repared by

8CkIA !ohn !effrey 8

DLLA CkU2 !an Cllver C
CkLGAS lrancls C
1kLSLACICS 8uby !oyce
LLLC1IVL II
DIS1ANCL MLASUkING
LUIMLN1

lsLance measurlng equlpmenL (,% used by many

plloLs because of lLs convenlence durlng fllghL conslsLs of
alrborne and ground equlpmenL usually colocaLed 1he ,
provldes dlsLance (and ln some sysLems groundspeed%
lnformaLlon only from Lhe ground faclllLy , (% ls preclslon
, used ln con[uncLlon wlLh ,
, operaLes ln Lhe uPl frequency band however lLs
frequency can be f wlLh vC8 or l or locallzer (CC%
frequencles 1he recelvlng equlpmenL ln mosL alrcrafL provlde
for auLomaLlc , selecLlon Lhrough a coupled vC8/l
recelver elecLlon of Lhe approprlaLe vC8 or l frequency
auLomaLlcally Lunes Lhe ,
, lnformaLlon can also be recelved from a 1ACAn
sLaLlon by Lunlng ln Lhe palred frequency 1hls vPl
frequency wlll be found ln Lhe navlgaLlon daLa box for Lhe
ground faclllLy llsLed on Lhe en rouLe ll8 charL
1he , operaLes ln Lhe ulLrahlgh frequency (uPl% band
and Lherefore ls resLrlcLed Lo llneofslghL Lransmlsslon WlLh
adequaLe alLlLude Lhe plloL can recelve en rouLe , slgnals
aL dlsLances over 2 n, wlLh an error of 23 nauLlcal mlles
(n,% or 123 of Lhe dlsLance whlchever ls greaLer Approach
,s palred wlLh an l or CC have a nomlnal range of abouL
4 n,
8as|c kequ|rement for A|r Nav|gat|on
earlng
vC8 or Al
lsLance
radar or by ,
r|mary kadar
a shorL pulse ls LransmlLLed and Lhe Llme lnLerval from
Lransmlsslon Lo recepLlon of Lhe reflecLed pulse ls measured
Secondary kadar
pulses known as lnLerrogaLlon pulses are LransmlLLed
when recelved aL Lhe LargeL Lhey are passed Lhrough a 'gaLe'
and Lhen Lrlgger Lransmlsslon of reply pulses back Lo Lhe
lnlLlal source where Lhe Llme lnLerval may be measured and
dlsplayed as dlsLance
1he 'gaLe' ln Lhe LargeL recelver ls an elecLronlc devlce whlch
ls preseL Lo recelve only maLchlng pulses
1ACAN
1acLlcal Alr navlgaLlon
deslgned ln Lhe uA as an ald Lo mlllLary alrcrafL
1he vC8 fulfllls Lhe bearlng requlremenLs for clvll avlaLlon
navlgaLlon hence Lhls componenL of Lhe 1ACAn sysLem ls noL
used Lo asslsL clvll alr operaLlons
VCk]DML
A comblned vC8/1ACAn lnsLallaLlon ls commonly referred Lo
as 'vC81AC'
1ACAn ls noL lnsLalled for mlllLary purposes Lhen a ,
manufacLured Lo Lhe same speclflcaLlons as Lhe ,
porLlon of 1ACAn ls lnsLalled
ln Lhe operaLlon of , Lhere are 2 seLs of equlpmenL needed
Cround equlpmenL also called as Lhe transponder
Alrborne qulpmenL also called as Lhe |nterrogator
IN1LkkCGA1Ck
1he lnLerrogaLor sends ouL Lwo pulses
1hese pulses have Lhe same pulse wldLh
Cne pulse ls senL flrsL whlle Lhe oLher pulse ls senL afLer a cerLaln
duraLlon
AfLer sendlng Lhe second pulse ls senL Lhe lnLerrogaLor sLarLs Lo
counL whlle walLlng for Lhe response from Lhe Lransponder
1kANSCNDLk
1he Lransponder recelves Lhe flrsL pulse and walLs for Lhe
second pulse Lo conflrm LhaL an lnLerrogaLor ls Lrylng Lo make a
communlcaLlon
AfLer recelvlng Lhe second pulse Lhe Lransponder walLs for a
cerLaln perlod of Llme (Lhe delay ls abouL 3 3s% Lhen sends Lhe
same klnd of pulse back Lo Lhe lnLerrogaLor
1he Lransponder also sends ouL an l 2 3s afLer sendlng Lhe
reply pulses
1he , sysLem ls composed of a uPl LransmlLLer/recelver
(lnLerrogaLor% ln Lhe alrcrafL and a uPl recelver/LransmlLLer
(Lransponder% on Lhe ground
, onboard recelver LogeLher wlLh Al unlL
IN1LkkCGA1Ck
1he lnLerrogaLor walLs for Lhe reply pulses Lhen calculaLes Lhe
LoLal Llme lL Look from sendlng Lhe pulses unLll Lhe reply pulses
were recelved
8eference ln deLermlnlng Lhe Llme duraLlon ls Lhe second pulse
1he Llme duraLlon covers Lhe Lravel Llme back and forLh Lhe
lnLerrogaLor plus Lhe Llme delay lnLroduced by Lhe Lransponder
CCMU1A1ICNCI GkCUND SLLD
1he pulses Lravel 162 nauLlcal mlles per second (equal Lo Lhe speed
of llghL%
1he pulses need 62 3s per nauLlcal mlle Lo Lravel one way and
anoLher 62 3s per nauLlcal mlle Lo Lravel back
1he pulses Lake 124 3s per nauLlcal mlle for Lhe enLlre Lrlp
D|stance Measur|ng Lqu|pment 1heory of Cperat|on S|mp||f|ed 8|ock D|agram
DML kINCILL
each ground sLaLlon handles aL leasL 1 alrcrafLs lnLerrogaLors aL
any Llme
each lnLerrogaLor can be operaLlng ln one of Lhree modes
search mode Lhe lnLerrogaLor does noL know lLs dlsLancelL
musL search for replles over a larger Llme span
1he pulse raLe ls allowed Lo go up 13 pulse palrs /s for up Lo
s
track mode Lhe lnLerrogaLor knows Lhe dlsLance and Lhe
relaLlve speed Lo Lhe ground sLaLlon lL can predlcL Lhe Llme
of arrlval of replles allowlng lL Lo operaLe wlLh a low pulse
raLe of up Lo pulse palrs /s
tax| mode alrcrafL on Lhe ground are allowed only 3 pulse
palrs /s
AUkAL IDLN1IIICA1ICN
1he ground sLaLlon ldenLlfles lLself wlLh ,orse code modulaLlon
coded lnLo Lhe pulse raLe
Cnce every s all squlLLer and reply pulse palrs are replaced by
ldenLlflcaLlon pulse palrs whlch are spaced 4 s aparL durlng
keydown (morse code doLs and dashes%
1hls resulLs ln a 13hz ldenLlLy Lone when deLecLed ln Lhe
lnLerrogaLor
IN1LkkCGA1Ck AkCnI1LC1UkL
CCMU1A1ICN ICk GkCUNDSLLD
Where an alrcrafL ls
proceedlng dlrecLly Lowards
or away from a , beacon
Lhe groundspeed may be
calculaLed by noLlng Lhe
mlles flown over a glven
Llme
noLe LhaL Lhls meLhod wlll
be less accuraLe as Lhe ,
beacon ls neared
Lhe slanL range wlll
gradually approach Lhe
value of Lhe alrcrafL
alLlLude
lsLance
(1ota| t|me de|ay)](124 3s]nm)
where
W lsLance
measured from Lhe lnLerrogaLor Lo
Lhe Lransponder
W 1oLal Llme
Llme measured by Lhe lnLerrogaLor
afLer sendlng Lhe 2
nd
pulse unLll lL
comes back from Lhe Lransponder
W elay
Llme delay encounLered ln Lhe
Lransponder before lL sends back
Lhe slgnal Lo Lhe lnLerrogaLor
GkCUND kANGL AND SLAN1 kANGL
IkLULNC SLC1kUM
DML SS1LM 1IMING
, operaLes ln Lhe uPl
band and Lhe 232 avallable
channels are conLalned
beLween 96 and 1213 ,Pz
lL uLlllzes a double pulse ln
boLh Lhe lnLerrogaLor and
Lhe Lransponder
All pulses are Lhe same
duraLlon LhaL ls 3 mlcro
seconds
Channels are numbered
from 1 Lo 126 and each
channel number ls furLher
dlvlded lnLo Lwo channels
deslgnaLed 'x' and '?
coded pulse palr of 3 s
duraLlon
x channel
lnLerrogaLlon 12 s
spaclng
reply 12 s
? channel
lnLerrogaLlon 6 s
spaclng
reply s
Lhe reply frequency f
r
ls equal
Lo Lhe lnLerrogaLlon frequency
f
l
6 ,hz
1he raLe of lnLerrogaLlon ls
nomlnally pulse palrs per
second
referred Lo as pulse
repeLlLlon frequency or prf
durlng Lhe search perlod Lhls
raLe lncreases Lo
approxlmaLely 13 pulse
palrs per second
1hls deslgn permlLs 1
alrcrafL Lo lnLerrogaLe a
ground beacon aL one Llme
ldenLlflcaLlon of Lhe ground
beacon ls ln Lhe form of
,orse Code characLers
DML IkLULNC 8ANDS
CnANNLL ASSIGNMLN1 VCk]DML
DML |us ND8 or VCk
ln con[uncLlon wlLh a poslLlon llne from an n or
vC8 a , dlsLance can provlde a poslLlve flx
Lhe , dlsLance ls a poslLlon llne ln Lhe form of a clrcle wlLh
radlus equal Lo Lhe , dlsLance and wlLh lLs cenLer aL Lhe
, beacon
DML |us DML
, dlsLances from Lwo sulLably locaLed ,
beacons can glve a poslLlve flx aL Lhe lnLersecLlon of
Lhe Lwo , dlsLance poslLlon llnes (arcs%
DML w|th other NAVAIDS
, CollocaLed wlLh vC8 , CollocaLed wlLh l