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    Opposition Proposition

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    motz
    This document discusses the laws of logical opposition and the square of opposition. It examines how different propositional terms relate to each other based on their quantity (universal vs. particular) and quality (affirmative vs. negative). The key laws of opposition are: 1. The law of subalternation, where the universal involves the particular but not vice versa 2. The law of contradiction, where contradictories cannot be true together 3. The law of contrariety, where contraries cannot be true together but may be false together 4. The law of subcontrariety, where subcontraries cannot be false together but may be true together Several examples are provided to illustrate how different

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    Opposition Proposition

    Uploaded by

    motz
    6K views17 pages
    This document discusses the laws of logical opposition and the square of opposition. It examines how different propositional terms relate to each other based on their quantity (universal vs. particular) and quality (affirmative vs. negative). The key laws of opposition are: 1. The law of subalternation, where the universal involves the particular but not vice versa 2. The law of contradiction, where contradictories cannot be true together 3. The law of contrariety, where contraries cannot be true together but may be false together 4. The law of subcontrariety, where subcontraries cannot be false together but may be true together Several examples are provided to illustrate how different

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    This document discusses the laws of logical opposition and the square of opposition. It examines how different propositional terms relate to each other based on their quantity (universal vs. particular) and quality (affirmative vs. negative). The key laws of opposition are: 1. The law of subalternation, where the universal involves the particular but not vice versa 2. The law of contradiction, where contradictories cannot be true together 3. The law of contrariety, where contraries cannot be true together but may be false together 4. The law of subcontrariety, where subcontraries cannot be false together but may be true together Several examples are provided to illustrate how different

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    6K views17 pages

    Opposition Proposition

    Uploaded by

    motz
    This document discusses the laws of logical opposition and the square of opposition. It examines how different propositional terms relate to each other based on their quantity (universal vs. particular) and quality (affirmative vs. negative). The key laws of opposition are: 1. The law of subalternation, where the universal involves the particular but not vice versa 2. The law of contradiction, where contradictories cannot be true together 3. The law of contrariety, where contraries cannot be true together but may be false together 4. The law of subcontrariety, where subcontraries cannot be false together but may be true together Several examples are provided to illustrate how different

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 17

    Opposition of Propositions

    Comparison of one proposition


    with another
    Important in determining truth
    and falsity:
    Retain subject and predicate terms
    Change the quantity or quality or both
    Nature of logical opposition:
    All truth is based on 3 laws of thought:
    The principle of Identity
    The principle of Contradiction
    The principle of Excluded Middle
    Square of Opposition:
    Laws of Logical Opposition:
    Law of Subalternation: A-I and E-O
    The truth of the universal involves the
    truth of the particular (A to I, E to O); but
    the truth of the particular does not
    involve the truth of the universal (I to A,
    O to E)
    Law of Subalternation:
    First section:
    A: All men are mortal (True)
    I: Some men are mortal (True)
    E: No men are horses (True)
    O: Some men are not horses (True)
    I: Some men are Golkar (True)
    A: All men are Golkar (False)
    O: Some men are not learned (True)
    E: No men are learned (False)
    I: Some men are mortal (True)
    A: All men are mortal (True)
    O: Some men are not horses (True)
    E: No men are horses (True)
    Second Section:
    The falsity of the particular involves the
    falsity of the universal (I to A; O to E);
    but the falsity of the universal does not
    involve the falsity of the particular (A to
    I; E to O)
    I: Some men are donkeys (False)
    A: All men are donkeys (False)
    O: Some men are not mortal (False)
    E: No men are mortal (False)
    I: Some men are Golkar (True)
    A: All men are Golkar (Can be true or False)
    O: Some men are not Golkar (True)
    E: No men are Golkar (Can be true or False)
    Law of Contradiction (A-O and
    E-I):
    First rule: contradictories cannot be true
    together
    A: All men are mortal (True)
    O: Some men aire not mortal (False)
    E: No men are donkeys (True)
    I: Some men are donkeys (False)
    A: All men are Golkar (False)
    O: Some men are not Golkar (True)
    E: No men are Golkar (False)
    I: Some men are Golkar (True)
    Law of Contrariety (A-E)
    Contraries cannot be true together (1);
    contraries may be false together (2).
    First rule:
    A: All men are mortal (True)
    E: No men are mortal (False)
    A: All men are donkeys (False)
    E: No men are donkeys (True)
    Next slides
    Second rule:
    A: All men are Golkar (False)
    E: No men are Golkar (Doubtful)
    A: All professors are learned (Doubtful)
    E: No professors are learned (False)
    Law of Subcontrariety (I-O):
    Both subcontraries cannot be false together (1);
    but both subcontraries may be true together
    (2)
    First rule:
    I: Some men are donkeys (False)
    O: Some men are not donkeys (True)
    I: Some men are mortal (True)
    O: Some men are not mortal (False)

    Next slide …
    Second rule:
    I:Some men are Golkar (True)
    O: Some men are not Golkar (Doubtful)
    I: Some men are learned (Doubtful)
    O: Some men are not learned (True)
    Summary:
    Logical Opposition of Modals:
    The logical opposition affects the mode
    itself:
    A = neccesary
    E = impossible
    I = possible
    O = contingent
    Logical Opposition of Modals:

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