Duct Design - Equal Friction Method

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 35

Method of Duct Design Lecture No.(1) By Badran M.

Salem

Advanced Air Duct Design


Introduction
Correct air diffusion, as well as the proper quantity of conditional air
conditioned, is essential for comfortable conditions in forced systems. A
well designed air duct system, either commercial or industrial, must
consider most of the following system design factors: (1) space
availability; (2) space air diffusion; (3) noise levels; (4) duct leakage; (5)
duct heat gain and losses; (6) balancing; (7) fire and smoke control; (8)
initial investment cost; (9) system operating cost.
Any deficiency in duct design may result in a system that does not
operate properly. These deficiencies include system, which are
excessively expensive to own and / or operate. Poor air distribution can
cause discomfort, and lack sound attenuators may result in objectionable
noise levels. Poor duct construction or lack of duct sealing can cause
inadequate airflow rates at the terminal units. Inadequate airflow is also
caused by excessive heat gains/losses, which can be avoided with proper
duct insulation. Poor design of the branches concerning main ducts may
result in unbalanced systems. As a part of our course, we redesigned the
duct system in the building. Moreover, we resized all the ducts depending
on the actual data that we have calculated.

Duct Design Methods


The most common methods of air duct system design are: (1) equal
friction, velocity reduction, static regain and variations such as total
pressure, and constant velocity. The choice of design method is the
designers and the system design with the minimum owning and
operating cost depends on both the application and ingenuity of the
designer. No single duct design method will automatically produce the

Method of Duct Design Lecture No.(1) By Badran M. Salem

most economical duct system for all conditions. Air-conditioning and


ventilation systems, and exhaust systems conveying vapors, gases, and
smoke are generally designed by the equal friction method. Exhaust
systems conveying particulates are designed with a minimum constant
velocity.

Equal Friction Method


The principle of this method is to size a systems ductwork for a
constant pressure loss per unit length of duct. At the higher air flow rates,
however, it may be necessary to limit the velocity so as not to generate
objectionable noises. Once the system is sized, the total pressure losses
for the main and branch sections from junction-to-junction /fan/terminal
may be calculated and the total pressure grade line plotted.
After the system has been designed and the total pressure grade line
plotted, sections of ductwork may be redesigned to achieve an
approximate balance at the junctions without relying entirely on
balancing dampers. If the pressure available for the duct system is
known, as it is for packaged equipment, this pressure can be divided by
the total equivalent length of the run with the apparent highest resistance,
to obtain a design friction loss value per unit length. After the system is
sized, the system total pressure requirements can be compared to that
available, and if there is a considerable difference, a redesign and
recalculation are necessary.

Velocity Reduction Method


This method consists of selecting the velocity at the fan discharge,
and designing for progressively lower velocities in the main of each
junction or branch duct. The return air ductwork is sized similarly,
starting with the highest velocity at the fan suction and decreasing
2

Method of Duct Design Lecture No.(1) By Badran M. Salem

progressively in the direction of the return intakes. With the ducts sized
and the fittings known, the total pressure losses can be calculated, the
pressure gradients plotted, and the minimum pressure loss or critical path
of the system established.
A refinement of this method involves sizing the branch ducts to
dissipate the pressure available at the entrance to each. The pressure loss
of the ductwork between the fan and first branch take-off is subtracted
from the total fan pressure to obtain the available pressure at the first
junction. Through trial, a branch velocity is found that results in the
branch pressure loss being equal to or less than the pressure available.
The procedure is repeated for each branch.

Static Regain Method


The static regain method is design procedure in which the ducts are
sized so that the increase in static pressure (static regain) at each take-off
offsets the pressure loss of the succeeding section of ductwork. This
method is especially suited for high velocity installations having long
runs with many take-offs or terminal units. With this design procedure,
approximately the same static pressure exists at the entrance to each
branch, which simplifies outlet or terminal unit selection and system
balancing. With the ductwork sized by this method, the systems total
pressure losses can be calculated. The major disadvantage of this method,
however, is that excessively large ducts (low velocities) result at the end
of long duct runs.
The total pressure design method is adaptation of the static regain
method. This method is advantageous since a designer has knowledge of
the intermediate system pressures and control of duct sizes and velocities.

Method of Duct Design Lecture No.(1) By Badran M. Salem

Constant Velocity Method


Since the constant velocity design method is generally applied to
exhaust systems conveying particulates, and since these systems are
usually round, this method is applied for round ducts only.

Duct Design Procedures


The general procedure for duct design is as follows:
1. Study the plans of the building and arrange the supply and return
outlets to provide proper distribution of air within each space. Adjust
calculated actual air quantities for duct heat gains or losses and duct
leakage. Also, adjust the supply, return, and/or exhaust air quantities
to meet space pressurization requirements.
2. Select outlet sizes from manufacturers data.
3. Sketch the duct system, connecting the supply outlets and return
intakes with the central station apparatus, taking recognizance of the
building construction, and avoiding all structural obstructions and
equipment. The space allocated for the supply and return ducts often
dictates the system layout and the shape of the ductwork.
4. Determine the size of main and all branches by the selected design
method.
5. Calculate the total pressure requirements of all duct sections, both
supply and return, and then plot the total pressure grade line.
6. To design a system with the minimum owning and operating costs,
repeat steps 4 and 5 with different duct sizes. It is necessary to
estimate the cost of the initial design and the incremental cost
variations due to the redesigns.

Method of Duct Design Lecture No.(1) By Badran M. Salem

7. Layout the system in detail. If significant duct routing and fitting


variations have occurred from the original design, recalculate the
pressure losses.
8. Redesign the duct branches to minimize the balancing necessary by
dampers.
9. Analyze the design for objectionable noise levels and specify sound
attenuators as necessary.
10. Select the fan.

Air Duct Design


Equal Friction Method
This method is used to determine the diameter of air duct, so that
the duct friction loss per unit length at various duct section always remain
constant. The final dimensions of sized ducts should be rounded to
standard size. The procedure of this method is as follows:
1.

Select a suitable velocity in the main duct from sound level


considerations as given in the table.

2.

Knowing the air flow rate from the load estimation.

3.

The sized of the main duct and friction loss are determined.

4.

The remaining ducts are then sized respectively.

Method of Duct Design Lecture No.(1) By Badran M. Salem

Example:
The system shown below, find the size of the main duct and branches.

First we will use the Equal friction method.


The main duct A-B.
The total flow rate is,

Qt Q1 Q2 Q2
Qt 4 3 1 8 m 3 / s
We assume the velocity in the main duct A B and size the duct

V 8 m/s
Qt

d 2V

4
48
d
1.128 m
8

Friction losses in the main duct A-B

Method of Duct Design Lecture No.(1) By Badran M. Salem

fL V 2
P
d 2
Assume the roughness of the surface from the table and calculate the
value,

0.00015
0.000133
1.128

We can calculate the Reynolds number for air in the main duct after
finding the viscosity and density of the air from the table.
The properties of the air is at 25 oC.

Re

Vd 1.184 8 1.128

5.80 10 5
6

18.413 10

From Moody chart, we can find the fraction factor, f

f 0.0145
0.0145 30 8 2
P 1.184

14.61 Pa
1.128
2
P
0.487 Pa / m
L
The branch B-E.

Q AV
4Q
V2
8Q 2
V
,
2 4
2
d 2
d

Method of Duct Design Lecture No.(1) By Badran M. Salem

P
f 8Q 2

L
d 2d 4
8 fQ 2 5 8 1.184 0.0145 1
d

0.491 m
2
5

0.487
2 P

L
4Q
V 2 5.281 m / s
d
By using the value of d and V, we can calculate the Reynolds number
again and modify the value of d and V if possible as follows,
The first modification of d and V gives,

Re

Vd 1.184 5.281 0.491

1.66 105
6

18.413 10

0.00015
0.000305
0.491

f 0.016

d 0.501 m
V 5.073 m / s
The second modification of d and V gives,

Re

Vd 1.184 5.073 0.501

1.63 10 5
6

18.413 10

0.00015
0.000299
d
0.513
f 0.016

The same fraction factor, so the value of d and V does not change.

Method of Duct Design Lecture No.(1) By Badran M. Salem

d 0.501 m
V 5.073 m / s
We can check the volume flow rate is less or higher the design value,

Qcal AV

d 2V

0.5012 5.073 1.000069 m 3 / s

This is acceptable value.


The branch B-C.

8 fQ 2 5 8 1.184 0.016 7 2
d

1.091 m
2
5

0.487
2 P

L
4Q
47
V 2
7.489 m / s
d
1.0912
The first modification of d and V gives,

Re

Vd 1.184 7.79 1.0696

5.25 105
6

18.413 10

0.00015
0.000137
1.091

f 0.0146
The same fraction factor we used, so the value of d and V does not
change.

d 1.071 m
V 7.768 m / s
The second modification of d and V gives,

Method of Duct Design Lecture No.(1) By Badran M. Salem

Re

Vd 1.184 7.768 1.071

5.35 10 5
6

18.413 10

0.00015
0.00014
d
1.071
f 0.0146

The same fraction factor we used, so the value of d and V does not
change.

d 1.071 m
V 7.768 m / s
We can check the volume flow rate is less or higher the design value,

Qcal AV

d 2V

1.0712 7.768 6.998 m 3 / s

This is acceptable value.


The branch C-F.

8 fQ 2 5 8 1.184 0.0146 3 2
d

0.7632 m
2
5

0.487
2 P

L
4Q
43
V 2
6.557 m / s
d
0.76212
The first modification of d and V gives,

Re

Vd 1.184 6.557 0.7632

3.22 10 5
6

18.413 10

0.00015
0.000197
d
0.7632
f 0.0163

10

Method of Duct Design Lecture No.(1) By Badran M. Salem

d 0.780 m
V 6.275 m / s
The second modification of d and V gives,

Re

Vd 1.184 6.275 0.780

3.15 10 5
6

18.413 10

0.00015
0.000192
d
0.780
f 0.0164

The same fraction factor we used, so the value of d and V does not
change.

d 0.780 m
V 6.275 m / s
We can check the volume flow rate is less or higher the design value,

Qcal AV

d 2V

0.78 2 6.275 2.9984 m 3 / s

This is acceptable value.


The branch C-D.

8 fQ 2 5 8 1.184 0.0164 4 2
d

0.8764 m
2
5

0
.
487
2
L
4Q
4 4
V 2
6.630 m / s
d
0.85512
The first modification of d and V gives,

11

Method of Duct Design Lecture No.(1) By Badran M. Salem

Re

Vd 1.184 6.630 0.8764

3.74 10 5
6

18.413 10

0.00015
0.000171
d
0.8764
f 0.0157

d 0.869 m
V 6.747 m / s
The second modification of d and V gives,

Re

Vd 1.184 6.747 0.869

3.77 10 5
6

18.413 10

0.00015
0.000173
d
0.869
f 0.0159

d 0.869 m
V 6.747 m / s
The difference between second and first modification is not so much, so
the value of d and V does not change.
We can check the volume flow rate is less or higher the design value,

Qcal AV

d 2V

0.869 2 6.747 4.002 m 3 / s

This is acceptable value.

The results of calculation must be illustrated in a table to use it in the


calculation of air fan power.

12

Method of Duct Design Lecture No.(1) By Badran M. Salem

Results
Section L (m) Q (m3/s) V (m/s d (m) Qcal
A-B

30

8.00

1.128 8.000

B-C

15

7.77

1.071 6.998

C-D

75

6.75

0.869 4.002

B-E

30

5.07

0.501 1.000

C-F

15

6.275

0.780 2.998

For galvanized steel air duct and air properties at 20 oC, the following
charts could be used for estimate the duct size and velocity at a given
pressure drop per meter and volume flow rate.

13

Method of Duct Design Lecture No.(1) By Badran M. Salem

Duct friction chart-low flow rate.

14

Method of Duct Design Lecture No.(1) By Badran M. Salem

Duct friction chart-high flow rate.


15

Method of Duct Design Lecture No.(1) By Badran M. Salem

The above two charts recommended only for air and the duct which
made from galvanized steel with = 0.00015 m and rounded section. But
if another duct material it should be use correction factor.
We now recalculate the given example by using the duct chart.
The main duct A-B.
The total flow rate is,

Qt Q1 Q2 Q2
Qt 4 3 1 8 m 3 / s
We assume the velocity in the main duct A B and size the duct

V 8 m/ s
From chart at Q = 8 m3/s and V = 8 m/s, the equivalent diameter and
pressure loss are,

d 1.135 m
P 0.5 Pa / m
We use the value of P=0.5 Pa/m is constant through all branches and
determine the velocity and diameter from chart and tabulated the results
as follows,
Resluts
Section L (m) Q (m3/s) V (m/s d (m) Qcal
A-B

30

8.00

16

1.135 8.094

Method of Duct Design Lecture No.(1) By Badran M. Salem

B-C

15

7.8

1.080 7.145

C-D

75

6.9

0.875 4.149

B-E

30

4.80

0.515 0.999

C-F

15

6.30

0.780 3.010

Velocity Reduction Method


In this method the main duct is designed in the same manner as in
the equal friction method. Thereafter, arbitrary reductions are made in the
air velocity as we go down the duct run. Equivalent diameters are found,
as before from the friction chart. We now recalculate the given example
by using the velocity reduction method and using the chart.
The main duct A-B.
The total flow rate is,

Qt Q1 Q2 Q2
Qt 4 3 1 8 m 3 / s
We assume the velocity in the main duct A B and size the duct

V 8 m/ s
From chart at Q = 8 m3/s and V = 8 m/s, the equivalent diameter and
pressure loss are,

d 1.135 m
P 0.5 Pa / m
17

Method of Duct Design Lecture No.(1) By Badran M. Salem

We assume the velocity as follows,


B-C, V = 7 m/s
B-E, V = 7 m/s, C-D, C-F, V = 6 m/s.
After that, we determine the duct diameter and friction loss from the chart
and put the results in table as follows,
Results

Section L (m) Q (m3/s) V (m/s d (m) Qcal


A-B

30

8.00

1.135 8.094

B-C

15

7.00

1.130 7.020

C-D

75

6.00

0.925 4.032

B-E

30

7.00

0.430 1.017

C-F

15

6.00

0.800 3.016

18

Method of Duct Design Lecture No.(1) By Badran M. Salem

Air Fan Power


Total, Static and dynamic Pressure.
Bernoullis equation

V2

gZ C
2

V 2

gZ C
2
PS PV PZ PT
P

If

dZ 0,

PS PV PT ,
Where, PS : Static Pressure, PV : Velocity Pressure or Dynamic Pressure
PT : Total Pressure.
PV PT PS , where PT , PS are measuring by Pitotube.
PV

V 2
2

or V

2 PV

For frictionless flow between two sections as follows,

PS1 PV 1 PS 2 PV 2 PT
But due to friction loss

19

Method of Duct Design Lecture No.(1) By Badran M. Salem

PS1 PV 1 PS 2 PV 2 PL
where, PL : total pressure drop or hydraulic losses between 1 and 2.

If the Fan or Blower is introduced between two section.

PS 1 PV 1 FTP PS 2 PV 2 PL
where, FTP is the pressure rise due to the Fan work and is called
the Fan total head pressure.
PS 2 V22
V12

hL

2
2
2
where, hL : represents the losses pressure drop in the duct.
PS 1

As flow continues in a duct, the static pressure of air continuously drops.


This drop in pressure takes place due to two factors,
Duct to friction (friction loss)

fL V 2
PF
, where, d : hydraulic mean diameter
d 2
Change of direction or velocity (dynamic loss)

PM K

V 2
2

, where, K : constant

20

Method of Duct Design Lecture No.(1) By Badran M. Salem

For Enlargement.

PS1 PV 1 PS 2 PV 2

PS 2 PS1 PV 1 PV 2
Due to friction loss,

PL PT 1 PT 2 PS1 PV 1 PS 2 PV 2

21

Method of Duct Design Lecture No.(1) By Badran M. Salem

Air

flow

through

simple

Suction-side
Friction of inlet grill, Pi :

0 PT 1 Pi
PT 1 C i PS 1 PV 1
PS1 (Pi PV 1 )
PT 2 ( PT 1 P1 2 )
PS 2 (Pi P1 2 PV 2 )
Similarly,
PT 5 ( PT 2 P25 ) (Pi P1 2 P25 )
PS 5 (Pi P1 2 P25 PV 5 )
Discharge-side.
The pressure loss at outlet in discharge grill, Pe :

22

duct

system.

Method of Duct Design Lecture No.(1) By Badran M. Salem

PT 8 Pe PV 8
PS 8 PT 8 PV 8 Pe
PT 6 PT 8 P68 Pe P68 PV 8
PS 6 PT 6 PV 6 Pe P68 PV 8 PV 6
Fan Total Pressure, FTP
FTP PT 6 PT 5
Pe P68 PV 8 (Pi P1 2 P25 )
Pi P1 2 P25 P68 Pe PV 8
By applying the modified Bernoullis equation between 5-6,

PS 6 PS 5 V62 V52

Q W m

g ( Z 6 Z 5 )

2
56 56

If the fan process is adiabatic,


.

Q 0, V5 V6 ,

56

Z5 Z 6 ,

Constant,

W Power
5 6

Pe P68 PV 8 PV 6 Pi P12 P25 PV 5

Power

If PV5=PV6,

Pi P12 P25 PV 5 PV 6 P68 Pe PV 8


V5=V6

23

Method of Duct Design Lecture No.(1) By Badran M. Salem

Ve2
m
Power PF Pd

LV2
V 2 Ve2
m f
K

d
2
2
2

If the air Fan has total efficiency , T


.

The actual Fan power is,


Poweract

Power

Air Fan System Characteristics.


Consider a straight air duct system in which the total pressure drop
is calculated by adding the losses of different sections, which are in turn
proportional to their respective velocity pressure as follows:

P f

L1 2
1
1
V K V2 V2
d 2
2
2
2

.
L 1 V
f
K
d 2 A

.
.
1V 1 V

2 A 2 A

L1 1
1 1 1 1

P V f

2
2
d
2
A
2
A
2 A2

. 2

24

Method of Duct Design Lecture No.(1) By Badran M. Salem

For one section of air duct, the V is the air volume flow rate.
The friction and dynamic loss can be wirtten as follows,
. 2

P R V
R

P
.

V
where,

L1 1
1 1 1 1

R f

K
2 A2 2 A2
d 2 A2

Where, R is the air duct flow resistance. So, by analogy with electricity,
we can derive the concept of resistance R of the duct system.

Air Duct System in Series.


The friction loss and dynamic loss be calculated in each section
and we use the equation power directly as follow:

P P1 P2 P3

Air Duct System in Parallel.


The friction loss and dynamic loss be calculated in each branch and we
use the equation power directly as follow:

25

Method of Duct Design Lecture No.(1) By Badran M. Salem

V V1 V2 V3
P

Rt
1
Rt

P
P
P

R1
R2
R3
1
R1

1
R2

1
R3

After could calculate the friction and dynamic loss in air duct system in
series or in parallel and calculate the equivalent resistance, we will tray to
calculate the power required in the last example.

Power of Air Fan


To calculate the Fan power we reshape the duct system again
according to the diameter which we calculated as follows.

The pressure drop in air handling unit is as follows:

Damper

: 050 Pa

Filter

: 100 Pa

Cooling coil

: 150 Pa

Eliminators

: 050 Pa

Heating Coil

: 150 pa

Mixing and suction to fan : 050 Pa

26

Method of Duct Design Lecture No.(1) By Badran M. Salem

The dynamic loss coefficients K is as follows:


Fan discharge to main duct : 0.30
Standard 90 oC elbow
: 0.75
Reduction
: 0.05
Exit grille
: 0.50

27

Method of Duct Design Lecture No.(1) By Badran M. Salem

Reshaping the duct system with air handling unit.

The Air Duct System can be simplified as follows:

28

Method of Duct Design Lecture No.(1) By Badran M. Salem

Air Handling unit, R1 :

PAH

P 50 100 150 50 150 50

464.527
R1

PAH
. 2

1.184

m / s 2

464.527
7.2581 1 / m 4
2
8

Section A-B, R2 :

1 1
L1 1

f
2 A2
d 2 A2
1 1
30
R2
(0.3 0.0209
) 0.4285 1 / m 4
2 0.9986
1.128
R2 K

Section B-C, R3 :

1 1
L1 1

f
2 A2
d 2 A2
1 1
15
R3
(0.05 0.0208
) 0.2112 1 / m 4
2 0.8086
1.07
R3 K

Section C-D, R4 :

1 1
L1 1

f
2 A2
d 2 A2
1 1
75
R4
(0.05 0.75 0.50 0.0225
1)
2 0.3502
0.868
R4 6.0596 1 / m 4
R4 K

Section B-E, R5 :

29

Method of Duct Design Lecture No.(1) By Badran M. Salem

1 1
L1 1

f
2 A2
d 2 A2
1 1
30
R5
(0.75 0.50 0.026
1)
2 0.0427
0.513
R5 44.151 1 / m 4
R5 K

Section C-F, R6 :

1 1
L1 1
f
2
2A
d 2 A2
1 1
15
R6
(0.75 0.50 0.0232
1)
2 0.2259
0.778
R6 5.970 1 / m 4
R6 K

R4 , R6 in parallel shape, Rt1 :

1
Rt1

1
R4

1
R6

6.0596

1
5.970

Rt1 1.5149 1 / m 4
R3 , Rt1 in series shape, Rt2 :

Rt 2 R3 Rt1 0.2112 1.5149 1.7261 1 / m 4


R5 , Rt2 in parallel shape, Rt3 :

1
Rt 3

1
R5

1
Rt 2

1
44.151

1
1.7261

Rt 3 1.20324 1 / m 4
R1 , R2 , Rt3 in series shape, Rt :

Rt R1 R2 Rt 3 7.2581 0.4282 1.20324 8.8895 1 / m 4

PF Pd

. 2

Rt V 8.8895 8 2 568.930

Fan Power.

30

m / s 2

Method of Duct Design Lecture No.(1) By Badran M. Salem

P Pd
Power m F

.
. 2

V Rt V

. 3

Power Rt V 1.184 8.8895 8 3 5388.886 W


Power 5.4 KW
A First Approximate Method.
We can apply the modified Bernoullis equation on the longest line only,
from A to D as follows,

V2
L V 2 Ve2
Power W m K
f

2
d
2
2

50 100 150 50 150 50


30 0.702
82

0.3

1
.
184
1
.
184
2 A B
A/C

15

0
.
702
7
.
79

Power 1.184 8
0.05
1.184

2 B C

75 0.702
6.78 2

1.184 (0.05 0.75 0.5 1) 2

C D

Power 1.184 8464.527 27.387 10.411 97.332 5679.948 W


Power 5.7 KW

A Second Approximate Method.


We apply modify Bernoullis equation in all section of the duct system as
follows,

31

Method of Duct Design Lecture No.(1) By Badran M. Salem

50 100 150 50 150 50


30 0.702
82
Power 1.184 8

0.3

1.184
2 A B
A / C 1.184

15 0.702
7.79 2

1.184 7
0.05
2 B C
1.184
75 0.702
6.78 2

1.184 4
0.05 0.75 0.5 1
2
2 C D

30 0.702
4.84 2

1.184 1
(0.75 0.5 1)
1
.
184
2

BE
15 0.702
6.312

1.184 3
(0.75 0.5 1)
2
2

C F
Power 4659.41 86.234 375.037 52.263 177.806 5350.750 W
Power 5.4 KW

Problems in Air Duct Design

1- For air conditioning system shown below, calculate the duct size and
air velocity in each branch by using equal friction and velocity
reduction method. For the longest branch A-E and by using modified
Bernoull equation, estimate the power required for the electric air fan.
Assume that = 0.13.

32

Method of Duct Design Lecture No.(1) By Badran M. Salem

2
2
2
2

Q W m P2 P1 V2 V1 g ( z 2 z1 ) fL V K V
t
2
d 2
2

Modified Bernoull Equation.


2- Calculate the duct size and velocity of each branch in the below
network and also suggest a suitable design structure to calculate the
power required. The air distributor gives equal flow rate of 15 m3/min.

3- In the duct layout shown below, the outlets are deliver 25 m3/min at 1,
15 m3/min at 2 and 30 m3/min at 3. Also, select air velocity of 8 m/s in
the section A. Determine the size of duct system using equal friction
method and determine the static pressure requirement for the air fan.

33

Method of Duct Design Lecture No.(1) By Badran M. Salem

4- Size the duct in the problem 3 by using Velocity reduction method and
find the power required for the air fan.

5- For a system shown below, size the ducts on a rate of friction pressure
drop of 0.7536 Pa/m and the air flow rate from the fan is 4 m3/s. The
two outlets delivers equal masses of air.
a) Modify the diameter of branch duct to outlet 1 so that no
damper is required at the outlet.
b) Calculate the fan total and static pressure, also the power
required.
The pressure drops in each equipment are as follows:

Filter 100 Pa.

Damper 50 Pa.

Cooling coil 150 Pa.

Mixing section 50 Pa.

34

Method of Duct Design Lecture No.(1) By Badran M. Salem

The dynamic loss coefficient K for all expander are to be taken as


applying to the difference the upstream and downstream velocity
pressure, and for all reducers as applying to the downstream velocity
pressure only. The values are given in the following table.
Section

Condition

Inlet

1.4

Expander AB

0.35

Reducer BC

0.02

Reducer EF to fan section

0.02

Reducer

GH

at

Mean face velocity = 4 m/s

fan 0.3

discharge
Straight through duct 0.25
suction.
Elbow

0.23

Grille

0.5

35

Mean face velocity at filter = 1.5 m/s


Mean face velocity at damper = 3 m/s

You might also like