N.1

Nozzle,Forging (LWN) Nozzle

Umax= 59.7%

Page: 17

IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c-01 Operator : Rev.:A ASME VIII Div.1:2007 A09 - UG-37 REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED FOR OPENINGS IN SHELLS N.1 Nozzle 17 Apr. 2012 17:19 ConnID:S1.1
Load Description Longitudinal Moment Circumferential Moment: Longitudinal Shear Force Circumferential Shear Force Torsional Moment ID My Mx Fl Fc Mt Units kNm kNm kN kN kNm Load Case 1

CALCULATION DATA
FLANGE RATING
ANSI 900lb-Flange Rating(at 100C)= 13.915 MPa, Max.Test Pressure = 23.095 MPa

GEOMETRIC LIMITATIONS Material Strength Reduction Factor fr1-4

Strength Reduction Factor for Nozzle Inserted Through Vessel Wall fr1 fr1 = MIN( Sn / Sv, 1) =MIN(138.57/138.57,1)= 1.00 Strength Reduction Factor for Nozzle fr2 fr2 = MIN( Sn / Sv, 1) =MIN(138.57/138.57,1)= 1.00 Strength Reduction Factor for Pad fr3 fr3 = MIN( MIN( Sn, Sp) / Sv, 1) =MIN(MIN(138.57,138.57)/138.57,1)= 1.00 Strength Reduction Factor for Pad fr4 fr4 = MIN( Sp / Sv, 1) =MIN(138.57/138.57,1)= 1.00

PRELIMINARY CALCULATIONS
Shell Analysis Thickness t t = tn - c - th =35-1-1= Nozzle Analysis Thickness tn tn = tnb - c =25.39-1= Reinf.Pad Analysis Thickness te te = MIN( te, 2.5 * t) =MIN(25,2.5*33)= Inside Radius of Shell R L = Do / 2 - t =566/2-33= Required Thickness of a Seamless Shell tr tr = P * L / (Sv * E1 - 0.6 * P) =10*250/(138.57*1-0.6*10)= deb = d + 2 * tn =78.19+2*24.39= deb = d + 2 * tn =78.19+2*24.39= Inside Radius of Nozzle Rn Rn = d / 2 =78.19/2= Minimum nozzle thickness due to pressure trn = P * Rn / (Sn * E - 0.6 * P) =10*39.095/(138.57*1-0.6*10)= 33.00 mm 24.39 mm 25.00 mm 250.00 mm 18.86 mm 126.97 mm 126.97 mm 39.10 mm 2.95 mm

UG-40 LIMITS OF REINFORCEMENT

Parallel to Vessel Wall (half diameter limit) Lv = MAX( d , d / 2 + t + tn) =MAX(78.19,78.19/2+33+24.39)= Normal to Vessel Wall Outside Lno = MIN( 2.5 * t , 2.5 * tn + te) =MIN(2.5*33,2.5*24.39+25)= Effective Material Diameter Limit deff = 2 * Lv =2*96.485= 96.49 mm 82.50 mm 192.97 mm

UG-37 Calculation of Stress Loaded Areas Effective as Reinforcement

Area Available in Shell A1
A1 = (deff-d)*(E1*t-F*tr)-2*tn*(E1*t-F*tr)*(1-fr1) =(192.97-78.19)*(1*33-1*18.86)-2*24.39*(1*33-1*18.86)*(1-1)= 1623.22 mm2

21 N.1

Nozzle,Forging (LWN) Nozzle

Umax= 59.7%

Page: 18

IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c-01 Operator : Rev.:A ASME VIII Div.1:2007 A09 - UG-37 REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED FOR OPENINGS IN SHELLS N.1 Nozzle 17 Apr. 2012 17:19 ConnID:S1.1

Area Available in Nozzle Projecting Outward A2

A2 = 2 * (tn - trn) * fr2 * MIN( Lno, ho) =2*(24.39-2.95)*1*MIN(82.5,200)= 3537.76 mm2

Area Available in Welds A4

Area Available in Nozzle Outward Weld A41 A41 = Leg41 ^ 2 * fr3 =8.57^2*1= Area Available in Outer Weld A42 A42 = Leg42 ^ 2 * fr4 =13.57^2*1= A4 = A41 + A42 + A43 =73.44+184.14+0= 73.44 mm2 184.14 mm2 257.59 mm2

Area Available in Reinforcement Pad A5

Limit of Reinforcement Along Pad wp = Min( Lp , Lv - deb / 2) =Min(50,96.485-126.97/2)= te = Min( te, 2.5 * t) =Min(25,2.5*33)= A5 = 2 * wp * te * fr4 =2*33*25*1= 33.00 mm 25.00 mm 1650.00 mm2

Total Area Available Aavail

Aavail = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 + A5 =1623.22+3537.76+0+257.59+1650= 7068.58 mm2

UG-37(c) Total Area Required

Total Area Required Areq Areq = d * tr * F + 2 * tn * tr * F * (1 - fr1) =78.19*18.86*1+2*24.39*18.86*1*(1-1)= 1474.50 mm2

UG-37 Nozzle Reinforcement Aavail=7068.58 >= Areq=1474.5[mm2] (U= 20.8%) OK

UG-41.1 WELD STRENGTH AND WELD LOADS (Sketch a or b)

NOTE: UW-15(b) Strength calculations for attachment welds are NOT required for this detail.

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE MAWP :HOT & CORR
Pmax (t,tn,Sv,Sn)(33,24.4,138.6,138.6) = == 27.88 MPa

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE MAWP :NEW & COLD

Pmax (t,tn,Sv,Sn)(34,25.4,138.6,138.6) = == 29.00 MPa

MAX TEST PRESSURE (Uncorroded cond.at ambient temp.)

Pmax (t,tn,Sv,Sn)(34,25.4,234,234) = == 49.00 MPa

UW-16(c) DIMENSIONS OF FILLET WELDS:

Throat dimension of fillet welds on nozzle: - at outward nozzle weld at nozzle OD, tmin = lesser of 19.0, tn or t/te)= 19 mm to(min)=MIN(6, 0.7*tmin)= 6 mm - at pad OD, tmin = lesser of 19.0, t or te)= 19 mm tp(min)=( .5*tmin)= 9.5 mm Minimum length of legs: - at outward nozzle weld at nozzle OD, Leg41(min) = 8.57 mm - at pad OD, Leg42(min) = 13.57 mm

UG-16(c) Outward Nozzle Fillet Weld, Leg Size Leg41=8.57 >= Leg41(min)=8.57[mm] OK

21 N.1

Nozzle,Forging (LWN) Nozzle

Umax= 59.7%

Page: 19

IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c-01 Operator : Rev.:A ASME VIII Div.1:2007 A09 - UG-37 REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED FOR OPENINGS IN SHELLS N.1 Nozzle 17 Apr. 2012 17:19 ConnID:S1.1

UG-16(c) Fillet Weld at Pad OD, Leg Size Leg42=13.57 >= Leg42(min)=13.57[mm] OK

UG-45 NOZZLE NECK THICKNESS

UG-45(a) Required Thickness of a Seamless Nozzle Wall trn UG45a = MAX( trn , textn) + c =MAX(2.95,0)+1= UG45b1 = MAX( tr , tmin16) + c =MAX(18.86,1.6)+1= UG45b2 = 0 =0= UG45b3 = MAX( UG45b1 , UG45b2) =MAX(19.86,0)= UG45b4(Stnd.wall thk.minus 12.5% neg.tolerance)+c= == UG45b = MIN( UG45b3 , UG45b4) =MIN(19.86,6.77)= Minimum Thickness of Nozzle Neck to UG45 UG45 = MAX( UG45a , UG45b) =MAX(3.95,6.77)= Type of Design Method: 16.5 - EN13445 -LOCAL LOADS ON NOZZLES IN CYLINDRICAL SHELLS 3.95 19.86 0.00 19.86 6.77 6.77 mm mm mm mm mm mm

6.77 mm

UG-45 Min.Nozzle Neck Thk. UG45=6.77 <= tnb-tolerance=24.39[mm] (U= 27.7%) OK

16.5 - EN13445 -LOCAL LOADS ON NOZZLES IN CYLINDRICAL SHELLS

PRELIMINARY CALCULATIONS
Shell Analysis Thickness eas eas = tn - c - th =35-1-1= Nozzle Analysis Thickness eb eb = tnb - c - NegDev =25.39-1-1= Mean diameter of shell D = Do - ea =566-33= Mean radius of shell R = D / 2 =533/2= 33.00 mm 24.39 mm 533.00 mm 266.50 mm

16.5.3 CONDITIONS OF APPLICABILITY a) ea/D=0.0619 >= 0.001 a) ea/D=0.0619 <= 0.1 b) LamdaC=0.5834 <= 10

OK OK OK

c) Dist.to any other local load shall not be less than SQR(D*ec)= 175.8 mm d) Nozzle thickness shall be maintained over a distance of SQR(d*eb)= 50 mm

LOAD CASE NO: 1 - Load Case 1

Total Moment MB = Sqr( Mx ^ 2 + My ^ 2) =Sqr(0^2+0^2)= 0.00 kNm

STRESSES AT OUTER DIAMETER OF NOZZLE

Mean Diameter of Nozzle d = deb - eb =126.97-24.39= Combined Analysis Thickness ec = ea + te * Min( fp / f 1) =33+25*Min(138.57/138.57,1)= LamdaC = d / Sqr( D * ec) =102.58/Sqr(533*58)= Ratio1 = eb / ec =24.39/58= Ratio2 = D / ec =533/58= VALUES FOR C1, C2 AND C3 FROM FIGURES16.5-2 to 16.5-4 C1 = 1.810 C2 = 4.900 C3 = 6.183 102.58 mm 58.00 mm 0.5834 0.4205 9.19

16.5.5 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE INDIVIDUAL LOADS

Permissible Pressure Pmax: Pmax (from nozzle calculation) = Pmax =17.88= Allowable Axial Load Fzmax: Fzmax = f * ec ^ 2 * C1 =138.57*58^2*1.81= Allowable Circumferential Moment Mxmax: Mxmax = f * ec ^ 2 * d / 4 * C2 =138.57*58^2*102.58/4*4.9= Allowable Longitudinal Moment Mxmax: Mymax = f * ec ^ 2 * d / 4 * C3 =138.57*58^2*102.58/4*6.18= 17.88 MPa 843.73 kN

58.58 kNm

73.92 kNm

21 N.1

Nozzle,Forging (LWN) Nozzle

Umax= 59.7%

Page: 20

IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c-01 Operator : Rev.:A ASME VIII Div.1:2007 A09 - UG-37 REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED FOR OPENINGS IN SHELLS N.1 Nozzle 17 Apr. 2012 17:19 ConnID:S1.1

SHEAR STRESS FORMULAES (PD5500 Section G.2.3.6.3)

Shear Stresses due to Longitudinal Shear Force, TauFl: TauFl = 2 * Fl / (PI * deb * ec) =2*0/(3.14*126.97*58)= Shear Stresses due to Circumferential Force, TauFc: TauFc = 2 * Fc / (PI * deb * ec) =2*0/(3.14*126.97*58)= Shear Stresses due to Torsional Moment, TauMt: TauMt = 2 * Mt / (PI * deb ^ 2 * ec) =2*0/(3.14*126.97^2*58)= Total Shear Stresses, Tau: Tau = Sqr( TauFc ^ 2 + TauFl ^ 2) + TauMt =Sqr(0^2+0^2)+0= 0.00 N/mm2

0.00 N/mm2

0.00 N/mm2

0.00 N/mm2

16.5.6 COMBINATIONS OF EXTERNAL LOADS AND INTERNAL PRESSURE

PhiP = P / Pmax =10/17.88= PhiZ = Fz / Fzmax =30/843.73= PhiTau = Tau / (0.5 * f) =0/(0.5*138.57)= PhiB = Sqr(( Mx / Mxmax) ^ 2 + (My / Mymax) ^ 2) =Sqr((0/58.58)^2+(0/73.92)^2)= 0.5593 0.0356 0.00 0.00 0.5440

MaxAll = MAX(Abs(PhiP/C4+PhiZ),Abs(PhiZ),Abs(PhiP/C4-0.2*PhiZ) =MAX(Abs(0.5593/1.1+0.0356,)Abs(0.0356,)Abs(0.5593/1.1-0.2*0.0356)= PhiAll = Sqr( MaxAll ^ 2 + PhiB ^ 2 + PhiTau ^ 2) =Sqr(0.544^2+0^2+0^2)= 0.5440

16.5.6.4 Check of Individual Load Ratio Limits PhiP AT NOZZLE OD PhiP=0.5593 <= 1.0 =1 PhiZ AT NOZZLE OD PhiZ=0.0356 <= 1.0=1 PhiB AT NOZZLE OD PhiB=0 <= 1.0=1 PhiTau AT NOZZLE OD PhiTau=0 <= 1.0=1 PhiAll AT NOZZLE OD PhiAll=0.544 <= 1.0=1

(U= 55.9%) OK (U= 3.5%) OK (U= 0%) OK (U= 0%) OK (U= 54.3%) OK

STRESSES AT OUTER EDGE OF PAD

Diameter at Edge of Reinforcement Pad d = deb + 2 * Lp =126.97+2*50= Combined Analysis Thickness ec = ea =33= LamdaC = d / Sqr( D * ec) =226.97/Sqr(533*33)= Ratio1 = MAX( eb / ec , 0.5) =MAX(24.39/33,0.5)= Ratio2 = D / ec =533/33= VALUES FOR C1, C2 AND C3 FROM FIGURES16.5-2 to 16.5-4 C1 = 2.238 C2 = 5.003 C3 = 11.424 226.97 mm 33.00 mm 1.71 0.7391 16.15

16.5.5 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE INDIVIDUAL LOADS

Permissible Pressure Pmax: Pmax (from nozzle calculation) = Pmax =17.88= Allowable Axial Load Fzmax: Fzmax = f * ec ^ 2 * C1 =138.57*33^2*2.24= Allowable Circumferential Moment Mxmax: Mxmax = f * ec ^ 2 * d / 4 * C2 =138.57*33^2*226.97/4*5.= Allowable Longitudinal Moment Mxmax: Mymax = f * ec ^ 2 * d / 4 * C3 =138.57*33^2*226.97/4*11.42= 17.88 MPa 337.73 kN

42.84 kNm

97.82 kNm

21 N.1

Nozzle,Forging (LWN) Nozzle

Umax= 59.7%

Page: 21

IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c-01 Operator : Rev.:A ASME VIII Div.1:2007 A09 - UG-37 REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED FOR OPENINGS IN SHELLS N.1 Nozzle 17 Apr. 2012 17:19 ConnID:S1.1

SHEAR STRESS FORMULAES (PD5500 Section G.2.3.6.3)

Shear Stresses due to Longitudinal Shear Force, TauFl: TauFl = 2 * Fl / (PI * deb * ec) =2*0/(3.14*126.97*33)= Shear Stresses due to Circumferential Force, TauFc: TauFc = 2 * Fc / (PI * deb * ec) =2*0/(3.14*126.97*33)= Shear Stresses due to Torsional Moment, TauMt: TauMt = 2 * Mt / (PI * deb ^ 2 * ec) =2*0/(3.14*126.97^2*33)= Total Shear Stresses, Tau: Tau = Sqr( TauFc ^ 2 + TauFl ^ 2) + TauMt =Sqr(0^2+0^2)+0= 0.00 N/mm2

0.00 N/mm2

0.00 N/mm2

0.00 N/mm2

16.5.6 COMBINATIONS OF EXTERNAL LOADS AND INTERNAL PRESSURE

PhiP = P / Pmax =10/17.88= PhiZ = Fz / Fzmax =30/337.73= PhiTau = Tau / (0.5 * f) =0/(0.5*138.57)= PhiB = Sqr(( Mx / Mxmax) ^ 2 + (My / Mymax) ^ 2) =Sqr((0/42.84)^2+(0/97.82)^2)= 0.5593 0.0888 0.00 0.00 0.5973

MaxAll = MAX(Abs(PhiP/C4+PhiZ),Abs(PhiZ),Abs(PhiP/C4-0.2*PhiZ) =MAX(Abs(0.5593/1.1+0.0888,)Abs(0.0888,)Abs(0.5593/1.1-0.2*0.0888)= PhiAll = Sqr( MaxAll ^ 2 + PhiB ^ 2 + PhiTau ^ 2) =Sqr(0.5973^2+0^2+0^2)= 0.5973

16.5.6.4 Check of Individual Load Ratio Limits PhiP AT EDGE OF PAD PhiP=0.5593 <= 1.0 =1 PhiZ AT EDGE OF PAD PhiZ=0.0888 <= 1.0=1 PhiB AT EDGE OF PAD PhiB=0 <= 1.0=1 PhiTau AT EDGE OF PAD PhiTau=0 <= 1.0=1 PhiAll AT EDGE OF PAD PhiAll=0.5973 <= 1.0=1

(U= 55.9%) OK (U= 8.8%) OK (U= 0%) OK (U= 0%) OK (U= 59.7%) OK

16.5.7 STRESS RANGES AND THEIR COMBINATIONS

16.5.7.1 LOAD RANGES
DeltaP = Max( Pmax , 0) - Min( Pmin , 0) =Max(10,0)-Min(0,0)= DeltaFz = Max( Fzmax , 0) - Min( Fzmin , 0) =Max(30,0)-Min(0,0)= DeltaMx = Max( Mxmax , 0) - Min( Mxmin , 0) =Max(0,0)-Min(0,0)= DeltaMy = Max( Mymax , 0) - Min( Mymin , 0) =Max(0,0)-Min(0,0)= DeltaFl = Max( Flmax , 0) - Min( Flmin , 0) =Max(0,0)-Min(0,0)= DeltaFc = Max( Fcmax , 0) - Min( Fcmin , 0) =Max(0,0)-Min(0,0)= DeltaFshear = Sqr( DeltaFl ^ 2 + DeltaFc ^ 2) =Sqr(0^2+0^2)= DeltaMt = Max( Mtmax , 0) - Min( Mtmin , 0) =Max(0,0)-Min(0,0)= 10.00 MPa 30.00 kN 0.00 kNm 0.00 kNm 0.00 kN 0.00 kN 0.00 kN 0.00 kNm

21 N.1

Nozzle,Forging (LWN) Nozzle

Umax= 59.7%

Page: 22

IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c-01 Operator : Rev.:A ASME VIII Div.1:2007 A09 - UG-37 REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED FOR OPENINGS IN SHELLS N.1 Nozzle 17 Apr. 2012 17:19 ConnID:S1.1

16.5.7.2 EQVIVALENT SHELL THICKNESS

eeq = ea+Min(te*Lp/Sqr(D*(ea+te)),te)*Min(fp/f1) =33+Min(25*50/Sqr(533*(33+25,))25)*Min(138.57/138.57,1)= 40.11 mm

16.5.7.3 STRESSES
VALUES FOR C1, C2 AND C3 FROM FIGURES16.5-2 to 16.5-4 C1 = 1.810 C2 = 4.900 C3 = 7.002 Tmp1 = Sqr( d * eb / (D * eeq)) =Sqr(78.19*24.39/(533*40.11))= 0.3421 Tmp2 = (2+2*d/D*Tmp1+1.25*d/D*Sqr(D/eeq))/(1+eb/eeq*Tmp1) =(2+2*78.19/533*0.3421+1.25*78.19/533*Sqr(533/40.11))/(1+24.39/40.11*0.3421 )= = 2.49 Stresses due to Pressure Range SigP = DeltaP * D / (2 * eeq) * Tmp2 (16.5-21) =10*533/(2*40.11)*2.49= 165.48 N/mm2 Stresses due to Axial Load Range SigFz = 2.25 / C1 * (DeltaFz / eeq ^ 2) =2.25/1.81*(30/40.11^2)= Stresses due to Circumferential Moment Range SigMx = 2.25 / C2 * (4 * DeltaMx / (eeq ^ 2 * d)) =2.25/4.9*(4*0/(40.11^2*78.19))= Stresses due to Longitudinal Moment Range SigMy = 2.25 / C3 * (4 * DeltaMy / (eeq ^ 2 * d)) =2.25/7.*(4*0/(40.11^2*78.19))= Shear Stresses due to Longitudinal Shear Force, DeltaFl: TauFl = 2 * DeltaFl / (PI * deb * eeq) =2*0/(3.14*126.97*40.11)= Shear Stresses due to Circumferential Force, TauFc: TauFc = 2 * DeltaFc / (PI * deb * eeq) =2*0/(3.14*126.97*40.11)= Shear Stresses due to Torsional Moment, TauMt: TauMt = 2 * DeltaMt / (PI * deb ^ 2 * eeq) =2*0/(3.14*126.97^2*40.11)= Total Shear Stresses, Tau: Tau = Sqr( TauFc ^ 2 + TauFl ^ 2) + TauMt =Sqr(0^2+0^2)+0= (16.5-22) 23.18 N/mm2 (16.5-23) 0.00 N/mm2 (16.5-24) 0.00 N/mm2

0.00 N/mm2

0.00 N/mm2

0.00 N/mm2

0.00 N/mm2

Total Stress Intensity due to Load Range SigTot = Abs(SigT+Sqr((SigP+SigFz)^2+SigMx^2+SigMy^2+4*Tau^2)) (16.5-25) =Abs(0+Sqr((165.48+23.18)^2+0^2+0^2+4*0^2))= 188.66 N/mm2

Total Stress in Shell SigTot=188.66 <= 3*f=415.71[N/mm2] (U= 45.3%) OK

16.5.8 NOZZLE LONGITUDINAL STRESSES

Maximum Longitudinal Stresses in Nozzle SigLong = P*d/(4*eb)+4*MB/(PI*d^2*eb)+Fz/(PI*d*eb) =10*78.19/(4*24.39)+4*0/(3.14*78.19^2*24.39)+30000/(3.14*78.19*24.39) = 14.33 N/mm2

Nozzle Long.Stress SigLong=14.33 <= fb=138.57[N/mm2] (U= 10.3%) OK 16.14.6 COMPRESSIVE STRESS LIMITS
K = 1.21 * E * ea / (Sige * D) =1.21*200000*24.39/(239*102.58)= alfa = 0.83 / Sqr( 1 + 0.005 * D / ea) =0.83/Sqr(1+0.005*102.58/24.39)= delta = (1 - 0.4123 / (alfa * K) ^ 0.6) / S =(1-0.4123/(0.8214*240.75)^0.6)/1.5= Maximum Allowable Compressive Stress Sigcall = Sige * delta (16.14-20) =239*0.6551= (16.14-15) 240.75 (16.14-16) 0.8214 (16.14-19) 0.6551 156.58 N/mm2

21 N.1

Nozzle,Forging (LWN) Nozzle

Umax= 59.7%

Page: 23

IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c-01 Operator : Rev.:A ASME VIII Div.1:2007 A09 - UG-37 REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED FOR OPENINGS IN SHELLS N.1 Nozzle 17 Apr. 2012 17:19 ConnID:S1.1

16.14.4 PERMISSIBLE INDIVIDUAL LOADS

Maximum Tensile Force Ftmax Ftmax = PI * D * ea * f (16.14-1) =3.14*102.58*24.39*138.57= Maximum Compressive Force Fcmax Fcmax = PI * D * ea * Sigcall =3.14*102.58*24.39*156.58= Maximum Bending Moment Mmax Mmax = PI / 4 * D ^ 2 * ea * Sigcall =3.14/4*102.58^2*24.39*156.58= Longitudinal Stability Check (P=0) LongStab = MB / Mmax + Abs( Fzmin) / Fcmax =0/31.56+Abs(0)/1230.72= 1089.16 kN

(16.14-2) 1230.72 kN (16.14-3) 31.56 kNm

0.00

Nozzle Long.Stability LongStab=0 <= 1.0=1

Weight of Nozzle: 9.6kg Pad: 8kg

(U= 0%) OK

Flange: 15kg

CALCULATION SUMMARY
Aavail = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 + A5 =1623.22+3537.76+0+257.59+1650= Total Area Required Areq Areq = d * tr * F + 2 * tn * tr * F * (1 - fr1) =78.19*18.86*1+2*24.39*18.86*1*(1-1)= 7068.58 mm2

1474.50 mm2

UG-37 Nozzle Reinforcement Aavail=7068.58 >= Areq=1474.5[mm2] (U= 20.8%) OK

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE MAWP :HOT & CORR
Pmax (t,tn,Sv,Sn)(33,24.4,138.6,138.6) = == 27.88 MPa

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE MAWP :NEW & COLD

Pmax (t,tn,Sv,Sn)(34,25.4,138.6,138.6) = == 29.00 MPa

MAX TEST PRESSURE (Uncorroded cond.at ambient temp.)

Pmax (t,tn,Sv,Sn)(34,25.4,234,234) = == 49.00 MPa

UG-45 Min.Nozzle Neck Thk. UG45=6.77 <= tnb-tolerance=24.39[mm] (U= 27.7%) OK

LOAD CASE NO: 1 - Load Case 1 STRESSES AT OUTER DIAMETER OF NOZZLE

16.5.6.4 Check of Individual Load Ratio Limits PhiP AT NOZZLE OD PhiP=0.5593 <= 1.0 =1 PhiZ AT NOZZLE OD PhiZ=0.0356 <= 1.0=1 PhiB AT NOZZLE OD PhiB=0 <= 1.0=1 PhiTau AT NOZZLE OD PhiTau=0 <= 1.0=1 PhiAll AT NOZZLE OD PhiAll=0.544 <= 1.0=1 (U= 55.9%) OK (U= 3.5%) OK (U= 0%) OK (U= 0%) OK (U= 54.3%) OK

STRESSES AT OUTER EDGE OF PAD

16.5.6.4 Check of Individual Load Ratio Limits PhiP AT EDGE OF PAD PhiP=0.5593 <= 1.0 =1 (U= 55.9%) OK

21 N.1

Nozzle,Forging (LWN) Nozzle

Umax= 59.7%

Page: 24

IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c-01 Operator : Rev.:A ASME VIII Div.1:2007 A09 - UG-37 REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED FOR OPENINGS IN SHELLS N.1 Nozzle 17 Apr. 2012 17:19 ConnID:S1.1

PhiZ AT EDGE OF PAD PhiZ=0.0888 <= 1.0=1 PhiB AT EDGE OF PAD PhiB=0 <= 1.0=1 PhiTau AT EDGE OF PAD PhiTau=0 <= 1.0=1 PhiAll AT EDGE OF PAD PhiAll=0.5973 <= 1.0=1

(U= 8.8%) OK (U= 0%) OK (U= 0%) OK (U= 59.7%) OK

16.5.7 STRESS RANGES AND THEIR COMBINATIONS

Total Stress in Shell SigTot=188.66 <= 3*f=415.71[N/mm2] (U= 45.3%) OK

16.5.8 NOZZLE LONGITUDINAL STRESSES

Nozzle Long.Stress SigLong=14.33 <= fb=138.57[N/mm2] (U= 10.3%) OK Nozzle Long.Stability LongStab=0 <= 1.0=1 (U= 0%) OK Volume:0 m3 Weight:30.9 kg (SG= 7.85 )

21 N.1

Nozzle,Forging (LWN) Nozzle

Umax= 59.7%

Page: 25

IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c-01 Operator : Rev.:A ASME VIII Div.1:2007 A09 - UG-37 REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED FOR OPENINGS IN SHELLS N.1 Nozzle 17 Apr. 2012 17:19 ConnID:S1.1

21 N.1

Nozzle,Forging (LWN) Nozzle

Umax= 59.7%

Page: 26

APPENDIX C: Calculation report from VVD (70 mm @ 200 bar)

IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Operator : Rev.:A Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c

1 Drawing

Drawing
3D View of Vessel (alter by using the Save User Specified View command)

History of Revisions

History of Revisions
Rev A A A A ID E2.1 E2.2 N.1 S1.1 Component Type Ellipsoidal End Ellipsoidal End Nozzle,Forging (LWN) Cylindrical Shell Comp. Description End cap End cap Nozzle Main Shell DATE & TIME 17 Apr. 2012 17:26 17 Apr. 2012 17:26 17 Apr. 2012 17:27 17 Apr. 2012 17:26

A
3

Design Data & Process Information

First Issue

28 Mar. 2012 12:58

Design Data & Process Information

Description Process Card Design Code & Specifications Internal Design Pressure (MPa) External Design Pressure (MPa) Hydrotest Pressure (MPa) Maximum Design Temperature ('C) Minimum Design Temperature ('C) Operating Temperature ('C) Corrosion Allowance (mm) Content of Vessel Specific Density of Oper.Liq
4 Weight & Volume of Vessel

Units

Design Data General Design Data ASME VIII Div.1:2007 A09 20 0 100 20 1 1

MPa MPa MPa 'C 'C 'C mm

4 Weight & Volume of Vessel

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Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Operator : Rev.:A Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c

Weight & Volume of Vessel

ID S1.1 N.1 E2.1 E2.2 Total No. 1 1 1 1 4 Wt-UnFinish. 978.0 kg 46.0 kg 197.0 kg 197.0 kg 1418.0 kg Wt-Finished 970.1 kg 46.0 kg 197.0 kg 197.0 kg 1410.1 kg Weights 1481 kg 1710 kg 1605 kg Tot.Volume 0.196 m3 0.001 m3 0.016 m3 0.016 m3 0.229 m3 Test.Liq.Wt 196.0 kg 1.0 kg 16.0 kg 16.0 kg 229.0 kg Oper.Liq.Wt 96.6 kg 0.0 kg 13.8 kg 13.8 kg 124.3 kg

Weight Summary/Condition Empty Weight of Vessel incl. 5% Contingency Total Test Weight of Vessel (Testing with Water) Total Operating Weight of Vessel
5 Center of Gravity

Center of Gravity
ID S1.1 N.1 E2.1 E2.2 X-Empty -2 400 0 0 Y-Empty 0 0 0 0 Z-Empty 600 600 38 1162 X-Test 0 361 0 0 X 11 10 2 Y-Test 0 0 0 0 Z-Test 600 600 54 1146 Y 0 0 0 X-Oper -105 361 -103 -103 Z 600 600 600 Y-Oper 0 0 0 0 Z-Oper 600 600 23 1177

CENTER OF GRAVITY AT CONDITIONS BELOW Empty Vessel Test Condition of Vessel (Testing with Water) Operating Condition of Vessel
6 Max. Allowable Pressure MAWP

Max. Allowable Pressure MAWP

ID S1.1 N.1 E2.1 E2.2 Comp. Type Cylindrical Shell Nozzle,Forging (LWN) Ellipsoidal End Ellipsoidal End MAWP Liq.Head 0.000 MPa 0.000 MPa 0.000 MPa 0.000 MPa MAWP New & Cold 32.789 MPa 42.250 MPa 37.210 MPa 37.210 MPa 32.789 MPa MAWP Hot & Corr. 32.270 MPa 41.500 MPa 36.685 MPa 36.685 MPa 32.270 MPa

Note : Other components may limit the MAWP than the ones checked above. Note : The value for MAWP is at top of vessel, with static liquid head subtracted.
7 Test Pressure

Test Pressure
UG-99(b) REQUIRED MINIMUM TEST PRESSURE. TEST PRESSURE OF VESSEL - NEW & COLD - HORIZONTAL
Design Pressure.........................: Design Temperature......................:
ID S1.1 N.1 N.1 E2.1 E2.2 Description Cylindrical Shell-Main Shell 3" ANSI B16.5 1500 lbs WN -RF Raised Face Nozzle,Forging (LWN)Nozzle Ellipsoidal End-End cap Ellipsoidal End-End cap Pdesign 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 PtMax 55.408 38.435 71.750 63.095 63.095 PtMin 26.000 NA NA 26.000 26.000

20.000 MPa 100.0 C

Wat.Head 0.009 0.004 0.004 0.006 0.009 PtTop 25.991 NA NA 25.994 25.991 PtTopMax 55.400 38.431 71.746 63.089 63.086

7 Test Pressure

Page: 2

IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Operator : Rev.:A Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c

HYDRO-TEST
REQUIRED TEST PRESSURE AT TOP OF VESSEL PtReq(Hydro Test) ......: MAXIMUM TEST PRESSURE AT TOP OF VESSEL PtLim(Hydro Test) .......: Note : Other components may limit Ptlim than the ones checked above. NOMENCLATURE: Pdesign- is the design pressure including liquid head at the part under consideration. PtMax - is the maximum allowed test pressure determined at the part under consideration. PtMin - is the required test pressure determined at the part under consideration. Wat.Head - is the water head during hydrotesting at the part under consideration. PtBot - is the required test pressure at bottom of the vessel, for the part under consideration. PtTop - is the required test pressure at top of the vessel, for the part under consideration. PtTopMax - is the maximum test pressure allowed at top of the vessel, for the part under consideration. PtReq - is the required minimum test pressure (largest value of PtTop) at top of vessel for the listed components. PtLim - is the maximum allowed test pressure (minimum value for PtTopMax) at top of vessel for the listed components.
8 Bill of Materials

26.000 MPa 38.431 MPa

Bill of Materials
ID E2.1 E2.2 N.1 No 1 1 1 Description Ellipsoidal End-End cap Ellipsoidal End-End cap Flange:ANSI B16.5:Class 1500 lbs Nozzle,Forging (LWN)Nozzle Component Dimensions Do= 636, t= 70, h= 193.5, SemiEllipsoidal Head R:h 2:1 Do= 636, t= 70, h= 193.5, SemiEllipsoidal Head R:h 2:1 WN Welding Neck, 1a RF Raised Face Material Standard ID 1, SA-516(M) Gr.70, K02700 Plate ID 1, SA-516(M) Gr.70, K02700 Plate 1.1 - Carbon Steel - A105, A515 70, A516 70, A350 LF2 (BS 1503 164 490, BS 1504 161 480) ID 1, SA-516(M) Gr.70, K02700 Plate ID 1, SA-516(M) Gr.70, K02700 Plate ID 1, SA-516(M) Gr.70, K02700 Plate

N.1 N.1 S1.1

9 Notes, Warning & Error Messages

1 1 1

3" do=133.3,t=28.57,L=279.4,ho=200,P AD OD=235.3 Reinforcement Pad PAD OD=235.3, wt= 40, width= 50 Cylindrical Shell-Main Shell Do= 636, t= 70, L= 1000

Notes, Warning & Error Messages

ID & Comp. Description S1.1 Cylindrical Shell Main Shell N.1 Nozzle,Forging (LWN) Nozzle E2.1 Ellipsoidal End End cap E2.2 Ellipsoidal End End cap WARNING: UCS-79 EXTREME FIBER ELONGATION EXCEEDS 5%, HEAT TREATMENT MAY BE REQUIRED. WARNING: UCS-79 EXTREME FIBER ELONGATION EXCEEDS 5%, HEAT TREATMENT MAY BE REQUIRED. ERROR:a) ; ea/D <= 0.1 Outside Valid Range NOTE: Pad thickness is less than recommended minimum value of 75% of shell thickness. WARNING: UCS-79 EXTREME FIBER ELONGATION EXCEEDS 5%, HEAT TREATMENT MAY BE REQUIRED. Notes/Warnings/Error Messages

TOTAL No. OF ERRORS/WARNINGS : 4

10 Nozzle List

Nozzle List

10 Nozzle List

Page: 3

IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Operator : Rev.:A Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c

ID

Service

SIZE

STANDARD/CLASS ANSI B16.5 1500 lbs WN -RF Raised Face CLASS :1500 LWN Long Welding Neck

ID

Standout

Rot.

Orient.

N.1
11 Nozzle Loads

Nozzle

3"

78.19

200

283

600

Radial

Nozzle Loads
ID N.1
12 Maximum Component Utilization -

Load Desc. Nozzle

Nozzle Loads Fz=30kN,My=0,Mx=0,Mt=0kNm,Fl=0,Fc=0kN

Maximum Component Utilization - Umax

ID S1.1 N.1 E2.1 E2.2 Comp.Type Cylindrical Shell Nozzle,Forging (LWN) Ellipsoidal End Ellipsoidal End Umax(%) 59.5% 48.1% 55.1% 55.1% Limited by Internal Pressure PhiP AT EDGE OF PAD Internal Pressure Internal Pressure

Component with highest utilization

13 Material Data/Mechanical Properties

Umax = 59.5% S1.1

Main Shell

Average utilization of all components Umean= 54.4%

Material Data/Mechanical Properties

ID 1 Material Name SA-516(M) Gr.70, K02700 Plate , SG=7.85 Temp 100 ST 485 SY 260 SYd 239 S_d 138 Sr 138 ftest 234 E-mod 199925 Note G10,S 1,T2

Notation: Thickness in mm, stress in N/mm2, temperature in deg.C TG : Test Group 1 to 4 Max.T: Maximum thickness for this stress set, 0 or 999 = No limit specified S/C : CS = Carbon Steel, SS = Stainless Steel SG : SG = Specific Gravity (Water = 1.0) ST : MIN.TENSILE STRENGTH at room temp. SY : MIN. YIELD STRENGTH at room temp. SYd : MIN. YIELD STRENGTH at calc.temp. S_d : DESIGN STRESS at calc.temp. Sr : DESIGN STRESS at room temp. Note : G10 = Upon prolonged exposure to temperatures above 425C, the carbide phase of carbon steel may be converted to graphite. See Appendix A, A-240. Note : S1 = For Section I applications, stress values at temperatures of 450C and above are permissible but, except for tubular products 75 mm O.D. or less enclosed within the boiler setting, use of these materials at these temperatures is not current practice. Note : T2 = Allowable stresses for temperatures of 400C and above are values obtained from time-dependent properties.
14 Comp.Location in Global Coord.System

Comp.Location in Global Coord.System

ID E2.1 E2.2 N.1 S1.1 Comp. Type Ellipsoidal End Ellipsoidal End Nozzle,Forging (LWN) Cylindrical Shell X 0 0 283 0 Y 0 0 0 0 Z 100 1100 600 100 Teta 0.0 0.0 90.0 0.0 Phi 0.0 0.0 360.0 0.0 ConnID S1.1 S1.1 S1.1

The report above shows the location of the connecting point (x, y and z) for each component referenced to the coordinate system of the connecting component

14 Comp.Location in Global Coord.System

Page: 4

IKM Ocean Design AS

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(ConnID). The connecting point (x, y and z) is always on the center axis of rotational symmetry for the component under consideration, i.e. the connecting point for a nozzle connected to a cylindrical shell will be at the intersection of the nozzle center axis and the mid thickness of the shell referenced to the shell s coordinate system. In addition the orientation of the the center axis of the component is given by the two angles Teta and Phi, where Teta is the angle between the center axis of the two components and Phi is the orientation in the x-y plane The basis for the coordinate system used by the software is a right handed coordinate system with the z-axis as the center axis of rotational geometry for the components, and Teta as the Polar Angle and Phi as the Azimuthal Angle
15 MDMT Minimum Design Metal Temperature

MDMT Minimum Design Metal Temperature

Table : ID-Description E2.1 End cap - End E2.2 End cap - End N.1 Nozzle - Flange N.1 Nozzle - Nozzle N.1 Nozzle - Pad S1.1 Main Shell - Shell Table Continued ID-Description E2.1 End cap - End E2.2 End cap - End N.1 Nozzle - Flange N.1 Nozzle - Nozzle N.1 Nozzle - Pad S1.1 Main Shell - Shell T1(C) -13.0 -13.0 -28.8 -32.0 -24.8 -13.0 T2(C) -26.4 -26.4 0.0 -80.0 -21.8 -21.8 MDMT(C) -39.4 -39.4 -28.8 -112 -46.6 -34.8 Comments - Material Normalized - Material Normalized The ASME B16.5 nozzle flange has an unadjusted MDMT of -28.8 C - Material Normalized - Material Normalized Material Name SA-516(M) Gr.70, K02700 Plate SA-516(M) Gr.70, K02700 Plate 1.1 - Carbon Steel - A105, A515 70, A516 70, A350 LF2 (BS 1503 164 490, BS 1504 161 480) SA-516(M) Gr.70, K02700 Plate SA-516(M) Gr.70, K02700 Plate SA-516(M) Gr.70, K02700 Plate tn(mm) 70.0 70.0 0.0 28.6 40.0 70.0 tg(mm) 70.0 70.0 0.0 28.6 40.0 70.0 Ratio 0.55 0.55 3.09 0.22 0.62 0.62 E(*) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Curve D D NA D D D

MDMT CALCULATIONS PER UCS-66 MDMT Required : 20.0 C MDMT Lowest Allowable: -28.8 C NOMENCLATURE: tn - Nominal thickness of component under consideration(including corr. allow.). tg - Governing thickness of component under consideration. Ratio- tr*E(*)/(tn-c), utiliztion of component for given process conditions. tr - Required minimum thickness of component at calculation temperature of MDMT. E(*) - Joint efficiency factor, not lower than 0.8. Curve- Applicable curve A, B, C or D in Figure UCS-66. T1 - Unadjusted MDMT/Lowest allowable temperature for given part, value taken from Figure UCS-66 based on curve A, B, C or D. T2 - Reduction in MDMT without impact testing per Figure UCS-66.1. NOTES: UCS-68(c) If postweld heat treatment is performed when it is not otherwise a requirement, a 17C reduction in impact test exemption temp. may be given to the min. permissible temp. for P.no.1 materials. The maximum general primary stress in the pads are conservatively assumed to be the same as that in the corroded shell.

NOTE: LOWEST MDMT = -28.8 C (Warmest Value)

16 Utilization Chart

Utilization Chart
Utilization Chart

16 Utilization Chart

Page: 5

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17

Surface Area

Surface Area
Table Surface Area: ID S1.1 N.1 E2.1 E2.2 Total No. 1 1 1 1 4 Description Cylindrical Shell, Main Shell Nozzle,Forging (LWN), Nozzle Ellipsoidal End, End cap Ellipsoidal End, End cap Area Outside(m2) 1.998 0.084 0.398 0.398 2.878 Area Inside(m2) 1.571 0.048 0.319 0.319 2.257

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IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Rev.:A Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c-01 Operator : ASME VIII Div.1:2007 A09 - UG-27 CYLINDRICAL SHELL S1.1 Main Shell 17 Apr. 2012 17:26
18 S1.1 Cylindrical Shell Main Shell

INPUT DATA
COMPONENT ATTACHMENT/LOCATION GENERAL DESIGN DATA
PRESSURE LOADING: Design Component for Internal Pressure Only PROCESS CARD: General Design Data : Temp= 100C, P=20.000 MPa, c= 1 mm, Pext=0.000 MPa

SHELL DATA
CYLINDER FABRICATION: Plate Material DIAMETER INPUT: Base Design on Shell Inside Diameter SA-516(M) Gr.70, K02700 Plate THK<=0mm 100'C ST=485 SY=260 SYd=239 S=138 Sr=138 Stest=234 (N/mm2) WELD JOINT EFFICIENCY FACTOR: Full RT UW-11(a) Type 1 (E=1.0) INSIDE SHELL DIAMETER (corroded)....................:Di 500.00 mm LENGTH OF CYLINDRICAL PART OF SHELL.................:Lcyl 1000.00 mm AS BUILT WALL THICKNESS (uncorroded)................:tn 70.00 mm NEGATIVE TOLERANCE/THINNING ALLOWANCE...............:th 1.00 mm Split shell into several shell courses and include welding information: NO

CALCULATION DATA
UG-27 - CYLINDRICAL SHELLS UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE
Inside Radius of Shell R = Di / 2 =500/2= 250.00 mm

Thin Cylinder Check P=20 <= 0.385 * S * E=53.13[MPa] OK

Required Minimum Shell Thickness Excl.Allow. tmin : tmin = P * R / (S * E - 0.6 * P) =20*250/(138*1-0.6*20)= (UG-27(1)) 39.68 mm

Thin Cylinder Check tmin=39.68 < 0.5 * R=125[mm]

Required Minimum Shell Thickness Incl.Allow. : tmina = tmin + c + th =39.68+1+1= Analysis Thickness ta = tn - c - th =70-1-1=

OK
41.68 mm 68.00 mm

Internal Pressure tmina=41.68 <= tn=70[mm]

(U= 59.5%) OK

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE MAWP :

Outside Diameter of Shell Do = Di + 2 * ta =500+2*68= Outside Radius of Shell Ro = Do / 2 =636/2= MAWP HOT & CORR. (Corroded condition at design temp.) MAWPHC = S * E * ta / (R + 0.6 * ta) =138*1*68/(250+0.6*68)= MAWP NEW & COLD (Uncorroded condition at ambient temp.) MAWPNC = Sr * E * (ta + c) / (R - c + 0.6 * (ta + c)) =138*1*(68+1)/(250-1+0.6*(68+1))= 636.00 mm 318.00 mm 32.27 MPa

32.79 MPa

MAX TEST PRESSURE (Uncorroded cond.at ambient temp.)

MAX TEST PRESSURE (Uncorroded cond.at ambient temp.) Ptmax = SYtest * Etest * (ta + c) / (R + 0.6 * (ta + c)) =234*1*(68+1)/(250+0.6*(68+1))= 55.41 MPa

18 S1.1

Cylindrical Shell

Main Shell

Umax= 59.5%

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IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Rev.:A Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c-01 Operator : ASME VIII Div.1:2007 A09 - UG-27 CYLINDRICAL SHELL S1.1 Main Shell 17 Apr. 2012 17:26
Ptmin = 1.3 * Pd * Sr / S =1.3*20*138/138=

UG-99(b) REQUIRED MINIMUM TEST PRESSURE: NEW AT AMBIENT TEMP. Ptmin

26.00 MPa

Test Pressure Ptmin=26 <= Ptmax=55.41[MPa] UCS-79 Extreme Fiber Elongation

fext = 50 * tn / Rf * (1 - Rf / INFINITY) =50*70/283*(1-283/Infinity)=

(U= 46.9%) OK

12.37 %

CALCULATION SUMMARY
UG-27 - CYLINDRICAL SHELLS UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE
Required Minimum Shell Thickness Excl.Allow. tmin : tmin = P * R / (S * E - 0.6 * P) =20*250/(138*1-0.6*20)= Required Minimum Shell Thickness Incl.Allow. : tmina = tmin + c + th =39.68+1+1= (UG-27(1)) 39.68 mm 41.68 mm

Internal Pressure tmina=41.68 <= tn=70[mm]

(U= 59.5%) OK
32.27 MPa

MAWP HOT & CORR. (Corroded condition at design temp.) MAWPHC = S * E * ta / (R + 0.6 * ta) =138*1*68/(250+0.6*68)= MAWP NEW & COLD (Uncorroded condition at ambient temp.) MAWPNC = Sr * E * (ta + c) / (R - c + 0.6 * (ta + c)) =138*1*(68+1)/(250-1+0.6*(68+1))=

32.79 MPa

MAX TEST PRESSURE (Uncorroded cond.at ambient temp.)

MAX TEST PRESSURE (Uncorroded cond.at ambient temp.) Ptmax = SYtest * Etest * (ta + c) / (R + 0.6 * (ta + c)) =234*1*(68+1)/(250+0.6*(68+1))= 55.41 MPa

Test Pressure Ptmin=26 <= Ptmax=55.41[MPa]

(U= 46.9%) OK

WARNING: UCS-79 EXTREME FIBER ELONGATION EXCEEDS 5%, HEAT TREATMENT MAY BE REQUIRED. Volume:0.2 m3 Weight:977.1 kg (SG= 7.85 )

18 S1.1

Cylindrical Shell

Main Shell

Umax= 59.5%

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IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Rev.:A Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c-01 Operator : ASME VIII Div.1:2007 A09 - UG-27 CYLINDRICAL SHELL S1.1 Main Shell 17 Apr. 2012 17:26

18 S1.1

Cylindrical Shell

Main Shell

Umax= 59.5%

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IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c-01 Operator : Rev.:A ASME VIII Div.1:2007 A09 - UG-32 ELLIPSOIDAL HEADS E2.1 End cap 17 Apr. 2012 17:26 ConnID:S1.1
19 E2.1 Ellipsoidal End End cap

INPUT DATA
COMPONENT ATTACHMENT/LOCATION
Attachment: S1.1 Cylindrical Shell Location: Along z-axis zo= 100 Main Shell

GENERAL DESIGN DATA

PRESSURE LOADING: Design Component for Internal Pressure Only PROCESS CARD: General Design Data : Temp= 100C, P=20.000 MPa, c= 1 mm, Pext=0.000 MPa

DIMENSIONS OF END
Design Diameter: Base Design on Inside Diameter Type of Ellipsoidal End: Semi-Ellipsoidal Head R:h 2:1 WELD JOINT EFFICIENCY FACTOR: Full RT UW-11(a) Type 1 (E=1.0) INSIDE SHELL DIAMETER (corroded)....................:Di LENGTH OF CYLINDRICAL PART OF END...................:Lcyl NEGATIVE TOLERANCE/THINNING ALLOWANCE...............:th AS BUILT THICKNESS OF HEAD/END (uncorroded).........:tn

498.00 0.00 1.00 70.00

mm mm mm mm

MATERIAL DATA FOR END

SA-516(M) Gr.70, K02700 Plate THK<=0mm 100'C ST=485 SY=260 SYd=239 S=138 Sr=138 Stest=234 (N/mm2) MODULUS OF ELASTICITY at design temp................:E 1,9993E05 N/mm2

CALCULATION DATA
UG-32(d) ELLIPSOIDAL HEADS UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE
Factor K from Appendix 1 Article 1-4(c) K = 1 =1= 1.00

Application of Rules for Ellipsoidal Heads: Geometry Check Di/2h=2 >= 1.0=1 Geometry Check Di/2h=2 <= 3.0=3

OK OK
(APP.1-4(c)) 36.62 mm 38.62 mm

Required Minimum Head Thickness Excl.Allow. tmin : tmin = P * Di * K / (2 * S * E - 0.2 * P) =20*498*1/(2*138*1-0.2*20)= Required Minimum End Thickness Incl.Allow. : tmina = tmin + c + th =36.62+1+1=

Internal Pressure tmina=38.62 <= tn=70[mm]

Analysis Thickness ta = tn - c - th =70-1-1= Outside Diameter of Shell Do = Di + 2 * (tn - c) =498+2*(70-1)= Mean Diameter of Shell Dm = (Do + Di) / 2 =(636+498)/2= h = Di / 4 + (tn - c) =498/4+(70-1)=

(U= 55.1%) OK
68.00 mm 636.00 mm 567.00 mm 193.50 mm

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE MAWP :NEW & COLD

Pmax = 2 * S * E * ta / (K * Di + 0.2 * ta) =2*138*1*69/(1*498+0.2*69)= 37.21 MPa

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE MAWP :HOT & CORR

Pmax = 2 * S * E * ta / (K * Di + 0.2 * ta) =2*138*1*68/(1*498+0.2*68)= 36.68 MPa

19 E2.1

Ellipsoidal End

End cap

Umax= 55.1%

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IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c-01 Operator : Rev.:A ASME VIII Div.1:2007 A09 - UG-32 ELLIPSOIDAL HEADS E2.1 End cap 17 Apr. 2012 17:26 ConnID:S1.1

MAX TEST PRESSURE (Uncorroded cond.at ambient temp.)

Pmax = 2 * S * E * ta / (K * Di + 0.2 * ta) =2*234*1*69/(1*498+0.2*69)= 63.09 MPa

UG-99(b) REQUIRED MINIMUM TEST PRESSURE: NEW AT AMBIENT TEMP. Ptmin

Ptmin = 1.3 * Pd * Sr / S =1.3*20*138/138= 26.00 MPa

Test Pressure Ptmin=26 <= Ptmax=63.09[MPa] UCS-79 Extreme Fiber Elongation

fext = 75 * tn / Rf * (1 - Rf / INFINITY) =75*70/93.39*(1-93.39/Infinity)=

(U= 41.2%) OK

56.22 %

CALCULATION SUMMARY
UG-32(d) ELLIPSOIDAL HEADS UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE
Required Minimum Head Thickness Excl.Allow. tmin : tmin = P * Di * K / (2 * S * E - 0.2 * P) =20*498*1/(2*138*1-0.2*20)= Required Minimum End Thickness Incl.Allow. : tmina = tmin + c + th =36.62+1+1= (APP.1-4(c)) 36.62 mm 38.62 mm

Internal Pressure tmina=38.62 <= tn=70[mm]

Pmax = 2 * S * E * ta / (K * Di + 0.2 * ta) =2*138*1*69/(1*498+0.2*69)=

(U= 55.1%) OK

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE MAWP :NEW & COLD

37.21 MPa

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE MAWP :HOT & CORR

Pmax = 2 * S * E * ta / (K * Di + 0.2 * ta) =2*138*1*68/(1*498+0.2*68)= 36.68 MPa

MAX TEST PRESSURE (Uncorroded cond.at ambient temp.)

Pmax = 2 * S * E * ta / (K * Di + 0.2 * ta) =2*234*1*69/(1*498+0.2*69)= 63.09 MPa

Test Pressure Ptmin=26 <= Ptmax=63.09[MPa]

(U= 41.2%) OK

WARNING: UCS-79 EXTREME FIBER ELONGATION EXCEEDS 5%, HEAT TREATMENT MAY BE REQUIRED. Volume:0.02 m3 Weight:196.8 kg (SG= 7.85 )

19 E2.1

Ellipsoidal End

End cap

Umax= 55.1%

Page: 11

IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c-01 Operator : Rev.:A ASME VIII Div.1:2007 A09 - UG-32 ELLIPSOIDAL HEADS E2.1 End cap 17 Apr. 2012 17:26 ConnID:S1.1

19 E2.1

Ellipsoidal End

End cap

Umax= 55.1%

Page: 12

IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c-01 Operator : Rev.:A ASME VIII Div.1:2007 A09 - UG-32 ELLIPSOIDAL HEADS E2.2 End cap 17 Apr. 2012 17:26 ConnID:S1.1
20 E2.2 Ellipsoidal End End cap

INPUT DATA
COMPONENT ATTACHMENT/LOCATION
Attachment: S1.1 Cylindrical Shell Location: Along z-axis z1= 1100 Main Shell

GENERAL DESIGN DATA

PRESSURE LOADING: Design Component for Internal Pressure Only PROCESS CARD: General Design Data : Temp= 100C, P=20.000 MPa, c= 1 mm, Pext=0.000 MPa

DIMENSIONS OF END
Design Diameter: Base Design on Inside Diameter Type of Ellipsoidal End: Semi-Ellipsoidal Head R:h 2:1 WELD JOINT EFFICIENCY FACTOR: Full RT UW-11(a) Type 1 (E=1.0) INSIDE SHELL DIAMETER (corroded)....................:Di LENGTH OF CYLINDRICAL PART OF END...................:Lcyl NEGATIVE TOLERANCE/THINNING ALLOWANCE...............:th AS BUILT THICKNESS OF HEAD/END (uncorroded).........:tn

498.00 0.00 1.00 70.00

mm mm mm mm

MATERIAL DATA FOR END

SA-516(M) Gr.70, K02700 Plate THK<=0mm 100'C ST=485 SY=260 SYd=239 S=138 Sr=138 Stest=234 (N/mm2) MODULUS OF ELASTICITY at design temp................:E 1,9993E05 N/mm2

CALCULATION DATA
UG-32(d) ELLIPSOIDAL HEADS UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE
Factor K from Appendix 1 Article 1-4(c) K = 1 =1= 1.00

Application of Rules for Ellipsoidal Heads: Geometry Check Di/2h=2 >= 1.0=1 Geometry Check Di/2h=2 <= 3.0=3

OK OK
(APP.1-4(c)) 36.62 mm 38.62 mm

Required Minimum Head Thickness Excl.Allow. tmin : tmin = P * Di * K / (2 * S * E - 0.2 * P) =20*498*1/(2*138*1-0.2*20)= Required Minimum End Thickness Incl.Allow. : tmina = tmin + c + th =36.62+1+1=

Internal Pressure tmina=38.62 <= tn=70[mm]

Analysis Thickness ta = tn - c - th =70-1-1= Outside Diameter of Shell Do = Di + 2 * (tn - c) =498+2*(70-1)= Mean Diameter of Shell Dm = (Do + Di) / 2 =(636+498)/2= h = Di / 4 + (tn - c) =498/4+(70-1)=

(U= 55.1%) OK
68.00 mm 636.00 mm 567.00 mm 193.50 mm

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE MAWP :NEW & COLD

Pmax = 2 * S * E * ta / (K * Di + 0.2 * ta) =2*138*1*69/(1*498+0.2*69)= 37.21 MPa

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE MAWP :HOT & CORR

Pmax = 2 * S * E * ta / (K * Di + 0.2 * ta) =2*138*1*68/(1*498+0.2*68)= 36.68 MPa

20 E2.2

Ellipsoidal End

End cap

Umax= 55.1%

Page: 13

IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c-01 Operator : Rev.:A ASME VIII Div.1:2007 A09 - UG-32 ELLIPSOIDAL HEADS E2.2 End cap 17 Apr. 2012 17:26 ConnID:S1.1

MAX TEST PRESSURE (Uncorroded cond.at ambient temp.)

Pmax = 2 * S * E * ta / (K * Di + 0.2 * ta) =2*234*1*69/(1*498+0.2*69)= 63.09 MPa

UG-99(b) REQUIRED MINIMUM TEST PRESSURE: NEW AT AMBIENT TEMP. Ptmin

Ptmin = 1.3 * Pd * Sr / S =1.3*20*138/138= 26.00 MPa

Test Pressure Ptmin=26 <= Ptmax=63.09[MPa] UCS-79 Extreme Fiber Elongation

fext = 75 * tn / Rf * (1 - Rf / INFINITY) =75*70/93.39*(1-93.39/Infinity)=

(U= 41.2%) OK

56.22 %

CALCULATION SUMMARY
UG-32(d) ELLIPSOIDAL HEADS UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE
Required Minimum Head Thickness Excl.Allow. tmin : tmin = P * Di * K / (2 * S * E - 0.2 * P) =20*498*1/(2*138*1-0.2*20)= Required Minimum End Thickness Incl.Allow. : tmina = tmin + c + th =36.62+1+1= (APP.1-4(c)) 36.62 mm 38.62 mm

Internal Pressure tmina=38.62 <= tn=70[mm]

Pmax = 2 * S * E * ta / (K * Di + 0.2 * ta) =2*138*1*69/(1*498+0.2*69)=

(U= 55.1%) OK

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE MAWP :NEW & COLD

37.21 MPa

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE MAWP :HOT & CORR

Pmax = 2 * S * E * ta / (K * Di + 0.2 * ta) =2*138*1*68/(1*498+0.2*68)= 36.68 MPa

MAX TEST PRESSURE (Uncorroded cond.at ambient temp.)

Pmax = 2 * S * E * ta / (K * Di + 0.2 * ta) =2*234*1*69/(1*498+0.2*69)= 63.09 MPa

Test Pressure Ptmin=26 <= Ptmax=63.09[MPa]

(U= 41.2%) OK

WARNING: UCS-79 EXTREME FIBER ELONGATION EXCEEDS 5%, HEAT TREATMENT MAY BE REQUIRED. Volume:0.02 m3 Weight:196.8 kg (SG= 7.85 )

20 E2.2

Ellipsoidal End

End cap

Umax= 55.1%

Page: 14

IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c-01 Operator : Rev.:A ASME VIII Div.1:2007 A09 - UG-32 ELLIPSOIDAL HEADS E2.2 End cap 17 Apr. 2012 17:26 ConnID:S1.1

20 E2.2

Ellipsoidal End

End cap

Umax= 55.1%

Page: 15

IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c-01 Operator : Rev.:A ASME VIII Div.1:2007 A09 - UG-37 REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED FOR OPENINGS IN SHELLS N.1 Nozzle 17 Apr. 2012 17:27 ConnID:S1.1
21 N.1 Nozzle,Forging (LWN) Nozzle

INPUT DATA
COMPONENT ATTACHMENT/LOCATION
Attachment: S1.1 Cylindrical Shell Main Shell

Orientation & Location of Nozzle: Radial to Shell z-location of nozzle along axis of attacment........:z 600.00 mm Angle of Rotation of nozzle axis projected in the x-y plane:Phi 360.00 Degr.

GENERAL DESIGN DATA

Type of Opening: Standard ANSI or DIN/EN Flange Attachment

Nozzle Type: Set In Flush Nozzle Nozzle Weld Intersect: Nozzle Does NOT Intersect with a Welded Shell Seam PRESSURE LOADING: Design Component for Internal Pressure Only PROCESS CARD: General Design Data : Temp= 100C, P=20.000 MPa, c= 1 mm, Pext=0.000 MPa Include Nozzle Load Calculation: YES

SHELL DATA (S1.1)

Shell Type: Cylindrical Shell OUTSIDE DIAMETER OF SHELL...........................:Do AS BUILT WALL THICKNESS (uncorroded)................:tn WELD JOINT EFFICIENCY FACTOR........................:E1 NEGATIVE TOLERANCE/THINNING ALLOWANCE...............:th SA-516(M) Gr.70, K02700 Plate THK<=0mm 100'C ST=485 SY=260 SYd=239 Sv=138 Sr=138 Stest=234 (N/mm2) 636.00 mm 70.00 mm 1.00 1.00 mm

NOZZLE DATA
SA-516(M) Gr.70, K02700 Plate THK<=0mm 100'C ST=485 SY=260 SYd=239 Sn=138 Sr=138 Stest=234 (N/mm2) Nozzle without pipe connections(access/inspection openings): NO

Delivery Form: Forging (LWN) Base calculations on Forging OD: NO INSIDE DIAMETER OF NOZZLE (corroded)................:d AS BUILT NOZZLE THICKNESS (uncorroded)..............:tnb Size of Flange and Nozzle: 3" Comment (Optional): CLASS :1500# LWN Long Welding Neck NEGATIVE TOLERANCE/THINNING ALLOWANCE...............: NOZZLE STANDOUT MEASURED FROM VESSEL OD.............:ho

78.19 mm 28.57 mm 1.00 mm 200.00 mm

21 N.1

Nozzle,Forging (LWN) Nozzle

Umax= 48.1%

Page: 16

IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c-01 Operator : Rev.:A ASME VIII Div.1:2007 A09 - UG-37 REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED FOR OPENINGS IN SHELLS N.1 Nozzle 17 Apr. 2012 17:27 ConnID:S1.1

FLANGE DATA
A: Flange Standard: ANSI B16.5 Flanges E: Pressure Class: ANSI B16.5:Class 1500 lbs C: Flange Type: WN Welding Neck D: Facing Sketch/ANSI facing (Table 3.8.3(2)): 1a RF Flange Material Category: 1.1 - Carbon Steel - A105, A515 70, A516 70, A350 LF2 161 480)

Raised Face (BS 1503 164 490, BS 1504

DATA FOR REINFORCEMENT PAD

Type of Pad: Single Pad THICKNESS OF THE REINFORCEMENT PAD..................:te WIDTH OF THE REINFORCEMENT PAD......................:Lp SA-516(M) Gr.70, K02700 Plate THK<=0mm 100'C ST=485 SY=260 SYd=239 Sp=138 Sr=138 Stest=234 (N/mm2) 40.00 mm 50.00 mm

WELDING DATA
Nozzle to Shell Welding Area: Include Area of Nozzle to Shell Weld as Min.Required

Weld Connection: Full Penetration Weld + Outward Fillet Weld (to=tc) + PAD Fillet Weld (tp=0.5*tmin)

LIMITS OF REINFORCEMENT
Reduction of Limits of Reinforcement: No Reduction Required

EXTERNAL LOADS ON NOZZLE

FACTOR C4: C4 = 1.1 Nozzle is Attached to a Piping System with due Allowance for Expansion and Thrust

TYPE OF LOAD INPUT: Load Cases External Nozzle Loads: User Specified Loads

LOADING DATA
Table NOZZLE LOADS: Load Description Pressure Radial Load ID P Fz Units MPa kN Load Case 1 20 30

21 N.1

Nozzle,Forging (LWN) Nozzle

Umax= 48.1%

Page: 17

IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c-01 Operator : Rev.:A ASME VIII Div.1:2007 A09 - UG-37 REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED FOR OPENINGS IN SHELLS N.1 Nozzle 17 Apr. 2012 17:27 ConnID:S1.1
Load Description Longitudinal Moment Circumferential Moment: Longitudinal Shear Force Circumferential Shear Force Torsional Moment ID My Mx Fl Fc Mt Units kNm kNm kN kN kNm Load Case 1

CALCULATION DATA
FLANGE RATING
ANSI 1500lb-Flange Rating(at 100C)= 23.189 MPa, Max.Test Pressure = 38.435 MPa

GEOMETRIC LIMITATIONS Material Strength Reduction Factor fr1-4

Strength Reduction Factor for Nozzle Inserted Through Vessel Wall fr1 fr1 = MIN( Sn / Sv, 1) =MIN(138/138,1)= 1.00 Strength Reduction Factor for Nozzle fr2 fr2 = MIN( Sn / Sv, 1) =MIN(138/138,1)= 1.00 Strength Reduction Factor for Pad fr3 fr3 = MIN( MIN( Sn, Sp) / Sv, 1) =MIN(MIN(138,138)/138,1)= 1.00 Strength Reduction Factor for Pad fr4 fr4 = MIN( Sp / Sv, 1) =MIN(138/138,1)= 1.00

PRELIMINARY CALCULATIONS
Shell Analysis Thickness t t = tn - c - th =70-1-1= Nozzle Analysis Thickness tn tn = tnb - c =28.57-1= Reinf.Pad Analysis Thickness te te = MIN( te, 2.5 * t) =MIN(40,2.5*68)= Inside Radius of Shell R L = Do / 2 - t =636/2-68= Required Thickness of a Seamless Shell tr tr = P * L / (Sv * E1 - 0.6 * P) =20*250/(138*1-0.6*20)= deb = d + 2 * tn =78.19+2*27.57= deb = d + 2 * tn =78.19+2*27.57= Inside Radius of Nozzle Rn Rn = d / 2 =78.19/2= Minimum nozzle thickness due to pressure trn = P * Rn / (Sn * E - 0.6 * P) =20*39.095/(138*1-0.6*20)= 68.00 mm 27.57 mm 40.00 mm 250.00 mm 39.68 mm 133.33 mm 133.33 mm 39.10 mm 6.21 mm

UG-40 LIMITS OF REINFORCEMENT

Parallel to Vessel Wall (half diameter limit) Lv = MAX( d , d / 2 + t + tn) =MAX(78.19,78.19/2+68+27.57)= Normal to Vessel Wall Outside Lno = MIN( 2.5 * t , 2.5 * tn + te) =MIN(2.5*68,2.5*27.57+40)= Effective Material Diameter Limit deff = 2 * Lv =2*134.67= 134.67 mm 108.92 mm 269.33 mm

UG-37 Calculation of Stress Loaded Areas Effective as Reinforcement

Area Available in Shell A1
A1 = (deff-d)*(E1*t-F*tr)-2*tn*(E1*t-F*tr)*(1-fr1) =(269.33-78.19)*(1*68-1*39.68)-2*27.57*(1*68-1*39.68)*(1-1)= 5412.60 mm2

21 N.1

Nozzle,Forging (LWN) Nozzle

Umax= 48.1%

Page: 18

IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c-01 Operator : Rev.:A ASME VIII Div.1:2007 A09 - UG-37 REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED FOR OPENINGS IN SHELLS N.1 Nozzle 17 Apr. 2012 17:27 ConnID:S1.1

Area Available in Nozzle Projecting Outward A2

A2 = 2 * (tn - trn) * fr2 * MIN( Lno, ho) =2*(27.57-6.21)*1*MIN(108.92,200)= 4654.24 mm2

Area Available in Welds A4

Area Available in Nozzle Outward Weld A41 A41 = Leg41 ^ 2 * fr3 =8.57^2*1= Area Available in Outer Weld A42 A42 = Leg42 ^ 2 * fr4 =13.57^2*1= A4 = A41 + A42 + A43 =73.44+184.14+0= 73.44 mm2 184.14 mm2 257.59 mm2

Area Available in Reinforcement Pad A5

Limit of Reinforcement Along Pad wp = Min( Lp , Lv - deb / 2) =Min(50,134.67-133.33/2)= te = Min( te, 2.5 * t) =Min(40,2.5*68)= A5 = 2 * wp * te * fr4 =2*50*40*1= 50.00 mm 40.00 mm 4000.00 mm2

Total Area Available Aavail

Aavail = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 + A5 =5412.6+4654.24+0+257.59+4000= 14324.43 mm2

UG-37(c) Total Area Required

Total Area Required Areq Areq = d * tr * F + 2 * tn * tr * F * (1 - fr1) =78.19*39.68*1+2*27.57*39.68*1*(1-1)= 3102.78 mm2

UG-37 Nozzle Reinforcement Aavail=14324.43 >= Areq=3102.78[mm2] (U= 21.6%) OK

UG-41.1 WELD STRENGTH AND WELD LOADS (Sketch a or b)

NOTE: UW-15(b) Strength calculations for attachment welds are NOT required for this detail.

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE MAWP :HOT & CORR
Pmax (t,tn,Sv,Sn)(68,27.6,138,138) = == 41.50 MPa

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE MAWP :NEW & COLD

Pmax (t,tn,Sv,Sn)(69,28.6,138,138) = == 42.25 MPa

MAX TEST PRESSURE (Uncorroded cond.at ambient temp.)

Pmax (t,tn,Sv,Sn)(69,28.6,234,234) = == 71.75 MPa

UW-16(c) DIMENSIONS OF FILLET WELDS:

Throat dimension of fillet welds on nozzle: - at outward nozzle weld at nozzle OD, tmin = lesser of 19.0, tn or t/te)= 19 mm to(min)=MIN(6, 0.7*tmin)= 6 mm - at pad OD, tmin = lesser of 19.0, t or te)= 19 mm tp(min)=( .5*tmin)= 9.5 mm Minimum length of legs: - at outward nozzle weld at nozzle OD, Leg41(min) = 8.57 mm - at pad OD, Leg42(min) = 13.57 mm

UG-16(c) Outward Nozzle Fillet Weld, Leg Size Leg41=8.57 >= Leg41(min)=8.57[mm] OK

21 N.1

Nozzle,Forging (LWN) Nozzle

Umax= 48.1%

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IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c-01 Operator : Rev.:A ASME VIII Div.1:2007 A09 - UG-37 REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED FOR OPENINGS IN SHELLS N.1 Nozzle 17 Apr. 2012 17:27 ConnID:S1.1

UG-16(c) Fillet Weld at Pad OD, Leg Size Leg42=13.57 >= Leg42(min)=13.57[mm] OK

UG-45 NOZZLE NECK THICKNESS

UG-45(a) Required Thickness of a Seamless Nozzle Wall trn UG45a = MAX( trn , textn) + c =MAX(6.21,0)+1= UG45b1 = MAX( tr , tmin16) + c =MAX(39.68,1.6)+1= UG45b2 = 0 =0= UG45b3 = MAX( UG45b1 , UG45b2) =MAX(40.68,0)= UG45b4(Stnd.wall thk.minus 12.5% neg.tolerance)+c= == UG45b = MIN( UG45b3 , UG45b4) =MIN(40.68,6.77)= Minimum Thickness of Nozzle Neck to UG45 UG45 = MAX( UG45a , UG45b) =MAX(7.21,6.77)= Type of Design Method: 16.5 - EN13445 -LOCAL LOADS ON NOZZLES IN CYLINDRICAL SHELLS 7.21 40.68 0.00 40.68 6.77 6.77 mm mm mm mm mm mm

7.21 mm

UG-45 Min.Nozzle Neck Thk. UG45=7.21 <= tnb-tolerance=27.57[mm] (U= 26.1%) OK

16.5 - EN13445 -LOCAL LOADS ON NOZZLES IN CYLINDRICAL SHELLS

PRELIMINARY CALCULATIONS
Shell Analysis Thickness eas eas = tn - c - th =70-1-1= Nozzle Analysis Thickness eb eb = tnb - c - NegDev =28.57-1-1= Mean diameter of shell D = Do - ea =636-68= Mean radius of shell R = D / 2 =568/2= 68.00 mm 27.57 mm 568.00 mm 284.00 mm

16.5.3 CONDITIONS OF APPLICABILITY a) ea/D=0.1197 >= 0.001 a) ea/D=0.1197 <= 0.1=0.1 b) LamdaC=0.427 <= 10

OK NOT OK OK

c) Dist.to any other local load shall not be less than SQR(D*ec)= 247.7 mm d) Nozzle thickness shall be maintained over a distance of SQR(d*eb)= 54 mm

LOAD CASE NO: 1 - Load Case 1

Total Moment MB = Sqr( Mx ^ 2 + My ^ 2) =Sqr(0^2+0^2)= 0.00 kNm

STRESSES AT OUTER DIAMETER OF NOZZLE

Mean Diameter of Nozzle d = deb - eb =133.33-27.57= Combined Analysis Thickness ec = ea + te * Min( fp / f 1) =68+40*Min(138/138,1)= LamdaC = d / Sqr( D * ec) =105.76/Sqr(568*108)= Ratio1 = eb / ec =27.57/108= Ratio2 = D / ec =568/108= VALUES FOR C1, C2 AND C3 FROM FIGURES16.5-2 to 16.5-4 C1 = 1.810 C2 = 4.900 C3 = 5.188 105.76 mm 108.00 mm 0.4270 0.2553 5.26

16.5.5 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE INDIVIDUAL LOADS

Permissible Pressure Pmax: Pmax (from nozzle calculation) = Pmax =41.5= Allowable Axial Load Fzmax: Fzmax = f * ec ^ 2 * C1 =138*108^2*1.81= Allowable Circumferential Moment Mxmax: Mxmax = f * ec ^ 2 * d / 4 * C2 =138*108^2*105.76/4*4.9= Allowable Longitudinal Moment Mxmax: Mymax = f * ec ^ 2 * d / 4 * C3 =138*108^2*105.76/4*5.19= 41.50 MPa 2913.43 kN

208.54 kNm

220.78 kNm

21 N.1

Nozzle,Forging (LWN) Nozzle

Umax= 48.1%

Page: 20

IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c-01 Operator : Rev.:A ASME VIII Div.1:2007 A09 - UG-37 REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED FOR OPENINGS IN SHELLS N.1 Nozzle 17 Apr. 2012 17:27 ConnID:S1.1

SHEAR STRESS FORMULAES (PD5500 Section G.2.3.6.3)

Shear Stresses due to Longitudinal Shear Force, TauFl: TauFl = 2 * Fl / (PI * deb * ec) =2*0/(3.14*133.33*108)= Shear Stresses due to Circumferential Force, TauFc: TauFc = 2 * Fc / (PI * deb * ec) =2*0/(3.14*133.33*108)= Shear Stresses due to Torsional Moment, TauMt: TauMt = 2 * Mt / (PI * deb ^ 2 * ec) =2*0/(3.14*133.33^2*108)= Total Shear Stresses, Tau: Tau = Sqr( TauFc ^ 2 + TauFl ^ 2) + TauMt =Sqr(0^2+0^2)+0= 0.00 N/mm2

0.00 N/mm2

0.00 N/mm2

0.00 N/mm2

16.5.6 COMBINATIONS OF EXTERNAL LOADS AND INTERNAL PRESSURE

PhiP = P / Pmax =20/41.5= PhiZ = Fz / Fzmax =30/2913.43= PhiTau = Tau / (0.5 * f) =0/(0.5*138)= PhiB = Sqr(( Mx / Mxmax) ^ 2 + (My / Mymax) ^ 2) =Sqr((0/208.54)^2+(0/220.78)^2)= 0.4819 0.0103 0.00 0.00 0.4484

MaxAll = MAX(Abs(PhiP/C4+PhiZ),Abs(PhiZ),Abs(PhiP/C4-0.2*PhiZ) =MAX(Abs(0.4819/1.1+0.0103,)Abs(0.0103,)Abs(0.4819/1.1-0.2*0.0103)= PhiAll = Sqr( MaxAll ^ 2 + PhiB ^ 2 + PhiTau ^ 2) =Sqr(0.4484^2+0^2+0^2)= 0.4484

16.5.6.4 Check of Individual Load Ratio Limits PhiP AT NOZZLE OD PhiP=0.4819 <= 1.0 =1 PhiZ AT NOZZLE OD PhiZ=0.0103 <= 1.0=1 PhiB AT NOZZLE OD PhiB=0 <= 1.0=1 PhiTau AT NOZZLE OD PhiTau=0 <= 1.0=1 PhiAll AT NOZZLE OD PhiAll=0.4484 <= 1.0=1

(U= 48.1%) OK (U= 1%) OK (U= 0%) OK (U= 0%) OK (U= 44.8%) OK

STRESSES AT OUTER EDGE OF PAD

Diameter at Edge of Reinforcement Pad d = deb + 2 * Lp =133.33+2*50= Combined Analysis Thickness ec = ea =68= LamdaC = d / Sqr( D * ec) =233.33/Sqr(568*68)= Ratio1 = MAX( eb / ec , 0.5) =MAX(27.57/68,0.5)= Ratio2 = D / ec =568/68= VALUES FOR C1, C2 AND C3 FROM FIGURES16.5-2 to 16.5-4 C1 = 1.810 C2 = 4.900 C3 = 9.004 233.33 mm 68.00 mm 1.19 0.5000 8.35

16.5.5 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE INDIVIDUAL LOADS

Permissible Pressure Pmax: Pmax (from nozzle calculation) = Pmax =41.5= Allowable Axial Load Fzmax: Fzmax = f * ec ^ 2 * C1 =138*68^2*1.81= Allowable Circumferential Moment Mxmax: Mxmax = f * ec ^ 2 * d / 4 * C2 =138*68^2*233.33/4*4.9= Allowable Longitudinal Moment Mxmax: Mymax = f * ec ^ 2 * d / 4 * C3 =138*68^2*233.33/4*9.= 41.50 MPa 1154.98 kN

182.39 kNm 335.16 kNm

21 N.1

Nozzle,Forging (LWN) Nozzle

Umax= 48.1%

Page: 21

IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c-01 Operator : Rev.:A ASME VIII Div.1:2007 A09 - UG-37 REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED FOR OPENINGS IN SHELLS N.1 Nozzle 17 Apr. 2012 17:27 ConnID:S1.1

SHEAR STRESS FORMULAES (PD5500 Section G.2.3.6.3)

Shear Stresses due to Longitudinal Shear Force, TauFl: TauFl = 2 * Fl / (PI * deb * ec) =2*0/(3.14*133.33*68)= Shear Stresses due to Circumferential Force, TauFc: TauFc = 2 * Fc / (PI * deb * ec) =2*0/(3.14*133.33*68)= Shear Stresses due to Torsional Moment, TauMt: TauMt = 2 * Mt / (PI * deb ^ 2 * ec) =2*0/(3.14*133.33^2*68)= Total Shear Stresses, Tau: Tau = Sqr( TauFc ^ 2 + TauFl ^ 2) + TauMt =Sqr(0^2+0^2)+0= 0.00 N/mm2

0.00 N/mm2

0.00 N/mm2

0.00 N/mm2

16.5.6 COMBINATIONS OF EXTERNAL LOADS AND INTERNAL PRESSURE

PhiP = P / Pmax =20/41.5= PhiZ = Fz / Fzmax =30/1154.98= PhiTau = Tau / (0.5 * f) =0/(0.5*138)= PhiB = Sqr(( Mx / Mxmax) ^ 2 + (My / Mymax) ^ 2) =Sqr((0/182.39)^2+(0/335.16)^2)= 0.4819 0.0260 0.00 0.00 0.4641

MaxAll = MAX(Abs(PhiP/C4+PhiZ),Abs(PhiZ),Abs(PhiP/C4-0.2*PhiZ) =MAX(Abs(0.4819/1.1+0.026,)Abs(0.026,)Abs(0.4819/1.1-0.2*0.026)= PhiAll = Sqr( MaxAll ^ 2 + PhiB ^ 2 + PhiTau ^ 2) =Sqr(0.4641^2+0^2+0^2)= 0.4641

16.5.6.4 Check of Individual Load Ratio Limits PhiP AT EDGE OF PAD PhiP=0.4819 <= 1.0 =1 PhiZ AT EDGE OF PAD PhiZ=0.026 <= 1.0=1 PhiB AT EDGE OF PAD PhiB=0 <= 1.0=1 PhiTau AT EDGE OF PAD PhiTau=0 <= 1.0=1 PhiAll AT EDGE OF PAD PhiAll=0.4641 <= 1.0=1

(U= 48.1%) OK (U= 2.5%) OK (U= 0%) OK (U= 0%) OK (U= 46.4%) OK

16.5.7 STRESS RANGES AND THEIR COMBINATIONS

16.5.7.1 LOAD RANGES
DeltaP = Max( Pmax , 0) - Min( Pmin , 0) =Max(20,0)-Min(0,0)= DeltaFz = Max( Fzmax , 0) - Min( Fzmin , 0) =Max(30,0)-Min(0,0)= DeltaMx = Max( Mxmax , 0) - Min( Mxmin , 0) =Max(0,0)-Min(0,0)= DeltaMy = Max( Mymax , 0) - Min( Mymin , 0) =Max(0,0)-Min(0,0)= DeltaFl = Max( Flmax , 0) - Min( Flmin , 0) =Max(0,0)-Min(0,0)= DeltaFc = Max( Fcmax , 0) - Min( Fcmin , 0) =Max(0,0)-Min(0,0)= DeltaFshear = Sqr( DeltaFl ^ 2 + DeltaFc ^ 2) =Sqr(0^2+0^2)= DeltaMt = Max( Mtmax , 0) - Min( Mtmin , 0) =Max(0,0)-Min(0,0)= 20.00 MPa 30.00 kN 0.00 kNm 0.00 kNm 0.00 kN 0.00 kN 0.00 kN 0.00 kNm

21 N.1

Nozzle,Forging (LWN) Nozzle

Umax= 48.1%

Page: 22

IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c-01 Operator : Rev.:A ASME VIII Div.1:2007 A09 - UG-37 REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED FOR OPENINGS IN SHELLS N.1 Nozzle 17 Apr. 2012 17:27 ConnID:S1.1

16.5.7.2 EQVIVALENT SHELL THICKNESS

eeq = ea+Min(te*Lp/Sqr(D*(ea+te)),te)*Min(fp/f1) =68+Min(40*50/Sqr(568*(68+40,))40)*Min(138/138,1)= 76.08 mm

16.5.7.3 STRESSES
VALUES FOR C1, C2 AND C3 FROM FIGURES16.5-2 to 16.5-4 C1 = 1.810 C2 = 4.900 C3 = 5.733 Tmp1 = Sqr( d * eb / (D * eeq)) =Sqr(78.19*27.57/(568*76.08))= 0.2598 Tmp2 = (2+2*d/D*Tmp1+1.25*d/D*Sqr(D/eeq))/(1+eb/eeq*Tmp1) =(2+2*78.19/568*0.2598+1.25*78.19/568*Sqr(568/76.08))/(1+27.57/76.08*0.2598 )= = 2.50 Stresses due to Pressure Range SigP = DeltaP * D / (2 * eeq) * Tmp2 (16.5-21) =20*568/(2*76.08)*2.5= 186.48 N/mm2 Stresses due to Axial Load Range SigFz = 2.25 / C1 * (DeltaFz / eeq ^ 2) =2.25/1.81*(30/76.08^2)= Stresses due to Circumferential Moment Range SigMx = 2.25 / C2 * (4 * DeltaMx / (eeq ^ 2 * d)) =2.25/4.9*(4*0/(76.08^2*78.19))= Stresses due to Longitudinal Moment Range SigMy = 2.25 / C3 * (4 * DeltaMy / (eeq ^ 2 * d)) =2.25/5.73*(4*0/(76.08^2*78.19))= Shear Stresses due to Longitudinal Shear Force, DeltaFl: TauFl = 2 * DeltaFl / (PI * deb * eeq) =2*0/(3.14*133.33*76.08)= Shear Stresses due to Circumferential Force, TauFc: TauFc = 2 * DeltaFc / (PI * deb * eeq) =2*0/(3.14*133.33*76.08)= Shear Stresses due to Torsional Moment, TauMt: TauMt = 2 * DeltaMt / (PI * deb ^ 2 * eeq) =2*0/(3.14*133.33^2*76.08)= Total Shear Stresses, Tau: Tau = Sqr( TauFc ^ 2 + TauFl ^ 2) + TauMt =Sqr(0^2+0^2)+0= (16.5-22) 6.44 N/mm2 (16.5-23) 0.00 N/mm2 (16.5-24) 0.00 N/mm2

0.00 N/mm2

0.00 N/mm2

0.00 N/mm2

0.00 N/mm2

Total Stress Intensity due to Load Range SigTot = Abs(SigT+Sqr((SigP+SigFz)^2+SigMx^2+SigMy^2+4*Tau^2)) (16.5-25) =Abs(0+Sqr((186.48+6.44)^2+0^2+0^2+4*0^2))= 192.92 N/mm2

Total Stress in Shell SigTot=192.92 <= 3*f=414[N/mm2] (U= 46.5%) OK

16.5.8 NOZZLE LONGITUDINAL STRESSES

Maximum Longitudinal Stresses in Nozzle SigLong = P*d/(4*eb)+4*MB/(PI*d^2*eb)+Fz/(PI*d*eb) =20*78.19/(4*27.57)+4*0/(3.14*78.19^2*27.57)+30000/(3.14*78.19*27.57) = 22.46 N/mm2

Nozzle Long.Stress SigLong=22.46 <= fb=138[N/mm2] 16.14.6 COMPRESSIVE STRESS LIMITS

K = 1.21 * E * ea / (Sige * D) =1.21*199925*27.57/(239*105.76)= alfa = 0.83 / Sqr( 1 + 0.005 * D / ea) =0.83/Sqr(1+0.005*105.76/27.57)= delta = (1 - 0.4123 / (alfa * K) ^ 0.6) / S =(1-0.4123/(0.8222*263.86)^0.6)/1.5= Maximum Allowable Compressive Stress Sigcall = Sige * delta (16.14-20) =239*0.6558=

(U= 16.2%) OK
(16.14-15) 263.86 (16.14-16) 0.8222 (16.14-19) 0.6558 156.73 N/mm2

21 N.1

Nozzle,Forging (LWN) Nozzle

Umax= 48.1%

Page: 23

IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c-01 Operator : Rev.:A ASME VIII Div.1:2007 A09 - UG-37 REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED FOR OPENINGS IN SHELLS N.1 Nozzle 17 Apr. 2012 17:27 ConnID:S1.1

16.14.4 PERMISSIBLE INDIVIDUAL LOADS

Maximum Tensile Force Ftmax Ftmax = PI * D * ea * f (16.14-1) =3.14*105.76*27.57*138= Maximum Compressive Force Fcmax Fcmax = PI * D * ea * Sigcall =3.14*105.76*27.57*156.73= Maximum Bending Moment Mmax Mmax = PI / 4 * D ^ 2 * ea * Sigcall =3.14/4*105.76^2*27.57*156.73= Longitudinal Stability Check (P=0) LongStab = MB / Mmax + Abs( Fzmin) / Fcmax =0/37.96+Abs(0)/1435.68= 1264.12 kN (16.14-2) 1435.68 kN (16.14-3) 37.96 kNm

0.00

Nozzle Long.Stability LongStab=0 <= 1.0=1

Weight of Nozzle: 12.7kg Pad: 12kg

(U= 0%) OK

Flange: 21kg

CALCULATION SUMMARY
Aavail = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 + A5 =5412.6+4654.24+0+257.59+4000= Total Area Required Areq Areq = d * tr * F + 2 * tn * tr * F * (1 - fr1) =78.19*39.68*1+2*27.57*39.68*1*(1-1)= 14324.43 mm2

3102.78 mm2

UG-37 Nozzle Reinforcement Aavail=14324.43 >= Areq=3102.78[mm2] (U= 21.6%) OK

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE MAWP :HOT & CORR
Pmax (t,tn,Sv,Sn)(68,27.6,138,138) = == 41.50 MPa

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE MAWP :NEW & COLD

Pmax (t,tn,Sv,Sn)(69,28.6,138,138) = == 42.25 MPa

MAX TEST PRESSURE (Uncorroded cond.at ambient temp.)

Pmax (t,tn,Sv,Sn)(69,28.6,234,234) = == 71.75 MPa

UG-45 Min.Nozzle Neck Thk. UG45=7.21 <= tnb-tolerance=27.57[mm] (U= 26.1%) OK

LOAD CASE NO: 1 - Load Case 1 STRESSES AT OUTER DIAMETER OF NOZZLE

16.5.6.4 Check of Individual Load Ratio Limits PhiP AT NOZZLE OD PhiP=0.4819 <= 1.0 =1 PhiZ AT NOZZLE OD PhiZ=0.0103 <= 1.0=1 PhiB AT NOZZLE OD PhiB=0 <= 1.0=1 PhiTau AT NOZZLE OD PhiTau=0 <= 1.0=1 PhiAll AT NOZZLE OD PhiAll=0.4484 <= 1.0=1 (U= 48.1%) OK (U= 1%) OK (U= 0%) OK (U= 0%) OK (U= 44.8%) OK

STRESSES AT OUTER EDGE OF PAD

16.5.6.4 Check of Individual Load Ratio Limits PhiP AT EDGE OF PAD PhiP=0.4819 <= 1.0 =1 (U= 48.1%) OK

21 N.1

Nozzle,Forging (LWN) Nozzle

Umax= 48.1%

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IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c-01 Operator : Rev.:A ASME VIII Div.1:2007 A09 - UG-37 REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED FOR OPENINGS IN SHELLS N.1 Nozzle 17 Apr. 2012 17:27 ConnID:S1.1

PhiZ AT EDGE OF PAD PhiZ=0.026 <= 1.0=1 PhiB AT EDGE OF PAD PhiB=0 <= 1.0=1 PhiTau AT EDGE OF PAD PhiTau=0 <= 1.0=1 PhiAll AT EDGE OF PAD PhiAll=0.4641 <= 1.0=1

(U= 2.5%) OK (U= 0%) OK (U= 0%) OK (U= 46.4%) OK

16.5.7 STRESS RANGES AND THEIR COMBINATIONS

Total Stress in Shell SigTot=192.92 <= 3*f=414[N/mm2] (U= 46.5%) OK

16.5.8 NOZZLE LONGITUDINAL STRESSES

Nozzle Long.Stress SigLong=22.46 <= fb=138[N/mm2] (U= 16.2%) OK Nozzle Long.Stability LongStab=0 <= 1.0=1 (U= 0%) OK ERROR:a) ; ea/D <= 0.1 Outside Valid Range Volume:0 m3 Weight:45.3 kg (SG= 7.85 )

21 N.1

Nozzle,Forging (LWN) Nozzle

Umax= 48.1%

Page: 25

IKM Ocean Design AS

Client :Master thesis Vessel Tag No.: Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:10.2c-01 Operator : Rev.:A ASME VIII Div.1:2007 A09 - UG-37 REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED FOR OPENINGS IN SHELLS N.1 Nozzle 17 Apr. 2012 17:27 ConnID:S1.1

21 N.1

Nozzle,Forging (LWN) Nozzle

Umax= 48.1%

Page: 26

APPENDIX D: Calculation report from ANSYS, Direct Route - NS-EN 13445; 2009, Gross plastic deformation (35 mm @ 100 bar)

Project

Page 1 of 13

Project
First Saved Monday, April 16, 2012 Last Saved Thursday, April 19, 2012 Product Version 13.0 Release

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Contents

Units Model (A4) Geometry Parts Coordinate Systems Connections Contacts Contact Regions Mesh Static Structural (A5) Analysis Settings Acceleration Loads Solution (A6) Solution Information Results Material Data SA-516 grade 70

Units
TABLE 1 Unit System Metric (mm, kg, N, s, mV, mA) Degrees rad/s Celsius Angle Degrees Rotational Velocity rad/s Temperature Celsius

Model (A4)
Geometry
TABLE 2 Model (A4) > Geometry Object Name State Source Type Length Unit Element Control Display Style Length X Length Y Length Z Volume Mass Scale Factor Value Geometry Fully Defined Definition C:\Master thesis Frode Tjelta\Inventor\Thin wall\Assembly\weldment.iam Inventor Centimeters Program Controlled Part Color Bounding Box 283,27 mm 766,01 mm 1317, mm Properties 4,1686e+007 mm 327,23 kg 1,

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Statistics Bodies Active Bodies Nodes Elements Mesh Metric Preferences Import Solid Bodies Import Surface Bodies Import Line Bodies Parameter Processing Personal Parameter Key CAD Attribute Transfer Named Selection Processing Material Properties Transfer CAD Associativity Import Coordinate Systems Reader Save Part File Import Using Instances Do Smart Update Attach File Via Temp File Temporary Directory Analysis Type Mixed Import Resolution Enclosure and Symmetry Processing Yes Yes Yes Yes DS No No Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes C:\Users\frodet\AppData\Local\Temp 3-D None Yes TABLE 3 Model (A4) > Geometry > Parts Object Name State Visible Transparency Suppressed Stiffness Behavior Coordinate System Reference Temperature Assignment Nonlinear Effects Thermal Strain Effects Length X 127,52 mm Length Y 125,14 mm Length Z 254,79 mm Volume 40570 mm Mass 0,31847 kg -69,697 Centroid X mm Welds Main shell:1 End cap:1 End cap:2 Reinforcement pad2:1 7 7 29812 14640 None

Meshed Graphics Properties Yes 1 Definition No Flexible Default Coordinate System By Environment Material SA-516 grade 70 Yes Yes Bounding Box 283, mm 283,27 mm 566, mm 566,01 mm 1000, mm 158,52 mm Properties 2,8961e+007 5,4737e+006 5,4736e+006 mm mm mm 227,34 kg 42,969 kg 42,968 kg -170,08 mm -125,46 mm -125,47 mm 114,53 mm 49,228 mm 229,01 mm 3,6082e+005 mm 2,8325 kg -59,042 mm

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Centroid Y 281,88 mm Centroid Z Moment of Inertia Ip1 Moment of Inertia Ip2 Moment of Inertia Ip3 Nodes Elements Mesh Metric -0,11401 mm 1952,7 kgmm 2395,9 kgmm 548,99 kgmm 590 143

-2,0967 mm -3,1226e-007 mm 2,7057e+007 kgmm 2,0592e+007 kgmm 9,473e+006 kgmm 10793 5373

-8,7545e-003 mm 578,79 mm 9,7267e+005 kgmm 3,1819e+005 kgmm 1,1875e+006 kgmm Statistics 4472 2483 None

5,5528e-002 mm -578,79 mm 9,7333e+005 kgmm 3,1829e+005 kgmm 1,1882e+006 kgmm 4903 2759

287,9 mm -3,779e-005 mm 12232 kgmm 14729 kgmm 2811, kgmm 973 144

TABLE 4 Model (A4) > Geometry > Parts Object Name 3 inch Weldneck Flange 900 RF:1 Nozzle2:1 State Meshed Graphics Properties Visible Yes Transparency 1 Definition Suppressed No Stiffness Behavior Flexible Coordinate System Default Coordinate System Reference Temperature By Environment Material Assignment SA-516 grade 70 Nonlinear Effects Yes Thermal Strain Effects Yes Bounding Box Length X 120,5 mm 64,497 mm Length Y 108, mm 135,53 mm Length Z 241, mm 128,97 mm Properties Volume 8,49e+005 mm 5,2735e+005 mm Mass 6,6646 kg 4,1397 kg Centroid X -50,292 mm -33,99 mm Centroid Y 452,57 mm 311,08 mm Centroid Z -2,5746e-007 mm 2,3667e-004 mm Moment of Inertia Ip1 25412 kgmm 11450 kgmm Moment of Inertia Ip2 29464 kgmm 6997,5 kgmm Moment of Inertia Ip3 8702,5 kgmm 6841,3 kgmm Statistics Nodes 5902 2179 Elements 3374 364 Mesh Metric None

Coordinate Systems
TABLE 5 Model (A4) > Coordinate Systems > Coordinate System Object Name Global Coordinate System State Fully Defined Definition Type Cartesian

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Coordinate System ID 0, Origin Origin X 0, mm Origin Y 0, mm Origin Z 0, mm Directional Vectors X Axis Data [ 1, 0, 0, ] Y Axis Data [ 0, 1, 0, ] Z Axis Data [ 0, 0, 1, ]

Connections
TABLE 6 Model (A4) > Connections Object Name Connections State Fully Defined Auto Detection Generate Automatic Connection On Refresh Yes Transparency Enabled Yes TABLE 7 Model (A4) > Connections > Contacts Object Name Contacts State Fully Defined Definition Connection Type Contact Scope Scoping Method Geometry Selection Geometry All Bodies Auto Detection Tolerance Type Slider Tolerance Slider 0, Tolerance Value 3,8742 mm Face/Face Yes Face/Edge No Edge/Edge No Priority Include All Group By Bodies Search Across Bodies TABLE 8 Model (A4) > Connections > Contacts > Contact Regions Contact Contact Contact Region 2 Contact Region 3 Region Region 4 Fully Defined Scope Geometry Selection 1 Face 1 Face 2 Faces 2 Faces Welds Reinforcement pad2:1 3 inch Weldneck Flange 900 RF:1 Definition Bonded Nozzle2:1 1 Face 1 Face 2 Faces 2 Faces 1 Face 1 Face Main shell:1 End cap:1

Object Name State Scoping Method Contact Target Contact Bodies

Contact Region 5

Target Bodies Main shell:1 Type

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Scope Mode Behavior Suppressed Formulation Normal Stiffness Update Stiffness Pinball Region

Automatic Symmetric No Advanced Pure Penalty Program Controlled Never Program Controlled TABLE 9 Model (A4) > Connections > Contacts > Contact Regions Contact Bonded - Main shell:1 To Contact Contact Region 9 Contact Region 10 Region 6 Reinforcement pad2:1 Region 8 Fully Defined Scope Geometry Selection 1 Face 1 Face Main shell:1 Reinforcement pad2:1 Definition Bonded Automatic Symmetric No Advanced Pure Penalty Program Controlled Never Program Controlled Reinforcement pad2:1 Nozzle2:1 3 inch Weldneck Flange 900 RF:1

Object Name State

Scoping Method Contact Target Contact Bodies Target End cap:2 Bodies Type Scope Mode Behavior Suppressed Formulation Normal Stiffness Update Stiffness Pinball Region

Mesh
TABLE 10 Model (A4) > Mesh Object Name Mesh State Solved Defaults Physics Preference Mechanical Relevance 0 Sizing Use Advanced Size Function Off Relevance Center Medium Element Size Default Initial Size Seed Active Assembly Smoothing Medium Transition Slow Span Angle Center Medium Minimum Edge Length 2,26280 mm

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Inflation Use Automatic Inflation None Inflation Option Smooth Transition Transition Ratio 0,272 Maximum Layers 5 Growth Rate 1,2 Inflation Algorithm Pre View Advanced Options No Advanced Shape Checking Standard Mechanical Element Midside Nodes Program Controlled Straight Sided Elements No Number of Retries Default (4) Extra Retries For Assembly Yes Rigid Body Behavior Dimensionally Reduced Mesh Morphing Disabled Defeaturing Pinch Tolerance Please Define Generate Pinch on Refresh No Automatic Mesh Based Defeaturing On Defeaturing Tolerance Default Statistics Nodes 29812 Elements 14640 Mesh Metric None

Static Structural (A5)

TABLE 11 Model (A4) > Analysis Object Name Static Structural (A5) State Solved Definition Physics Type Structural Analysis Type Static Structural Solver Target Mechanical APDL Options Environment Temperature 20, C Generate Input Only No TABLE 12 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Analysis Settings Analysis Settings Fully Defined Step Controls 1, 1, 1, s Program Controlled Solver Controls Program Controlled Program Controlled Off Off Restart Controls

Object Name State Number Of Steps Current Step Number Step End Time Auto Time Stepping Solver Type Weak Springs Large Deflection Inertia Relief Generate Restart

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Points Retain Files After Full Solve Force Convergence Moment Convergence Displacement Convergence Rotation Convergence Line Search Stabilization Calculate Stress Calculate Strain Calculate Contact Calculate Results At Solver Files Directory Future Analysis Scratch Solver Files Directory Save MAPDL db Delete Unneeded Files Nonlinear Solution Solver Units Solver Unit System

Program Controlled No Nonlinear Controls Program Controlled Program Controlled Program Controlled Program Controlled Program Controlled Off Output Controls Yes Yes No All Time Points Analysis Data Management C:\Master thesis Frode Tjelta\ANSYS workbench for Master thesis\Thin wall configuration - Direct Route - NS-EN 13445; 2009_files\dp0\SYS\MECH\ None

No Yes No Active System nmm TABLE 13 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Accelerations Object Name Acceleration State Fully Defined Scope Geometry All Bodies Definition Define By Components Coordinate System Global Coordinate System X Component 0, mm/s (ramped) Y Component -11767 mm/s (ramped) Z Component 0, mm/s (ramped) Suppressed No FIGURE 1 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Acceleration

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Object Name State Scoping Method Geometry Type Define By Magnitude Suppressed Coordinate System X Component Y Component Z Component

Pressure

TABLE 14 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Loads Frictionless Frictionless Displacement Support Support 2 Fully Defined Scope Geometry Selection

Force

9 Faces Pressure Normal To 12, MPa (ramped)

15 Faces Definition Frictionless Support Displacement Components No Global Coordinate System 0, mm (ramped) Free 0, mm (ramped)

1 Face Frictionless Support Force Components

Global Coordinate System 0, N (ramped) 18000 N (ramped) 0, N (ramped)

FIGURE 2 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Pressure

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FIGURE 3 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Displacement

FIGURE 4 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Force

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Solution (A6)
TABLE 15 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution Object Name Solution (A6) State Solved Adaptive Mesh Refinement Max Refinement Loops 1, Refinement Depth 2, Information Status Done TABLE 16 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Solution Information Object Name Solution Information State Solved Solution Information Solution Output Solver Output Newton-Raphson Residuals 0 Update Interval 2,5 s Display Points All TABLE 17 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Results Object Name Stress Intensity Maximum Principal Elastic Strain Total Deformation State Solved Scope Scoping Method Geometry Selection Geometry All Bodies Definition Type Stress Intensity Maximum Principal Elastic Strain Total Deformation By Time

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Display Time Calculate Time History Identifier Display Option Minimum Maximum Minimum Occurs On Maximum Occurs On Time Load Step Substep Iteration Number

Last Yes Integration Point Results Averaged Results 0,17385 MPa 3,0166e-006 mm/mm 258,54 MPa 1,2245e-003 mm/mm 3 inch Weldneck Flange 900 RF:1 Nozzle2:1 Information 1, s 1 1 1

2,0702e-004 mm 0,24472 mm Main shell:1 End cap:1

Material Data
SA-516 grade 70
TABLE 18 SA-516 grade 70 > Constants Density 7.85e-006 kg mm^-3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 1.2e-005 C^-1 Specific Heat 4.34e+005 mJ kg^-1 C^-1 Thermal Conductivity 6.05e-002 W mm^-1 C^-1 Resistivity 1.7e-004 ohm mm TABLE 19 SA-516 grade 70 > Compressive Ultimate Strength Compressive Ultimate Strength MPa 0 TABLE 20 SA-516 grade 70 > Compressive Yield Strength Compressive Yield Strength MPa 260 TABLE 21 SA-516 grade 70 > Tensile Yield Strength Tensile Yield Strength MPa 260 TABLE 22 SA-516 grade 70 > Tensile Ultimate Strength Tensile Ultimate Strength MPa 485 TABLE 23 SA-516 grade 70 > Isotropic Secant Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Reference Temperature C 22 TABLE 24 SA-516 grade 70 > Strain-Life Parameters Strength Strength Ductility Ductility Cyclic Strength Cyclic Strain

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Coefficient MPa 920

Exponent -0.106

Coefficient 0.213

Exponent -0.47

Coefficient MPa Hardening Exponent 1000 0.2

TABLE 25 SA-516 grade 70 > Isotropic Elasticity Temperature C Young's Modulus MPa Poisson's Ratio Bulk Modulus MPa Shear Modulus MPa 20 2.e+005 0.3 1.6667e+005 76923 TABLE 26 SA-516 grade 70 > Isotropic Relative Permeability Relative Permeability 10000 TABLE 27 SA-516 grade 70 > Uniaxial Test Data Strain mm mm^-1 Stress MPa Temperature C 0 0 20 2.e-003 260 20 5.e-002 485 20

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APPENDIX E: Calculation report from ANSYS, Direct Route - NS-EN 13445; 2009 Gross plastic deformation (70 mm @ 200 bar)

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Project
First Saved Tuesday, April 10, 2012 Last Saved Monday, April 23, 2012 Product Version 13.0 Release

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Contents

Units Model (A4) Geometry Parts Coordinate Systems Connections Contacts Contact Regions Mesh Automatic Method Static Structural (A5) Analysis Settings Acceleration Loads Solution (A6) Solution Information Results Material Data Structural Steel

Units
TABLE 1 Unit System Metric (mm, kg, N, s, mV, mA) Degrees rad/s Celsius Angle Degrees Rotational Velocity rad/s Temperature Celsius

Model (A4)
Geometry
TABLE 2 Model (A4) > Geometry Object Name State Source Type Length Unit Element Control Display Style Length X Length Y Length Z Volume Mass Geometry Fully Defined Definition C:\Master thesis Frode Tjelta\Inventor\Thick wall\Assembly\Weldment.iam Inventor Centimeters Program Controlled Part Color Bounding Box 318,32 mm 836, mm 1387, mm Properties 8,98e+007 mm 704,93 kg

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Scale Factor Value Statistics Bodies Active Bodies Nodes Elements Mesh Metric Preferences Import Solid Bodies Import Surface Bodies Import Line Bodies Parameter Processing Personal Parameter Key CAD Attribute Transfer Named Selection Processing Material Properties Transfer CAD Associativity Import Coordinate Systems Reader Save Part File Import Using Instances Do Smart Update Attach File Via Temp File Temporary Directory Analysis Type Mixed Import Resolution Enclosure and Symmetry Processing

1, 7 7 38820 19469 None Yes Yes No Yes DS No No No Yes No No Yes No Yes C:\Users\frodet\AppData\Local\Temp 3-D None Yes TABLE 3 Model (A4) > Geometry > Parts Main shell End cap thick:1 End cap thick:2 thick:1 Meshed Graphics Properties Yes 1 Definition No Flexible Default Coordinate System By Environment Material Structural Steel Yes Yes Bounding Box 318, mm 318,32 mm 636, mm 636,01 mm 636, mm 1000, mm 193,51 mm Properties 6,1723e+007 1,277e+007 mm mm 484,52 kg 100,24 kg -182,3 mm -135,52 mm -135,53 mm 117,68 mm 62,595 mm 235,31 mm 5,9435e+005 mm 4,6657 kg -60,897 mm

Object Name State Visible Transparency Suppressed Stiffness Behavior Coordinate System Reference Temperature Assignment Nonlinear Effects Thermal Strain Effects

Welds

Reinforcement pad thick2:1

Length X 127, mm Length Y 110,06 mm Length Z 253,91 mm Volume 22864 mm Mass 0,17948 kg Centroid X -67,2 mm

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Centroid Y 325,62 mm Centroid Z Moment of Inertia Ip1 Moment of Inertia Ip2 Moment of Inertia Ip3 Nodes Elements Mesh Metric 1,9269e003 mm 1106,8 kgmm 1392,8 kgmm 419,67 kgmm 598 145

-2,3053 mm 2,5059e-006 mm 6,024e+007 kgmm 4,4447e+007 kgmm 2,3283e+007 kgmm 16787 9824

-1,8244e-002 mm 588,86 mm 2,6829e+006 kgmm 9,059e+005 kgmm 3,2488e+006 kgmm Statistics 5073 2970 None

4,1893e-002 mm -588,86 mm 2,684e+006 kgmm 9,061e+005 kgmm 3,25e+006 kgmm 4260 789

330,95 mm -9,7601e-007 mm 21904 kgmm 25881 kgmm 5250,6 kgmm 1329 216

TABLE 4 Model (A4) > Geometry > Parts Object Name 3 inch Weldneck Flange 1500 RF:1 Nozzle thick2:1 State Meshed Graphics Properties Visible Yes Transparency 1 Definition Suppressed No Stiffness Behavior Flexible Coordinate System Default Coordinate System Reference Temperature By Environment Material Assignment Structural Steel Nonlinear Effects Yes Thermal Strain Effects Yes Bounding Box Length X 133,5 mm 67,677 mm Length Y 124, mm 155,41 mm Length Z 267, mm 135,33 mm Properties Volume 1,2214e+006 mm 6,998e+005 mm Mass 9,5877 kg 5,4935 kg Centroid X -56,09 mm -35,249 mm Centroid Y 483,94 mm 320,86 mm Centroid Z 2,2844e-005 mm -5,6781e-004 mm Moment of Inertia Ip1 45407 kgmm 18168 kgmm Moment of Inertia Ip2 53311 kgmm 10053 kgmm Moment of Inertia Ip3 15378 kgmm 11576 kgmm Statistics Nodes 8481 2292 Elements 5135 390 Mesh Metric None

Coordinate Systems
TABLE 5 Model (A4) > Coordinate Systems > Coordinate System Object Name Global Coordinate System State Fully Defined Definition Type Cartesian

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Coordinate System ID 0, Origin Origin X 0, mm Origin Y 0, mm Origin Z 0, mm Directional Vectors X Axis Data [ 1, 0, 0, ] Y Axis Data [ 0, 1, 0, ] Z Axis Data [ 0, 0, 1, ]

Connections
TABLE 6 Model (A4) > Connections Object Name Connections State Fully Defined Auto Detection Generate Automatic Connection On Refresh Yes Transparency Enabled Yes TABLE 7 Model (A4) > Connections > Contacts Object Name Contacts State Fully Defined Definition Connection Type Contact Scope Scoping Method Geometry Selection Geometry All Bodies Auto Detection Tolerance Type Slider Tolerance Slider 0, Tolerance Value 4,1262 mm Face/Face Yes Face/Edge No Edge/Edge No Priority Include All Group By Bodies Search Across Bodies TABLE 8 Model (A4) > Connections > Contacts > Contact Regions Bonded Bonded - Main shell Bonded - Welds To Bonded - Main Bonded - Main Object Welds To thick:1 To 3 inch Weldneck shell thick:1 To shell thick:1 To Name Nozzle Reinforcement pad Flange 1500 RF:1 End cap thick:1 End cap thick:2 thick2:1 thick2:1 State Fully Defined Scope Scoping Geometry Selection Method Contact 1 Face 2 Faces 1 Face 2 Faces Target 1 Face 2 Faces 1 Face Contact Welds Main shell thick:1 Bodies Target 3 inch Weldneck Nozzle Reinforcement pad End cap thick:1 End cap thick:2 Bodies Flange 1500 RF:1 thick2:1 thick2:1

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Type Scope Mode Behavior Suppressed Formulation Normal Stiffness Update Stiffness Pinball Region

Definition Bonded Automatic Symmetric No Advanced Pure Penalty Program Controlled Never Program Controlled

TABLE 9 Model (A4) > Connections > Contacts > Contact Regions Bonded Bonded - 3 inch Bonded - Main Object Reinforcement pad Weldneck Flange Contact Contact Region shell thick:1 To Name thick2:1 To Nozzle 1500 RF:1 To Nozzle Region 11 13 Nozzle thick2:1 thick2:1 thick2:1 State Fully Defined Scope Scoping Geometry Selection Method Contact 1 Face 3 Faces 2 Faces Target 1 Face 2 Faces Contact Main shell Reinforcement pad 3 inch Weldneck Welds Bodies thick:1 thick2:1 Flange 1500 RF:1 Target Main shell Reinforcement Nozzle thick2:1 Bodies thick:1 pad thick2:1 Definition Type Bonded Scope Mode Automatic Behavior Symmetric Suppressed No Advanced Formulation Pure Penalty Normal Program Controlled Stiffness Update Never Stiffness Pinball Program Controlled Region

Mesh
TABLE 10 Model (A4) > Mesh Object Name Mesh State Solved Defaults Physics Preference Mechanical Relevance 0 Sizing Use Advanced Size Function Off Relevance Center Medium Element Size Default Initial Size Seed Active Assembly

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Smoothing Medium Transition Slow Span Angle Center Medium Minimum Edge Length 1,24280 mm Inflation Use Automatic Inflation None Inflation Option Smooth Transition Transition Ratio 0,272 Maximum Layers 5 Growth Rate 1,2 Inflation Algorithm Pre View Advanced Options No Advanced Shape Checking Standard Mechanical Element Midside Nodes Program Controlled Straight Sided Elements No Number of Retries Default (4) Extra Retries For Assembly Yes Rigid Body Behavior Dimensionally Reduced Mesh Morphing Disabled Defeaturing Pinch Tolerance Please Define Generate Pinch on Refresh No Automatic Mesh Based Defeaturing On Defeaturing Tolerance Default Statistics Nodes 38820 Elements 19469 Mesh Metric None TABLE 11 Model (A4) > Mesh > Mesh Controls Object Name Automatic Method State Fully Defined Scope Scoping Method Geometry Selection Geometry 7 Bodies Definition Suppressed No Method Automatic Element Midside Nodes Use Global Setting

Static Structural (A5)

TABLE 12 Model (A4) > Analysis Object Name Static Structural (A5) State Solved Definition Physics Type Structural Analysis Type Static Structural Solver Target Mechanical APDL Options Environment Temperature 22, C Generate Input Only No

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Object Name State Number Of Steps Current Step Number Step End Time Auto Time Stepping Solver Type Weak Springs Large Deflection Inertia Relief Generate Restart Points Retain Files After Full Solve Force Convergence Moment Convergence Displacement Convergence Rotation Convergence Line Search Stabilization Calculate Stress Calculate Strain Calculate Contact Calculate Results At Solver Files Directory Future Analysis Scratch Solver Files Directory Save MAPDL db Delete Unneeded Files Nonlinear Solution Solver Units Solver Unit System

TABLE 13 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Analysis Settings Analysis Settings Fully Defined Step Controls 1, 1, 1, s Program Controlled Solver Controls Program Controlled Program Controlled Off Off Restart Controls Program Controlled No Nonlinear Controls Program Controlled Program Controlled Program Controlled Program Controlled Program Controlled Off Output Controls Yes Yes No All Time Points Analysis Data Management C:\Master thesis Frode Tjelta\ANSYS workbench for Master thesis\Thick wall configuration - Direct Route - NS-EN 13445; 2009_files\dp0\SYS\MECH\ None

No Yes No Active System nmm TABLE 14 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Accelerations Object Name Acceleration State Fully Defined Scope Geometry All Bodies Definition Define By Components Coordinate System Global Coordinate System X Component 0, mm/s (ramped) Y Component -11767 mm/s (ramped)

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Z Component Suppressed

0, mm/s (ramped) No

FIGURE 1 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Acceleration

Object Name State Scoping Method Geometry Type Define By Magnitude Suppressed Coordinate System X Component Y Component Z Component

Pressure

TABLE 15 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Loads Frictionless Frictionless Displacement Support Support 2 Fully Defined Scope Geometry Selection

Force

9 Faces Pressure Normal To 24, MPa (ramped)

16 Faces Definition Frictionless Support Displacement Components No Global Coordinate System 0, mm (ramped) Free 0, mm (ramped)

1 Face Frictionless Support Force Components

Global Coordinate System 0, N (ramped) 18000 N (ramped) 0, N (ramped)

FIGURE 2 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Pressure

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FIGURE 3 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Displacement

FIGURE 4 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Force

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Solution (A6)
TABLE 16 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution Object Name Solution (A6) State Solved Adaptive Mesh Refinement Max Refinement Loops 1, Refinement Depth 2, Information Status Done TABLE 17 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Solution Information Object Name Solution Information State Solved Solution Information Solution Output Solver Output Newton-Raphson Residuals 0 Update Interval 2,5 s Display Points All TABLE 18 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Results Maximum Principal Elastic Total Stress Intensity Strain Deformation Solved Scope Geometry Selection All Bodies Definition Maximum Principal Elastic Total Stress Intensity

Object Name State Scoping Method Geometry Type

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Strain By Display Time Calculate Time History Identifier Display Option Minimum Maximum Minimum Occurs On Maximum Occurs On Time Load Step Substep Iteration Number

Deformation Time Last Yes

Integration Point Results Averaged Results 2,6187e-006 mm/mm 1,6229e-004 mm 1,5268e-003 mm/mm 0,18728 mm 3 inch Weldneck Flange 1500 Main shell thick:1 RF:1 Nozzle thick2:1 Main shell thick:1 Information 1, s 1 1 1

Averaged 0,44648 MPa 326,02 MPa 3 inch Weldneck Flange 1500 RF:1 Nozzle thick2:1

Material Data
Structural Steel
TABLE 19 Structural Steel > Constants Density 7.85e-006 kg mm^-3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 1.2e-005 C^-1 Specific Heat 4.34e+005 mJ kg^-1 C^-1 Thermal Conductivity 6.05e-002 W mm^-1 C^-1 Resistivity 1.7e-004 ohm mm TABLE 20 Structural Steel > Compressive Ultimate Strength Compressive Ultimate Strength MPa 0 TABLE 21 Structural Steel > Compressive Yield Strength Compressive Yield Strength MPa 165 TABLE 22 Structural Steel > Tensile Yield Strength Tensile Yield Strength MPa 165 TABLE 23 Structural Steel > Tensile Ultimate Strength Tensile Ultimate Strength MPa 310 TABLE 24 Structural Steel > Isotropic Secant Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Reference Temperature C 22

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TABLE 25 Structural Steel > Alternating Stress Mean Stress Alternating Stress MPa Cycles Mean Stress MPa 3999 10 0 2827 20 0 1896 50 0 1413 100 0 1069 200 0 441 2000 0 262 10000 0 214 20000 0 138 1.e+005 0 114 2.e+005 0 86.2 1.e+006 0 TABLE 26 Structural Steel > Strain-Life Parameters Strength Ductility Ductility Cyclic Strength Cyclic Strain Exponent Coefficient Exponent Coefficient MPa Hardening Exponent -0.106 0.213 -0.47 1000 0.2

Strength Coefficient MPa 920

TABLE 27 Structural Steel > Isotropic Elasticity Temperature C Young's Modulus MPa Poisson's Ratio Bulk Modulus MPa Shear Modulus MPa 2.e+005 0.3 1.6667e+005 76923 TABLE 28 Structural Steel > Isotropic Relative Permeability Relative Permeability 10000

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APPENDIX F: Calculation report from ANSYS, Elastic Stress Analysis ASME VIII div. 2; 2010, Protection against plastic collapse (35 mm @ 100 bar)

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Project
First Saved Monday, April 16, 2012 Last Saved Wednesday, April 25, 2012 Product Version 13.0 Release

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Contents

Units Model (A4) Geometry Parts Construction Geometry Paths Coordinate Systems Connections Contacts Contact Regions Mesh Static Structural (A5) Analysis Settings Standard Earth Gravity Loads Solution (A6) Solution Information Results Material Data SA-516 grade 70

Units
TABLE 1 Unit System Metric (mm, kg, N, s, mV, mA) Degrees rad/s Celsius Angle Degrees Rotational Velocity rad/s Temperature Celsius

Model (A4)
Geometry
TABLE 2 Model (A4) > Geometry Object Name State Source Type Length Unit Element Control Display Style Length X Length Y Length Z Volume Geometry Fully Defined Definition C:\Master thesis Frode Tjelta\Inventor\Thin wall\Assembly\weldment.iam Inventor Centimeters Program Controlled Part Color Bounding Box 283,27 mm 766,01 mm 1317, mm Properties 4,1686e+007 mm

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Mass Scale Factor Value Statistics Bodies Active Bodies Nodes Elements Mesh Metric Preferences Import Solid Bodies Import Surface Bodies Import Line Bodies Parameter Processing Personal Parameter Key CAD Attribute Transfer Named Selection Processing Material Properties Transfer CAD Associativity Import Coordinate Systems Reader Save Part File Import Using Instances Do Smart Update Attach File Via Temp File Temporary Directory Analysis Type Mixed Import Resolution Enclosure and Symmetry Processing

327,23 kg 1, 7 7 29812 14640 None Yes Yes Yes Yes DS No No Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes C:\Users\frodet\AppData\Local\Temp 3-D None Yes TABLE 3 Model (A4) > Geometry > Parts

Object Name State Visible Transparency Suppressed Stiffness Behavior Coordinate System Reference Temperature Assignment Nonlinear Effects Thermal Strain Effects

Welds

Main shell:1

End cap:1

End cap:2

Reinforcement pad2:1

Meshed Graphics Properties Yes 1 Definition No Flexible Default Coordinate System By Environment Material SA-516 grade 70 Yes Yes Bounding Box 283, mm 283,27 mm 566, mm 566,01 mm 1000, mm 158,52 mm Properties 2,8961e+007 5,4737e+006 5,4736e+006 mm mm mm 227,34 kg 42,969 kg 42,968 kg 114,53 mm 49,228 mm 229,01 mm 3,6082e+005 mm 2,8325 kg

Length X 127,52 mm Length Y 125,14 mm Length Z 254,79 mm Volume 40570 mm Mass 0,31847 kg

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Centroid X

-69,697 mm

-170,08 mm -2,0967 mm -3,1226e-007 mm 2,7057e+007 kgmm 2,0592e+007 kgmm 9,473e+006 kgmm 10793 5373

-125,46 mm -8,7545e-003 mm 578,79 mm 9,7267e+005 kgmm 3,1819e+005 kgmm 1,1875e+006 kgmm Statistics 4472 2483 None

-125,47 mm 5,5528e-002 mm -578,79 mm 9,7333e+005 kgmm 3,1829e+005 kgmm 1,1882e+006 kgmm 4903 2759

-59,042 mm 287,9 mm -3,779e-005 mm 12232 kgmm 14729 kgmm 2811, kgmm 973 144

Centroid Y 281,88 mm Centroid Z Moment of Inertia Ip1 Moment of Inertia Ip2 Moment of Inertia Ip3 Nodes Elements Mesh Metric -0,11401 mm 1952,7 kgmm 2395,9 kgmm 548,99 kgmm 590 143

TABLE 4 Model (A4) > Geometry > Parts Object Name 3 inch Weldneck Flange 900 RF:1 Nozzle2:1 State Meshed Graphics Properties Visible Yes Transparency 1 Definition Suppressed No Stiffness Behavior Flexible Coordinate System Default Coordinate System Reference Temperature By Environment Material Assignment SA-516 grade 70 Nonlinear Effects Yes Thermal Strain Effects Yes Bounding Box Length X 120,5 mm 64,497 mm Length Y 108, mm 135,53 mm Length Z 241, mm 128,97 mm Properties Volume 8,49e+005 mm 5,2735e+005 mm Mass 6,6646 kg 4,1397 kg Centroid X -50,292 mm -33,99 mm Centroid Y 452,57 mm 311,08 mm Centroid Z -2,5746e-007 mm 2,3667e-004 mm Moment of Inertia Ip1 25412 kgmm 11450 kgmm Moment of Inertia Ip2 29464 kgmm 6997,5 kgmm Moment of Inertia Ip3 8702,5 kgmm 6841,3 kgmm Statistics Nodes 5902 2179 Elements 3374 364 Mesh Metric None TABLE 5 Model (A4) > Construction Geometry Object Name Construction Geometry State Fully Defined Display Show Mesh No

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TABLE 6 Model (A4) > Construction Geometry > Paths Object Name Path Path 2 Path 3 Path 4 State Fully Defined Definition Path Type Two Points Path Coordinate System Global Coordinate System Number of Sampling Points 47, Suppressed No Start Coordinate System Global Coordinate System Start X Coordinate 8,0745e-014 mm 2,7271e-013 mm 0, mm -4,0022e-013 mm Start Y Coordinate 283, mm 258,26 mm 0, mm 308, mm Start Z Coordinate 164,99 mm 564,81 mm 658,5 mm -114,5 mm Location Defined End Coordinate System Global Coordinate System End X Coordinate 7,5194e-014 mm 2,437e-013 mm 1,6128e-014 mm 5,984e-014 mm End Y Coordinate 248, mm 229,24 mm -1,9752e-030 mm 250,69 mm End Z Coordinate 164,99 mm 545,01 mm 623,5 mm -49,079 mm Location Defined

Coordinate Systems
TABLE 7 Model (A4) > Coordinate Systems > Coordinate System Object Name Global Coordinate System State Fully Defined Definition Type Cartesian Coordinate System ID 0, Origin Origin X 0, mm Origin Y 0, mm Origin Z 0, mm Directional Vectors X Axis Data [ 1, 0, 0, ] Y Axis Data [ 0, 1, 0, ] Z Axis Data [ 0, 0, 1, ]

Connections
TABLE 8 Model (A4) > Connections Object Name Connections State Fully Defined Auto Detection Generate Automatic Connection On Refresh Yes Transparency Enabled Yes TABLE 9 Model (A4) > Connections > Contacts Object Name Contacts State Fully Defined Definition

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Connection Type Contact Scope Scoping Method Geometry Selection Geometry All Bodies Auto Detection Tolerance Type Slider Tolerance Slider 0, Tolerance Value 3,8742 mm Face/Face Yes Face/Edge No Edge/Edge No Priority Include All Group By Bodies Search Across Bodies TABLE 10 Model (A4) > Connections > Contacts > Contact Regions Contact Contact Contact Region 2 Contact Region 3 Region Region 4 Fully Defined Scope Geometry Selection 1 Face 1 Face 2 Faces 2 Faces Welds Reinforcement pad2:1 3 inch Weldneck Flange 900 RF:1 Definition Bonded Automatic Symmetric No Advanced Pure Penalty Program Controlled Never Program Controlled TABLE 11 Model (A4) > Connections > Contacts > Contact Regions Contact Bonded - Main shell:1 To Contact Contact Region 9 Contact Region 10 Region 6 Reinforcement pad2:1 Region 8 Fully Defined Scope Geometry Selection 1 Face 1 Face Main shell:1 Reinforcement pad2:1 Definition Bonded Reinforcement pad2:1 Nozzle2:1 3 inch Weldneck Flange 900 RF:1 Nozzle2:1 1 Face 1 Face 2 Faces 2 Faces 1 Face 1 Face Main shell:1 End cap:1

Object Name State Scoping Method Contact Target Contact Bodies

Contact Region 5

Target Bodies Main shell:1 Type Scope Mode Behavior Suppressed Formulation Normal Stiffness Update Stiffness Pinball Region

Object Name State

Scoping Method Contact Target Contact Bodies Target End cap:2 Bodies Type

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Scope Mode Behavior Suppressed Formulation Normal Stiffness Update Stiffness Pinball Region

Automatic Symmetric No Advanced Pure Penalty Program Controlled Never Program Controlled

Mesh
TABLE 12 Model (A4) > Mesh Object Name Mesh State Solved Defaults Physics Preference Mechanical Relevance 0 Sizing Use Advanced Size Function Off Relevance Center Medium Element Size Default Initial Size Seed Active Assembly Smoothing Medium Transition Slow Span Angle Center Medium Minimum Edge Length 2,26280 mm Inflation Use Automatic Inflation None Inflation Option Smooth Transition Transition Ratio 0,272 Maximum Layers 5 Growth Rate 1,2 Inflation Algorithm Pre View Advanced Options No Advanced Shape Checking Standard Mechanical Element Midside Nodes Program Controlled Straight Sided Elements No Number of Retries Default (4) Extra Retries For Assembly Yes Rigid Body Behavior Dimensionally Reduced Mesh Morphing Disabled Defeaturing Pinch Tolerance Please Define Generate Pinch on Refresh No Automatic Mesh Based Defeaturing On Defeaturing Tolerance Default Statistics Nodes 29812 Elements 14640 Mesh Metric None

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Static Structural (A5)

TABLE 13 Model (A4) > Analysis Object Name Static Structural (A5) State Solved Definition Physics Type Structural Analysis Type Static Structural Solver Target Mechanical APDL Options Environment Temperature 20, C Generate Input Only No TABLE 14 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Analysis Settings Analysis Settings Fully Defined Step Controls 1, 1, 1, s Program Controlled Solver Controls Program Controlled Program Controlled Off Off Restart Controls Program Controlled No Nonlinear Controls Program Controlled Program Controlled Program Controlled Program Controlled Program Controlled Off Output Controls Yes Yes No All Time Points Analysis Data Management C:\Master thesis Frode Tjelta\ANSYS workbench for Master thesis\Thin wall configuration - Elastic Stress Analysis - ASME VIII div.2; 2010_files\dp0\SYS\MECH\ None

Object Name State Number Of Steps Current Step Number Step End Time Auto Time Stepping Solver Type Weak Springs Large Deflection Inertia Relief Generate Restart Points Retain Files After Full Solve Force Convergence Moment Convergence Displacement Convergence Rotation Convergence Line Search Stabilization Calculate Stress Calculate Strain Calculate Contact Calculate Results At Solver Files Directory Future Analysis Scratch Solver Files Directory Save MAPDL db Delete Unneeded Files

No Yes

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Nonlinear Solution Solver Units Solver Unit System

No Active System nmm TABLE 15 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Accelerations Object Name Standard Earth Gravity State Fully Defined Scope Geometry All Bodies Definition Coordinate System Global Coordinate System X Component -0, mm/s (ramped) Y Component -9806,6 mm/s (ramped) Z Component -0, mm/s (ramped) Suppressed No Direction -Y Direction FIGURE 1 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Standard Earth Gravity

Object Name State Scoping Method Geometry Type Define By

Pressure

TABLE 16 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Loads Frictionless Frictionless Displacement Support Support 2 Fully Defined Scope Geometry Selection

Force

9 Faces Pressure Normal To

15 Faces Definition Frictionless Support Displacement Components

1 Face Frictionless Support Force Components

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Magnitude Suppressed Coordinate System X Component Y Component Z Component

10, MPa (ramped) No Global Coordinate System 0, mm (ramped) Free 0, mm (ramped)

Global Coordinate System 0, N (ramped) 15000 N (ramped) 0, N (ramped)

FIGURE 2 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Pressure

FIGURE 3 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Displacement

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FIGURE 4 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Force

Solution (A6)
TABLE 17 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution Object Name Solution (A6) State Solved

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Adaptive Mesh Refinement Max Refinement Loops 1, Refinement Depth 2, Information Status Done TABLE 18 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Solution Information Object Name Solution Information State Solved Solution Information Solution Output Solver Output Newton-Raphson Residuals 0 Update Interval 2,5 s Display Points All TABLE 19 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Results Linearized Linearized Linearized Total Object Name Equivalent Equivalent Equivalent Deformation Stress Stress 2 Stress 3 State Solved Scope Geometry Scoping Method Path Selection Geometry All Bodies Path Path Path 2 Path 3 Definition Total Type Linearized Equivalent Stress Deformation By Time Display Time Last Calculate Time History Yes Identifier Subtype All Coordinate System Global Coordinate System 2D Behavior Planar Results 1,701e-004 Minimum mm Maximum 0,20403 mm Minimum Occurs On Main shell:1 Maximum Occurs On End cap:1 Membrane 68,062 MPa 41,483 MPa 61,936 MPa Bending (Inside) 26,567 MPa 50,299 MPa 31,7 MPa Bending (Outside) 26,567 MPa 50,299 MPa 31,7 MPa Membrane+Bending 42,287 MPa 13,035 MPa 93,633 MPa (Inside) Membrane+Bending 68,062 MPa 41,483 MPa 61,936 MPa (Center) Membrane+Bending 94,278 MPa 91,279 MPa 30,247 MPa (Outside) 1,1536e-002 2,1841e-002 Peak (Inside) 1,3542 MPa MPa MPa 3,1192e-011 1,5562e-010 Peak (Center) 1,378 MPa MPa MPa 1,1536e-002 2,1841e-002 Peak (Outside) 1,4278 MPa MPa MPa

Linearized Equivalent Stress 4

Path 4

57,628 MPa 81,688 MPa 81,688 MPa 24,652 MPa 57,628 MPa 139,21 MPa 16,274 MPa 10,024 MPa 55,146 MPa

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Total (Inside) Total (Center) Total (Outside) Time Load Step Substep Iteration Number

42,276 MPa 13,051 MPa 68,062 MPa 41,483 MPa 94,29 MPa 91,3 MPa Information 1, s 1 1 1

92,308 MPa 63,284 MPa 28,847 MPa

8,4686 MPa 49,862 MPa 187,71 MPa

FIGURE 5 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Linearized Equivalent Stress

TABLE 20 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Linearized Equivalent Stress Length [mm] Membrane [MPa] Bending [MPa] Membrane+Bending [MPa] Peak [MPa] Total [MPa] 0, 26,567 42,287 1,1536e-002 42,276 0,72917 25,46 43,342 1,1055e-002 43,331 1,4583 24,353 44,399 1,0575e-002 44,389 2,1875 23,246 45,459 1,0094e-002 45,449 2,9167 22,139 46,521 9,6133e-003 46,511 3,6458 21,032 47,585 9,1326e-003 47,576 4,375 19,926 48,651 8,652e-003 48,642 5,1042 18,819 49,718 8,1713e-003 49,711 5,8333 17,712 50,788 7,6906e-003 50,78 6,5625 16,605 51,859 7,21e-003 51,852 7,2917 15,498 52,931 6,7293e-003 52,925 8,0208 14,391 54,005 6,2487e-003 53,999 8,75 13,284 55,08 5,768e-003 55,075 9,4792 12,177 56,157 5,2873e-003 56,152 10,208 11,07 57,234 4,8067e-003 57,23 10,937 9,9628 58,313 4,326e-003 58,309 11,667 8,8558 59,393 3,8453e-003 59,389 12,396 7,7488 60,473 3,3647e-003 60,47

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13,125 13,854 14,583 15,313 16,042 16,771 17,5 18,229 18,958 19,688 20,417 21,146 21,875 22,604 23,333 24,063 24,792 25,521 26,25 26,979 27,708 28,438 29,167 29,896 30,625 31,354 32,083 32,813 33,542 34,271 35,

68,062

6,6418 5,5349 4,4279 3,3209 2,2139 1,107 2,3098e-014 1,107 2,2139 3,3209 4,4279 5,5349 6,6418 7,7488 8,8558 9,9628 11,07 12,177 13,284 14,391 15,498 16,605 17,712 18,819 19,926 21,032 22,139 23,246 24,353 25,46 26,567

61,555 62,638 63,721 64,805 65,89 66,976 68,062 69,149 70,237 71,325 72,414 73,503 74,593 75,683 76,774 77,865 78,957 80,049 81,142 82,234 83,328 84,421 85,515 86,61 87,704 88,799 89,894 90,99 92,086 93,182 94,278

2,884e-003 2,4033e-003 1,9227e-003 1,442e-003 9,6133e-004 4,8067e-004 2,7888e-011 4,8067e-004 9,6133e-004 1,442e-003 1,9227e-003 2,4033e-003 2,884e-003 3,3647e-003 3,8453e-003 4,326e-003 4,8067e-003 5,2873e-003 5,768e-003 6,2487e-003 6,7293e-003 7,21e-003 7,6906e-003 8,1713e-003 8,652e-003 9,1326e-003 9,6133e-003 1,0094e-002 1,0575e-002 1,1055e-002 1,1536e-002

61,552 62,635 63,719 64,804 65,889 66,975 68,062 69,15 70,238 71,326 72,416 73,505 74,596 75,686 76,778 77,869 78,962 80,054 81,147 82,241 83,334 84,429 85,523 86,618 87,713 88,808 89,904 91, 92,096 93,193 94,29

FIGURE 6 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Linearized Equivalent Stress 2

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TABLE 21 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Linearized Equivalent Stress 2 Length [mm] Membrane [MPa] Bending [MPa] Membrane+Bending [MPa] Peak [MPa] Total [MPa] 0, 50,299 13,035 2,1841e-002 13,051 0,73196 48,204 11,555 2,0931e-002 11,568 1,4639 46,108 10,29 2,0021e-002 10,301 2,1959 44,012 9,3303 1,9111e-002 9,3373 2,9278 41,916 8,7752 1,8201e-002 8,778 3,6598 39,82 8,7028 1,7291e-002 8,7014 4,3918 37,725 9,1246 1,6381e-002 9,1195 5,1237 35,629 9,9782 1,5471e-002 9,9705 5,8557 33,533 11,165 1,4561e-002 11,156 6,5876 31,437 12,591 1,365e-002 12,581 7,3196 29,341 14,184 1,274e-002 14,174 8,0515 27,245 15,894 1,183e-002 15,884 8,7835 25,15 17,688 1,092e-002 17,678 9,5155 23,054 19,542 1,001e-002 19,533 10,247 20,958 21,44 9,1003e-003 21,432 41,483 10,979 18,862 23,372 8,1903e-003 23,364 11,711 16,766 25,33 7,2803e-003 25,323 12,443 14,671 27,309 6,3702e-003 27,303 13,175 12,575 29,304 5,4602e-003 29,299 13,907 10,479 31,312 4,5502e-003 31,308 14,639 8,3832 33,331 3,6401e-003 33,327 15,371 6,2874 35,359 2,7301e-003 35,356 16,103 4,1916 37,394 1,8201e-003 37,392 16,835 2,0958 39,436 9,1003e-004 39,435 17,567 2,0746e-014 41,483 9,4981e-010 41,483 18,299 2,0958 43,534 9,1003e-004 43,535 19,031 4,1916 45,59 1,8201e-003 45,592 19,763 6,2874 47,649 2,7301e-003 47,652 20,495 8,3832 49,712 3,6401e-003 49,715

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21,227 21,959 22,691 23,423 24,155 24,887 25,619 26,351 27,082 27,814 28,546 29,278 30,01 30,742 31,474 32,206 32,938 33,67 34,402 35,134

10,479 12,575 14,671 16,766 18,862 20,958 23,054 25,15 27,245 29,341 31,437 33,533 35,629 37,725 39,82 41,916 44,012 46,108 48,204 50,299

51,777 53,844 55,913 57,985 60,058 62,132 64,208 66,286 68,364 70,443 72,524 74,605 76,687 78,77 80,853 82,937 85,022 87,107 89,192 91,279

4,5502e-003 5,4602e-003 6,3702e-003 7,2803e-003 8,1903e-003 9,1003e-003 1,001e-002 1,092e-002 1,183e-002 1,274e-002 1,365e-002 1,4561e-002 1,5471e-002 1,6381e-002 1,7291e-002 1,8201e-002 1,9111e-002 2,0021e-002 2,0931e-002 2,1841e-002

51,781 53,849 55,92 57,992 60,066 62,141 64,218 66,296 68,376 70,456 72,537 74,619 76,702 78,786 80,87 82,955 85,041 87,127 89,213 91,3

FIGURE 7 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Linearized Equivalent Stress 3

TABLE 22 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Linearized Equivalent Stress 3 Length [mm] Membrane [MPa] Bending [MPa] Membrane+Bending [MPa] Peak [MPa] Total [MPa] 0, 31,7 93,633 1,3542 92,308 0,72917 30,38 92,312 1,3558 91,098 1,4583 29,059 90,991 1,3573 89,887 2,1875 27,738 89,671 1,3588 88,676 2,9167 26,417 88,35 1,3604 87,465 3,6458 25,096 87,029 1,3619 86,255

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4,375 5,1042 5,8333 6,5625 7,2917 8,0208 8,75 9,4792 10,208 10,938 11,667 12,396 13,125 13,854 14,583 15,313 16,042 16,771 17,5 18,229 18,958 19,687 20,417 21,146 21,875 22,604 23,333 24,062 24,792 25,521 26,25 26,979 27,708 28,437 29,167 29,896 30,625 31,354 32,083 32,812 33,542 34,271 35,

61,936

23,775 22,455 21,134 19,813 18,492 17,171 15,85 14,529 13,209 11,888 10,567 9,246 7,9251 6,6043 5,2834 3,9626 2,6417 1,3209 2,0623e-013 1,3209 2,6417 3,9626 5,2834 6,6043 7,9251 9,246 10,567 11,888 13,209 14,529 15,85 17,171 18,492 19,813 21,134 22,455 23,775 25,096 26,417 27,738 29,059 30,38 31,7

85,709 84,388 83,067 81,746 80,426 79,105 77,784 76,464 75,143 73,822 72,501 71,181 69,86 68,539 67,219 65,898 64,577 63,257 61,936 60,616 59,295 57,974 56,654 55,333 54,013 52,692 51,372 50,051 48,731 47,41 46,09 44,769 43,449 42,129 40,808 39,488 38,168 36,847 35,527 34,207 32,887 31,567 30,247

1,3634 1,365 1,3665 1,368 1,3696 1,3711 1,3726 1,3742 1,3757 1,3772 1,3788 1,3803 1,3818 1,3834 1,3849 1,3864 1,388 1,3895 1,391 1,3925 1,3941 1,3956 1,3971 1,3987 1,4002 1,4017 1,4033 1,4048 1,4063 1,4079 1,4094 1,4109 1,4125 1,414 1,4155 1,4171 1,4186 1,4201 1,4217 1,4232 1,4247 1,4263 1,4278

85,044 83,833 82,623 81,412 80,201 78,991 77,78 76,569 75,359 74,148 72,938 71,727 70,517 69,306 68,096 66,885 65,675 64,464 63,284 61,908 60,47 59,033 57,595 56,157 54,72 53,282 51,845 50,407 48,97 47,532 46,095 44,657 43,22 41,782 40,345 38,908 37,47 36,033 34,596 33,159 31,721 30,284 28,847

FIGURE 8 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Linearized Equivalent Stress 4

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TABLE 23 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Linearized Equivalent Stress 4 Length [mm] Membrane [MPa] Bending [MPa] Membrane+Bending [MPa] Peak [MPa] Total [MPa] 0, 81,688 24,652 16,274 8,4686 1,812 78,284 21,315 16,996 6,2434 3,6239 74,88 18,003 17,729 4,0828 5,4359 71,477 14,732 18,472 2,0183 7,2478 68,073 11,539 19,224 0,76338 9,0598 64,669 8,5104 19,984 2,3848 10,872 61,266 5,9057 20,75 4,3563 12,684 57,862 4,5275 21,523 6,3359 14,496 54,458 5,4119 22,301 8,3053 16,308 51,055 7,8261 23,084 10,265 18,12 47,651 10,788 23,871 12,358 19,932 44,247 13,953 24,662 14,582 21,744 40,844 17,209 25,458 16,887 23,555 37,44 20,513 26,256 19,19 25,367 34,037 23,845 27,058 21,475 57,628 27,179 30,633 27,195 27,862 23,735 28,991 27,229 30,557 28,669 25,965 30,803 23,826 33,927 29,478 28,161 32,615 20,422 37,303 30,289 30,321 34,427 17,018 40,684 31,102 32,755 36,239 13,615 44,068 31,917 35,371 38,051 10,211 47,455 32,734 40,407 39,863 6,8073 50,845 33,552 43,55 41,675 3,4037 54,236 34,372 46,703 43,487 0, 57,628 35,193 49,862 45,299 3,4037 61,022 36,015 53,028 47,111 6,8073 64,417 36,839 56,198 48,923 10,211 67,813 37,664 59,372 50,735 13,615 71,209 38,489 62,55

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52,547 54,359 56,171 57,983 59,795 61,607 63,419 65,231 67,043 68,855 70,666 72,478 74,29 76,102 77,914 79,726 81,538 83,35 85,162 86,974

17,018 20,422 23,826 27,229 30,633 34,037 37,44 40,844 44,247 47,651 51,055 54,458 57,862 61,266 64,669 68,073 71,477 74,88 78,284 81,688

74,606 78,004 81,402 84,801 88,2 91,599 94,999 98,399 101,8 105,2 108,6 112, 115,4 118,8 122,2 125,61 129,01 132,41 135,81 139,21

39,316 40,143 40,972 41,801 42,631 43,461 44,293 45,125 45,957 46,79 47,624 48,458 49,293 50,128 50,963 51,799 52,635 53,472 54,309 55,146

65,731 68,914 72,1 75,287 78,582 81,664 84,828 87,99 92,737 97,926 103,26 108,93 115,07 121,58 128,44 138,02 147,79 159,32 172,79 187,71

TABLE 24 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Results Linearized Maximum Linearized Middle Linearized Minimum Object Name Principal Stress Principal Stress Principal Stress State Solved Scope Scoping Method Path Path Path 4 Geometry All Bodies Definition Linearized Maximum Linearized Middle Linearized Minimum Type Principal Stress Principal Stress Principal Stress Subtype All By Time Display Time Last Coordinate System Global Coordinate System 2D Behavior Planar Results Membrane 62,01 MPa 14,6 MPa -2,1323 MPa Bending (Inside) 3,6573 MPa -13,72 MPa -85,321 MPa Bending (Outside) 85,321 MPa 13,72 MPa -3,6573 MPa Membrane+Bending 2,698 MPa -0,29133 MPa -23,312 MPa (Inside) Membrane+Bending 62,01 MPa 14,6 MPa -2,1323 MPa (Center) Membrane+Bending 147,33 MPa 28,258 MPa -5,7269 MPa (Outside) Peak (Inside) 15,202 MPa 0,4948 MPa -2,2816 MPa Peak (Center) 4,2374 MPa 9,3201e-002 MPa -7,1938 MPa Peak (Outside) 38,539 MPa 0,13115 MPa -24,651 MPa Total (Inside) 0,77505 MPa -0,14804 MPa -8,1173 MPa Total (Center) 54,852 MPa 18,819 MPa -2,0554 MPa Total (Outside) 185,85 MPa 9,4237 MPa -11,397 MPa Information Time 1, s Load Step 1

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Substep Iteration Number

1 1

FIGURE 9 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Linearized Maximum Principal Stress

TABLE 25 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Linearized Maximum Principal Stress Length [mm] Membrane [MPa] Bending [MPa] Membrane+Bending [MPa] Peak [MPa] Total [MPa] 0, 3,6573 2,698 15,202 0,77505 1,812 3,5049 2,8423 15,688 0,31863 3,6239 3,3525 3,0766 16,175 0,11437 5,4359 3,2002 3,3968 16,661 8,1837e-002 7,2478 3,0478 3,7865 17,147 0,15935 9,0598 2,8954 4,2271 17,633 2,1227 10,872 2,743 4,7031 18,119 4,402 12,684 2,5906 5,2044 18,605 6,7594 14,496 2,4382 5,7427 19,092 9,1951 16,308 2,2858 8,6929 19,578 11,709 18,12 2,1334 12,244 20,064 14,132 19,932 1,981 15,797 20,55 16,589 21,744 1,8287 19,352 21,036 19,086 23,555 1,6763 22,906 21,522 21,574 25,367 1,5239 26,461 22,009 24,052 27,179 1,3715 30,016 22,495 26,521 28,991 1,2191 33,571 22,981 28,979 30,803 1,0667 37,126 23,467 31,428 32,615 0,91433 40,681 23,953 33,866 34,427 0,76194 44,236 24,44 36,582 36,239 0,60955 47,79 24,926 39,501 38,051 0,45717 51,345 25,412 44,666 39,863 0,30478 54,9 25,898 48,06 41,675 0,15239 58,455 26,384 51,455

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43,487 45,299 47,111 48,923 50,735 52,547 54,359 56,171 57,983 59,795 61,607 63,419 65,231 67,043 68,855 70,666 72,478 74,29 76,102 77,914 79,726 81,538 83,35 85,162 86,974

62,01

0, 3,555 7,1101 10,665 14,22 17,775 21,33 24,885 28,44 31,995 35,55 39,105 42,66 46,215 49,77 53,325 56,881 60,436 63,991 67,546 71,101 74,656 78,211 81,766 85,321

62,01 65,565 69,12 72,675 76,23 79,785 83,34 86,895 90,45 94,006 97,561 101,12 104,67 108,23 111,78 115,34 118,89 122,45 126, 129,56 133,11 136,67 140,22 143,78 147,33

26,87 27,357 27,843 28,329 28,815 29,301 29,788 30,274 30,76 31,246 31,732 32,219 32,705 33,191 33,677 34,163 34,65 35,136 35,622 36,108 36,594 37,081 37,567 38,053 38,539

54,852 58,249 61,647 65,046 68,446 71,846 75,246 78,647 82,047 85,502 88,848 92,277 95,703 100,48 106,09 111,69 117,04 122,47 128,23 134,34 143,3 152,27 162,2 173,53 185,85

FIGURE 10 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Linearized Middle Principal Stress

TABLE 26 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Linearized Middle Principal Stress Length [mm] Membrane [MPa] Bending [MPa] Membrane+Bending [MPa] Peak [MPa] Total [MPa] 0, -13,72 -0,29133 0,4948 -0,14804

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1,812 3,6239 5,4359 7,2478 9,0598 10,872 12,684 14,496 16,308 18,12 19,932 21,744 23,555 25,367 27,179 28,991 30,803 32,615 34,427 36,239 38,051 39,863 41,675 43,487 45,299 47,111 48,923 50,735 52,547 54,359 56,171 57,983 59,795 61,607 63,419 65,231 67,043 68,855 70,666 72,478 74,29 76,102 77,914 79,726 81,538 83,35 85,162 86,974

14,6

-13,148 -12,577 -12,005 -11,433 -10,862 -10,29 -9,7184 -9,1468 -8,5751 -8,0034 -7,4317 -6,8601 -6,2884 -5,7167 -5,1451 -4,5734 -4,0017 -3,43 -2,8584 -2,2867 -1,715 -1,1433 -0,57167 0, 0,57167 1,1433 1,715 2,2867 2,8584 3,43 4,0017 4,5734 5,1451 5,7167 6,2884 6,8601 7,4317 8,0034 8,5751 9,1468 9,7184 10,29 10,862 11,433 12,005 12,577 13,148 13,72

-1,6142e-002 0,1691 0,26868 0,29891 0,27909 0,22768 1,581 5,1057 6,237 6,777 7,3209 7,869 8,4206 8,9751 9,5319 10,091 10,651 11,212 11,775 12,339 12,903 13,468 14,034 14,6 15,166 15,733 16,301 16,868 17,436 18,005 18,573 19,142 19,711 20,28 20,849 21,418 21,988 22,557 23,127 23,697 24,266 24,836 25,406 25,976 26,547 27,117 27,687 28,258

0,28501 -0,32833 0,11951 -0,53031 -7,6122e-003 -0,67365 -0,10362 -8,2437e-002 -0,17541 0,327 -0,22872 0,61593 -0,268 1,0627 -0,29659 1,7054 -0,31695 2,5565 -0,33091 3,3765 -0,33982 4,4074 -0,3447 5,6289 -0,34632 6,8638 -0,34527 8,1068 -0,34203 9,3556 -0,33696 10,61 -0,33034 11,869 -0,3224 13,132 -0,31335 14,295 -0,30333 15,35 -0,29247 16,778 -0,28088 17,459 -0,26865 18,139 -0,25586 18,819 -0,24256 19,497 -0,22882 20,175 -0,21468 20,852 -0,20018 21,53 -0,18536 22,206 -0,17025 22,883 -0,15487 23,559 -0,13926 24,235 -0,12343 24,844 -0,1074 25,589 -9,1181e-002 26,382 -7,4798e-002 27,172 -5,8261e-002 28,071 -4,158e-002 27,983 -2,4767e-002 27,807 -7,8319e-003 26,666 9,2169e-003 24,962 2,6371e-002 23,451 4,3624e-002 22,129 6,0969e-002 20,066 7,8399e-002 17,932 9,591e-002 14,714 0,1135 11,706 0,13115 9,4237

FIGURE 11 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Linearized Minimum Principal Stress

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TABLE 27 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Linearized Minimum Principal Stress Length [mm] Membrane [MPa] Bending [MPa] Membrane+Bending [MPa] Peak [MPa] Total [MPa] 0, -85,321 -23,312 -2,2816 -8,1173 1,812 -81,766 -19,757 -2,5454 -6,2231 3,6239 -78,211 -16,203 -2,8535 -4,2524 5,4359 -74,656 -12,648 -3,1999 -2,2052 7,2478 -71,101 -9,0938 -3,5775 -0,69564 9,0598 -67,546 -5,5403 -3,9793 -0,58317 10,872 -63,991 -1,9905 -4,3995 -0,35925 12,684 -60,436 0,12915 -4,8338 -6,4398e-002 14,496 -56,881 4,0526e-002 -5,2788 0,26324 16,308 -53,325 -6,6639e-002 -5,7321 0,61083 18,12 -49,77 -0,18318 -6,1917 0,63221 19,932 -46,215 -0,30634 -6,6564 0,43249 21,744 -42,66 -0,43447 -7,1251 0,13628 23,555 -39,105 -0,5664 -7,5971 -0,13239 25,367 -35,55 -0,70132 -8,0717 -0,36707 -2,1323 27,179 -31,995 -0,83864 -8,5485 -0,56531 28,991 -28,44 -0,97789 -9,0272 -0,72608 30,803 -24,885 -1,1187 -9,5074 -0,84899 32,615 -21,33 -1,2609 -9,989 -0,93396 34,427 -17,775 -1,4042 -10,472 -1,0257 36,239 -14,22 -1,5484 -10,955 -1,0997 38,051 -10,665 -1,6934 -11,44 -1,6721 39,863 -7,1101 -1,8391 -11,925 -1,7996 41,675 -3,555 -1,9854 -12,411 -1,9274 43,487 0, -2,1323 -12,897 -2,0554 45,299 -0,15239 -2,2796 -13,384 -2,1837 47,111 -0,30478 -2,4272 -13,871 -2,3121 48,923 -0,45717 -2,5753 -14,359 -2,4407 50,735 -0,60955 -2,7237 -14,847 -2,5695

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52,547 54,359 56,171 57,983 59,795 61,607 63,419 65,231 67,043 68,855 70,666 72,478 74,29 76,102 77,914 79,726 81,538 83,35 85,162 86,974

-0,76194 -0,91433 -1,0667 -1,2191 -1,3715 -1,5239 -1,6763 -1,8287 -1,981 -2,1334 -2,2858 -2,4382 -2,5906 -2,743 -2,8954 -3,0478 -3,2002 -3,3525 -3,5049 -3,6573

-2,8723 -3,0212 -3,1704 -3,3197 -3,4693 -3,619 -3,7688 -3,9189 -4,069 -4,2193 -4,3696 -4,5201 -4,6707 -4,8214 -4,9721 -5,1229 -5,2738 -5,4248 -5,5758 -5,7269

-15,336 -15,824 -16,313 -16,803 -17,292 -17,782 -18,271 -18,761 -19,252 -19,742 -20,232 -20,723 -21,213 -21,704 -22,195 -22,686 -23,177 -23,668 -24,159 -24,651

-2,6985 -2,8275 -2,9567 -3,0859 -3,2708 -3,343 -3,4332 -3,523 -4,0406 -3,7731 -3,6325 -3,9023 -4,4625 -5,0792 -5,7527 -5,8393 -6,0547 -6,7618 -8,4467 -11,397

Material Data
SA-516 grade 70
TABLE 28 SA-516 grade 70 > Constants Density 7.85e-006 kg mm^-3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 1.2e-005 C^-1 Specific Heat 4.34e+005 mJ kg^-1 C^-1 Thermal Conductivity 6.05e-002 W mm^-1 C^-1 Resistivity 1.7e-004 ohm mm TABLE 29 SA-516 grade 70 > Compressive Ultimate Strength Compressive Ultimate Strength MPa 0 TABLE 30 SA-516 grade 70 > Compressive Yield Strength Compressive Yield Strength MPa 260 TABLE 31 SA-516 grade 70 > Tensile Yield Strength Tensile Yield Strength MPa 260 TABLE 32 SA-516 grade 70 > Tensile Ultimate Strength Tensile Ultimate Strength MPa 485 TABLE 33 SA-516 grade 70 > Isotropic Secant Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Reference Temperature C

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22 TABLE 34 SA-516 grade 70 > Strain-Life Parameters Strength Ductility Ductility Cyclic Strength Cyclic Strain Exponent Coefficient Exponent Coefficient MPa Hardening Exponent -0.106 0.213 -0.47 1000 0.2

Strength Coefficient MPa 920

TABLE 35 SA-516 grade 70 > Isotropic Elasticity Temperature C Young's Modulus MPa Poisson's Ratio Bulk Modulus MPa Shear Modulus MPa 20 2.e+005 0.3 1.6667e+005 76923 TABLE 36 SA-516 grade 70 > Isotropic Relative Permeability Relative Permeability 10000 TABLE 37 SA-516 grade 70 > Uniaxial Test Data Strain mm mm^-1 Stress MPa Temperature C 0 0 20 2.e-003 260 20 5.e-002 485 20

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APPENDIX G: Calculation report from ANSYS Elastic Stress Analysis, ASME VIII div. 2; 2010, Protection against plastic collapse (70 mm @ 200 bar)

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Project
First Saved Tuesday, April 10, 2012 Last Saved Monday, April 30, 2012 Product Version 13.0 Release

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Contents

Units Model (A4) Geometry Parts Construction Geometry Paths Coordinate Systems Connections Contacts Contact Regions Mesh Automatic Method Static Structural (A5) Analysis Settings Standard Earth Gravity Loads Solution (A6) Solution Information Results Material Data Structural Steel

Units
TABLE 1 Unit System Metric (mm, kg, N, s, mV, mA) Degrees rad/s Celsius Angle Degrees Rotational Velocity rad/s Temperature Celsius

Model (A4)
Geometry
TABLE 2 Model (A4) > Geometry Object Name State Source Type Length Unit Element Control Display Style Length X Length Y Length Z Geometry Fully Defined Definition C:\Master thesis Frode Tjelta\Inventor\Thick wall\Assembly\Weldment.iam Inventor Centimeters Program Controlled Part Color Bounding Box 318,32 mm 836, mm 1387, mm Properties

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Volume Mass Scale Factor Value Statistics Bodies Active Bodies Nodes Elements Mesh Metric Preferences Import Solid Bodies Import Surface Bodies Import Line Bodies Parameter Processing Personal Parameter Key CAD Attribute Transfer Named Selection Processing Material Properties Transfer CAD Associativity Import Coordinate Systems Reader Save Part File Import Using Instances Do Smart Update Attach File Via Temp File Temporary Directory Analysis Type Mixed Import Resolution Enclosure and Symmetry Processing

8,98e+007 mm 704,93 kg 1, 7 7 38820 19469 None Yes Yes No Yes DS No No No Yes No No Yes No Yes C:\Users\frodet\AppData\Local\Temp 3-D None Yes TABLE 3 Model (A4) > Geometry > Parts Main shell End cap thick:1 End cap thick:2 thick:1 Meshed Graphics Properties Yes 1 Definition No Flexible Default Coordinate System By Environment Material Structural Steel Yes Yes Bounding Box 318, mm 318,32 mm 636, mm 636,01 mm 636, mm 1000, mm 193,51 mm Properties 6,1723e+007 1,277e+007 mm mm 117,68 mm 62,595 mm 235,31 mm 5,9435e+005 mm

Object Name State Visible Transparency Suppressed Stiffness Behavior Coordinate System Reference Temperature Assignment Nonlinear Effects Thermal Strain Effects

Welds

Reinforcement pad thick2:1

Length X 127, mm Length Y 110,06 mm Length Z 253,91 mm Volume 22864 mm

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Mass 0,17948 kg Centroid X -67,2 mm Centroid Y 325,62 mm Centroid Z Moment of Inertia Ip1 Moment of Inertia Ip2 Moment of Inertia Ip3 Nodes Elements Mesh Metric 1,9269e003 mm 1106,8 kgmm 1392,8 kgmm 419,67 kgmm 598 145

484,52 kg -182,3 mm -2,3053 mm 2,5059e-006 mm 6,024e+007 kgmm 4,4447e+007 kgmm 2,3283e+007 kgmm 16787 9824

100,24 kg -135,52 mm -135,53 mm -1,8244e-002 4,1893e-002 mm mm 588,86 mm 2,6829e+006 kgmm 9,059e+005 kgmm 3,2488e+006 kgmm Statistics 5073 2970 None -588,86 mm 2,684e+006 kgmm 9,061e+005 kgmm 3,25e+006 kgmm 4260 789

4,6657 kg -60,897 mm 330,95 mm -9,7601e-007 mm 21904 kgmm 25881 kgmm 5250,6 kgmm 1329 216

TABLE 4 Model (A4) > Geometry > Parts Object Name 3 inch Weldneck Flange 1500 RF:1 Nozzle thick2:1 State Meshed Graphics Properties Visible Yes Transparency 1 Definition Suppressed No Stiffness Behavior Flexible Coordinate System Default Coordinate System Reference Temperature By Environment Material Assignment Structural Steel Nonlinear Effects Yes Thermal Strain Effects Yes Bounding Box Length X 133,5 mm 67,677 mm Length Y 124, mm 155,41 mm Length Z 267, mm 135,33 mm Properties Volume 1,2214e+006 mm 6,998e+005 mm Mass 9,5877 kg 5,4935 kg Centroid X -56,09 mm -35,249 mm Centroid Y 483,94 mm 320,86 mm Centroid Z 2,2844e-005 mm -5,6781e-004 mm Moment of Inertia Ip1 45407 kgmm 18168 kgmm Moment of Inertia Ip2 53311 kgmm 10053 kgmm Moment of Inertia Ip3 15378 kgmm 11576 kgmm Statistics Nodes 8481 2292 Elements 5135 390 Mesh Metric None TABLE 5 Model (A4) > Construction Geometry Object Name Construction Geometry State Fully Defined Display Show Mesh No

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TABLE 6 Model (A4) > Construction Geometry > Paths Object Name Path Path 2 Path 3 Path 4 State Fully Defined Definition Path Type Two Points Path Coordinate System Global Coordinate System Number of Sampling Points 47, Suppressed No Start Coordinate System Global Coordinate System Start X Coordinate -8,8969e-014 mm 5,4757e-014 mm 0, mm -3,7559e-013 mm Start Y Coordinate 318, mm 275,14 mm 0, mm 358, mm Start Z Coordinate 200,69 mm 597,02 mm 693,5 mm -105,15 mm Location Defined End Coordinate System Global Coordinate System End X Coordinate -9,6655e-014 mm -34,138 mm 1,6864e-014 mm -4,6654e-013 mm End Y Coordinate 248, mm 235,74 mm -2,0652e-030 mm 260,52 mm End Z Coordinate 200,69 mm 531,16 mm 623,5 mm -42,433 mm Location Defined

Coordinate Systems
TABLE 7 Model (A4) > Coordinate Systems > Coordinate System Object Name Global Coordinate System State Fully Defined Definition Type Cartesian Coordinate System ID 0, Origin Origin X 0, mm Origin Y 0, mm Origin Z 0, mm Directional Vectors X Axis Data [ 1, 0, 0, ] Y Axis Data [ 0, 1, 0, ] Z Axis Data [ 0, 0, 1, ]

Connections
TABLE 8 Model (A4) > Connections Object Name Connections State Fully Defined Auto Detection Generate Automatic Connection On Refresh Yes Transparency Enabled Yes TABLE 9 Model (A4) > Connections > Contacts Object Name Contacts State Fully Defined Definition

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Connection Type Contact Scope Scoping Method Geometry Selection Geometry All Bodies Auto Detection Tolerance Type Slider Tolerance Slider 0, Tolerance Value 4,1262 mm Face/Face Yes Face/Edge No Edge/Edge No Priority Include All Group By Bodies Search Across Bodies TABLE 10 Model (A4) > Connections > Contacts > Contact Regions Bonded Bonded - Main shell Bonded - Welds To Bonded - Main Bonded - Main Object Welds To thick:1 To 3 inch Weldneck shell thick:1 To shell thick:1 To Name Nozzle Reinforcement pad Flange 1500 RF:1 End cap thick:1 End cap thick:2 thick2:1 thick2:1 State Fully Defined Scope Scoping Geometry Selection Method Contact 1 Face 2 Faces 1 Face 2 Faces Target 1 Face 2 Faces 1 Face Contact Welds Main shell thick:1 Bodies Target 3 inch Weldneck Nozzle Reinforcement pad End cap thick:1 End cap thick:2 Bodies Flange 1500 RF:1 thick2:1 thick2:1 Definition Type Bonded Scope Mode Automatic Behavior Symmetric Suppressed No Advanced Formulation Pure Penalty Normal Program Controlled Stiffness Update Never Stiffness Pinball Program Controlled Region TABLE 11 Model (A4) > Connections > Contacts > Contact Regions Bonded Bonded - 3 inch Bonded - Main Object Reinforcement pad Weldneck Flange Contact Contact Region shell thick:1 To Name thick2:1 To Nozzle 1500 RF:1 To Nozzle Region 11 13 Nozzle thick2:1 thick2:1 thick2:1 State Fully Defined Scope Scoping Geometry Selection Method Contact 1 Face 3 Faces 2 Faces Target 1 Face 2 Faces Contact Main shell Reinforcement pad 3 inch Weldneck Welds

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Bodies Target Bodies Type Scope Mode Behavior Suppressed Formulation Normal Stiffness Update Stiffness Pinball Region

thick:1

thick2:1 Nozzle thick2:1

Flange 1500 RF:1 Main shell thick:1 Reinforcement pad thick2:1

Definition Bonded Automatic Symmetric No Advanced Pure Penalty Program Controlled Never Program Controlled

Mesh
TABLE 12 Model (A4) > Mesh Object Name Mesh State Solved Defaults Physics Preference Mechanical Relevance 0 Sizing Use Advanced Size Function Off Relevance Center Medium Element Size Default Initial Size Seed Active Assembly Smoothing Medium Transition Slow Span Angle Center Medium Minimum Edge Length 1,24280 mm Inflation Use Automatic Inflation None Inflation Option Smooth Transition Transition Ratio 0,272 Maximum Layers 5 Growth Rate 1,2 Inflation Algorithm Pre View Advanced Options No Advanced Shape Checking Standard Mechanical Element Midside Nodes Program Controlled Straight Sided Elements No Number of Retries Default (4) Extra Retries For Assembly Yes Rigid Body Behavior Dimensionally Reduced Mesh Morphing Disabled Defeaturing Pinch Tolerance Please Define Generate Pinch on Refresh No Automatic Mesh Based Defeaturing On Defeaturing Tolerance Default Statistics

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Nodes Elements Mesh Metric

38820 19469 None

TABLE 13 Model (A4) > Mesh > Mesh Controls Object Name Automatic Method State Fully Defined Scope Scoping Method Geometry Selection Geometry 7 Bodies Definition Suppressed No Method Automatic Element Midside Nodes Use Global Setting

Static Structural (A5)

TABLE 14 Model (A4) > Analysis Object Name Static Structural (A5) State Solved Definition Physics Type Structural Analysis Type Static Structural Solver Target Mechanical APDL Options Environment Temperature 22, C Generate Input Only No TABLE 15 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Analysis Settings Analysis Settings Fully Defined Step Controls 1, 1, 1, s Program Controlled Solver Controls Program Controlled Program Controlled Off Off Restart Controls Program Controlled No Nonlinear Controls Program Controlled Program Controlled Program Controlled

Object Name State Number Of Steps Current Step Number Step End Time Auto Time Stepping Solver Type Weak Springs Large Deflection Inertia Relief Generate Restart Points Retain Files After Full Solve Force Convergence Moment Convergence Displacement Convergence Rotation

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Convergence Line Search Stabilization Calculate Stress Calculate Strain Calculate Contact Calculate Results At Solver Files Directory Future Analysis Scratch Solver Files Directory Save MAPDL db Delete Unneeded Files Nonlinear Solution Solver Units Solver Unit System

Program Controlled Program Controlled Off Output Controls Yes Yes No All Time Points Analysis Data Management C:\Master thesis Frode Tjelta\ANSYS workbench for Master thesis\Thick wall configuration - Elastic Stress Analysis - ASME VIII div.2; 2010_files\dp0\SYS\MECH\ None

No Yes No Active System nmm TABLE 16 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Accelerations Object Name Standard Earth Gravity State Fully Defined Scope Geometry All Bodies Definition Coordinate System Global Coordinate System X Component -0, mm/s (ramped) Y Component -9806,6 mm/s (ramped) Z Component -0, mm/s (ramped) Suppressed No Direction -Y Direction FIGURE 1 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Standard Earth Gravity

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Object Name State Scoping Method Geometry Type Define By Magnitude Suppressed Coordinate System X Component Y Component Z Component

Pressure

TABLE 17 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Loads Frictionless Frictionless Displacement Support Support 2 Fully Defined Scope Geometry Selection

Force

9 Faces Pressure Normal To 20, MPa (ramped)

16 Faces Definition Frictionless Support Displacement Components No Global Coordinate System 0, mm (ramped) Free 0, mm (ramped)

1 Face Frictionless Support Force Components

Global Coordinate System 0, N (ramped) 15000 N (ramped) 0, N (ramped)

FIGURE 2 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Pressure

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FIGURE 3 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Displacement

FIGURE 4 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Force

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Solution (A6)
TABLE 18 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution Object Name Solution (A6) State Solved Adaptive Mesh Refinement Max Refinement Loops 1, Refinement Depth 2, Information Status Done TABLE 19 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Solution Information Object Name Solution Information State Solved Solution Information Solution Output Solver Output Newton-Raphson Residuals 0 Update Interval 2,5 s Display Points All TABLE 20 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Results Linearized Linearized Linearized Total Object Name Equivalent Equivalent Equivalent Deformation Stress Stress 2 Stress 3 State Solved Scope Geometry Scoping Method Path Selection Geometry All Bodies

Linearized Equivalent Stress 4

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Path Type By Display Time Calculate Time History Identifier Subtype Coordinate System 2D Behavior Minimum Maximum Minimum Occurs On Maximum Occurs On Membrane Bending (Inside) Bending (Outside) Membrane+Bending (Inside) Membrane+Bending (Center) Membrane+Bending (Outside) Peak (Inside) Peak (Center) Peak (Outside) Total (Inside) Total (Center) Total (Outside) Time Load Step Substep Iteration Number

Total Deformation

Path Definition

Path 2

Path 3

Path 4

Linearized Equivalent Stress Time Last

Yes Results 1,3797e-004 mm 0,15589 mm Main shell thick:1 Main shell thick:1

All Global Coordinate System Planar 73,563 MPa 30,617 MPa 30,617 MPa 44,274 MPa 73,563 MPa 103,62 MPa 38,414 MPa 52,457 MPa 52,457 MPa 15,151 MPa 38,414 MPa 90,693 MPa 52,451 MPa 21,825 MPa 21,825 MPa 74,273 MPa 52,451 MPa 30,633 MPa 1,5507 MPa 1,5296 MPa 1,6345 MPa 72,786 MPa 53,921 MPa 29,065 MPa 70,739 MPa 98,758 MPa 98,758 MPa 29,187 MPa 70,739 MPa 169,3 MPa 27,043 MPa 18,322 MPa 95,92 MPa 2,738 MPa 56,08 MPa 258,91 MPa

3,3441 MPa 10,689 MPa 3,3543 MPa 7,3302 MPa 3,3645 MPa 18,802 MPa 46,814 MPa 7,6146 MPa 71,021 MPa 31,438 MPa 106,25 MPa 108,89 MPa Information 1, s 1 1 1

FIGURE 5 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Linearized Equivalent Stress

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TABLE 21 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Linearized Equivalent Stress Length [mm] Membrane [MPa] Bending [MPa] Membrane+Bending [MPa] Peak [MPa] Total [MPa] 0, 30,617 44,274 3,3441 46,814 1,4583 29,342 45,46 3,3445 47,788 2,9167 28,066 46,65 3,3449 48,767 4,375 26,79 47,844 3,3454 49,75 5,8333 25,514 49,043 3,3458 50,736 7,2917 24,239 50,246 3,3462 51,726 8,75 22,963 51,452 3,3466 52,72 10,208 21,687 52,661 3,347 53,717 11,667 20,412 53,873 3,3475 54,717 13,125 19,136 55,089 3,3479 55,719 14,583 17,86 56,306 3,3483 56,725 16,042 16,584 57,527 3,3487 57,733 17,5 15,309 58,75 3,3492 58,743 18,958 14,033 59,975 3,3496 59,756 20,417 12,757 61,202 3,35 60,771 73,563 21,875 11,481 62,431 3,3504 61,788 23,333 10,206 63,662 3,3509 62,807 24,792 8,9301 64,894 3,3513 63,828 26,25 7,6543 66,128 3,3517 64,851 27,708 6,3786 67,364 3,3521 65,875 29,167 5,1029 68,601 3,3526 66,901 30,625 3,8272 69,84 3,353 67,929 32,083 2,5514 71,08 3,3534 68,958 33,542 1,2757 72,321 3,3538 69,989 35, 1,3496e-014 73,563 3,3543 71,021 36,458 1,2757 74,807 3,3547 72,473 37,917 2,5514 76,051 3,3551 73,927 39,375 3,8272 77,297 3,3555 75,382 40,833 5,1029 78,543 3,356 76,84

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42,292 43,75 45,208 46,667 48,125 49,583 51,042 52,5 53,958 55,417 56,875 58,333 59,792 61,25 62,708 64,167 65,625 67,083 68,542 70,

6,3786 7,6543 8,9301 10,206 11,481 12,757 14,033 15,309 16,584 17,86 19,136 20,412 21,687 22,963 24,239 25,514 26,79 28,066 29,342 30,617

79,791 81,039 82,288 83,538 84,789 86,04 87,293 88,545 89,799 91,053 92,308 93,563 94,819 96,075 97,332 98,589 99,847 101,11 102,36 103,62

3,3564 3,3568 3,3572 3,3577 3,3581 3,3585 3,3589 3,3594 3,3598 3,3602 3,3607 3,3611 3,3615 3,3619 3,3624 3,3628 3,3632 3,3636 3,3641 3,3645

78,299 79,759 81,221 82,685 84,15 85,616 87,083 88,552 90,022 91,492 92,964 94,436 95,91 97,384 98,859 100,34 101,81 103,29 104,77 106,25

FIGURE 6 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Linearized Equivalent Stress 2

TABLE 22 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Linearized Equivalent Stress 2 Length [mm] Membrane [MPa] Bending [MPa] Membrane+Bending [MPa] Peak [MPa] Total [MPa] 0, 52,457 15,151 10,689 7,6146 1,75 50,271 13,099 10,851 6,8507 3,5 48,085 11,099 11,014 6,313 5,2499 45,9 9,1837 11,177 6,0586 6,9999 43,714 7,4194 11,341 6,1197 8,7499 41,528 5,9422 11,505 6,4842

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10,5 12,25 14, 15,75 17,5 19,25 21, 22,75 24,5 26,25 28, 29,75 31,5 33,25 35, 36,75 38,499 40,249 41,999 43,749 45,499 47,249 48,999 50,749 52,499 54,249 55,999 57,749 59,499 61,249 62,999 64,749 66,499 68,249 69,999 71,749 73,499 75,249 76,999 78,749 80,499 82,249 83,999

38,414

39,343 37,157 34,971 32,785 30,6 28,414 26,228 24,043 21,857 19,671 17,486 15,3 13,114 10,928 8,7428 6,5571 4,3714 2,1857 0, 2,1857 4,3714 6,5571 8,7428 10,928 13,114 15,3 17,486 19,671 21,857 24,043 26,228 28,414 30,6 32,785 34,971 37,157 39,343 41,528 43,714 45,9 48,085 50,271 52,457

5,0126 4,9494 5,7812 7,2043 8,9407 10,841 12,832 14,878 16,959 19,064 21,185 23,317 25,459 27,608 29,762 31,92 34,082 36,247 38,414 40,583 42,754 44,926 47,1 49,274 51,45 53,626 55,803 57,981 60,159 62,338 64,517 66,697 68,877 71,057 73,238 75,419 77,601 79,782 81,964 84,146 86,328 88,51 90,693

11,67 11,835 12, 12,166 12,332 12,498 12,665 12,831 12,999 13,166 13,334 13,502 13,67 13,839 14,008 14,177 14,346 14,515 14,685 14,855 15,025 15,195 15,365 15,536 15,707 15,878 16,049 16,22 16,391 16,562 16,734 16,906 17,078 17,25 17,422 17,594 17,766 17,939 18,111 18,284 18,456 18,629 18,802

7,1029 7,9139 8,8623 9,9069 11,019 12,177 13,37 14,586 15,82 17,114 18,704 20,321 21,961 23,618 25,289 26,971 28,585 30,01 31,438 32,87 34,305 35,792 37,447 39,105 40,764 42,939 45,445 47,956 52,187 56,232 60,281 64,334 68,388 72,443 76,498 80,552 84,606 88,658 92,708 96,756 100,8 104,84 108,89

FIGURE 7 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Linearized Equivalent Stress 3

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TABLE 23 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Linearized Equivalent Stress 3 Length [mm] Membrane [MPa] Bending [MPa] Membrane+Bending [MPa] Peak [MPa] Total [MPa] 0, 21,825 74,273 1,5507 72,786 1,4583 20,916 73,364 1,5524 72, 2,9167 20,006 72,454 1,5542 71,213 4,375 19,097 71,545 1,5559 70,427 5,8333 18,188 70,636 1,5576 69,641 7,2917 17,278 69,726 1,5594 68,855 8,75 16,369 68,817 1,5611 68,069 10,208 15,459 67,908 1,5629 67,282 11,667 14,55 66,999 1,5646 66,496 13,125 13,641 66,089 1,5664 65,71 14,583 12,731 65,18 1,5681 64,924 16,042 11,822 64,271 1,5699 64,138 17,5 10,913 63,362 1,5716 63,352 18,958 10,003 62,452 1,5734 62,566 20,417 9,0938 61,543 1,5751 61,78 52,451 21,875 8,1844 60,634 1,5769 60,994 23,333 7,275 59,725 1,5786 60,208 24,792 6,3656 58,815 1,5804 59,422 26,25 5,4563 57,906 1,5821 58,636 27,708 4,5469 56,997 1,5839 57,85 29,167 3,6375 56,088 1,5856 57,064 30,625 2,7281 55,178 1,5873 56,279 32,083 1,8188 54,269 1,5891 55,493 33,542 0,90938 53,36 1,5908 54,707 35, 0, 52,451 1,5926 53,921 36,458 0,90938 51,542 1,5943 53,007 37,917 1,8188 50,632 1,5961 51,965 39,375 2,7281 49,723 1,5978 50,924 40,833 3,6375 48,814 1,5996 49,883

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42,292 43,75 45,208 46,667 48,125 49,583 51,042 52,5 53,958 55,417 56,875 58,333 59,792 61,25 62,708 64,167 65,625 67,083 68,542 70,

4,5469 5,4563 6,3656 7,275 8,1844 9,0938 10,003 10,913 11,822 12,731 13,641 14,55 15,459 16,369 17,278 18,188 19,097 20,006 20,916 21,825

47,905 46,996 46,087 45,177 44,268 43,359 42,45 41,541 40,632 39,723 38,814 37,905 36,995 36,086 35,177 34,268 33,36 32,451 31,542 30,633

1,6013 1,6031 1,6048 1,6066 1,6083 1,6101 1,6118 1,6136 1,6153 1,617 1,6188 1,6205 1,6223 1,624 1,6258 1,6275 1,6293 1,631 1,6328 1,6345

48,841 47,8 46,759 45,718 44,677 43,635 42,594 41,553 40,512 39,471 38,43 37,389 36,349 35,308 34,267 33,227 32,186 31,146 30,105 29,065

FIGURE 8 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Linearized Equivalent Stress 4

TABLE 24 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Linearized Equivalent Stress 4 Length [mm] Membrane [MPa] Bending [MPa] Membrane+Bending [MPa] Peak [MPa] Total [MPa] 0, 98,758 29,187 27,043 2,738 2,4149 94,643 25,207 28,463 2,0848 4,8298 90,528 21,28 29,884 3,2561 7,2447 86,413 17,439 31,308 5,1251 9,6596 82,298 13,758 32,733 7,1687 12,074 78,183 10,407 34,159 9,2776

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14,489 16,904 19,319 21,734 24,149 26,564 28,979 31,394 33,808 36,223 38,638 41,053 43,468 45,883 48,298 50,713 53,128 55,542 57,957 60,372 62,787 65,202 67,617 70,032 72,447 74,862 77,276 79,691 82,106 84,521 86,936 89,351 91,766 94,181 96,596 99,011 101,43 103,84 106,26 108,67 111,08 113,5 115,91

70,739

74,068 69,953 65,838 61,723 57,609 53,494 49,379 45,264 41,149 37,034 32,919 28,804 24,689 20,574 16,46 12,345 8,2298 4,1149 4,293e-014 4,1149 8,2298 12,345 16,46 20,574 24,689 28,804 32,919 37,034 41,149 45,264 49,379 53,494 57,609 61,723 65,838 69,953 74,068 78,183 82,298 86,413 90,528 94,643 98,758

7,8221 6,9234 8,2793 11,092 14,538 18,264 22,128 26,069 30,056 34,074 38,113 42,166 46,23 50,303 54,382 58,465 62,553 66,645 70,739 74,835 78,933 83,033 87,134 91,237 95,341 99,445 103,55 107,66 111,76 115,87 119,98 124,09 128,2 132,3 136,41 140,52 144,63 148,74 152,85 156,97 161,08 165,19 169,3

35,587 37,016 38,445 39,876 41,307 42,739 44,172 45,605 47,038 48,472 49,907 51,342 52,777 54,213 55,648 57,085 58,521 59,958 61,394 62,832 64,269 65,706 67,144 68,582 70,02 71,458 72,896 74,334 75,773 77,211 78,65 80,089 81,527 82,966 84,405 85,844 87,284 88,723 90,162 91,602 93,041 94,481 95,92

11,422 13,314 15,019 16,911 19,004 21,26 23,554 25,858 28,443 31,067 33,675 36,258 38,813 41,339 44,507 47,397 50,29 53,184 56,08 58,977 61,875 64,775 67,675 68,89 72,719 76,989 81,952 87,384 93,202 99,343 105,76 112,44 118,88 124,75 129,74 136,13 146,81 157,57 169,56 191,35 213,58 236,13 258,91

TABLE 25 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Results Linearized Maximum Linearized Middle Linearized Minimum Object Name Principal Stress Principal Stress Principal Stress State Solved Scope Scoping Method Path Path Path 4 Geometry All Bodies Definition Linearized Maximum Linearized Middle Linearized Minimum Type Principal Stress Principal Stress Principal Stress Subtype All

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By Display Time Coordinate System 2D Behavior Membrane Bending (Inside) Bending (Outside) Membrane+Bending (Inside) Membrane+Bending (Center) Membrane+Bending (Outside) Peak (Inside) Peak (Center) Peak (Outside) Total (Inside) Total (Center) Total (Outside) Time Load Step Substep Iteration Number 74,446 MPa 0,18526 MPa 102,35 MPa 4,1699 MPa 74,446 MPa 176,79 MPa 24,951 MPa 7,1752 MPa 73,972 MPa 0,20597 MPa 60,602 MPa 250,75 MPa

Time Last Global Coordinate System Planar Results 10,453 MPa -7,8552 MPa 7,8552 MPa -2,8976 MPa 10,453 MPa 17,867 MPa 2,6051 MPa -1,3804 MPa 5,0757 MPa -1,4369 MPa 17,53 MPa 7,5188 MPa Information 1, s 1 1 1

-1,5121 MPa -102,35 MPa -0,18526 MPa -27,901 MPa -1,5121 MPa -1,256 MPa -5,1124 MPa -13,859 MPa -35,58 MPa -2,9548 MPa -2,8095 MPa -21,399 MPa

FIGURE 9 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Linearized Maximum Principal Stress

TABLE 26 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Linearized Maximum Principal Stress Length [mm] Membrane [MPa] Bending [MPa] Membrane+Bending [MPa] Peak [MPa] Total [MPa] 0, 0,18526 4,1699 24,951 0,20597 2,4149 0,17754 4,3755 25,972 0,29259

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4,8298 7,2447 9,6596 12,074 14,489 16,904 19,319 21,734 24,149 26,564 28,979 31,394 33,808 36,223 38,638 41,053 43,468 45,883 48,298 50,713 53,128 55,542 57,957 60,372 62,787 65,202 67,617 70,032 72,447 74,862 77,276 79,691 82,106 84,521 86,936 89,351 91,766 94,181 96,596 99,011 101,43 103,84 106,26 108,67 111,08 113,5 115,91

74,446

0,16982 0,1621 0,15438 0,14667 0,13895 0,13123 0,12351 0,11579 0,10807 0,10035 9,2631e-002 8,4912e-002 7,7192e-002 6,9473e-002 6,1754e-002 5,4035e-002 4,6315e-002 3,8596e-002 3,0877e-002 2,3158e-002 1,5438e-002 7,7192e-003 4,4704e-014 4,2644 8,5289 12,793 17,058 21,322 25,587 29,851 34,116 38,38 42,644 46,909 51,173 55,438 59,702 63,967 68,231 72,496 76,76 81,024 85,289 89,553 93,818 98,082 102,35

4,5884 4,8081 5,0344 5,2669 5,5057 5,7511 6,2654 10,483 14,746 19,01 23,274 27,538 31,802 36,067 40,331 44,595 48,86 53,124 57,389 61,653 65,917 70,182 74,446 78,711 82,975 87,24 91,504 95,768 100,03 104,3 108,56 112,83 117,09 121,36 125,62 129,88 134,15 138,41 142,68 146,94 151,21 155,47 159,74 164, 168,26 172,53 176,79

26,993 28,014 29,035 30,056 31,077 32,098 33,119 34,141 35,162 36,183 37,204 38,226 39,247 40,268 41,289 42,311 43,332 44,353 45,375 46,396 47,417 48,438 49,46 50,481 51,502 52,524 53,545 54,566 55,588 56,609 57,63 58,652 59,673 60,694 61,716 62,737 63,759 64,78 65,801 66,823 67,844 68,865 69,887 70,908 71,929 72,951 73,972

0,65663 2,5819 4,5895 6,6791 8,8505 11,213 13,747 16,287 18,841 21,421 24,023 26,647 29,51 32,413 35,321 38,236 41,156 44,082 48,206 51,305 54,404 57,503 60,602 63,701 66,8 69,899 72,998 74,685 78,972 83,386 88,353 93,827 99,697 105,88 112,33 119,42 126,39 132,62 137,66 143,69 153,94 164,19 175,37 194,08 212,91 231,81 250,75

FIGURE 10 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Linearized Middle Principal Stress

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TABLE 27 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Linearized Middle Principal Stress Length [mm] Membrane [MPa] Bending [MPa] Membrane+Bending [MPa] Peak [MPa] Total [MPa] 0, -7,8552 -2,8976 2,6051 -1,4369 2,4149 -7,5279 -2,7835 2,6563 -1,1852 4,8298 -7,2006 -2,6766 2,7076 0,48411 7,2447 -6,8733 -2,5765 2,7589 0,76584 9,6596 -6,546 -2,4828 2,8103 1,1341 12,074 -6,2187 -2,3948 2,8616 1,591 14,489 -5,8914 -2,2388 2,913 2,14 16,904 -5,5641 1,9482 2,9644 2,4687 19,319 -5,2368 5,9464 3,0159 2,5128 21,734 -4,9095 6,2468 3,0673 2,7643 24,149 -4,5822 6,5064 3,1187 3,3152 26,564 -4,2549 6,7693 3,1702 4,1613 28,979 -3,9276 7,0358 3,2216 5,1896 31,394 -3,6003 7,3058 3,2731 6,327 33,808 -3,273 7,5792 3,3246 7,627 10,453 36,223 -2,9457 7,8557 3,376 8,899 38,638 -2,6184 8,1351 3,4275 10,11 41,053 -2,2911 8,4172 3,479 11,253 43,468 -1,9638 8,7018 3,5305 12,324 45,883 -1,6365 8,9888 3,582 13,321 48,298 -1,3092 9,2779 3,6334 14,705 50,713 -0,9819 9,5691 3,6849 15,409 53,128 -0,6546 9,8622 3,7364 16,115 55,542 -0,3273 10,157 3,7879 16,822 57,957 3,8547e-015 10,453 3,8394 17,53 60,372 0,3273 10,751 3,8909 18,24 62,787 0,6546 11,051 3,9424 18,95 65,202 0,9819 11,352 3,9939 19,662 67,617 1,3092 11,654 4,0454 20,374

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70,032 72,447 74,862 77,276 79,691 82,106 84,521 86,936 89,351 91,766 94,181 96,596 99,011 101,43 103,84 106,26 108,67 111,08 113,5 115,91

1,6365 1,9638 2,2911 2,6184 2,9457 3,273 3,6003 3,9276 4,2549 4,5822 4,9095 5,2368 5,5641 5,8914 6,2187 6,546 6,8733 7,2006 7,5279 7,8552

11,957 12,261 12,566 12,873 13,18 13,488 13,797 14,106 14,417 14,728 15,039 15,351 15,664 15,978 16,291 16,606 16,921 17,236 17,551 17,867

4,0969 4,1484 4,2 4,2515 4,303 4,3545 4,406 4,4575 4,509 4,5605 4,612 4,6636 4,7151 4,7666 4,8181 4,8696 4,9211 4,9726 5,0242 5,0757

21,059 21,194 20,992 20,448 19,802 19,077 18,291 17,455 17,248 17,534 17,924 18,481 18,197 16,177 14,161 11,641 6,5504 5,6955 6,4396 7,5188

FIGURE 11 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Linearized Minimum Principal Stress

TABLE 28 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Linearized Minimum Principal Stress Length [mm] Membrane [MPa] Bending [MPa] Membrane+Bending [MPa] Peak [MPa] Total [MPa] 0, -102,35 -27,901 -5,1124 -2,9548 2,4149 -98,082 -23,637 -5,7466 -2,0921 4,8298 -93,818 -19,373 -6,3809 -2,6823 7,2447 -89,553 -15,109 -7,0153 -3,204 9,6596 -85,289 -10,845 -7,6497 -3,6524 12,074 -81,024 -6,5811 -8,2842 -4,0293

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14,489 16,904 19,319 21,734 24,149 26,564 28,979 31,394 33,808 36,223 38,638 41,053 43,468 45,883 48,298 50,713 53,128 55,542 57,957 60,372 62,787 65,202 67,617 70,032 72,447 74,862 77,276 79,691 82,106 84,521 86,936 89,351 91,766 94,181 96,596 99,011 101,43 103,84 106,26 108,67 111,08 113,5 115,91

-1,5121

-76,76 -72,496 -68,231 -63,967 -59,702 -55,438 -51,173 -46,909 -42,644 -38,38 -34,116 -29,851 -25,587 -21,322 -17,058 -12,793 -8,5289 -4,2644 -4,2253e-017 -7,7192e-003 -1,5438e-002 -2,3158e-002 -3,0877e-002 -3,8596e-002 -4,6315e-002 -5,4035e-002 -6,1754e-002 -6,9473e-002 -7,7192e-002 -8,4912e-002 -9,2631e-002 -0,10035 -0,10807 -0,11579 -0,12351 -0,13123 -0,13895 -0,14667 -0,15438 -0,1621 -0,16982 -0,17754 -0,18526

-2,3917 -2,2402 -2,1687 -2,1025 -2,0409 -1,9836 -1,9302 -1,8805 -1,8341 -1,7909 -1,7507 -1,7131 -1,6781 -1,6455 -1,615 -1,5866 -1,56 -1,5352 -1,5121 -1,4905 -1,4703 -1,4515 -1,4339 -1,4175 -1,4022 -1,3879 -1,3746 -1,3622 -1,3506 -1,3399 -1,3299 -1,3206 -1,312 -1,3041 -1,2967 -1,2899 -1,2836 -1,2779 -1,2726 -1,2678 -1,2635 -1,2595 -1,256

-8,9187 -9,5533 -10,188 -10,823 -11,457 -12,092 -12,727 -13,361 -13,996 -14,631 -15,265 -15,9 -16,535 -17,17 -17,804 -18,439 -19,074 -19,709 -20,344 -20,979 -21,613 -22,248 -22,883 -23,518 -24,153 -24,787 -25,422 -26,057 -26,692 -27,327 -27,962 -28,597 -29,231 -29,866 -30,501 -31,136 -31,771 -32,406 -33,041 -33,676 -34,31 -34,945 -35,58

-4,3379 -4,1092 -3,3121 -2,674 -2,3521 -2,3269 -2,387 -2,4594 -2,6422 -2,8073 -2,9218 -2,9791 -2,9753 -2,9081 -2,2945 -2,4209 -2,549 -2,6786 -2,8095 -2,9414 -3,0744 -3,2083 -3,3429 -3,0097 -2,6837 -2,651 -2,6766 -2,5676 -2,3541 -2,0581 -1,6965 -1,054 -0,45802 -0,21707 -0,54329 -1,0276 -0,49581 3,132e-002 0,51608 -0,86731 -6,5161 -13,784 -21,399

Material Data
Structural Steel
TABLE 29 Structural Steel > Constants Density 7.85e-006 kg mm^-3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 1.2e-005 C^-1 Specific Heat 4.34e+005 mJ kg^-1 C^-1 Thermal Conductivity 6.05e-002 W mm^-1 C^-1 Resistivity 1.7e-004 ohm mm

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TABLE 30 Structural Steel > Compressive Ultimate Strength Compressive Ultimate Strength MPa 0 TABLE 31 Structural Steel > Compressive Yield Strength Compressive Yield Strength MPa 165 TABLE 32 Structural Steel > Tensile Yield Strength Tensile Yield Strength MPa 165 TABLE 33 Structural Steel > Tensile Ultimate Strength Tensile Ultimate Strength MPa 310 TABLE 34 Structural Steel > Isotropic Secant Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Reference Temperature C 22 TABLE 35 Structural Steel > Alternating Stress Mean Stress Alternating Stress MPa Cycles Mean Stress MPa 3999 10 0 2827 20 0 1896 50 0 1413 100 0 1069 200 0 441 2000 0 262 10000 0 214 20000 0 138 1.e+005 0 114 2.e+005 0 86.2 1.e+006 0 TABLE 36 Structural Steel > Strain-Life Parameters Strength Ductility Ductility Cyclic Strength Cyclic Strain Exponent Coefficient Exponent Coefficient MPa Hardening Exponent -0.106 0.213 -0.47 1000 0.2

Strength Coefficient MPa 920

TABLE 37 Structural Steel > Isotropic Elasticity Temperature C Young's Modulus MPa Poisson's Ratio Bulk Modulus MPa Shear Modulus MPa 2.e+005 0.3 1.6667e+005 76923 TABLE 38 Structural Steel > Isotropic Relative Permeability Relative Permeability 10000

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APPENDIX H: Calculation report from ANSYS, Elastic - plastic Stress Analysis, ASME VIII div. 2; 2010, Protection against plastic collapse (35 mm @ 100 bar)

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Project
First Saved Monday, April 16, 2012 Last Saved Tuesday, May 22, 2012 Product Version 13.0 Release

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Contents

Units Model (A4) Geometry Parts Coordinate Systems Connections Contacts Contact Regions Mesh Static Structural (A5) Analysis Settings Acceleration Loads Solution (A6) Solution Information Results Material Data SA-516 grade 70

Units
TABLE 1 Unit System Metric (mm, kg, N, s, mV, mA) Degrees rad/s Celsius Angle Degrees Rotational Velocity rad/s Temperature Celsius

Model (A4)
Geometry
TABLE 2 Model (A4) > Geometry Object Name State Source Type Length Unit Element Control Display Style Length X Length Y Length Z Volume Mass Scale Factor Value Geometry Fully Defined Definition C:\Master thesis Frode Tjelta\Inventor\Thin wall\Assembly\weldment.iam Inventor Centimeters Program Controlled Part Color Bounding Box 283,27 mm 766,01 mm 1317, mm Properties 4,1686e+007 mm 327,23 kg 1,

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Statistics Bodies Active Bodies Nodes Elements Mesh Metric Preferences Import Solid Bodies Import Surface Bodies Import Line Bodies Parameter Processing Personal Parameter Key CAD Attribute Transfer Named Selection Processing Material Properties Transfer CAD Associativity Import Coordinate Systems Reader Save Part File Import Using Instances Do Smart Update Attach File Via Temp File Temporary Directory Analysis Type Mixed Import Resolution Enclosure and Symmetry Processing Yes Yes Yes Yes DS No No Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes C:\Users\frodet\AppData\Local\Temp 3-D None Yes TABLE 3 Model (A4) > Geometry > Parts Object Name State Visible Transparency Suppressed Stiffness Behavior Coordinate System Reference Temperature Assignment Nonlinear Effects Thermal Strain Effects Length X 127,52 mm Length Y 125,14 mm Length Z 254,79 mm Volume 40570 mm Mass 0,31847 kg -69,697 Centroid X mm Welds Main shell:1 End cap:1 End cap:2 Reinforcement pad2:1 7 7 29812 14640 None

Meshed Graphics Properties Yes 1 Definition No Flexible Default Coordinate System By Environment Material SA-516 grade 70 Yes Yes Bounding Box 283, mm 283,27 mm 566, mm 566,01 mm 1000, mm 158,52 mm Properties 2,8961e+007 5,4737e+006 5,4736e+006 mm mm mm 227,34 kg 42,969 kg 42,968 kg -170,08 mm -125,46 mm -125,47 mm 114,53 mm 49,228 mm 229,01 mm 3,6082e+005 mm 2,8325 kg -59,042 mm

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Centroid Y 281,88 mm Centroid Z Moment of Inertia Ip1 Moment of Inertia Ip2 Moment of Inertia Ip3 Nodes Elements Mesh Metric -0,11401 mm 1952,7 kgmm 2395,9 kgmm 548,99 kgmm 590 143

-2,0967 mm -3,1226e-007 mm 2,7057e+007 kgmm 2,0592e+007 kgmm 9,473e+006 kgmm 10793 5373

-8,7545e-003 mm 578,79 mm 9,7267e+005 kgmm 3,1819e+005 kgmm 1,1875e+006 kgmm Statistics 4472 2483 None

5,5528e-002 mm -578,79 mm 9,7333e+005 kgmm 3,1829e+005 kgmm 1,1882e+006 kgmm 4903 2759

287,9 mm -3,779e-005 mm 12232 kgmm 14729 kgmm 2811, kgmm 973 144

TABLE 4 Model (A4) > Geometry > Parts Object Name 3 inch Weldneck Flange 900 RF:1 Nozzle2:1 State Meshed Graphics Properties Visible Yes Transparency 1 Definition Suppressed No Stiffness Behavior Flexible Coordinate System Default Coordinate System Reference Temperature By Environment Material Assignment SA-516 grade 70 Nonlinear Effects Yes Thermal Strain Effects Yes Bounding Box Length X 120,5 mm 64,497 mm Length Y 108, mm 135,53 mm Length Z 241, mm 128,97 mm Properties Volume 8,49e+005 mm 5,2735e+005 mm Mass 6,6646 kg 4,1397 kg Centroid X -50,292 mm -33,99 mm Centroid Y 452,57 mm 311,08 mm Centroid Z -2,5746e-007 mm 2,3667e-004 mm Moment of Inertia Ip1 25412 kgmm 11450 kgmm Moment of Inertia Ip2 29464 kgmm 6997,5 kgmm Moment of Inertia Ip3 8702,5 kgmm 6841,3 kgmm Statistics Nodes 5902 2179 Elements 3374 364 Mesh Metric None

Coordinate Systems
TABLE 5 Model (A4) > Coordinate Systems > Coordinate System Object Name Global Coordinate System State Fully Defined Definition Type Cartesian

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Coordinate System ID 0, Origin Origin X 0, mm Origin Y 0, mm Origin Z 0, mm Directional Vectors X Axis Data [ 1, 0, 0, ] Y Axis Data [ 0, 1, 0, ] Z Axis Data [ 0, 0, 1, ]

Connections
TABLE 6 Model (A4) > Connections Object Name Connections State Fully Defined Auto Detection Generate Automatic Connection On Refresh Yes Transparency Enabled Yes TABLE 7 Model (A4) > Connections > Contacts Object Name Contacts State Fully Defined Definition Connection Type Contact Scope Scoping Method Geometry Selection Geometry All Bodies Auto Detection Tolerance Type Slider Tolerance Slider 0, Tolerance Value 3,8742 mm Face/Face Yes Face/Edge No Edge/Edge No Priority Include All Group By Bodies Search Across Bodies TABLE 8 Model (A4) > Connections > Contacts > Contact Regions Contact Contact Contact Region 2 Contact Region 3 Region Region 4 Fully Defined Scope Geometry Selection 1 Face 1 Face 2 Faces 2 Faces Welds Reinforcement pad2:1 3 inch Weldneck Flange 900 RF:1 Definition Bonded Nozzle2:1 1 Face 1 Face 2 Faces 2 Faces 1 Face 1 Face Main shell:1 End cap:1

Object Name State Scoping Method Contact Target Contact Bodies

Contact Region 5

Target Bodies Main shell:1 Type

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Scope Mode Behavior Suppressed Formulation Normal Stiffness Update Stiffness Pinball Region

Automatic Symmetric No Advanced Pure Penalty Program Controlled Never Program Controlled TABLE 9 Model (A4) > Connections > Contacts > Contact Regions Contact Bonded - Main shell:1 To Contact Contact Region 9 Contact Region 10 Region 6 Reinforcement pad2:1 Region 8 Fully Defined Scope Geometry Selection 1 Face 1 Face Main shell:1 Reinforcement pad2:1 Definition Bonded Automatic Symmetric No Advanced Pure Penalty Program Controlled Never Program Controlled Reinforcement pad2:1 Nozzle2:1 3 inch Weldneck Flange 900 RF:1

Object Name State

Scoping Method Contact Target Contact Bodies Target End cap:2 Bodies Type Scope Mode Behavior Suppressed Formulation Normal Stiffness Update Stiffness Pinball Region

Mesh
TABLE 10 Model (A4) > Mesh Object Name Mesh State Solved Defaults Physics Preference Mechanical Relevance 0 Sizing Use Advanced Size Function Off Relevance Center Medium Element Size Default Initial Size Seed Active Assembly Smoothing Medium Transition Slow Span Angle Center Medium Minimum Edge Length 2,26280 mm

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Inflation Use Automatic Inflation None Inflation Option Smooth Transition Transition Ratio 0,272 Maximum Layers 5 Growth Rate 1,2 Inflation Algorithm Pre View Advanced Options No Advanced Shape Checking Standard Mechanical Element Midside Nodes Program Controlled Straight Sided Elements No Number of Retries Default (4) Extra Retries For Assembly Yes Rigid Body Behavior Dimensionally Reduced Mesh Morphing Disabled Defeaturing Pinch Tolerance Please Define Generate Pinch on Refresh No Automatic Mesh Based Defeaturing On Defeaturing Tolerance Default Statistics Nodes 29812 Elements 14640 Mesh Metric None

Static Structural (A5)

TABLE 11 Model (A4) > Analysis Object Name Static Structural (A5) State Solved Definition Physics Type Structural Analysis Type Static Structural Solver Target Mechanical APDL Options Environment Temperature 20, C Generate Input Only No TABLE 12 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Analysis Settings Analysis Settings Fully Defined Step Controls 1, 1, 1, s Program Controlled Solver Controls Program Controlled Program Controlled Off Off Restart Controls

Object Name State Number Of Steps Current Step Number Step End Time Auto Time Stepping Solver Type Weak Springs Large Deflection Inertia Relief

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Generate Restart Points Retain Files After Full Solve Force Convergence Moment Convergence Displacement Convergence Rotation Convergence Line Search Stabilization Calculate Stress Calculate Strain Calculate Contact Calculate Results At Solver Files Directory Future Analysis Scratch Solver Files Directory Save MAPDL db Delete Unneeded Files Nonlinear Solution Solver Units Solver Unit System

Program Controlled No Nonlinear Controls Program Controlled Program Controlled Program Controlled Program Controlled Program Controlled Off Output Controls Yes Yes No All Time Points Analysis Data Management C:\Master thesis Frode Tjelta\ANSYS workbench for Master thesis\Thin wall configuration - Elastic-plastic Stress Analysis - ASME VIII div.2; 2010_files\dp0 \SYS\MECH\ None

No Yes Yes Active System nmm TABLE 13 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Accelerations Object Name Acceleration State Fully Defined Scope Geometry All Bodies Definition Define By Components Coordinate System Global Coordinate System X Component 0, mm/s (ramped) Y Component -20594 mm/s (ramped) Z Component 0, mm/s (ramped) Suppressed No FIGURE 1 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Acceleration

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Object Name State Scoping Method Geometry Type Define By Magnitude Suppressed Coordinate System X Component Y Component Z Component

Pressure

TABLE 14 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Loads Frictionless Frictionless Displacement Support Support 2 Fully Defined Scope Geometry Selection

Force

9 Faces Pressure Normal To 21, MPa (ramped)

15 Faces Definition Frictionless Support Displacement Components No Global Coordinate System 0, mm (ramped) Free 0, mm (ramped)

1 Face Frictionless Support Force Components

Global Coordinate System 0, N (ramped) 40500 N (ramped) 0, N (ramped)

FIGURE 2 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Pressure

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FIGURE 3 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Displacement

FIGURE 4 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Force

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Solution (A6)
TABLE 15 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution Object Name Solution (A6) State Solved Adaptive Mesh Refinement Max Refinement Loops 1, Refinement Depth 2, Information Status Done TABLE 16 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Solution Information Object Name Solution Information State Solved Solution Information Solution Output Solver Output Newton-Raphson Residuals 0 Update Interval 2,5 s Display Points All TABLE 17 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Results Equivalent Elastic Equivalent Equivalent Equivalent Total Object Name Strain Stress Plastic Strain Strain State Solved Scope Scoping Geometry Selection Method Geometry All Bodies Definition

Maximum Principal Stress

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Type By Display Time Calculate Time History Identifier Display Option Minimum Maximum Minimum Occurs On Maximum Occurs On Minimum Maximum

Equivalent (vonMises) Elastic Strain

Equivalent (vonMises) Stress

Equivalent Plastic Strain Time Last Yes

Equivalent Total Strain

Maximum Principal Stress

Integration Point Results Averaged Results 1,9942e-006 mm/mm 1,3155e-003 mm/mm 0,39884 MPa 263,1 MPa 0, mm/mm 1,1786e-003 mm/mm Welds Nozzle2:1 3,4948e-007 mm/mm 1,9942e-006 mm/mm 4,2329e-004 mm/mm 1,3155e-003 mm/mm Minimum Value Over Time 6,9896e-002 0, mm/mm MPa 0,39884 MPa 0, mm/mm 2,1038e-006 mm/mm 1,0459e-005 mm/mm 4,233e-004 mm/mm 2,4803e-003 mm/mm 1,0459e-005 mm/mm 2,4803e-003 mm/mm 3 inch Weldneck Flange 900 RF:1 -3,3177 MPa 281,02 MPa Reinforcement pad2:1

3 inch Weldneck Flange 900 RF:1

-3,3177 MPa -0,62453 MPa

Maximum Value Over Time Minimum Maximum Time Load Step Substep Iteration Number 84,659 MPa 263,1 MPa 0, mm/mm 84,376 MPa 281,02 MPa

1,1786e-003 mm/mm Information 1, s 1 4 4

FIGURE 5 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Equivalent Elastic Strain

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TABLE 18 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Equivalent Elastic Strain Time [s] Minimum [mm/mm] Maximum [mm/mm] 0,2 3,4948e-007 4,2329e-004 0,4 6,9895e-007 8,4659e-004 0,7 1,2278e-006 1,2927e-003 1, 1,9942e-006 1,3155e-003 FIGURE 6 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Equivalent Stress

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TABLE 19 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Equivalent Stress Time [s] Minimum [MPa] Maximum [MPa] 0,2 6,9896e-002 84,659 0,4 0,13979 169,32 0,7 0,24556 258,55 1, 0,39884 263,1 FIGURE 7 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Equivalent Plastic Strain

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TABLE 20 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Equivalent Plastic Strain Time [s] Minimum [mm/mm] Maximum [mm/mm] 0,2 0, 0,4 0, 0,7 2,2127e-004 1, 1,1786e-003 FIGURE 8 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Equivalent Total Strain

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TABLE 21 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Equivalent Total Strain Time [s] Minimum [mm/mm] Maximum [mm/mm] 0,2 2,1038e-006 4,233e-004 0,4 4,2075e-006 8,466e-004 0,7 7,362e-006 1,481e-003 1, 1,0459e-005 2,4803e-003 FIGURE 9 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Maximum Principal Stress

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TABLE 22 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Maximum Principal Stress Time [s] Minimum [MPa] Maximum [MPa] 0,2 -0,62453 84,376 0,4 -1,2491 168,75 0,7 -2,1874 259,99 1, -3,3177 281,02 TABLE 23 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Results Object Name Middle Principal Stress Minimum Principal Stress State Solved Scope Scoping Method Geometry Selection Geometry All Bodies Definition Type Middle Principal Stress Minimum Principal Stress By Time Display Time Last Calculate Time History Yes Identifier Integration Point Results Display Option Averaged Results Minimum -30,584 MPa -81,807 MPa Maximum 203,35 MPa 184,74 MPa Minimum Occurs On End cap:2 Main shell:1 Maximum Occurs On Main shell:1 Minimum Value Over Time Minimum -30,584 MPa -81,807 MPa Maximum -6,1091 MPa -16,354 MPa Maximum Value Over Time

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Minimum Maximum Time Load Step Substep Iteration Number

40,698 MPa 203,35 MPa Information 1, s 1 4 4

36,973 MPa 184,74 MPa

FIGURE 10 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Middle Principal Stress

TABLE 24 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Middle Principal Stress Time [s] Minimum [MPa] Maximum [MPa] 0,2 -6,1091 40,698 0,4 -12,218 81,395 0,7 -21,383 142,44 1, -30,584 203,35 FIGURE 11 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Minimum Principal Stress

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TABLE 25 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Minimum Principal Stress Time [s] Minimum [MPa] Maximum [MPa] 0,2 -16,354 36,973 0,4 -32,709 73,945 0,7 -57,241 129,4 1, -81,807 184,74

Material Data
SA-516 grade 70
TABLE 26 SA-516 grade 70 > Constants Density 7.85e-006 kg mm^-3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 1.2e-005 C^-1 Specific Heat 4.34e+005 mJ kg^-1 C^-1 Thermal Conductivity 6.05e-002 W mm^-1 C^-1 Resistivity 1.7e-004 ohm mm TABLE 27 SA-516 grade 70 > Isotropic Secant Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Reference Temperature C 22 TABLE 28 SA-516 grade 70 > Strain-Life Parameters Strength Ductility Ductility Cyclic Strength Cyclic Strain Exponent Coefficient Exponent Coefficient MPa Hardening Exponent -0.106 0.213 -0.47 1000 0.2 TABLE 29

Strength Coefficient MPa 920

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SA-516 grade 70 > Isotropic Elasticity Temperature C Young's Modulus MPa Poisson's Ratio Bulk Modulus MPa Shear Modulus MPa 20 2.e+005 0.3 1.6667e+005 76923 TABLE 30 SA-516 grade 70 > Isotropic Relative Permeability Relative Permeability 10000 TABLE 31 SA-516 grade 70 > Multilinear Isotropic Hardening Stress MPa Plastic Strain m m^-1 Temperature C 250 0 20 300 5.71e-003 20 350 2.42e-002 20 400 5.02e-002 20 450 7.82e-002 20 500 0.114 20 550 0.161 20 600 0.22 20

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APPENDIX I: Calculation report from ANSYS Elastic - plastic Stress Analysis, ASME VIII div. 2; 2010, Protection against plastic collapse (70 mm @ 200 bar)

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Project
First Saved Tuesday, April 10, 2012 Last Saved Wednesday, May 23, 2012 Product Version 13.0 Release

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Contents

Units Model (A4) Geometry Parts Coordinate Systems Connections Contacts Contact Regions Mesh Automatic Method Static Structural (A5) Analysis Settings Acceleration Loads Solution (A6) Solution Information Results Material Data SA-516 grade 70

Units
TABLE 1 Unit System Metric (mm, kg, N, s, mV, mA) Degrees rad/s Celsius Angle Degrees Rotational Velocity rad/s Temperature Celsius

Model (A4)
Geometry
TABLE 2 Model (A4) > Geometry Object Name State Source Type Length Unit Element Control Display Style Length X Length Y Length Z Volume Mass Geometry Fully Defined Definition C:\Master thesis Frode Tjelta\Inventor\Thick wall\Assembly\Weldment.iam Inventor Centimeters Program Controlled Part Color Bounding Box 318,32 mm 836, mm 1387, mm Properties 8,98e+007 mm 704,93 kg

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Scale Factor Value Statistics Bodies Active Bodies Nodes Elements Mesh Metric Preferences Import Solid Bodies Import Surface Bodies Import Line Bodies Parameter Processing Personal Parameter Key CAD Attribute Transfer Named Selection Processing Material Properties Transfer CAD Associativity Import Coordinate Systems Reader Save Part File Import Using Instances Do Smart Update Attach File Via Temp File Temporary Directory Analysis Type Mixed Import Resolution Enclosure and Symmetry Processing

1, 7 7 38820 19469 None Yes Yes No Yes DS No No No Yes No No Yes No Yes C:\Users\frodet\AppData\Local\Temp 3-D None Yes TABLE 3 Model (A4) > Geometry > Parts Main shell End cap thick:1 End cap thick:2 thick:1 Meshed Graphics Properties Yes 1 Definition No Flexible Default Coordinate System By Environment Material SA-516 grade 70 Yes Yes Bounding Box 318, mm 318,32 mm 636, mm 636,01 mm 636, mm 1000, mm 193,51 mm Properties 6,1723e+007 1,277e+007 mm mm 484,52 kg 100,24 kg -182,3 mm -135,52 mm -135,53 mm 117,68 mm 62,595 mm 235,31 mm 5,9435e+005 mm 4,6657 kg -60,897 mm

Object Name State Visible Transparency Suppressed Stiffness Behavior Coordinate System Reference Temperature Assignment Nonlinear Effects Thermal Strain Effects

Welds

Reinforcement pad thick2:1

Length X 127, mm Length Y 110,06 mm Length Z 253,91 mm Volume 22864 mm Mass 0,17948 kg Centroid X -67,2 mm

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Centroid Y 325,62 mm Centroid Z Moment of Inertia Ip1 Moment of Inertia Ip2 Moment of Inertia Ip3 Nodes Elements Mesh Metric 1,9269e003 mm 1106,8 kgmm 1392,8 kgmm 419,67 kgmm 598 145

-2,3053 mm 2,5059e-006 mm 6,024e+007 kgmm 4,4447e+007 kgmm 2,3283e+007 kgmm 16787 9824

-1,8244e-002 mm 588,86 mm 2,6829e+006 kgmm 9,059e+005 kgmm 3,2488e+006 kgmm Statistics 5073 2970 None

4,1893e-002 mm -588,86 mm 2,684e+006 kgmm 9,061e+005 kgmm 3,25e+006 kgmm 4260 789

330,95 mm -9,7601e-007 mm 21904 kgmm 25881 kgmm 5250,6 kgmm 1329 216

TABLE 4 Model (A4) > Geometry > Parts Object Name 3 inch Weldneck Flange 1500 RF:1 Nozzle thick2:1 State Meshed Graphics Properties Visible Yes Transparency 1 Definition Suppressed No Stiffness Behavior Flexible Coordinate System Default Coordinate System Reference Temperature By Environment Material Assignment SA-516 grade 70 Nonlinear Effects Yes Thermal Strain Effects Yes Bounding Box Length X 133,5 mm 67,677 mm Length Y 124, mm 155,41 mm Length Z 267, mm 135,33 mm Properties Volume 1,2214e+006 mm 6,998e+005 mm Mass 9,5877 kg 5,4935 kg Centroid X -56,09 mm -35,249 mm Centroid Y 483,94 mm 320,86 mm Centroid Z 2,2844e-005 mm -5,6781e-004 mm Moment of Inertia Ip1 45407 kgmm 18168 kgmm Moment of Inertia Ip2 53311 kgmm 10053 kgmm Moment of Inertia Ip3 15378 kgmm 11576 kgmm Statistics Nodes 8481 2292 Elements 5135 390 Mesh Metric None

Coordinate Systems
TABLE 5 Model (A4) > Coordinate Systems > Coordinate System Object Name Global Coordinate System State Fully Defined Definition Type Cartesian

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Coordinate System ID 0, Origin Origin X 0, mm Origin Y 0, mm Origin Z 0, mm Directional Vectors X Axis Data [ 1, 0, 0, ] Y Axis Data [ 0, 1, 0, ] Z Axis Data [ 0, 0, 1, ]

Connections
TABLE 6 Model (A4) > Connections Object Name Connections State Fully Defined Auto Detection Generate Automatic Connection On Refresh Yes Transparency Enabled Yes TABLE 7 Model (A4) > Connections > Contacts Object Name Contacts State Fully Defined Definition Connection Type Contact Scope Scoping Method Geometry Selection Geometry All Bodies Auto Detection Tolerance Type Slider Tolerance Slider 0, Tolerance Value 4,1262 mm Face/Face Yes Face/Edge No Edge/Edge No Priority Include All Group By Bodies Search Across Bodies TABLE 8 Model (A4) > Connections > Contacts > Contact Regions Bonded Bonded - Main shell Bonded - Welds To Bonded - Main Bonded - Main Object Welds To thick:1 To 3 inch Weldneck shell thick:1 To shell thick:1 To Name Nozzle Reinforcement pad Flange 1500 RF:1 End cap thick:1 End cap thick:2 thick2:1 thick2:1 State Fully Defined Scope Scoping Geometry Selection Method Contact 1 Face 2 Faces 1 Face 2 Faces Target 1 Face 2 Faces 1 Face Contact Welds Main shell thick:1 Bodies Target 3 inch Weldneck Nozzle Reinforcement pad End cap thick:1 End cap thick:2 Bodies Flange 1500 RF:1 thick2:1 thick2:1

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Type Scope Mode Behavior Suppressed Formulation Normal Stiffness Update Stiffness Pinball Region

Definition Bonded Automatic Symmetric No Advanced Pure Penalty Program Controlled Never Program Controlled

TABLE 9 Model (A4) > Connections > Contacts > Contact Regions Bonded Bonded - 3 inch Bonded - Main Object Reinforcement pad Weldneck Flange Contact Contact Region shell thick:1 To Name thick2:1 To Nozzle 1500 RF:1 To Nozzle Region 11 13 Nozzle thick2:1 thick2:1 thick2:1 State Fully Defined Scope Scoping Geometry Selection Method Contact 1 Face 3 Faces 2 Faces Target 1 Face 2 Faces Contact Main shell Reinforcement pad 3 inch Weldneck Welds Bodies thick:1 thick2:1 Flange 1500 RF:1 Target Main shell Reinforcement Nozzle thick2:1 Bodies thick:1 pad thick2:1 Definition Type Bonded Scope Mode Automatic Behavior Symmetric Suppressed No Advanced Formulation Pure Penalty Normal Program Controlled Stiffness Update Never Stiffness Pinball Program Controlled Region TABLE 10 Model (A4) > Connections > Contacts > Contact Regions Object Name Bonded - Reinforcement pad thick2:1 To Main shell thick:1 State Fully Defined Scope Scoping Method Geometry Selection Contact 1 Face Target 2 Faces Contact Bodies Reinforcement pad thick2:1 Target Bodies Main shell thick:1 Definition Type Bonded Scope Mode Manual Behavior Symmetric

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Suppressed Formulation Normal Stiffness Update Stiffness Pinball Region

No Advanced Pure Penalty Program Controlled Never Program Controlled

Mesh
TABLE 11 Model (A4) > Mesh Object Name Mesh State Solved Defaults Physics Preference Mechanical Relevance 0 Sizing Use Advanced Size Function Off Relevance Center Medium Element Size Default Initial Size Seed Active Assembly Smoothing Medium Transition Slow Span Angle Center Medium Minimum Edge Length 1,24280 mm Inflation Use Automatic Inflation None Inflation Option Smooth Transition Transition Ratio 0,272 Maximum Layers 5 Growth Rate 1,2 Inflation Algorithm Pre View Advanced Options No Advanced Shape Checking Standard Mechanical Element Midside Nodes Program Controlled Straight Sided Elements No Number of Retries Default (4) Extra Retries For Assembly Yes Rigid Body Behavior Dimensionally Reduced Mesh Morphing Disabled Defeaturing Pinch Tolerance Please Define Generate Pinch on Refresh No Automatic Mesh Based Defeaturing On Defeaturing Tolerance Default Statistics Nodes 38820 Elements 19469 Mesh Metric None TABLE 12 Model (A4) > Mesh > Mesh Controls Object Name Automatic Method State Fully Defined Scope

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Scoping Method Geometry Selection Geometry 7 Bodies Definition Suppressed No Method Automatic Element Midside Nodes Use Global Setting

Static Structural (A5)

TABLE 13 Model (A4) > Analysis Object Name Static Structural (A5) State Solved Definition Physics Type Structural Analysis Type Static Structural Solver Target Mechanical APDL Options Environment Temperature 22, C Generate Input Only No TABLE 14 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Analysis Settings Analysis Settings Fully Defined Step Controls 1, 1, 1, s Program Controlled Solver Controls Program Controlled Program Controlled On Off Restart Controls Program Controlled No Nonlinear Controls Program Controlled Program Controlled Program Controlled Program Controlled Program Controlled Off Output Controls Yes Yes No All Time Points Analysis Data Management

Object Name State Number Of Steps Current Step Number Step End Time Auto Time Stepping Solver Type Weak Springs Large Deflection Inertia Relief Generate Restart Points Retain Files After Full Solve Force Convergence Moment Convergence Displacement Convergence Rotation Convergence Line Search Stabilization Calculate Stress Calculate Strain Calculate Contact Calculate Results At

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Solver Files Directory Future Analysis Scratch Solver Files Directory Save MAPDL db Delete Unneeded Files Nonlinear Solution Solver Units Solver Unit System

C:\Master thesis Frode Tjelta\ANSYS workbench for Master thesis\Thick wall configuration - Elastic-plastic Stress Analysis - ASME VIII div.2; 2010_files\dp0 \SYS\MECH\ None

No Yes Yes Active System nmm TABLE 15 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Accelerations Object Name Acceleration State Fully Defined Scope Geometry All Bodies Definition Define By Components Coordinate System Global Coordinate System X Component 0, mm/s (ramped) Y Component -20594 mm/s (ramped) Z Component 0, mm/s (ramped) Suppressed No FIGURE 1 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Acceleration

Object Name

Pressure

TABLE 16 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Loads Frictionless Frictionless Displacement Support Support 2

Force

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State Scoping Method Geometry Type Define By Magnitude Suppressed Coordinate System X Component Y Component Z Component

Fully Defined Scope Geometry Selection 9 Faces Pressure Normal To 42, MPa (ramped) 16 Faces Definition Frictionless Support Displacement Components No Global Coordinate System 0, mm (ramped) Free 0, mm (ramped) Global Coordinate System 0, N (ramped) 40500 N (ramped) 0, N (ramped) Frictionless Support Force Components 1 Face

FIGURE 2 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Pressure

FIGURE 3 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Displacement

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FIGURE 4 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Force

Solution (A6)
TABLE 17 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution Object Name Solution (A6) State Solved

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Adaptive Mesh Refinement Max Refinement Loops 1, Refinement Depth 2, Information Status Done TABLE 18 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Solution Information Object Name Solution Information State Solved Solution Information Solution Output Solver Output Newton-Raphson Residuals 0 Update Interval 2,5 s Display Points All TABLE 19 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Results Middle Maximum Minimum Equivalent Stress Principal Principal Stress Principal Stress Stress Solved Scope Geometry Selection All Bodies Definition Middle Maximum Principal Principal Stress Stress Time Last Yes Integration Point Results Averaged Results -9,8557 MPa -42,024 MPa 279,47 MPa Welds 187,11 MPa

Object Name State Scoping Method Geometry

Equivalent Plastic Strain

Type By Display Time Calculate Time History Identifier Display Option Minimum Maximum Minimum Occurs On Maximum Occurs On Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Time Load Step Substep Iteration Number

Equivalent (vonMises) Stress

Minimum Principal Stress

Equivalent Plastic Strain

0,69196 MPa 281,36 MPa 3 inch Weldneck Flange 1500 RF:1 Welds 0,13707 MPa 0,69196 MPa 108,23 MPa 281,36 MPa

-169,33 MPa 113,22 MPa

0, mm/mm 2,0939e-003 mm/mm

Nozzle thick2:1 3 inch Weldneck Flange 1500 RF:1 Minimum Value Over Time -9,8557 MPa -42,024 MPa -0,8766 MPa -9,4008 MPa Maximum Value Over Time 104,75 MPa 36,727 MPa 279,47 MPa 187,11 MPa 1, s 1 4 5

Welds Main shell thick:1 -169,33 MPa -30,898 MPa 22,636 MPa 113,22 MPa Nozzle thick2:1 0, mm/mm 0, mm/mm 0, mm/mm 2,0939e-003 mm/mm

Information

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FIGURE 5 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Equivalent Stress

TABLE 20 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Equivalent Stress Time [s] Minimum [MPa] Maximum [MPa] 0,2 0,13707 108,23 0,4 0,274 216,34 0,7 0,4797 257,78 1, 0,69196 281,36 FIGURE 6 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Maximum Principal Stress

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TABLE 21 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Maximum Principal Stress Time [s] Minimum [MPa] Maximum [MPa] 0,2 -0,8766 104,75 0,4 -1,7542 209,41 0,7 -3,0699 260,14 1, -9,8557 279,47 FIGURE 7 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Middle Principal Stress

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TABLE 22 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Middle Principal Stress Time [s] Minimum [MPa] Maximum [MPa] 0,2 -9,4008 36,727 0,4 -18,783 73,465 0,7 -32,883 128,89 1, -42,024 187,11 FIGURE 8 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Minimum Principal Stress

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TABLE 23 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Minimum Principal Stress Time [s] Minimum [MPa] Maximum [MPa] 0,2 -30,898 22,636 0,4 -61,849 45,338 0,7 -108,36 79,421 1, -169,33 113,22 FIGURE 9 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Equivalent Plastic Strain

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TABLE 24 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Equivalent Plastic Strain Time [s] Minimum [mm/mm] Maximum [mm/mm] 0,2 0, 0,4 0, 0,7 6,1689e-004 1, 2,0939e-003 TABLE 25 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Results Object Name Equivalent Elastic Strain Equivalent Total Strain State Solved Scope Scoping Method Geometry Selection Geometry All Bodies Definition Type Equivalent (von-Mises) Elastic Strain Equivalent Total Strain By Time Display Time Last Calculate Time History Yes Identifier Integration Point Results Display Option Averaged Results Minimum 3,4598e-006 mm/mm 5,2245e-006 mm/mm Maximum 1,4068e-003 mm/mm 3,4363e-003 mm/mm Minimum Occurs On 3 inch Weldneck Flange 1500 RF:1 Maximum Occurs On Welds Nozzle thick2:1 Minimum Value Over Time Minimum 6,8533e-007 mm/mm 1,0814e-006 mm/mm Maximum 3,4598e-006 mm/mm 5,2245e-006 mm/mm Maximum Value Over Time

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Minimum Maximum Time Load Step Substep Iteration Number

5,4114e-004 mm/mm 1,4068e-003 mm/mm Information 1, s 1 4 5

5,4115e-004 mm/mm 3,4363e-003 mm/mm

FIGURE 10 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Equivalent Elastic Strain

TABLE 26 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Equivalent Elastic Strain Time [s] Minimum [mm/mm] Maximum [mm/mm] 0,2 6,8533e-007 5,4114e-004 0,4 1,37e-006 1,0817e-003 0,7 2,3985e-006 1,2889e-003 1, 3,4598e-006 1,4068e-003 FIGURE 11 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Equivalent Total Strain

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TABLE 27 Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Equivalent Total Strain Time [s] Minimum [mm/mm] Maximum [mm/mm] 0,2 1,0814e-006 5,4115e-004 0,4 2,1754e-006 1,0817e-003 0,7 3,7953e-006 1,8941e-003 1, 5,2245e-006 3,4363e-003

Material Data
SA-516 grade 70
TABLE 28 SA-516 grade 70 > Constants Density 7.85e-006 kg mm^-3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 1.2e-005 C^-1 Specific Heat 4.34e+005 mJ kg^-1 C^-1 Thermal Conductivity 6.05e-002 W mm^-1 C^-1 Resistivity 1.7e-004 ohm mm TABLE 29 SA-516 grade 70 > Isotropic Secant Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Reference Temperature C 22 TABLE 30 SA-516 grade 70 > Strain-Life Parameters Strength Ductility Ductility Cyclic Strength Cyclic Strain Exponent Coefficient Exponent Coefficient MPa Hardening Exponent -0.106 0.213 -0.47 1000 0.2 TABLE 31

Strength Coefficient MPa 920

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SA-516 grade 70 > Isotropic Elasticity Temperature C Young's Modulus MPa Poisson's Ratio Bulk Modulus MPa Shear Modulus MPa 2.e+005 0.3 1.6667e+005 76923 TABLE 32 SA-516 grade 70 > Isotropic Relative Permeability Relative Permeability 10000 TABLE 33 SA-516 grade 70 > Multilinear Isotropic Hardening Stress MPa Plastic Strain m m^-1 Temperature C 250 0 20 300 5.71e-003 20 350 2.42e-002 20 400 5.02e-002 20 450 7.82e-002 20 500 0.114 20 550 0.161 20 600 0.22 20 650 0.296 20 700 0.386 20 750 0.494 20 800 0.622 20

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