Recommodation For Technical Approval of Offshore Wind Turbine

Recommendation for Offshore Wind Turbines
Page 1
RECOMMENDATION FOR
TECHNICAL APPROVAL OF OFFSHORE WIND
TURBINES
DECEMBER 2001
The Danish Energy Agencys Approval Scheme for Wind Turbines
R:\Energistyrelse\Havmller\TG-V12-1 UK.doc
December 2001
Page 2
Table of Contents:
1.
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 4
1.1 APPLICATION ............................................................................................................................... 5
1.2 PRECONDITIONS AND REFERENCES TO CODES OF PRACTICE.......................................................... 5
1.3 DEFINITIONS ................................................................................................................................ 6
2.
CLIMATIC PARAMETERS AND SAFETY IN RELATION TO DS 472 .............................. 7

2.1 ADDENDUM TO DS 472................................................................................................................ 7
2.2 CORRECTIONS TO DS 472 WITH ADDENDUM ................................................................................ 7
2.2.1 Annual mean wind speeds................................................................................................... 7
2.2.2 Safety level and integrated safety ....................................................................................... 7
2.2.3 Partial safety factors........................................................................................................... 7
2.2.4 Simplified formula for turbulence intensity in farms .......................................................... 7
3.
LOADS AND LOAD CASES........................................................................................................ 9

3.1 CALCULATION METHOD ............................................................................................................... 9
3.1.1 Scope of the dynamic structure........................................................................................... 9
3.1.2 Scope of simulations ......................................................................................................... 10
3.2 LOADS ........................................................................................................................................ 10
3.3 LOAD CASES ............................................................................................................................... 12
3.3.1 Wind.................................................................................................................................. 12
3.3.2 Waves................................................................................................................................ 12
3.3.3 Current.............................................................................................................................. 15
3.3.4 Water level........................................................................................................................ 16
3.3.5 Scour................................................................................................................................. 17
3.3.6 Ice ..................................................................................................................................... 17
3.3.7 Icing.................................................................................................................................. 19
3.3.8 Ship impact ....................................................................................................................... 20
3.3.9 Loads during erection....................................................................................................... 21
3.4 SIMULTANEOUS LOADS .............................................................................................................. 21
3.4.1 Background....................................................................................................................... 21
3.4.2 General observations........................................................................................................ 23
3.4.3 Correlated climatic conditions ......................................................................................... 24
3.4.4 Static check................................................................................................................... 25
4.
FOUNDATIONS.......................................................................................................................... 26
4.1 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS .......................................................................................................... 26
4.2 GEOTECHNICAL CATEGORY AND SAFETY CLASS......................................................................... 26
4.3 GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION ................................................................................................ 26
4.4 CHECK-UP AND SUPERVISION ..................................................................................................... 28
4.4.1 Detailed inspection of bed topography ............................................................................. 28
4.4.2 Pile driving ....................................................................................................................... 28
4.4.3 Scour................................................................................................................................. 28
5.
MATERIALS AND CORROSION ............................................................................................ 29

5.1 CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND PROTECTION SYSTEMS ................................................................. 29
5.2 STEEL STRUCTURES AND PROTECTION SYSTEMS ........................................................................ 31
6.
ADDITIONAL CONDITIONS................................................................................................... 33
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
7.
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY ............................................................................................................. 33

LIGHTENING RECOMMENDATION................................................................................................ 34
MARKING ................................................................................................................................... 34
NOISE EMISSION ......................................................................................................................... 34
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ..................................................................................... 34
ANNEXES .................................................................................................................................... 36
December 2001
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Annex A: Load Cases according to DS 472 and the Danish Approval Scheme
Annex B: Load Cases, with reference to the sections (DLC) in IEC 61400-1
Annex C: Weighted Partial Safety Factors and Effects of a Multi-replicated Event
Annex D: IEC Class S Description
Annex E: Illustrations of Waves in Low Waters
Annex F: Particular Conditions for Specific Foundation Concepts
December 2001
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1. INTRODUCTION
This recommendation (hereafter referred to as the Recommendation) is an annex to
"Technical Criteria for Type Approval and Certification of Wind Turbines in Denmark" and contains instructions and supplementary information about technical requirements for approval of offshore wind turbines.
The Recommendation has been prepared by a working group, set up by the "Advisory
Committee for Approval of Wind Turbines in Denmark" in December 1999, under the
auspices of the Danish Energy Agency. The working group assessed the need for detailed instructions in relation to the Danish Approval Scheme and has subsequently
prepared the present Recommendation, which constitutes an update of the previous
edition of june 2001 (only in Danish).
The present English version is a translation of the original Danish edition of December 2001. The latter is the legally valid recommendation in case of any differences.
Text with small font shall be read as guidelines. Annexes serve as guidelines only.
The Recommendation is largely based on results from the research project: "Design
grundlag for vindmlleparker p havet" ("Design Basis for Offshore Wind Turbines"),
EFP-1363/99-0007, which the project management has kindly put at the Committees
disposal.
Members of the working group:
Sten Frandsen, Ris
Helge Gravesen, Carl Bro A/S
Lars Jrgensen, SEAS
Christer Eriksson, DNV
Kaj Morbech Halling, Vestas R&D
Poul Skjrbk, Bonus Energy A/S
Uffe Jrgensen, Elsam Project A/S
Nils E. Werner, Insurance and Pension, Codan
Jrgen Lemming, the Danish Energy Agency
Egon T.D. Bjerregaard, Ris (secretary)
December 2001
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1.1 Application
In the Recommendation efforts have been made to give an account of technical criteria for offshore wind turbines which are sufficient for:
conceptual and detailed design of foundations

design/adjustment of wind turbines
To some extent the following subjects have also been dealt with:
access and working conditions during erection and operation

materials and corrosion
1.2 Preconditions and references to codes of practice

When designing wind turbines for offshore siting and operation, the level of safety
shall correspond to the level which has so far been maintained by Danish wind turbine
manufacturers in terms of erection and operation of onshore wind turbines in Denmark. This level is attainable by complying with the codes of practice specified in the
following:
Erection and grid connection of wind turbines in Denmark, both onshore and in Danish waters, require that wind turbines have a Danish type approval. This type approval
is based on:
- Technical Criteria for Type Approval and Certification of Wind Turbines in Denmark (TC), supplemented by the present and other valid recommendations under
TC
DS 472, Last og sikkerhed for vindmller (load and safety for wind turbines)
Additional Danish and foreign standards and codes as listed in TC
For wave loads general reference is made to:
DS 449 Plefunderede offshore konstruktioner (Pile-supported offshore
steel structures)
DS 449 has not been updated together with the other Danish codes of practice, however, guidance in DS 449 is still applicable. Application of partial safety factors in DS
449 in conjunction with the new construction codes is not allowed.
For ice loads general reference is made to:
API Recommended practice 2N, 2nd ed. (1995) Recommended practice for
planning, designing and constructing structures and pipelines for arctic conditions.
Partial safety factors, etc. in DS 472 have not been revised together with the Danish
construction codes (DS 409, 2nd ed.: 1998, DS 410, 4th ed.: 1998, DS 411, 4th ed.:
1999, DS 412, 3rd ed.: 1998, DS 413, 5th ed.: 1998, DS 414, 5th ed.: 1998, DS 415, 4th
ed.: 1998), and an addendum to DS 472 is therefore prepared.
December 2001
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If there is a wish for applying other codes or methods an account of how the same
level of safety has been obtained, i.e. specified in the above mentioned Danish codes,
is required.
In connection with the choice of a particular site or the environmental impact assessment (EIA), it is normally assumed that a risk assessment has been made containing,
inter alia, a quantification of the risk of collision with third party vessels with a differentiation of the types of vessels and expected corresponding ship impact energies.
1.3 Definitions
Cf. DS 472.
However, vb and vb,0, cf. DS 410, 4th ed., 1998.
VeN, (only in Annex D), cf. IEC 61400-1, 2nd edition.
December 2001
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2. CLIMATIC PARAMETERS AND SAFETY IN RELATION TO DS 472

2.1
Addendum to DS 472
2.2
Information about the addendum to DS 472, can be found at

www.vindmoellegodkendelse.dk. Corrections to DS 472 with addendum
This section contains modifications applicable to offshore conditions.
2.2.1
Annual mean wind speeds
Parameter
50 m height. To be extrapolated accordThe stated annual mean wind speeds are applica- ing to DS 472 where z0 = 0.001 m.
ble to structural calculations only.
The North Sea: 10.0 m/s
The interior Danish waters: 8.5 m/s
Or calculation according to relevant
documentation
Wind conditions
Annual mean wind speed
2.2.2 Safety level and integrated safety

Structural safety: As the turbines shall be designed in accordance with current Danish
codes, the design shall aim at ensuring that the same level of safety is obtained as is
otherwise applicable to onshore wind turbines in Denmark.
2.2.3 Partial safety factors
Load conditions are defined, and load combinations and preconditions are examined
in section 6.2, DS 472.
In accordance with previous practice and DS 415, the partial safety factor = 1.0 is
used for the weight of parts of the structure and for the weight of soil and groundwater, respectively, as these are conservatively estimated (or are documented on the basis of measurements). This applies to all load cases. When filling materials are used in
closed spaces, the weight should be estimated (extra) conservatively. Similarly, when
filling materials are used in open spaces, possibly subjected to scour protection, the
weight estimation should be particularly cautious. Upon accept of damage on a particular scour protection, the weight of the scour protection should be severely reduced.
External load conditions are examined in conjunction with wind loads. In case of
other external load conditions than wind loads, the partial safety factor can be determined by the relevant coefficients of variation on the annual extreme, cf. section
3.4.3.
2.2.4
Simplified formula for turbulence intensity in farms
If the distance to the closest situated neighbouring turbine is at least 5 rotor diameters,
the following simplified formula for turbulence intensity inside the farm can be applied:
December 2001
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I T = 0.15 2 + I 02 ,
where I0 is the turbulence in the ambient flow.
December 2001
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3. LOADS AND LOAD CASES

3.1
3.1.1
Calculation method
Scope of the dynamic structure
General observations:
"The wind turbine system" comprises the following components: rotor, nacelle, tower,
mechanical and electric transmission, operating and safety systems as well as foundation plus underlying/surrounding soil. Depending on the particular stiffness of the
system the following methods are applicable to structural calculations.
Method 1
Unless it can be demonstrated that the foundation structure plus underlying/surrounding soil is sufficiently stiff1, the wind turbine system (as defined above)
shall be considered as a unity. Structural calculations are, consequently, made for the
system as a whole.
Method 2
If the foundation structure plus underlying/surrounding soil is sufficiently stiff1 and
a well-defined horizontal cut between tower and foundation of the turbine has been
established, structural calculations can be divided into 1) a calculation of the structure
from the horizontal cut and upwards, and 2) a calculation of the structure from the
horizontal cut and downwards.
If there is a need for separate approvals (and as a consequence hereof separate calculations) of the wind turbine and foundation, a definition of the horizontal cut between
tower and foundation is required. The horizontal cut can be defined at a level where
part of the tower is calculated as forming part of the foundation structure. It is required that the horizontal cut is defined at a level which is above the level of the highest waterline. The level of the highest waterline shall for this purpose be calculated as
a 50-year storm surge water level plus maximum wave crest in a corresponding 3hour sea condition plus 1 meter in order to take various uncertainties into consideration.
In case of separate approvals of wind turbine and foundation, the wind turbine manufacturer shall document the resulting characteristic cutting forces, which are transferred from the wind turbine to the foundation in the horizontal cut, in a separate
document.
Similarly, in a separate document the supplier of the foundation shall document
equivalent foundation stiffness and damping conditions of all relevant load combinations for utilisation in the horizontal cut when undertaking load calculations for the
wind turbine.
The expression sufficiently stiff signifies that the stiffness of the foundation is of such a nature as to allow its
dynamics during loading to have no or only insignificant bearing on the dynamics of the turbine. If method 2 is
applied, this shall be documented.
December 2001
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3.1.2 Scope of simulations

When calculating loads by means of simulation it is a well-known fact that the result
is dependent on the seeds on the basis of which the calculation is initiated. Consequently, the simulation must be repeated with varying seeds.
If time simulation is applied for determination of extreme and/or fatigue loads, assuming that the simulations
consist of 10 minutes series, the number of simulations with varying seeds should at least amount to five per load
case. In case longer or shorter time series are used, the number of simulations shall be adjusted accordingly.
It should be noted, however, that additional simulations may be required if it is not sufficient simply to apply the
mean value of the extreme events. This is for instance the case when extreme events are to be established for the
normal operation of the turbine, where the result of e.g. 10 minutes simulations shall be extrapolated to longer
periods.
When undertaking fatigue calculations 1 seed per load interval can be applied, i.e. provided that seeds are changed
during load intervals, and provided that approximately five load intervals have an equal impact on the result. Here,
reference should also be made to Annex C5.
When time simulation is applied for determination of extreme loads, the characteristic
response is defined as the mean value of the extreme events in the different time series.
3.2 Loads
Characteristic values are defined as the 98% quantile of the distribution of the annual
extreme value for the load. This corresponds to the load with a 50-year recurrence
period.
In certain design calculations loads with other recurrence periods shall be applied. If
the loads, which correspond to these recurrence periods, have not been defined, the
values in the below table can be applied, assuming that the distribution of the extreme
load corresponds to a Gumbel distribution. The T-year load is highly dependent on the
coefficient of variation (COV) of the load, which must therefore be estimated. In DS
410 an assumption of a COV=0.23 on extreme wind load for T < 50 years and a COV
= 0.40 for T > 50 years is made.
COV
T [year]
1
5
10
20
25
50
100
200
500
1000
10000
0.05
0.865
0.921
0.945
0.968
0.976
1.000
1.024
1.048
1.079
1.103
1.183
0.10
0.758
0.858
0.900
0.943
0.957
1.000
1.043
1.086
1.143
1.185
1.328
0.15
0.671
0.806
0.865
0.923
0.942
1.000
1.058
1.117
1.194
1.252
1.446
0.20
0.599
0.764
0.835
0.906
0.929
1.000
1.071
1.142
1.236
1.307
1.544
0.23
0.561
0.742
0.819
0.897
0.922
1.000
1.078
1.156
1.258
1.336
1.595
0.25
0.538
0.728
0.810
0.892
0.918
1.000
1.082
1.164
1.272
1.354
1.626
0.30
0.486
0.697
0.789
0.880
0.909
1.000
1.091
1.182
1.303
1.394
1.696
0.35
0.441
0.671
0.770
0.869
0.901
1.000
1.099
1.198
1.329
1.428
1.757
0.40
0.402
0.648
0.754
0.860
0.894
1.000
1.106
1.212
1.352
1.458
1.810
0.45
0.368
0.628
0.740
0.852
0.888
1.000
1.112
1.224
1.372
1.484
1.857
0.50
0.337
0.610
0.727
0.845
0.883
1.000
1.118
1.235
1.390
1.508
1.898
0.60
0.285
0.579
0.706
0.833
0.873
1.000
1.127
1.253
1.421
1.547
1.968
0.70
0.243
0.554
0.689
0.823
0.866
1.000
1.134
1.268
1.446
1.580
2.025
Table 1: The relation between the T-year load and 50-year load for different coefficients of variation
of the annual extreme load distribution (for p=exp[-1/T]).
The relation between the T-year load and the 50-year load is shown graphically in
Figure 1.
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Figure 1: The relation between the T-year load and 50-year load (for p=exp[-1/T]).
December 2001
3.3
3.3.1
Page 12
Load cases
Wind
Annex A contains load cases corresponding to the cases which, as a minimum, shall
be assessed under the Danish Approval Scheme. Apart from these load cases, an
analysis shall be made of whether additional, more severe cases can be established for
the reference wind turbine. In the affirmative, such cases shall also be defined and
calculated.
Annex B contains load cases, which refer to IEC 61400-1. These cases are not of current interest and need not be
calculated for a Danish approval. In connection with certification in other countries it may be required, however,
that the load cases in Annex B are calculated.
3.3.2
Waves
Loads are determined in accordance with principles described in DS 449, which are
applicable to deeper waters. In shallow waters, where most offshore turbines are sited,
the following conditions become of paramount importance:
finite wave heights
wave crests are considerably higher than troughs (up till approx. 3 times
the height of the trough rather than having the same magnitude as troughs)
the crest only appears down to 1/3 of the wavelength (rather than approximately half the wavelength)
velocities in breaking waves become considerably higher, especially at the
crest (in the range of u max = gh , where h = the water depth)
the wave profile becomes asymmetric lengthwise due to the fact that the
steepness of the wave profile is greater towards the crest than after the
crest
the wave height distribution is changed (from the normally assumed Rayleigh distribution)
Illustrative figures are shown in Annex E.
These conditions necessitate that particular methods, i.e. comprising effects of shallow waters (incl. refraction and breaking) and diffraction, are required in order to determine both wave conditions and loads resulting from the waves.
Dimensioning of the structure for wave forces requires partly an analysis of extreme
events, and partly a fatigue test of the structure. In case of plunging breaking waves
local stability shall be examined separately.
December 2001
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3.3.2.1 The design wave condition

The extreme event, which is to be dimensioned, is characterised by the design wave
height Hsd= Hs,XX, i.e. the significant wave height which has a recurrence period of
XX years.
The corresponding maximum wave and probable wave period interval are determined.
Wave breaking
Dimensioning must be undertaken out of consideration to broken or breaking waves.
In case of shallow water waves the corresponding maximum water level shall be dimensioned.
Top breaking
Solitary waves can be simulated according to the stream function wave theory or
Stokes fifth-order theory, cf. /4/. Time series for shallow waters waves (but without
plunging breaking) in the form of wave elevations and velocities can be simulated, cf.
/5/. The following expression applies to the maximum particle velocity in a top
breaking wave u max 1,0 gh
Plunging breaking
Special conditions for structures during their exposure to plunging breaking waves
shall be examined. The limits for plunging breaking are determined, cf. /2/, via the
relation between the bottom slope tan and the square root of the wave steepness.
The steepness of the wave is calculated on the basis of the deep water wave height H0
or the breaking wave height Hb:
tan
0 =
H 0 L0
tan
b =
H b L0
Plunging breaking shall be calculated if either 0 or b are represented in the following
intervals
0.5< 0 < 3.3
0.4< b < 2.0
Consideration must be given to the fact that the crest of breaking waves is considerably higher than the trough. The maximum particle velocity in the breaking wave is
given by the expression u max = 1,25 gh , cf. /3/, and shall be applied as the velocity
in a monotonous velocity profile for the entire wave above the still water level. Below
the still water level a velocity profile is applied, cf. conventional wave theory. If the
structure is considerably larger below the water surface than above the surface, this
may cause plunging breaking, and a quantification of the effects hereof must be given.
December 2001
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Simulation
With regard to simulation of irregular waves please be referred to the references in
3.3.2.4 and annex to "Designgrundlag for vindmlleparker p havet" ("Design basis
for offshore wind turbines"), EFP-1363/99-0007.
3.3.2.2 Wave forces
Dimensioning of wave forces shall be undertaken as described by:
a) Inertia forces Fi
Function of the accelerations du/dt of the mass of water
around the foundation of the wind turbine
Function of the current velocity u (combined wave and
b) Current forces Fd
current velocity)
c) Pressure forces Ft
Function of the water surface elevation
Pressure forces (integrated over the area) are identical with inertia forces (acceleration
integrated over the volume). If the effective volume of the structure in the water is
large, i.e. in relation to the length over which there is a fairly constant acceleration in
waves, this must be taken into account by calculating the ultimate pressure differences. In case of structures dominated by pressure /inertia forces, effects from the
finite wave heights must be calculated. In case of calculations with combined waves
and current, the stationary current is added to the orbital wave velocity by means of
vector summation.
In shallow waters the correlation between water level and wave conditions shall be
carefully assessed. Furthermore, when calculating local stability in shallow waters,
shock forces from plunging breaking waves shall be added, if this load case is relevant.
The load determination shall be undertaken on the basis of methods, which result in
the required level of certainty. The more impact the wave and current loads have on
the wind loads, the more precise and reliable the applied methods must be. Simplified
methods for load determination are given in /6/. The design and size of the structure in
relation to the wavelength constitute crucial elements for determining whether the
pressure gradients or velocities in the wave profile and wave and current forces can be
calculated on the basis of a detailed wave and current simulation.
For structures where wave and current loads are crucial, load determination must, until the numeric methods are
fully reliable, be based on model testing. Alternatively, conservative estimates for the wave and current loads can
be applied.
Regular wave forces

Pursuant to DS 449 loads on foundations with a diameter of more than 0.2 wavelength
L shall be calculated by means of diffraction theory. Due to the changed steepness
conditions in shallow waters, diffraction effects for foundations with corresponding
less diameters shall be taken into account (down to 0.13 wavelength in low waters
instead of down to 0.2 wavelength in deeper waters). Cf. /4/. For foundations with a
diameter of less than 0.13 wavelength, Morrisons formula can be applied for determination of loads. However, effects from finite wave heights shall be calculated, unless it can be demonstrated that such effects are insignificant.
December 2001
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If wavelengths are long relative to the characteristic dimensions of the foundation,

vortex shedding may occur which shall be included in the load basis.
3.3.2.3 Wave shock force
Wave shock pressure may occur even without plunging breaking. Dimensioning must
be undertaken in accordance with DS 449 as the wave shock force is calculated as a
triangular impulse growing from 0 to the maximum value in 0.01 sec. and thereafter
decreasing from the maximum value to 0 in the course of 0.1 sec.
3.3.2.4 References
/1/
/2/
/3/
/4/
/5/
/6/
3.3.3
DS 449 Plefunderede Offshore Stlkonstruktioner (DS 449 Pile-supported

Offshore Steel Structures)
Fredse & Deigaard, 1992 Mechanics of Coastal Sediment Transport,
World Scientific
Svendsen, I.A., 1979 Blgebrydning (Wave breaking), ISVA, DTU
Svendsen, I.A. og Justesen, P.,1984 Forces on slender cylinders from very
high waves and spilling breakers, Symp. Description and Modelling of Directional Seas, DHI, DTU
Madsen, P., Bingham, H. and Liu, H., 2000 The ultimate Boussinesq formulation for highly dispersive and highly nonlinear water waves, ICCE 2000,
Sydney, Australia
Lundgren. H., 1972 Blgeproblemer i Oceanteknikken (Wave problems in
Ocean Engineering). ISVA, DTU
Current
3.3.3.1 Flow velocity components

The following flow contributions shall be taken into account:
Tide generated current

Barometrically generated current
Current caused by wind surge, locally or in connection with large
water regions
Surface current generated by the wind shear force
If wind turbines are sited within a wave breaking zone on a coast, consideration shall
also be given to the longshore current generated by the shear force of the breaking
waves along the coast.
As a general parameter for describing the current, the surface current velocity U(0)
shall be applied for all components.
3.3.3.2 Current profile
Flow contributions are established, cf. DS 449. Contributions from tide generated
current, barometrically generated current, and current caused by storm surge are gath-
December 2001
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ered in a flow velocity component. The distribution of this flow velocity component
over the depth is determined on the basis of a power profile where the current velocity
Us(z), as a function of the height z above the water surface, is:
Us(z)=Us(0) (1+z/h)1/7
h denotes the water depth.
The wind driven flow component UV is calculated according to DS 449, decreasing
linearly down to 20 m below the mean water surface:
UV(z)=
UV(0) (1+z/20)
At depths of less than 20 m the current profile is cut off at the seabed. For determination of possible scouring at the seabed, the wind induced surface current shall be included in the power-current profile with the surface velocity UV(0) for calculation of
current velocities at the seabed.
3.3.3.3 Calculation of current forces
Current loads shall be calculated, cf. DS 449
When combining waves and current, the stationary current shall be added by means of
vector summation to the wave generated current velocities.
Vortex shedding is examined in accordance with DS 449 B 2.2.
3.3.3.4 References
/1/
DS 449 Plefunderede Offshore Stlkonstruktioner (Pile-supported Offshore
Steel Structures)
3.3.4
Water level
3.3.4.1 Water level

Determining water levels shall be established. The determination shall describe both
tide conditions and storm surge.
Likewise, for determination of ice loads the relevant determining water level shall be
established. This is of particular importance when the structure is designed with ice
force reducing sloping surfaces.
The load impact of the water level shall be taken into consideration in case of buoyancy on the structure and for determination of wave and current loads.
December 2001
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Splash zone
A splash zone shall be determined, i.e. usually defined between the normally occurring high water and corresponding significant wave crest height, and the normally
occurring low water with corresponding significant wave trough height.
Normally occurring water level can e.g. be defined as high/low water with a recurrence period of at least 3
hours/year. Due to reflection the significant wave crest/trough can be estimated in the following way: A distance
above or below water level on significant wave height. The height of the splash zone can possibly be limited to the
top of a possible platform, thereby allowing parts of the structure, which are withdrawn considerably from the edge
of the platform to be exempted from the splash zone.
3.3.5
Scour
3.3.5.1 Scour
The foundation of the wind turbine shall be dimensioned with particular consideration
to the maximum possible scour of the seabed around the foundation. This includes an
analysis of the climatic, seasonal and interannual changes in the level of the seabed.
The maximum water particle velocities, incl. current velocities on the seabed, are used
as the basis for the computation. The reinforcement of the resulting bed shear force
caused by the foundation is determined on the basis of the KC-figure (with and without current) and the relation between the characteristic dimensions of the foundation
and the wavelength. Cf. DS 449.
It may be necessary to carry out tests for determination of reinforcement on bed shear
stress and stability conditions for the chosen scour protection. Allowable damage is
determined dependent on the estimated consequences. The scour protection can, for
instance, function as a stabilising element.
The risk of scour outside the scour protected area shall be taken into account.
3.3.5.2 References
/1/
/2/
3.3.6
Sumer.B.M. and Fredse, J., 2000 Wave scour around structures. Advances
in Coastal and Ocean Engng., Vol. 4.
Sumer.B.M. and Fredse, J. 1997 Scour around a large vertical circular cylinder in waves. OMAE 1997, Vol. 1A, ASME
Ice
The load determination shall be undertaken on the basis of methods, which result in
the demanded certainty. Reference is generally made to /5/. The more impact the ice
load has in relation to the wind loads, the more precise and reliable the applied methods must be.
Until more experience has been gained within this particular field, it is recommended that load determination is
based on model testing with artificial ice. If the structure is flexible in relation to the definition for method 1in
chapter 3.1.1, the tests should also encompass a model where elastic conditions are included.
Existing methods are primarily based on ice loads from floating floes in interior Danish waters dominated by current. When dimensioning foundations in more narrow
waters, the basis for the dimensioning and methods must be reassessed.
December 2001
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3.3.6.1 Ice parameters

The characteristic ice load is determined on the basis of freezing degree-days (Kmax)
by the following site dependent parameters.
-
Compressive strength ru,

Bending strength rf,
Thickness e
Floe size
Operational velocity for floes
For interior Danish waters the following values are normally applied:
Annual risk
deviation
of
Recurrence period
0.2
0.1
0.02
0.01
8 x 10-4
10-4
5-year
10-year
50-year
100-year
1250-year
10.000-year
Kmax
(-oC 24 h.)
170
245
410
480
744
960
ru (Mpa)
1.0
1.5
1.9
2.0
2.4
2.6
rf (Mpa)
0.25
0.39
0.50
0.53
0.64
0.69
e (m)
0.33
0.42
0.57
0.63
0.80
0.91
Upon proper documentation of insignificant or none characteristic values for ice

thickness in the North Sea, the ice load can be ignored as load case.
In addition, the following parameters and general values are given:
Density, ice, i
Gravity, ice, i
Modulus of elasticity, E
Poisson's condition,
Ice-ice coefficient of friction,
Ice-concrete dynamic coefficient of friction,
Is-steel dynamic coefficient of friction,
900 kg/m3
8.84 kN/m3
2 GPa
0.33
0.1
0.2
0.1
The attack height of the ice load is dependent on the particular water level variations,
which are established on the basis of water level statistics for months with ice and
possible sloping surfaces on the foundation.
3.3.6.2 Static ice load
Dimensioning shall be undertaken for horizontal and vertical static ice loads. Loads
from ice on horizontal structures are calculated according to DS 410, /1/, i.e. by using
the stated parameters in section 6.3.
For structures with sloping parts the ice load is calculated on the basis of Ralstonss formulas, /2/, if the ice attacks
the sloping parts, and if from the top side or under side of the ice there is at least 0.5 m to the transition from the
sloping parts to the vertical parts. Structures with ice force reducing cone are typical examples of structures with
sloping parts.
December 2001
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Dimensioning of local ice pressure, rlocal, shall be denoted by the expression, /3/:
0.5
e2
rlocal = 5
+ 1 ru
Alocal
where ru is the characteristic compression strength of the ice, e is the thickness of the
ice, and Alocal the area above which the local ice pressure appears. The local ice pressure cannot exceed 20 MPa.
An upper limit may exist for the ice load due to the possible size of the ice floes, current and wind in the area as well as the kinetic energy of the ice floes.
Load from possible pile-up in front of the foundations shall be assessed.
3.3.6.3 Dynamic ice load
The dynamic behaviour of the ice shall be taken into account. As regards foundations
in areas dominated by current, it is normally the dynamic ice load, which is dominating when wind and ice loads are combined. The method from /4/ can be applied for
estimation of the ice loads.
3.3.6.4 References
/1/
/2/
/3/
/4/
/5/
3.3.7
DS 410 Norm for last p konstruktioner, Dansk Standard, 4. udgave, 1998 (DS
410 Norm for loads on structures, Danish Standard, 4th edition, 1998)
Progress Report 66, ISVA, DTU, 1988
The resund Link: Ice Loads, 1995
Granskningsnote til design basis for iskrfter, Middelgrunden, dateret 199911-30 (Assessment note reg. design basis for ice forces, the Middelground,
dated 1999-11-30)
API Recommended practice 2N, 2nd ed., 1995. Recommended practice for
planning, designing and constructing structures and pipeline for arctic conditions
Icing
Icing of the turbine structure is caused by e.g. spray or atmospheric icing. Most often,
spray causes icing of the lower sections of the turbine structure, whereas atmospheric
icing influences surfaces on the entire structure.
In case of atmospheric icing the turbine shall be examined for extreme loads during
normal operation, where icing must be expected up to the cut out wind speed. A simple icing model is applied as indicated in the DIBT-richtlinien /1/. The turbine shall
be examined in situations, where:
a) All rotor blades are iced
b) All rotor blades, except one, have been iced
December 2001
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Furthermore, icing shall be included in the fatigue analysis on the basis of the guidelines in the German DIBT-richtlinien /1/. The duration of the icing event shall be set
at 7 days per year at a minimum.
In case of a parked turbine calculations shall be based on a 30 mm thick icing on all
turbine components. The density of ice can be calculated as 900 kg/m3. In the North
Sea, the thickness of the icing shall be increased to 150 mm on components at levels
up to +20.0 as a result of spray. For wind farms in the interior Danish waters, icing at
levels up to +20.0 can be set at100 mm.
Alternative methods for icing analysis can be applied, e.g. the WECO-project /2/.
3.3.7.1 References
/1/
/2/
3.3.8
Richtlinie: Windkraftanlagen Einwirkungen und Standsicherheitsnachweise fr

Turm und Grndung (Fassung Juni 1993), Deusche Institut fr Bautechnik
(DIBT-richtlinie)
Wind Energy Production in Cold Climate (WECO), EU-project (see
http://www.fmi.fi/TUT/MET/energia)
Ship impact
When dimensioning offshore wind turbines, the following situations shall be taken
into account in connection with ship impact:
-Ultimate limit state:
Calling of characteristic service vessel with stem

or stern at direct call (longitudinally) against appropriate fendering of the structure.
-Accidental limit state:
Unintended collision with floating vessel large

working vessel (crane barge or similar), alternatively, collision with an unauthorised vessel.
3.3.8.1 Design criteria

When dimensioning offshore wind turbines in connection with ship impact, the following design criteria shall be observed:
The ultimate limit state: Damage, which reduces the load carrying capacity of the turbine, must not be inferred on the main structure.
The accidental limit state: Normally, it is not possible to protect the main structure
against damage. In connection with the siting of a particular offshore wind turbine
farm, cf. section 1, it is assumed that a risk assessment of ship impact has been undertaken, incl. differentiation of types of vessels and corresponding assumed ship impact energies. The robustness of the structure is assessed in relation hereto. If it is
feasible, within reasonable, practical and economic limits, to reinforce the structure,
December 2001
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thereby reducing the risk of damage caused by ship impact significantly, such measures shall be taken.
3.3.9
Loads during erection
Criteria shall be defined for allowable external conditions during transport, erection
and replacement. With point of departure in the applied working procedures and vessels, the following marginal values shall be stated:
- Wind
- Waves
- Water level
- Current
- Ice
Lifting fittings and procedures shall, in accordance with the stated external conditions,
be of such a nature as to prevent damage on the structure. This shall be documented.
The strength of transport fittings, lifting fittings and additionally mounted equipment
is not encompassed by the type approval, but will normally require a certification.
Reference is also made to existing codes and guidelines for sea transport and hoisting.
3.3.9.1 References
/1/
2/
3.4
3.4.1
DS/R 461 Transport og installation af offshore konstruktioner (transport and

installation of offshore structures)
DNV (2000) Rules for planning and execution of marine operations
Simultaneous loads
Background
For determination of the response of the reference turbine structure to the timedependent loads, dynamic calculation methods shall be applied. In case of non-linear
behaviour particular conditions may exist which necessitate the use of other partial
safety factors than the ones listed in DS 409 and DS 472 when undertaking calculations with more than one time-dependent load.
Dimensioning shall include an analysis of extreme response and fatigue. This is illustrated in the figure below. The external load F(t) is composed of a number of individual loads: Wind loads (DS 472 and the present document), loads from waves, current,
tide and ice, Fi(t). On the basis of the calculated series of load response, the largest
response and load spectrum shall be calculated, respectively.
December 2001
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External load (0<t<T):

F (t ) =
Ultimate load:
M f = f Max{R{F (t )}}
F ( t ) m ( t ) + (t )
i
Response:
R{F (t )}
Loadspectrum:
( ni , si ) = S {R{F (t )}}
S-N curve:
n fat ( si )
Strength:
f/m
Extreme criteria:
f > f mM
Fatigue criteria:
nt
, n t = ni
n fat ( se )
s SN > f m se
Illustration of dimensioning of specific section of the structure

When carrying out the extreme analysis, the given extreme response is compared with
the capacity in such a way that certainty in the measurement is added by using partial
safety factors on the response as well as on the characteristic strength of the material.
As an integral part of the fatigue calculations, the life time consumption of the load
spectrum and the SN-curve of the material are calculated. On the same basis, a calculation of the equivalent voltage amplitude of the total number of cycles can be measured, if deemed to be necessary. To ensure certainty in the measurement, there is a
partial safety factor on the strength of the material.
On both extreme- and fatigue-loads the partial safety factor is set at 1.2. cf. addendum
to DS 472. In Danish approval the increase of the loads can be avoided however, as
measurements verifying the size of the loads are required.
In practice, it is not allowed to calculate the response of the structure over its entire
life time, time step after time step. Thus, a number of load cases are selected which in
conjunction are assumed to result in the same level of certainty as the actual load
event. For this purpose, the load is usually thought to be decomposed into a (current)
mean value2 with a pertubation around this. This decomposition is applicable to both
time simulation and quasi-static observations.
In the case of wind, for instance, this corresponds to the mean load of V10min
December 2001

3.4.2
Page 23
General observations
The following shall be taken into account:
Partial safety factors shall, as illustrated, be added after the response calculation.
Partial safety factors for loads are found the addendum to DS 472.
Time simulation shall be applied for the dimensioning.
Normally, 10 minutes time series are applied, i.e. to the extent specified in section
3.1.2.
Load cases with combined loads shall be chosen to ensure that the same level of
certainty is obtained as would otherwise apply to a separate load.
It shall be examined whether the below mentioned loads are sufficient in each individual case. If necessary, additional load cases shall be added.
Here, attention is drawn to conditions which can change the dynamic properties of the
wind turbine in the course of the estimated life time, such as corrosion, scour, altered
geotechnical properties, etc.
The partial safety factors on the extreme wind cf. addendum to DS 472 provide sufficient certainty for the annual extreme loads with a coefficient of variation of 40%. If
separate loads (as e.g. ice) have a higher coefficient of variation, the partial safety
factor shall be increased. If it has been documented that separate loads, as e.g. inertia
loads from shallow water waves, have a lower coefficient of variation, the partial
safety factor can be reduced.
It shall be ensured that the risk of deviation during the life time of the structure is the
same for all separate and combined loads.
When partial safety factors are added after response calculations, one partial safety
factor can be applied only. If all external loads do not have the same coefficient of
variation, and thereby the same partial safety factor, a choice must be made as to the
specific partial safety factor. A co-weighing of partial safety factors from different
external loads can with due consideration to the impact of the loads on a particular
section of the structure and in a particular load case be undertaken in accordance with
the following principle: The characteristic external loads are added individually and
the response of the chosen section of the structure is calculated for each load. Hereafter, the individual responses are combined, thus constituting a characteristic response,
and in case partial safety factors of external loads are used, a combined design response. The relation between the design response and the characteristic response constitutes the weighted partial safety factor. For determination of the weighted partial
safety factor, the response calculations and combination can be undertaken on the
basis of appropriate, simple models. See Annex C for guidance reg. a number of extreme load cases for mainly stiff foundations. If it is intended that the number of
weighted partial safety factors shall be reduced, it is sufficient simply to choose one
weighted partial safety factor for all sections of the structure and for all load cases, if
it can be documented that this partial safety factor provides a conservative design.
December 2001
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In terms of fatigue calculations, the dependency on the direction for the response from
wind turbine loads in the tower base should only be applied with cautiousness, and
only where the response transverse to the wind direction has been demonstrated on
the basis of load measurements. This is due to the fact that damping is normally very
low parallel to the rotor disc and because the loads/response are very badly defined in
this direction.
3.4.3
Correlated climatic conditions
Conditional distribution functions shall be established for the different climatic conditions, thereby allowing for determination of correlated values at a chosen probability level for wind speed, wind direction, wave height, water level, current conditions
and ice.
Normally, one decisive external factor is chosen (e.g. wind speed for a particular direction or ice condition and corresponding wind load). Hereafter, conditional distributions and corresponding loads for the additional external conditions are determined.
As long as an overall description of statistics is not available, several probable determining combined load cases for the same external factor may appear, dependent on
the chosen probability level. In these cases, additional scenarios must be assessed and
the decisive scenario selected. Below is given an overview of such scenarios.
3.4.3.1 Wind and hydraulic loads
Extreme and fatigue loads
Loads from wind, waves, current and tide ( = hydraulic loads) are combined into
one load which shall be calculated for simultaneous loading.
Hydraulic loads shall be calculated for all extreme load cases as well as for all
fatigue load cases, as indicated in Annex A.
In connection with the simulation the significant wave height is applied, which
corresponds to the particular wind speed, as a basic parameter, thereby assuming
that the conditions are stationary.
Correlation between the wind directions where the wind load is largest, and the directions where the wave load is largest, does not necessarily exist. The wave load is
normally dominated by the direction with the largest fetch.
3.4.3.2 Wind, ice and current loads
Loads from wind, current and ice shall be calculated for simultaneous loading.
The ice load can be dominated by the direction with the largest current velocity.
Extreme load
Extreme dynamic ice load simultaneously with wind load corresponding to wind
speed with 1-year recurrence period.
December 2001
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Dynamic ice load simultaneously with maximum operational load from wind3, cf.
Annex C.
In waters dominated by current, it can normally be assumed that the extreme static total-ice load combined with
wind load less than the extreme dynamic total-ice load combined with wind load, due to the static total-ice load
only appears for a limited period of time when the ice is breaking.
Fatigue
It can be assumed that static ice load does not have any impact on the fatigue of materials. Furthermore, it is
known that (dynamic) ice load only occurs a limited number of times in each 50-year period.
The total period of time over the life time of the structure, where the ice gives cause to breaking and thereby
dynamic load, shall be estimated.
The life time consumption for this period shall be calculated with a load case with extreme dynamic ice load and
usual loads for the normal operation of the turbine at a mean wind speed of 15 m/s.
3.4.4 Static check

Due to the often non-linear nature of the turbine structure and the loads, standard
quasi-static calculations will be less reliable. In case there is a need for verifying such
calculations, the usual codes of practice are applied.
E.g. wind load during operation at wind speeds of 20-25 m/s corresponding to a scenario where the
ice load appears after the breaking of the ice following a hard ice winter in a rough wind situation in
the months of February/March. Dependent on the control system of the reference turbine, other mean
wind speeds may be relevant.
December 2001
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4. FOUNDATIONS
4.1 General observations
Existing codes of practice form the basis for the dimensioning of wind turbine foundations.
The primary basis shall be Foundations (Recommendation to Comply with the Requirements in the Technical Criteria for the Danish Approval Scheme for Wind Turbines), the Danish Energy Agency 1998, where reference is made to e.g. DS 415
Fundering (Foundation) and DS 449 Plefunderede off-shore stlkonstruktioner (Pile-supported offshore steel structures).
It should be noted that in accordance with the Danish Approval Scheme, foundation
and turbine shall, even though they are calculated and designed separately, ultimately
be calculated and approved as one unified system.
Regarding particular conditions for specific foundation concepts, cf. Annex F.
4.2 Geotechnical category and safety class
Determination of the geotechnical category of the structure follows the guidelines in
DS 415 Fundering (Foundation).
For foundations/soil conditions where deformation properties of the soil exert a decisive influence on the eigenfrequencies of the structure, the foundation shall be referred to a geotechnical category 3. If deformation properties of the soil only have a
limited impact, a normal geotechnical category is applied.
Determination of the safety class of the whole structure, or parts hereof, follows the
guidelines in DS 409, Sikkerhedsbestemmelse for konstruktioner (Safety provisions for structures). Foundation and tower can usually be referred to a normal safety
class.
4.3 Geotechnical investigation
The scope of required geotechnical investigations for the two types of geotechnical
categories appears from DS 415 Fundering (Foundation) and DS 449 Plefunderede off-shore stlkonstruktioner (Pile-supported offshore steel structures)
Geotechnical/geophysical investigation programme
The geotechnical /geophysical investigation programme shall be planned and implemented in such a way that the specific foundation concepts are taken into consideration.
Preliminary examinations can e.g. comprise of bathymetry, side-scan sonar and seismology. These analyses cannot stand alone, but shall be followed up by actual geotechnical investigations.
As a minimum, the final test programme for each specific site shall include a point
measurement. The number of point measurements are determined on the basis of the
December 2001
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actual geology, foundation concept, number of foundations (isolated wind turbines or

turbine farm) and the result of possible preliminary geophysical investigations combined with a possible general knowledge of the geology of the specific site.
Point measurements can be undertaken as pure geotechnical drillings or as a precisely
determined number of geotechnical drillings supplemented by CPT-tests. As a supplement to the geotechnical determination, vibro cores may be undertaken. In connection with the drilling operation, soil samples are taken as well as a specific number
of A-tube samples of all main soil layers and particular soil layers. It cannot be assumed that vibro cores can be used as intact samples.
The test programme shall be planned and implemented in such a way that subsequent
geotechnical inspections (and laboratory work) and calculations can be referred to a
geotechnical class 3.
As guidance, the following scope of investigations should be expected:
Pile foundation: As a minimum, a point measurement should be made for each foundation. Upon erection of a
large wind farm, point measurements can be combined with a number of short vibro-core drillings and, dependent on the results of the CPT-tests, a number of genuine geotechnical drillings, where SPT-tests and/or vane tests
are undertaken together with samples for classification purposes and, possibly, laboratory tests. In case of a piled
tripod foundation, bottom conditions which vary significantly may necessitate that 2 or 3 probings combined with
a drilling for each foundation are carried out.
Direct foundation (and suction buckets): As a minimum a geotechnical drilling is undertaken for each foundation.
The same scope of tests and samples is applicable as in the case of pile-supported foundations. In situations with
large foundation diameters and/or varying bottom conditions, the drilling can be combined with a number of CPTtests spread over the surface of the foundation
Laboratory tests and computation models

Static conditions: When correlating vane tests and laboratory tests (triaxial pressure
and tensile tests and DSS-tests) it shall be established how the triaxial pressure and
tensile strength, the vane strength and the strength from a DSS-test can be related.
Dynamic conditions: Dynamic effects in the areas/levels where the foundation forms
part of soil calculations shall be examined, and resistance must be documented. The
investigation shall be undertaken after the rupture zone (elastic cases). When dimensioning for cyclical/dynamic effects, soil parameters and computational method shall
be selected in accordance with the chosen load history, the resulting stresses and deformations.
Deformations: The magnitude of soil deformations shall be calculated and analysed in
both the plastic (due to permanent deformations) and elastic areas.
Particular attention should be paid to the application of high soil strengths. If high
tensile stresses are calculated in soil, it shall be documented that large deformations
do not occur which will cause deviation from the specified project requirements. Even
though a mobilisation of parameters of deformation can normally be calculated during
increased loading, it shall always be checked that ruptures do not occur in the soil
with subsequent accelerating strain increase.
December 2001
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4.4 Check-up and supervision

Investigations shall be undertaken in accordance with DS 415, Fundering (Foundation) and DS449, Plefunderede offshore stlkonstruktioner (Pile-suported
offshore steel structures) with the below mentioned modifications and additions.
4.4.1 Detailed inspection of bed topography
For foundation types which are sited on the seabed or on a crushed rock layer, and
whose mode of operation is dependent on the bed topography, a detailed inspection
shall be undertaken just before the installation of the foundation. The scope of the
inspection is determined with due consideration to the completed preliminary investigations and the sensitivity of the structure to seabed conditions which deviate from
the presupposed
A diving inspection or underwater video inspection of the seabed undertaken just before the installation will normally be sufficient.
4.4.2 Pile driving
The full course of the piling work shall be registered in a logbook according to the
specifications in DS 449, Plefunderede stlkonstruktioner p havet (Pilesupported offshore steel structures).
For single piles (vertical piles), the angle of the pile with verticality below the pile
driving shall be registered regularly and entered into the logbook.
In situations where the vertical pile carrying capacity is not critical, registration of
possible formation of soil plug can be omitted.
4.4.3 Scour
If an upper limit for scour on the seabed or a possible layer of scour protection around
the foundation has been established during the projecting, it shall be examined regularly after the installation that this limit is not exceeded.
December 2001
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5. MATERIALS AND CORROSION

This section only applies to concrete and steel structures as well as to corresponding
protection systems for foundations and towers until the lower edge of the nacelle, excluding blades, gear/generator and installations. Furthermore, in this section emphasis
is given to conditions, which are of importance to the durability. The structures shall
be corrosion protected in such a way that damage does not occur which in the expected life time of the structure may cause a lower level of safety than otherwise prescribed in relevant construction code(s). Foundation piles shall be included in the corrosion protection. When choosing materials for parts of the structure, welded joints,
bolts, reinforcement and adhesion for the structure, it shall be ensured that alloys are
not applied which will function as cathodes for the additional structure. The risk of
corrosion will be present if metals with different standard electric potential (Volt)
(relative to a standard copper electrode) come into contact.
The estimated design life time for the individual project is defined. In terms of the
foundation and anchoring of the tower it is advantageous to choose a longer period
than the design life time for the tower, which is accessible and easier to repair or replace than the foundation.
For a definition of the so-called splash zone concept mentioned in this section,
please refer to 3.3.4.1.
Lightening protection shall be carried out in the system, cf. section 6.
5.1 Concrete structures and protection systems
The steel reinforcement in reinforced concrete structures shall be protected against
corrosion. The best way to obtain this is by ensuring that there is: a sufficient concrete
cover, a dense concrete structure, a limitation of crack formation and crack widths,
and compliance with current rules for minimum reinforcement and reinforcement distribution.
It is recommended that concrete structures are divided into two environmental classes
dependent on the geometric siting in relation to the splash zone:
In the splash zone:
Minimum concrete cover is 50 mm

Maximum calculated crack width is 0.1-0.2 mm
Outside the splash zone:
Minimum concrete cover is 40 mm

Maximum calculated crack width is 0.2-0.3 mm
Calculation of crack widths shall be based on the method given in /4/, section 6.3.,
and be undertaken for the most frequently occurring loads during normal operation. In
connection with the assessment of the size of the crack width, contributions from
December 2001
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contraction, creeping and temperature differences shall be added to the observed reinforcement stresses emanating from external loading.
At the same time, it is recommended that the composition of the concrete corresponds
to environmental class E, high class supervision, cf. references /5/ and /6/, and that the
following minimum requirements are fulfilled:
The characteristic compression strength of the concrete, fck > 40 MPa

Water/cement ratio for the concrete, v/c < 0.40
Maximum aggregate size, dmax< 32mm or minimum distance between reinforcement bars
Maximum distance between non-prestressed reinforcement bars is 150-200 mm.
Application of reinforcement with relatively insignificant reinforcement diameters
(D=12-20 mm) to the extent possible.
Application of requirements for minimum reinforcement and distribution of reinforcement as recommended in /4/.
Cable ducts for prestressed reinforcement are injected with grout after mounting.
In general, the following precautions shall be taken during installation:
Requirements for the composition of concrete shall be adjusted in such a way that
it is possible to obtain concrete with a reasonable degree of workability, while at
the same time ensuring that a sufficient degree of durability is obtained. Reinforcement arrangements, geometry, etc. shall be carried out in an appropriate
manner. Application of special features such as curing membrane shall be included.
Measures are taken which ensure that defects and damage do not occur on the
concrete structures. In particular, it shall be ensured that effects from temperature
and moisture do not damage the concrete structure. A thorough preparation and
control of the casting process shall be ensured.
Systems are established which ensure the durability of the structure despite defects and damage on the concrete structures.
Assembly details at the transition between tower and foundation shall be designed
with a gradient so as to minimise a pile-up of chlorides and moisture.
The intentions shall be incorporated, and the quality of the design shall be ensured,
inter alia, by means of imposing stricter requirements with regard to the composition
of the concrete in order to obtain a suitable workability, and with regard to the handling and protection of the concrete during the hardening process.
The risk of crack formation when casting parts of the structure shall be minimised.
Normally greater differences in temperature than T=12-15 C measured over the
cross section are not allowed
To ensure a good execution, a pretest should be undertaken of the concrete work. This
shall be carried out, cf. /6/, section 9.4. Test concreting on a big scale is rather expensive and time-consuming, and the scope of these should therefore be proportional with
the overall production and the calculated effect of the test concreting.
December 2001
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With regard to ensuring the desired life time, special measures shall be taken to remedy (possible) damage occurred in the design phase, cf. /6/, sections 9.10 and 11.
It is recommended to use cathodic protection in accordance with /7/ as additional corrosion protection of the reinforcement. Likewise, application of rustproof reinforcement on exposed parts of the structure shall be considered.
Furthermore, in the splash zone it should be considered to apply glass fibre reinforced
epoxy based paint as surface protection of the concrete. Alternatively, a corrosion
protecting steel hood can be used around the foundation.
5.2
Steel structures and protection systems
Normally, steel structures for wind turbines shall be designed in accordance with DS 412
in hot-rolled soft steel with the designations S275, S235 or S355, which fulfill the
requirements in DS/EN 10025 or similar standard, e.g. DIN 17100.
Welded nails joints shall be designed in compliance with DS 412 and DS/ENV 1090.
Bolts and screws, etc. are designed in accordance with DS/ENV 20988.
It shall be assessed whether it will be beneficial to take advantage of the enhanced
strength from choosing a high class supervision.
Generally, surface protection shall be executed in correspondence with environmental
classes C5-M and Im2 (maritime environment) in accordance with e.g. DS 1090 and
DS/EN ISO 12944 Malinger og lakker korrosionsbeskyttelse af stlkonstruktioner med
malingssystemer, (Paints and Enamels corrosion protection of steel structures with
paint systems).
The following corrosion protection is recommended dependent on the siting in relation to the splash zone.
Above the splash zone:
Steel surfaces above the splash zone are normally protected with paint.
In the splash zone:
Steel structure components in the splash zone shall be protected by corrosion protection systems, which are suitable for resisting the aggressive environment in this zone.
Recognised design practice involves the application of corrosion allowance as main
system for corrosion protection in the splash zone, i.e. the wall thickness is increased
due to corrosion. The particular corrosion allowance for a given location shall be assessed in each particular case. However, as guidance for calculation of corrosion allowance it can generally be assumed that the rate of corrosion in the splash zone is in
the range of 0.3 0.5 mm/per year (ref. /1/). It should be noted that, in general, the
rate of corrosion will increase proportionally with the age of the structure.
It is recommended to combine the protection system based on corrosion allowance
with surface treatment, e.g. with glass fibre reinforced epoxy paint. It is normal prac-
December 2001
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tice not to take into consideration that the surface treatment reduces the rate of corrosion.
Below the splash zone:
Submerged and inner steel surfaces which are exposed to loads from seawater, e.g. the
inside of a pile, ought to be protected cathodically with sacrificial anodes and/or with
impressed current supplemented by surface treatment. As regards recommendations
concerning design of cathodic protection systems, limits for required steel corrosion
potential, etc., please refer to references /2/, /3/ and /7/.
In a zone around the seabed it is recommended to combine the cathodic protection
with a corrosion allowance of 3 mm on e.g. piles, and to calculate a reduced fatigue
life time, which takes into account that an optimal cathodic protection is not obtainable in this area.
References:
/1/ : DNV Rules for Classification of Fixed Offshore Installations, January 1998
/2/ : DNV Recommended Practice RP B401 Cathodic Protection Design, 1993
/3/ : DS Rekommendation DS/R 464 Korrosionsbekyttelse af Stlkonstruktioner i
marine omgivelser, 1988 (DS Recommendation DS/R 464 Corrosion Protection of Steel Structures in Marine Surroundings, 1988)
/4/ : DS 411, Norm for betonkonstruktioner, 4. udgave, 1999 (Norm for Concrete
Structures, 4th edition, 1999)
/5/ : DS 481, Beton Materialer, 1. udgave, 1999 (DS 481, Concrete Materials, 1st
edition, 1999)
/6/ : DS 482, Udfrelse af betonkonstruktioner, 1. udgave, 1999 (DS 482, Design
of Concrete Structures, 1st edition, 1999)
/7/ : prEN 12473: Generelle principper for katodisk beskyttelse i havvand (General
Principles for Cathodic Protection in Sea Water). DS. 1996
December 2001
Page 33
6. ADDITIONAL CONDITIONS
6.1
Occupational safety
Work inside the wind turbine

The rules governing work on offshore wind turbines are identical with the rules governing occupational safety in relation to work on similar onshore wind turbines. Reference is made to section 3.6 in the Technical Criteria.
Manning
Manning requirements corresponding to manning rules for unmanned platforms on
the Danish continental shelf should be observed. Reference is made to Guidelines for
design of unmanned production platforms (UP)".
This entails e.g. that procedures shall be drawn up for:
Manning of the wind turbines.
How the environmental conditions are monitored when the wind turbines are
manned, and when the staff will be evacuated.
Ship transport and landing arrangement
Ship transport to/from the wind turbines and transfer of staff are covered by the instruction of the Danish Maritime Authority: "Teknisk forskift A nr. 2 om arbejdets
udfrsel om bord p skibe" ("Technical instruction A no. 2 regarding the execution of
work onboard vessels").
Among other things, the following subjects are dealt with: Minimizing of risks.
Assessment of risks which cannot be prevented.
Elimination of risks at the source.
Adjustment of the work to human beings.
The Danish Maritime Authority shall accept solutions and procedures.

Helicopter transport
The Danish Civil Aviation Administration (CAA) is the approving authority in connection with helicopter transport and hoist operations.
It is expected that hoist operations will be subject to implementation in accordance
with JAR/OPS 3.005(Z), Helihoist Operation.
It is expected that an actual platform for helicopters shall comply with relevant requirements in BL 3-5. BL 3-5 have been drawn up with particular reference to offshore platforms for oil and gas production. It must therefore be expected that certain
requirements in BL 3-5 can be abandoned in relation to offshore wind turbines.
December 2001

6.2
Page 34
Lightening recommendation.
Reference is made to DEFU lynrekommandation 25 (DEFU lightening recommendation 25). Dimensioning of lightening protection shall be combined with dimensioning
of cathodic protection. See also DEFU Rep. 394 Lyn beskyttelse af vindmller (- 9:
Forhold vedr. korrosion af offshorefundamenter, - 10: Beregning af inducerede
strmme og spndinger), (DEFU Rep. 394 Lightening protection of wind turbines (9: Conditions reg. corrosion of offshore foundations, - 10: Calculation of induced currents and stresses)).
6.3
Marking
Marking of obstacles in air space

Generally, the marking of wind turbines with respect to aviation shall follow the rules
in BL 3-10 Bestemmelser om luftfartshindringer (Regulations on obstacles in air
space). In BL 3-10 it is stipulated that the marking shall be carried out in accordance
with the following rules:
0-100 m: No marking is necessary.

100-150 m: The necessity for marking is decided by CAA.
Over 150 m: Marking is a requirement.
The marking shall be agreed with CAA, including Tactical Air Command Denmark
(The Ministry of Defence). This is due to the fact that this authority may place heavier
demands on the marking due to the use of rescue helicopters, which fly at a low altitude. The Danish Navigation and Hydrography Administration shall be involved in
the determination of the specific aviation marking, as this marking may possibly have
an impact on navigation.
Buoyage
The scope of the buoyage is decided on a case-to-case basis. The builder shall come
up with a proposal for buoys, possibly with input from the Danish Navigation and
Hydrography Administration.
The Danish Navigation and Hydrography Administration will decide if the proposed
buoyage system is acceptable.
6.4
Noise emission
The same rules apply as for onshore installations.

6.5
Environmental impact assessment
The EIA assessment (environmental impact assessment) is a supplement to the technical approval of wind turbine installations. However, it should be noted that it is the
builder who, in connection with the permission for erection of offshore wind turbines,
shall prepare an EIA assessment. The requirements for the contents of the EIA assessment are in alignment with the EC environmental impact assessment directive of
27th June 1985 with modifications of 3rd March 1997 and executive order no. 815 of
December 2001
Page 35
28th August 2000 regarding assessment of environmental impact (EIA) in relation to

offshore power plant.
In a note of February 2000, the Danish Environment and Energy Ministry set up
guidelines for the preparation of the EIA assessment for offshore wind turbines.
December 2001
Page 36
7. ANNEXES
Annexes serve as guidance, supplemented by the load cases stated in section 3, Loads
and load cases.
It should be noted that specific requirements may apply to electric systems of wind
turbines due to desired grid regulation properties. These requirements constitute a
tightening of the rules in relation to the existing onshore practice, and possible new
load cases in connection herewith, i.e. which have not been covered by Annex A,
shall thus be taken into account.
December 2001
Page 37
ANNEX A: LOAD CASES ACCORDING TO DS 472 AND THE DANISH APPROVAL SCHEME:
Load situation
DLC
Wind conditions
Other conditions
Calculation type
Partial safety
factors
Vstart < Vnav < Vstop

Turbulence from Annex A1
log. wind profile, Kaimal spectrum,
exponential coherent function.
Vstart < Vnav < Vstop
Weibull distribution
Vnav = Vmin, Vnom og Vmax
Yaw error (distribution) is calculated

Surplus for farm turbulence
Many time series of wind data necessary
to obtain extreme value
Yaw error (distribution) is calculated
Assessment of necessity for additional
time series of wind data
DS 472 (Table
5.4)
with
addendum
DS 472 (Table
5.4)
with
addendum

Unless otherwise documented, the following can be applied in DK (per year):
2000 low wind starter
700 generator switches
700 generator switches
50 high wind starter


Unless otherwise documented, the following can be applied in DK (per year)
2000 low wind stop
50 high wind stop
Normal load cases

Normal operation
6.2.1.1
6.2.1.1
Start and transient

load during switch
between generators
6.2.1.2
From free wheeling

(or still stand) to
normal operation and
switch between generators (at particular
wind speed)
6.2.1.2
Stop or transition to
controlled
free
wheeling
6.2.1.3
Normal
sequence
stop-
6.2.1.3
Stand still or controlled free wheeling
6.2.1.4

Vnav < Vmin
Vnav > Vmax (in case of free wheeling)
Weibull distribution
December 2001
Page 38
Extraordinary load cases

Extreme Wind conditions
6.2.2.1
Vnav = V10min
6.2.2.1
Vnav = V2s
6.2.2.1
6.2.2.2
Vnav = 10 25m/s
Simultaneously with wind direction
0 90
in 30 seconds
Wind speed given by manufacturer
6.2.2.3
6.2.2.4
6.2.2.4
Wind speed given by manufacturer

Vnav = 1.3Vmax
Vnav = 1.3Vmax
6.2.2.4
Vnav = 0.5V10min
Vnav = 0.5V10min
50-year
recurrence period
Transport, assembly
and erection of wind
turbine
Functional test
Emergency stop
Activation of air
brakes
Free wheeling with
activated air brakes
6.2.2.4
Combined with most unfavourable blade,

rotor and yawing positions (the structure
of the turbine can possibly exclude certain combinations of rotor position and
wind direction)
Electric grid cannot be calculated as
being present
Combined with most unfavourable blade,
rotor and yawing position (the structure
of the turbine can possibly exclude certain combinations of rotor position and
wind direction)
Electric grid cannot be calculated as
being present
U
Manual operation
Most unfavourable yaw error
Yaw error

50 hours
December 2001
U
U
U
U
Failure in yaw system
6.2.2.5
Vnav < Vmax

Vnav < Vmax

Most unfavourable yaw error (incl. rear
wind)

50 hours
Possibly exploitation of extra supervision
reduces yaw error/duration
p. 32
0.75V2s
Rotation frequency must not exceed nr,max
Technical
Criteria
p. 31
6.2.2.5
Vnav < Vmax
Blocking of rotor, pitch and yaw system
Vnav < Vmax

Vnav < Vmax
Vnav < Vmax
Vnav < Vmax
Yaw error
Yaw error
200 hours
Yaw error
Yaw error
200 hours
Vnav = Vmax
Vnav = Vmax
Yaw error
Yaw error
100 hours
6.2.2.5
Failure in one of the

safety systems
Working conditions
Failure in blade
angle adjustment
One blade in most
unfavourable position
Failure in air brake

system
tip brakes not in
normal position
Page 39
6.2.2.5
6.2.2.5
6.2.2.5
Accidental state
Free wheeling with
a
malfunctioning
aerodynamic brake
6.2.3
6.2.3
December 2001
Page 40
Annex B: LOAD CASES, with reference to the sections (DLC) in IEC 61400-1:
Load situation
DLC
Wind conditions*
1) Energy production
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.1
2.2
NTM Vhub=Vr or Vout

NTM Vin<Vhub < Vout
ECD Vhub=Vr
NWP Vhub=Vr or Vout
EOG1 Vhub=Vr or Vout
EWS Vhub=Vr or Vout
EDC50 Vhub=Vr or Vout
ECG Vhub=Vr
NWP Vhub=Vr or Vout
NWP Vhub=Vr or Vout
2.3
NTM Vin<Vhub < Vout
2) Production where failure

occurs
3) Upstart
Wave
conditions
Ice conditions
NWP Vin<Vhub < Vout

EOG1 Vhub=Vin, Vr
or Vout
3.3
EDC1 Vhub=Vin, Vr
or Vout
4) Normal Stop
4.1
NWP Vin<Vhub < Vout
4.2
5) Emergency stop
5.1
NWP Vhub=Vr or Vout
6) Parked (standing still or 6.1
EWM Vhub=Ve50
running)
6.2
NTM Vhub<0.7Vref
7) Parked and failure
7.1
EWM Vhub=Ve1
8) Transport, assembly, 8.1
To be inserted by the
maintenance and repair
manufacturer
Abbreviations, please refer to the next page
*
If none (normal) cut out wind speed Vout is defined, the value Vref should be applied.
Other conditions
External electric failure

Loss of grid
Control system failure

Protection system or subsequent internal electric
failure
Control or protection system failure
3.1
3.2
Possible loss of grid
December 2001
Calculation
type
U
F
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
Partial
factors
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
A
F
U
*
N
F
U
U
U
F
U
U
*
N
N
N
*
A
T
safety
Page 41
Explanation to table with load cases:

DLC Design load case
ECD Extreme coherent gust with direction change
ECG Extreme coherent gust
EDC Extreme direction change
EOG Extreme operating gust
EWM Extreme wind speed model
EWS Extreme wind shear
Subscript Recurrence period in years
NTM Normal turbulence model
NWP Normal wind profile model
F
Fatigue
U
Ultimate
N
Normal and extreme
A
Abnormal
T
Transport and erection
Partial safety factor for fatigue
December 2001
Page 42
Annex C: WEIGHTED PARTIAL SAFETY FACTOR AND

EFFECTS OF A MULTI-REPLICATED EVENT
C1
Introduction
Below is given a brief description of a method for determination of a combined determining load on stiff foundations for offshore wind turbines by means of a
weighted partial safety factor. The method is applicable notwithstanding whether or
not the loads are the result of a combination of extreme events, or whether they are the
result of a situation with an operational load which occurs several times together with
a corresponding wave load or an extreme ice load. The centre of attention is solely on
cylindrical structures equipped with a curved cone (which bends the ice downwards)
to minimise ice loading, previously done at e.g. the Middelgrunden. The method
has been developed with a view to determining the design loads, which are applicable
to the foundation, on the basis of maximum values in time series for wind, wave and
ice loads obtained by means of a mixture of simulations and tests.
A precise dimensioning presupposes a number of simulations, execution of model
testing (with ice and waves) and subsequent combined simulations. Nonetheless, the
Annex comes up with a number of proposals for approximated methods, which can be
used for rough calculations. As a minimum, the following should be examined:
a)
how big a difference is there between the mean value and the mean-max event
b)
that the approximation of the quadratic model of composition is satisfactory
c)
that the 10 minutes extreme event is close to a normal distribution, and
d)
that the coefficient of variation of the combined extreme response can be
weighted linearly in relation to the maximum values
C2
Determination of load combination in relation to a chosen level of probability for extreme loading
Below is given a preliminary and simplified model for determination of the weighted
partial safety factor. It is critical for the result that a careful selection of the combined
event for wind load and wave/ice load is undertaken.
As the partial safety factor of the wind load on 1.5 corresponds to a situation where
the wind load is given by the probability p = 7.6 x 10-4/year (T = 1320 years), partial
safety factors for combined loads (fR) can be determined on the basis of a comparison
of results from 2 simulations as the relation between the largest combined load corresponding to the 1320/year load and 50/year load (p = 7.6 x 10-4/year and p = 2 x 102
/year), respectively. Given that a situation with ice floes of such an insignificant size
that waves can occur is not assumed to be determining, the following two load combinations are observed:
1.
2.
1320/year event for both wind and wave load, and

1/year operational event for wind load combined with the 1320/year event for
ice load.
The corresponding partial safety factors are determined by:
December 2001
Page 43
Combined wind and wave load:

fR = Rmax (wind + waves for p = 7.6 x 10-4/year) / Rmax (wind + waves for p = 2 x 102
/year)
Combined wind and ice load:
fR = Rmax (wind for p = 1/year + ice for p = 7.6 x 10-4/year / Rmax (wind for p = 1/year
+ ice for p = 2 x 10-2/year)
As regards wind load it is assumed that the partial safety factor more or less pays
equal attention to the coefficient of variation and to the uncertainty attached to the
model. It is emphasized that the chosen method implies that the relative significance
of the model uncertainty, which is assumed in case of wind load calculations, is also
assumed to be applicable to wave and ice loads, i.e. the larger the coefficient of variation of the load is, the greater is also the uncertainty attached to the model. As the
distributions for wave and ice loads for the given type of foundation are often determined by means of model testing, analysis of external conditions and interpolation, it
is crucial that an assessment is made of whether the test results and field measurements are attached with model uncertainties, which relative significance is comparable to the model uncertainty in relation to wind loads. To be on the safe side, it should
be demonstrated that the test results and the analysis of field conditions overrate the
loads. Note should also be taken of the fact that the selected load combinations are
believed to be sufficient for the chosen type of foundation, but that they are not necessarily valid in general.
Alternatively, it would be possible to determine that the 3 acting external loads contain a relatively small, mean or large coefficient of variation and corresponding model
uncertainty with the following range of partial safety factors, and to apply this range
in connection with the load combination:
Load
Coefficient of variation and

model uncertainty for external loads
Mean
Small
Partial safety factor
Wind
1.5
Waves (top breaking, iner1.2
tia forces dominating)
Ice (ice cone on foundation) Large
1.8
Table C1
Range of partial safety factors on external loads
The following section describes an additional method for the handling of combined
loads in a given mode of operation, where many events occur several times with the
same wind conditions. This method is also applicable to extreme ice loading, where it
is also assumed that a certain amount of repeated events occur together with extreme
ice conditions.
December 2001

C3
Page 44
General observations regarding the combination of stationary stochastic

time series
If two stochastic independent stationary wave time series are overlaid (i.e. with same
direction), the power spectrum of the combined time series will equal the sum of the
two power spectra S.
From wave series 1 : m01 = o S1(f)df = variance of 12(t) = 12, Hs1 4 1, H1(1%) =
1.5 Hs1
From wave series 2 : m02 = o S2(f)df = variance of 22(t) = 22, Hs2 4 2, H2(1%) =
1.5 Hs2
where denotes the deviation, Hs denotes the significant wave height, and H(1%) denotes the wave height, which is exceeded by 1% of the waves.
The aggregate time series is given by the expression: m0t = m01 + m02 , t = (12 +
22)0.5, Hst 4 t, Ht(1%) = 1.5 Hst
The expressions for Hs og H1% are approximated, even though the wave periods deviate considerably. Thus, the variance of the two overlaid signals is combined linearly,
while the standard deviations are combined quadratically. All other parameters are
approx. proportional with the deviation. Even in situations with a relatively big difference in the periods of the time series, where the combined spectrum becomes doublepeaked, the combined parameters of the wave train can be related to the total deviation.
Simultaneously, in terms of non-correlated stochastic force/bending moment time
series, the variance of two combined times series is likewise denoted as the sum of the
two original variances, i.e. linearly, while the standard deviations are combined
quadratically. When the content of the period in question is somewhat different and
the physical character results in a different function of distribution, a different factor
(K) may appear between the maximum event (mean-max) minus the mean value and
the deviation. It cannot, however, be different than the combination of wave train with
different wave spectra.
The most simple way to weigh this is to assume that the maximum (mean-max) in the
combined time series can be calculated as a quadratic sum of the deviations from the
mean values plus the linear sum of the mean values. This way, an automatic weighing
of the factor kt on the deviation is obtained with which the maximum events deviate
from the mean value:
Ft = Fmean 1 + Fmean 2 + ((Fmax,1 - Fmean 1)2 +(Fmax,2 - Fmean 1)2)1/2
Fmax,1 = Fmean 1 + k11
Fmax,2 = Fmean 2 + k22
Ft = Fmean 1 + Fmean 2 + ktt
t = (12 + 22)1/2
ktt = ((k11)2 + (k22)2 )1/2
On the basis of simulations carried out by Ris, among others, it has been demonstrated that external loads on offshore wind turbine foundations in a number of in-
December 2001
Page 45
stances have approximately followed this simple model of composition, despite the
fact that the main content of the wind load is dominated by a tower period around 2.5.
s., while the wave load typically operates with a period twice that long. Examples of
application and establishment of a procedure for determination of a consistent set of
determining conditions on the basis of parameters given by means of simulations are
presented below. The more different the two force time series are with regard to the
content of the period and the factor between the maximum event minus the mean
value and deviation, the less accurate a simple model of composition will be. An ice
load can e.g. contain a high frequent component, which must be assessed individually.
Likewise, the ice load may change its type of rupture and mean value, which again
must be assessed individually.
For fully correlated events, i.e. where the maximum in one of the time series appears
simultaneously with the maximum in the other, the following applies:
Ft = Fmax,1 + Fmax,2 = Fmean 1 + Fmean 2 + ((Fmax,1 - Fmean 1)1 +(Fmax,2 - Fmean 1)1)1/1
If necessary a partly correlated empirical combination can be defined on the basis of:
Ft = Fmean 1 + Fmean 2 + ((Fmax,1 - Fmean 1)n +(Fmax,2 - Fmean 1)n)1/n,
where 1 < n <2
C4
Example of determination of weighted partial safety factors for extreme

wind and wave loads
Example:
Example
1
Water
depth
M
5.8
5.8
Combination
Frequency
All
Wind
2x10-2
7.6
x10-4
10
10
Waves
Wind +
waves
All
Wind
Waves
Wind +
waves
*
**
***
2x10-2
7.6
x10-4
Wind
load
(max.)*
Fx
My
Wave
load
(max.)**
Fx
My
Wind + wave
load***
Fx
My
fFx
fMy
MN
0.56
0.84
MNm
38.8
58.2
MN
1.60
MNm
10.6
MN
1.90
MNm
41.5
1.00
1.50
1.00
1.50
0.84
58.2
1,92
1.92
13,1
13.1
2.39
61.4
1,20
1.26
1,20
1.46
0.56
0.84
41.1
61.7
2.20
24.2
2.50
52.3
1.00
1.50
1.00
1.50
0.84
61.7
2.64
2.64
29.0
29.0
3.09
73.2
1.20
1.24
1.20
1.40
DS472
Determined on the basis of model testing combined with collection of statistics (preliminary typical
estimate)
Determined by means of simulations of combined time series. Preliminary estimate: It is assumed that
the mean wind loads represent half of the maximum wind loads, and that the combined loads can be calculated on the basis of
Fx = 0.5 Fx,wind + ((0.5 Fx,wind)2 +(Fx,wave)2)0.5 and My = 0.5 My,wind + ((0.5 My,wind)2 +(My,,wave)2)0.5
Table C2
C2
Example of determination of partial safety factors when using method
December 2001
Page 46
It should be noted that in this example test results weighted with the probability distribution for relevant wave and water level conditions have found that the partial
safety factor for wave load on the safe side can be set at 1.20, and that the example is
based on the preconditions a) and b) from section C1. Thus, in so far as concerns precondition a), it is assumed that the mean wind force constitutes half of the mean-max
event. It appears from the above that the partial safety factor on the combined load for
horizontal force in the above example is in the range of 1.25, while the partial safety
factor on the bending moment is in the range of 1.45.
C5
Composition of operational loads with corresponding wave load
First, the number of repetitions n of the given mode of operation over the life time for
operational wind load and operational wind load combined with wave load, respectively, are determined. A philosophy of certainty is defined based on the assumption
that the averaged weather condition will deteriorate in the entire life time, i.e. corresponding to a situation where the recurrence period of the maximum event in the observed mode of operation occurs twice as often as normally. The number of events are
therefore multiplied by a factor 2
Hereafter, a number of simulations are carried out for wind load and simulations/model testing of wave load for determination of the maximum response for each
of the external loads. On the basis of these the distribution function of the maximum
event is determined by means of the method described in section C3. As the tail of
this distribution is particularly important to the extrapolation from 1 to n repetitions of
the observed mode of operation, the number of selected simulations shall, in order to
be able to determine the distribution of the tail with certainty, be considerably higher
than the five mentioned in section 3.1.2. for determination of the mean value of the
maximum event. Otherwise, it should be assumed that the extreme events have a certain distribution (e.g. Gumbel) and then simply estimate the parameters in this distribution on the basis of an appropriate number of simulations, which must usually be
higher than five. It is, among other things, important to note that the number of simulations set forth in section 3.1.2 only apply to determination of mean values. Determination of other distribution properties usually demands more simulations. It is also
important to note that a conclusion, which rests on a higher number of simulations is
not necessarily better than a result, which rests on a distribution assumption combined
with a limited number of simulations.
Preliminary analyses have shown that it can be assumed that at least the extreme event
for the shear force below the foundation during normal operation is based on a normal
distribution. In terms of the bending moment, analyses show that the maximum event
rests on a Gumbel distribution. On the basis of the different simulations, the best estimate of the deviation is determined. If there are deviations from the assumption of a
normal distribution, emphasis is given to the most rare events on the basis of which a
conservative estimate for deviations in the approximated normal distribution is made.
Based on the number of events (n), the factor K is hereafter determined by which the
deviation in relation to the mean-max value shall be multiplied in order to allow the
probability of deviation to become 1/n. The factor K for the normal distribution is
shown in Fig. C1.
December 2001
Page 47
0
1 10
Fig. C1
1 10
1 10
1 10
1 10
5
x
i
1 10
1 10
0.01
0.1
k-factor in normal distribution
In Fig. C2 and C3 the relative distributions in relation to the mean-max events for
horizontal force (Fx) and bending moment (My) are illustrated.
Fig. C2
Illustration of functions of distribution for maximum horizontal force

from wind, waves/ice and combined wind with waves/ice for a given
simulation period and in a given mode of operation.
December 2001
Fig. C3
Page 48
Illustration of functions of distribution for maximum bending moment

from wind, waves/ice and combined wind with waves/ice for a given
simulation period and in a given mode of operation.
Example
Ex.
Water
depth
No. of
10
min.
events
in life
time
1
2
5,8
10
*
**
***
***
3.000
3.000
Wind load (max.)
Fxv
(mean
- max)
Myv
(mean
- max)
MN
MNm
0.69
0.69
44.8
47.7
Wave load (max.)
Vv
0.05
0.05
Fxb
(mean
- max)
Myb
(mean
- max)
MN
MNm
1.40
1.93
9.3
21.2
Wind + wave load**
Vb
**
0.12
0.12
Fx
(mean
- max)
*
MN
My
(mean
- max)
*
MNm
1+
kVFx
1.87
2.39
47.4
58.0
1.35
1.37
1+
kVMy
1.22
1.26
Fx
(max)
***
My
(max)
***
MN
MNm
2.52
3.27
57.9
72.9
Preliminary estimate of mean-max. values (based on the assumption that the mean wind load constitutes
65 % of maximum wind load):
Fx = 0.65 Fx wind + ((0.35 Fx,wind)2 +(Fx,wave)2)0.5 and My = 0.65 My,wind + ((0.35 My,wind)2 +(My,,wave)2)0.5
Only applicable to heavy shallow wave loads dominated by inertia forces
Fx (max) = Fx (mean-max) x (1 + kVFx )
My(max) = (My (mean-max) x ( 1 + kVMy)
where k is determined on the basis of the number of events for the normal distribution (k = 3.1 for n =
1000, k = 3.4 for n = 3.000, k = 3.75 for n = 10.000, k = 4.05 for n = 30.000)
Table C3
Example of determination of maximum combined operational wind

force and corresponding wave force
Preliminary estimate: VFx = (Vv x Fxv + Vb x Fxb)/(Fxv + Fxb), VMy = (Vv x Myv +Vb x
Myb)/(Myv +Myb)
It should be noted that the example is based on the preconditions c) and d) in section
C1. As regards this particular load case, there is no partial safety factor but a factor =
1 + kV of approx. 1.35 for horizontal force and approx. 1.25 for bending moment,
which allows for the number of repetitions and for the coefficient of variation. Thus,
December 2001
Page 49
contribution from the model uncertainty is not included in the determination of the
partial safety factor. Furthermore, it should be noted that Vv denotes the coefficient of
variation of Fxv and Myv and simultaneously of Vb, VFx og VM. The coefficient of
variation is defined by:
deviation of max Fxv
Vv =
mean - max of Fxv
C6
load
Composition of extreme ice load with corresponding (operational) wind
First, the number of repetitions for the given mode of operation in the life time for
extreme ice load combined with operational wind load are determined. A number of
simulations/model testing of ice load and wind (see section C5 for a discussion on the
required number of simulations) are carried out for determination of the distribution
of the maximum event. In the case of ice load conversion to an event corresponding to
a frequency of 2 x 10 -2 (characteristic load) and 7.6 x 10-4 (design load), respectively, is used. In the example below, this corresponds to a situation where the characteristic load is multiplied by a factor of approx. 2.0 (for the kind of bending rupture
which occurs on cone structures) in order to find the ice load corresponding to a frequency of 7.6 x 10-4. Hereafter, equivalent simulations of the combined events are
carried out.
Preliminary analyses have shown that it can be assumed that at least the maximum
event for the shear force below the foundation is based on a normal distribution. On
the basis of the different simulations, the best estimate of the deviation is made. If
there are deviations from the assumption of a normal distribution, emphasis is given
to the most rare events on the basis of which a conservative estimate of the deviation
in the approximated normal distribution is made.
December 2001
Page 50
Example:
Frequency 2 x 10-2:
Ex.
Water
depth
No. of
10
min.
events
1
2
5.8
10
100
100
Ex.
Water
depth
No. of
10
min.
events
Fxv
(mean
-max)
Myv
(mean
-max)
MN
0.69
0.69
MNm
44.8
47.7
Frequency 7.6 x 10-4:
1
2
Wind load (max.)
5,8
10
*
**
***
100
100
Iice load (max.)
Vv
0.05
0.05
Wind load (max.)
Fxv
(mean
-max)
Myv
(mean
-max)
MN
0.69
0.69
MNm
44.8
47.7
Fxi
(mean
-max)
Myi
(mean
-max)
MN
1.00
1.00
MNm
10.3
14.8
Wind + ice load**
Vi
**
0.12
0.12
Ice load (max.)
Vv
0.05
0.05
Fxi
(mean
-max)
Myi
(mean
-max)
MN
2.00
2.00
MNm
20.6
29.6
Fx (meanmax)
*
My
(mean
-max)
*
MN
1.51
1.51
MNm
51.1
57.1
My
Fx
(max)
***
My
(max)
***
1.21
1.21
1.15
1.15
MN
1.82
1.82
MNm
58.6
65.9
1+
kVFx
1+
kV
My
Fx
(max)
***
My
(max)
***
1.17
1.18
MN
3.05
3.05
MNm
68.4
80.7
1+
kVFx
1+
kV
Wind + ice load**
Vi
**
0.12
0.12
Fx (meanlmax)
*
My
(meanl
-max)
*
MN
2.48
2.48
MNm
58.7
68.6
1.23
1.23
Preliminary estimate for mean-max values for foundation with ice cone:
Fx = 0.65 Fx,wind + 0.55 Fx,ice + ((0.35 Fx,wind)2 +(0.45 Fx,ice)2)0.5
and My = 0.65 My,wind + 0.55 My,ice + ((0.35 My,wind)2 +(0.45 My,ice)2)0.5
Only applicable to ice load on cone and with mean wind load = 65 % of maximum wind load
Fx (max) = Fx (mean-max) x (1 + kVFx ), My(max) = My (mean-max) x ( 1 + kVMy)
where k is determined by the number of events for the normal distribution (k = 2.3 for n = 100, k = 3.1
for n = 1000, k = 3.4 for n = 3.000,
k = 3.75 for n = 10.000, k = 4.05 for n = 30.000)
Table C4
Example of determination of maximum combined extreme ice force

with operational wind force. Reference is made to the table in section
C5 for a description of the coefficients of variation Vv, Vi and so forth.
In this scenario there is a partial safety factor containing the difference between the
mean-max values of approx. 1.65 for horizontal force (2.48/1.51 and approx. 1.20 for
bending moment (58.7/51.1 and 68.6/57.1), respectively. These factors allow for, inter
alia, model uncertainty based on the preconditions given in section C2. In addition a
factor = 1 +kV of approx. 1.20 is found which takes due consideration to the number
of repetitions and to the coefficient of variation.
At this point an assessment of a stiff foundation with ice load on 55o cone without
significant dynamic reinforcement is made only. On the basis of tests with ice load,
the following (mean-max) parameters for ice load are determined:
where
Fi = Fi0 + Fivar + Fihigh
Fi0 = quasi stationary component

Fivar = variable component in period interval approx. 1-10 s
Fihigh = high frequent component
December 2001
Page 51
The following rough model is applied:

Horizontal: Fi0 + Fihigh = 0.55 Fi, Fivar = 0.45 Fi,
Vertical: Fiz = 0.5 Fi operating in high water level
Preliminary estimate: VFx = (Vv x Fxv + Vi x Fxi)/(Fxv + Fxi)
VMy = (Vv x Myv + Vb x Myi)/(Myv + Myi)
On the basis of an assessment note (see Ref. /4/ to section 3.3.3), which describes Ralstons theory and gives an estimate of the time variation, the expressions Fi0 = 0.55 Fi,
Fivar = 0.45 Fi (i.e. exclusive of a high frequent component) are applied. On the contrary, Fi0 is calculated on the basis of Ralstons formula to be higher than otherwise
experienced from tests.
December 2001
Page 52
Annex D. IEC Class S Description

IEC(ENV) 1400-1, 1st edition:1994 (Wind Turbine Generator Systems Safety Requirements) and IEC 61400-1, 2nd edition:1999 are not valid, neither in Denmark, nor
in Europe. To facilitate persons seeking an approval in countries which have implemented the IEC norm, we have made a translation of the Danish reference turbine
for an IEC-class S turbine described herein, i.e. as specified in IEC 61400-1, 2nd edition:1999.
In extraordinary situations, it may be necessary to supplement the Danish codes with
e.g. DIN standards.
The tabulation in the below table corresponds to the requirements specified in IEC
61400-1, 2nd edition, Annex A. A specification of the structural safety has, however,
been added, which shall be taken into consideration.
D.1 Machine parameters
To be negotiated between buyer/seller and be filled out
Machine parameters:
Maximum effect
Hub height wind speed - operating range
Technical life time
Parameter
Vin Vout
Dim.
kw
m/s
year
D.2 Wind conditions

Wind conditions:
Characteristic turbulence intensity as a function of
mean wind speed, fatigue
Parameter
Characteristic turbulence intensity as a function of

mean wind speed, extreme wind
I = 1 / ln (h / z0 )
Annual mean wind speed

The stated annual mean wind speeds are applicable to
structural calculations only.
50 m height. To be extrapolated according to DS 472 with z0 = 0.001 m

The interior Danish waters: 8.5
Calculation according to Wasp or similar
I = 1 / ln (h / z 0 )
Dim
-
z0 = 0.001 m (4)
-
z0 = 0.004 m
Mean inclination of flow

Wind speed distribution (Weibull, Rayleigh, measured,
other)
Reference wind speed
0
Weibull, parameters from European Wind
Atlas
See e.g. addendum to DS 472
(NWP) Normal wind profile model and parameters
Logarithmic profile.
m/s
Deg.
m/s
m/s
v10 min ( v ) = vb k t ln( h / z0 )
M/s
z0 = 0.001m, kt = 0.16
Turbulence model and parameters
Kaimal,
Model for farm-generated turbulence

(EWM) Extreme wind speed at hub height
See e.g. addendum to DS 472
(EOG) Model for extreme wind gusts and parameters,

for 1-year and 50-year recurrence period
(EDC) Extreme wind direction change: model and
( L, n ) = exp( 12( nL /V10 min ))
m/s
Ve50 = v b k t (ln( hnav z 0 ) + 3) ,
m/s
z0 = 0.004 m, kt see NWP above.

Ve1=0.75Ve50 , VeN 2s mean
m/s
Is not applied in DK. For export IEC

61400-1 - model is applied
Is applicable to offshore installations. If the turbine is also applied onshore, a higher zo value shall be
selected and be indicated here
December 2001

parameters for 1-year and 50-year recurrence period
(ECG) Model for extreme coherent wind gusts and
parameters
(EDC) Model for extreme coherent wind gusts with
change of direction and parameters
(EWS) Model for extreme vertical wind speed change
of parameters
Wind conditions during erection and operation
Page 53

In 30 s: both
Wind speed 1025, Direction 090
Separate report
M/s, deg
D.3 Structural safety

The definition of structural safety is not included in IEC 61400-1, Annex A. However,
a wind turbine which is designed for another safety level than 61400-1 is also designated as a class S wind turbine (IEC61400-1, section 5.3, para 3). Furthermore, the
objective of the definition in Annex A is that there shall be no doubt as to which wind
turbine design reference is made to. Consequently, this section D.3 must be included
in a class S specification.
The structural safety of the turbines is determined according to Danish codes of
practice.
For use in IEC 61400-1 situations, the level of safety can be illustrated by the following crucial partial safety factors6 for normal safety class
Partial safety factors5:
Parameter
Wind load
Gravity load
Inertia loads
Operational loads
Steel, yield stress
Reinforcement
Concrete
Danish
standards,
1.5
1.0
1.0
1.3
1.30
1.25
1.48
Quantile
COV %
5%,5%
5%,5%
5%,15%
p%,
IEC 61400-1,
1.35
1.1
1.25
1.35
>1.04
>1.04
>1.16
IEC 61400-1 with selection of

Danish codes for materials
1.35
1.1
1.25
1.35
1.30
1.25
1.48
The first column depicts a selection of partial safety factors in situations where Danish
codes of practice shall be applied exclusively. Comparison with IEC 61400-1 cannot
be precise as this code does not have a well defined safety level. This is due to the fact
that the choice of national codes of practice as regards materials is optional. In Denmark, for instance, Danish codes on the choice of materials will be applied. Therefore,
the safety level of IEC 61400-1 will be dependent on the applied codes of practice.
The last column gives an indication of the level, if Danish codes of practice for materials are used in conjunction with IEC 61400-1. The level will be changed, if similar
codes from other countries are applied.
Foundation, tower, nacelle and rotor are constructed for a normal safety class7. Elements of the structure in the safety system, which have a bearing on the safety, are
constructed for a high safety class.
5
This table serves as an illustration of partial sqfety factors in connection with the IEC, class S description only.
As regards requirements to partial safety factors in this offshore wind turbine design basis, reference is made to the
previous chapters.
6
The term safety level is applied as a designation for the combination of chosen partial coefficients and quantiles selected as characteristic values for loads and material strengths.
7
Safety classes defined in DS
December 2001
Page 54
D.4 Electric conditions

The following table should be filled out after negotiations between buyer/seller
Electric grid conditions

Normal voltage and interval of variation
Normal grid frequency and interval of variation
Voltage instability
Maximum duration of grid failure
Number of electric failures
Auto-reclosing cycles (description)
Behavior during symmetric and asymmetric failure (description)
Parameter
Dim.
V
Hz
V
sec, h, days
Year-1
D.5 Other external conditions

Other external conditions
Soil strengths, statistics
Soil strengths, dynamics
Normal sea level and extremes
Model for waves and wave direction, extreme heights corresponding to 1year and 50-year recurrence intervals
Model for current, extreme velocities corresponding to 1-year and 50-year
recurrence intervals
Model for ice forces: extreme ice forces as a function of cross section, corresponding to 1- year and 50-year recurrence intervals
Ship impact
Begroning (description)
Materials (description)
Normal and extreme temperatures
Humidity
Air density
Solar rays
Rain, hail, snow and icing (icing: see Part 3)
Active chemical substances
Active mechanical particles
Description of lightening protection system
Earthquake model and parameters
Salinity
Parameter
Part 3
Part 3
Part 2
Part 2
Dim.
Part 2
Part 2
Part 2
Part 2
Part 4
DS 472
Detailed examination
DS 472
1000
C
%
kg/m3
W/m2
Part 5
Detailed examination
g/m3
December 2001
Page 55
Annex E: Illustrations of waves in low waters

In this Annex examples are given of results from calculation of kinematics in high
waves in low waters (Per Madsen and Harry Bingham). The results illustrate the capability of the model to handle steep waves.
The figure shows the wave elevation () as a function of the time (t) for a section of a
time series comprising the highest calculated crest near the wind turbine:
The figure below shows simultaneous horizontal velocities u (in m/s) as a function of
t near wind turbine in different levels (wave crest (z = ), mean water surface (z = 0),
half water depth (z = -h/2) and seabed (z = -h)) for the same time series as the one
indicated above:
December 2001
Page 56
The figure below shows horizontal velocities closest to the highest crest: Time steps
for wave troughs before wave crest are shown (approx. t = 954 s) to wave crest (approx. t = 957.5 s).
December 2001

E.1
Page 57
Typical wave parameters for high waves in low waters (isolated waves
calculated on the basis of the stream function wave theory).
The below figure can be used graphically to estimate the wave profile for isolated
waves on the basis of 3 points, which can be read when wave height, wave length and
water depth have been established, and it is estimated that the wave profile is symmetric around wave crest.
The figure shows the relationship wave trough (EtaMin) / wave crest (EtaMax) for
different wave heights (H = wave height, h = water depth):
1,2
-EtaMin/etaMax
1
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
H/h
Distance from mean water surface to crest (L=wavelength)
x=Distance from wave crest to eta=0.

0,3
0,25
x/L
0,2
0,15
0,1
0,05
0
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
H/h
December 2001
Page 58
Annex F Particular conditions for specific foundation concepts

At any given time it shall be documented that soil conditions with higher strengths
and stiffnesses than the ones stated, do not give rise to ruptures in the soil carrying
capacity, unacceptable stress concentrations and deformations in both structure and
soil with corresponding damage. This also applies to allowable differential settlements
of the structure.
For all foundation types the effect of the cyclical load on the soil stiffness shall be
assessed, and it shall be demonstrated that no critical response will occur within the
elements of uncertainty which are attached to the applied method of analysis. The
effect shall possibly be substantiated by means of laboratory tests, where the sample(s) is exposed to a load history corresponding to the most severe dynamic load
case.
Direct foundation
The following relevant limit conditions shall, inter alia, be taken into account:
Total stability failure

Rupture in soil carrying capacity
Sliding ruptures
Combined ruptures in soil and structure
Ruptures due to foundation movements
Unacceptable movements and oscillations
Eigenfrequency analysis
If direct foundation is used the effect of cyclical load on the soil stiffness shall be assessed, and it shall be verified that no critical response will occur within the elements
of uncertainty, which are attached to the applied method of analysis. The effect shall
possibly be substantiated by means of laboratory tests, where the sample(s) is exposed
to a load history corresponding to the most severe load case, which is deemed to emanate from the wind load. As the working curves for structure and soil are difficult to
determine, the structure should therefore be treated in a geotechnical class 3.
Sliding
If passive earth pressure is calculated, documentation of the expected damage percent
must be provided (e.g. scour), also if filling around the foundation is accounted. The
maximum allowable damage percent shall at any given time be adjusted to the specific project.
The sliding analysis shall include both horizontal forces and torsion moments around
the vertical axle of the structure.
Sliding shall be examined in 2 cases:
According to DS 415
In case the structure is founded on layers of clay, the possibility for softening the
layer of clay shall be examined. cu = k x , where the parameter k (typical value:
December 2001
Page 59
0.4<k<0.55) is determined on the basis of tests or experienced values for corresponding soil, and with due consideration to the relevant rate of deformation.
Eigenfrequencies
In connection with calculation of eigenfrequencies springs can be attached to the
foundation, which demonstrate the stiffness of the soil, see e.g. DNV (1992) Classification Notes N0. 30.4, Foundations.
Furthermore, drainage conditions must usually by assumed in such a way that they are
unfavourable to the structure.
In relation to normal Danish geological formations, the following is emphasised:
- Unhardened lime (H1): Friction conditions shall be analysed.
- Cracked hardened lime: If intact samples cannot be found, the geotechnical properties shall be elucidated by means of relevant in-situ tests, e.g. pressiometer tests.
Direct foundation skirt
If the stability of the foundation is based on a full/partly exploitation of differential
water pressure for bearing aspects of brief tensile forces, documentation shall furthermore contain an assessment of safety precautions against hydraulic instability.
If skirt foundations are applied for horizontal bearing aspects, documentation for stability of both the structure and the surrounding soil shall be provided.
If the skirt has been exposed to an obstruction with corresponding damage, and the skirt forms part of the total
structure, the contribution of the skirt to the stability of the behaviour of the structure shall not be taken into consideration.
Pile foundation
Pile foundations with large pile dimensions (incl. connection between piles and
structure) shall be dimensioned in accordance with the principles in the offshore code
DS 449 and conventional offshore practice (see e.g. DNV Class Note 30.4).
The piles shall be dimensioned for possible scour of the seabed around the structure
(scour).
The foundation shall be examined in the following situations:
Elastic ultimate limit state
Plastic ultimate limit state
Fatigue, which shall contain the effects of the actual fatigue load on the structures
and possible partial damage caused by the effects from pile driving
Pile driving analysis
In the analysis of the elastic ultimate limit state, stresses in piles and structure are examined. Only one pile is allowed to reach the yield point as a maximum.
December 2001
Page 60
In the analysis of the plastic ultimate limit state, the total stability of the entire structure is analysed. In this analysis, the piles are allowed to yield, as long as the piles can
absorb the design loads.
As a first estimate, the pile length of a transverse loaded pile is determined on the basis of the criteria that there
must not be any characteristic deflection at the point where the deflection line passes the neutral line for the second
time during extreme loading (zero toe-kick).
Usually, the above results in the determination of a somewhat conservative pile length. A more realistic requirement is attached to the permanent deformation (the inclination of the pile in the vertical plane) following a substantial number of load variations together with an aesthetic demand for inclination of the wind turbine tower, and
partly a structural demand regarding additional loads on turbine structure and foundation.
The structure shall be dimensioned for the situation where it is intermediately placed
on the seabed on carrying plates/pile pattern before the pile driving.
Possible loads on the surrounding structure from pile driving shall be carefully assessed.
In relation to normal Danish geological formations, the following is emphasised:
When transferring experienced values from clay tills from other locations, due emphasis must be given to whether the clay tills do in fact have the same lime content as
this may otherwise give rise to a modification of parameters.
Suction buckets
The foundation shall be analysed with respect to the following situations:
Installation of the suction buckets.

Plastic ultimate limit condition
Operational limit condition
Shake-up
The buckets shall be dimensioned in such a way that they can be pressed down by
their own weight or be sucked down by means of negative pressure inside the bucket.
If the buckets are sucked down, it shall be demonstrated that the penetration resistance
is lower than the driving force, and that the soil inside the bucket is not elevated apart
from the contribution from displaced materials during installation.
As seabed scour along the circumference of the foundation is particularly critical towards the carrying capacity of this type of foundation, particular vigilance in relation
hereto shall be exerted.
December 2001
Page 61
Geotechnical parameters
A table shall be prepared for the characteristics of the individual soil layers, which
clearly states the relevant position(s) and which parameters of strength and deformation are used in the individual soil layers and cases.
Normally, the following geotechnical parameters are established, as defined in DS
415:
Classification parameters (, s, Ip, particle distribution curve)
Strength parameters (, c, cu, k, )
Deformation parameters (E, Eu, K, Q)
Dynamic parameters (d/dt, Gdyn)
The Danish Energy Agencys Approval Scheme for Wind Turbines

/ Ris December 2001
December 2001

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Recommendation for Offshore Wind Turbines

The Danish Energy Agencys Approval Scheme for Wind Turbines

Recommendation for Offshore Wind Turbines

CLIMATIC PARAMETERS AND SAFETY IN RELATION TO DS 472 .............................. 7

LOADS AND LOAD CASES........................................................................................................ 9

MATERIALS AND CORROSION ............................................................................................ 29

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY ............................................................................................................. 33

Recommendation for Offshore Wind Turbines

Recommendation for Offshore Wind Turbines

Recommendation for Offshore Wind Turbines

conceptual and detailed design of foundations

access and working conditions during erection and operation

1.2 Preconditions and references to codes of practice

Recommendation for Offshore Wind Turbines

Recommendation for Offshore Wind Turbines

2. CLIMATIC PARAMETERS AND SAFETY IN RELATION TO DS 472

Information about the addendum to DS 472, can be found at

Annual mean wind speeds

2.2.2 Safety level and integrated safety

Simplified formula for turbulence intensity in farms

Recommendation for Offshore Wind Turbines

Recommendation for Offshore Wind Turbines

3. LOADS AND LOAD CASES

Recommendation for Offshore Wind Turbines

3.1.2 Scope of simulations

Recommendation for Offshore Wind Turbines

Recommendation for Offshore Wind Turbines

Recommendation for Offshore Wind Turbines

3.3.2.1 The design wave condition

Recommendation for Offshore Wind Turbines

Regular wave forces

Recommendation for Offshore Wind Turbines

If wavelengths are long relative to the characteristic dimensions of the foundation,

DS 449 Plefunderede Offshore Stlkonstruktioner (DS 449 Pile-supported

3.3.3.1 Flow velocity components

Tide generated current

Recommendation for Offshore Wind Turbines

3.3.4.1 Water level

Recommendation for Offshore Wind Turbines

Recommendation for Offshore Wind Turbines

3.3.6.1 Ice parameters

Compressive strength ru,

Upon proper documentation of insignificant or none characteristic values for ice

Recommendation for Offshore Wind Turbines

Recommendation for Offshore Wind Turbines

Richtlinie: Windkraftanlagen Einwirkungen und Standsicherheitsnachweise fr

Calling of characteristic service vessel with stem

-Accidental limit state:

Unintended collision with floating vessel large

3.3.8.1 Design criteria

Recommendation for Offshore Wind Turbines

Loads during erection

DS/R 461 Transport og installation af offshore konstruktioner (transport and

Recommendation for Offshore Wind Turbines

External load (0<t<T):

Illustration of dimensioning of specific section of the structure

Recommendation for Offshore Wind Turbines

The following shall be taken into account: