Introduction to UMTS

ISSUE 1.0

Huawei Confidential. All Rights Reserved

object

Upon completion of this course, you will be

able to:
 Understand the history of 3G mobile
communications
 Understand the UMTS network architecture
and 3GPP different releases
 Understand the UMTS network services
 Understand the basic principles of UTRAN

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References

 TS 21.102 3rd Generation Mobile System

Release 4 Specifications
 TS 21.103 3rd Generation Mobile System
Release 5 Specifications
 Huawei’s UMTS RAN protocols and signaling
analysis document

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 Part 1 Introduction to UMTS

Part 2 UTRAN basic principles

Part 3 ATM basic principles

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 Part 1 Introduction to UMTS
Section 1 History of 3G
Section 2 UMTS network structure
Section 3 UMTS network services

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Development of Mobile communication

1st Generation 2nd Generation 3rd Generation

1980s (analog) 1990s (digital) current (digital)

GSM WCDMA
AMPS
FDD
CDMA
TACS IS95 CDMA
Analog to Digital Voice to Broadband
2000
NMT D-
AMPS WCDMA
OTHERS TDD
PDC

AMPS = Advanced Mobile phone service GSM=Global system for Mobile Communications
TACS=Total Access Communications Systems D-AMPS=Digital-AMPS
NMT=Nordic Mobile Telephone PDC=personal digital cellular

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History of 3G

 At 1985 : ITU started the process of defining the standard for third generation
systems, referred to as International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 (IMT-
2000)
 Some of the features that IMT-2000 3G network must include
1-Circuit and packet oriented services
2-Simultaneous multiple services
3-Symmetrical and Asymmetrical services
4-Migration path from 2G systems
5-Supporting Multimedia services
 Car speed environment: 144kbps
 Walk speed environment: 384kbps
 Indoor environment: 2048kbps

 1992: 230MHz spectrum was allocated in 2GHz band (WARC92)

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History of 3G

 Based on the IMT-200 performance objectives and frequency allocation the

ITU-R formally requested a submission of RTT proposals with a closing date
at the end of July 1998 .
 By the closing date , there were a total of 10 RTT proposals were submitted
from Europe , United states , Japan , Korea and, China. All these proposal
where accepted .
 Five RTT for IMT2000
• WCDMA FDD
• CDMA2000 (1X-EV-DO and 3X modes)
• WCDMA-TDD
• UWC-136 (based on D-AMPS)
• DECT
 Only three 3G network implemented and currently deployed
1-CDMA 2000 (1X-EV-DO)
2-WCDMA FDD (UMTS FDD)
3-WCDMA TDD (UMTS TDD)

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3G standardization organizations

 Standardization organizations such as 3GPP, 3GPP2 were established

WCDMA CDMA2000
3GPP 3G system 3GPP2
FDD/TDD mode

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 Frequency allocation for IMT2000

WARC in 1992 230MHz in 2GHZ Band was allocated to IMT2000

IMT-2000 IMT-2000
1800 1900 2000 2100 2200MHz
1885 2010 2025 2110 2155 2170
ITU 1980
MSS MSS
IMT-2000 MSS (Reg.2) IMT-2000 (Reg.2) MSS

1895 1918 1980 2010 2025 2110 2170

Japan
PHS IMT-2000 MSS IMT-2000 IMT-2000 MSS

Europe/ 1880 1900 1920 1980 2010 2025 2110 2170

Australia DECT UMTS MSS UMTS UMTS MSS

185 1910 193 2110 2150 2165

USA 0
1990 2025
PCS 0 MSS Reserve MSS
Unlicensed
MSS: Mobile Satellite Service

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 Frequency allocation for IMT2000
 Additional (2nd of June, 2000)

WRC2000 Conference has decided to allocate additional bands for IMT-2000,

800MHz, 1.8GHz, and 2.5GHz Band.

2010
800 1000 1500 2000 2025 2500 MHz
806 960 1710 1885 1980 2690
IMT-2000

211 2170
GSM 0
880 960 1710 1990
(Current)

PDC 810 958 1429 1513

(Current)

: Additionally assigned for IMT-2000

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 UMTS FDD and TDD

FDD (Frequency Division Duplex)

U pL ink
f1 : f o r

ow n Link
D
f 2: for

Mobile Terminal Base station

TDD (Time Division Duplex)

o w n Link
U p&D
f 1: for

TS TS
Up Down
Mobile Terminal Base station
TS: Time slot

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 Summary

 IMT-2000 is the ITU standard for 3G mobile communications

 three 3G networks are implemented and currently deployed
1-CDMA 2000 (1X-EV-DO)
2-WCDMA FDD (UMTS FDD)
3-WCDMA TDD (UMTS TDD)
 3GPP is responsible for producing UMTS network standard specifications
 3GPP2 is responsible for producing CDMA2000 network standard
specifications

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 Part 1 Introduction to UMTS
Section 1 History of 3G
Section 2 UMTS network structure
Section 3 UMTS network services

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 3GPP R99 network Architecture

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 3GPP R99 network Architecture

 Interoperability with GSM

 CS domain elements are able to handle 2G and 3G subscribers.
 Changes (upgrades) in MSC/VLR and HLR/AC/EIR.
 For example SGSN
 2G responsible for mobility management (MM) for packet connections
 3G MM divided between RNC and SGSN

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 3GPP R4 network Architecture

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 3GPP R4 network Architecture

 The 3GPP R4 introduces separation of the connection, its control, and

services for CS domain of CN.
 Media Gateway (MGW): an element for maintaining the connection and
performing switching function when required.
 MSC server: an element controlling MGW and responsible for signaling
 Packet switched voice
 The CS call is changed to the packet switched call in MGW.

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 Difference between R99 and R4

CS domain evolution

SCP HLR SCP HLR

MAP Over TDM MAP Over TDM/IP

TUP/ISUP ATM/IP/TDM
MSC MSC MSC Server MSC Server
TDM
ATM/IP
MGW ATM/IP
MGW

RAN RAN RAN RAN RAN RAN

R99 R4
Notes: PS domain structure remain unchanged

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 3GPP R5 network architecture

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 3GPP R5 network architecture

 3GPP R5 introduces the High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)

 The HSDPA scheme proposes to add an additional wideband downlink
shared channel that is optimized for very high-speed data transfer
 In HSDPA the coding and modulation scheme used are changed according
to air interface conditions
 Release 5 employs two modulation schemes, QPSK and 16QAM. Later
releases may introduce other schemes, such as 64QAM
 3GPP R5 introduces a IP Multimedia subsystem (IMS)

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 Summary

 3GPP R99 is the first 3GPP specification for UMTS based on GSM NSS as a
CN
 R4 softswitch based CS Core network was introduced in 3GPP R4
 HSDPA and IMS are introduced in 3GPP R5

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 Part 1 Introduction to UMTS
Section 1 History of 3G
Section 2 UMTS network structure
Section 3 UMTS network services

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 QoS of Different Services

Quality (BER)

conversational

streaming

interactive

background

Time delay

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 UMTS services

 Conversational Services
 Speech service:
 Real time conversational service require the low time delay from end
to end , and the uplink and the downlink service bandwidth is
symmetrical .
 Adopt AMR ( adaptive multi rate ) technique (WCDMA).
– 12.2, 10.2, 7.95, 7.40, 6.70, 5.90, 5.15 and 4.75kbps.
– The bit rate of AMR voice can be controlled by the RAN
according to the payload of air interface and the quality of
voice service .
 Video phone (WCDMA)
 The requirement of time delay is similar to the voice service
 The CS connection :adopt ITU-T Rec.H.324M (AMR-H.263)
 The PS connection :adopt IETF SIP or H.323

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 UMTS services

 Streaming Services
 (eg. Telemetry (monitoring) , Audio and Video streaming )
 Interactive Services
 (eg. Web browsing , and online games )
 Background Services
 (eg. Email , Fax , and SMS )

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 Summary

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 Part 1 Introduction to UMTS

Part 2 UTRAN basic principles

Part 3 ATM basic principles

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 Multiple Access Techniques

CDMA Traffic channels: different

users are assigned unique
Power code and transmitted over
cy
the same frequency band,
Tim u en for example, WCDMA and
e q
e Fr CDMA2000

TDMA

Power
Traffic channels: different time slots
are allocated to different users, for
cy example, DAMPS and GSM
Tim uen
q
e Fre

FDMA Us
e
Us ser r
U
Us e r
Us e r
er Traffic channels: different frequency bands
Power
Us are allocated to different users,for example,
er
n cy AMPS and TACS
Tim que
e
e Fr
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 Multiple Access Techniques

Advantage Defect
Defect
FDMA 1. Simple Implementation 1. Frequency Reuse
AMPS, 2. privacy
TACS

TDMA 1.Privacy 1. Need synchronized of

frame
GSM, PDC

CDMA 1. Reduction the interference 1. Sophisticated power

control for mobile
IS95, 2. Diversity Hand-over
W-CDMA
3. Privacy

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 Multiple Access Techniques

FDMA/TDMA CDMA
ｆ
ｆ ｆ １ ｆ
ｆ 6
１ ｆ ｆｆ 1 ｆｆ 1 ｆ
ｆ 6
7 ｆ 4 ｆ 71 ｆ 2
１ ｆ 1 ｆ
ｆ ｆ
ｆ 5
7 ｆ 2 ｆ 7 ｆ 1 ｆ 1 ｆ 51 ｆ 1
１ ｆ 3 ｆ 5 ｆ 2 1 ｆｆ 1
ｆ ｆ
ｆ 1 ｆ
ｆ 6 ｆ １ ｆ 3 ｆ 1 ｆ 41 ｆｆ 6
1 ｆ 1
7 ｆ 4 ｆ 6 ｆ １ 1 ｆ 71 ｆ 1
2 ｆ 7 ｆ 4 1 ｆ 1
5 ｆ 2 1
3
Frequency is different in each Frequency is same.
sector.

Need for No need for frequency

plan
frequency plan (Frequency Reuse)
Reuse

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 DS-CDMA

Wide Band
Narrow Band
Narrow Band Signal Signal
Signal Spreading (Multiple Signal) Despreading
Code 1 Code 1
(Receiver A)
A A
C
B
User-A A User-A
Code 2 Code 2
(Receiver B)
B B
De-spreading
Code
User-B User-B
Code 3 Code 3
(Receiver C)

C C

User-C User-C

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 Rake Receiver

C B A

A B C

Rake A B C

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 Rake receiver

RAKE Receiver
Finger Circuit
RX Finger Circuit Combiner
Combined
Signal
Finger Circuit
Calculation
Searcher Calculation

Electric Electric Power Output Power

Power
Multiple Signal 1
Multiple Signal 2
Multiple Signal 3

Delay Time
Delay Time
Delay Profile
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 WCDMA handover types

 Soft Handover

 UE is connected simultaneously to more than one base station (up to 3

sectors) using the same frequency
 The UE receives the downlink transmissions of two or more base stations.
For this purpose it has to employ one of its RAKE receiver fingers for each
received signal.
 in the uplink direction , the code channel of the mobile station is received
from both base stations, but the received data is then routed to the RNC for
combining
 The RNC selects the better frame between the two possible candidates
based on frame reliability indicator
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 WCDMA handover types

 Softer Handover

 UE is connected simultaneously to two sectors of one base station using the

same frequency
 The UE receives the downlink transmissions the two sectors. For this
purpose it has to employ one of its RAKE receiver fingers for each received
signal.
 in the uplink direction , the code channel of the mobile station is received in
each sector, then routed to the same baseband Rake receiver and the
maximal ratio combined there in the usual way.

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 WCDMA handover types

 Hard Handover

 The UE stops transmission on one frequency before it moves to another

frequency and starts transmitting again
 During Hard Handover the used radio frequency (RF) of the UE changes

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 WCDMA handover types

 Inter-system Handover
 Handover between two different radio access technologies
 Handover between UMTS FDD and GSM
 Handover between UMTS FDD and UMTS TDD

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 Spreading process in WCDMA

3,840 Kcps
Σ
Coding
&
Interleaving

Channelization Scrambling
Code Code

 1st Step: Channelization

 Variable Rate Spreading ( According to user data rate)
 2nd Step: Scrambling Code
 Fixed Rate Spreading (3,840 Kchips)

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 Spreading process in WCDMA
 Downlink (NodeB to UE )

 Scrambling Code: Identifies cell (sector).

 Channelization Code: Identifies user channels in cell (Sector).

Scrambling Code A

Scrambling Code B
Channelization
Code 2 Channelization
Channelization
Code 3
Code 1
Channelization
Code 1 Channelization
Code 2
Channelization
Code 1 Channelization
Code 2 Scrambling Code C
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 Spreading process in WCDMA
 Up Link (UE to NodeB )

Scrambling Code: Identifies user terminal.

Channelization Code: Identifies channels in user terminal.

Channelization
Code 2
Scrambling Code A
Scrambling Code B
Channelization
Channelization
Code 1
Code 1

Channelization
Code 1

Scrambling Code C

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 Spreading process in WCDMA

 Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor [OVSF] codes are the channelization

codes used for signal spreading in the uplink and downlink

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 Spreading process in WCDMA

 The code used for scrambling of the uplink Channels may be of either long or
short type, There are 224 long and 224 short uplink scrambling codes. Uplink
scrambling codes are assigned by higher layers.
 For downlink physical channels, a total of 218 -1 = 262,143 scrambling codes
can be generated. Only scrambling codes k = 0, 1, …, 8191 are used.
 In the downlink direction 512 of scrambling codes are used to identify the
cells in the downlink so downlink planning is required

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 W-CDMA (IMT-DS) Specification

Multiple access method DS-CDMA (DS: Direct Spread)

FDD/TDD (Frequency Division Duplex/Time
Duplexing method Division Duplex)
Inter-cell synchronization Asynchronous

Bandwidth 5 MHZ

Chip rate 3.84 Mcps

Carrier spacing Flexible with 100/200kHz carrier raster

Frame length Unit 10 ms

Data modulation Downlink: QPSK, Uplink: BPSK

Multi-rate concept Variable spreading factor and/or multi-code

Maximum data rate 2 Mbps (indoor)/384 kbps (mobile)

Convolutional coding (R=1/3 or 1/2, K=9)
Channel coding
Turbo code for High data rate
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BPSK: Binary phase shift keying QPSK: Quadrature phase shift keying
 UMTS FDD frequency allocations

Operating Band UL Frequencies DL frequencies

UE transmit, Node B receive UE receive, Node B transmit

I 1920 – 1980 MHz 2110 –2170 MHz

II 1850 –1910 MHz 1930 –1990 MHz

III 1710-1785 MHz 1805-1880 MHz

IV 1710-1755 MHz 2110-2155 MHz

V 824 – 849 MHz 869-894 MHz

VI 830-840 MHz 875-885 MHz

Operating Band TX-RX frequency separation

I 190 MHz

II 80 MHz.

III 95 MHz.

IV 400 MHz

V 45 MHz

VI 45 MHz

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 Summary

 UMTS is based on DS-CDMA as a multiple access technique

 Rack receiver is used to combine signals and get benefits from Multipath
fading . Also it is used to combine signals in soft and softer handover cases
 Two types of Power control are used in UMTS , open and closed loop power
control
 Types of handover in UMTS
 Soft handover
 Softer handover
 Hard handover
 Inter-system handover
 Spreading process in WCDMA consists of two stages
 Channelization
 Scrambling

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 Part 1 Introduction to UMTS

Part 2 UTRAN basic principles

Part 3 ATM basic principles

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 Why do we need a new technology?

To provide a high-speed, low delay

multiplexing and switching network to any type of
user traffic, such as voice support, data,or video
applications.

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Traditional Switch Model’s Characteristic

Circuit Switching
 Data is sent from the same route, so time delay is fixed
 High-speed switching
 Fixed rate
 Packet Switching
 Support multi-rate switching
 Take full advantage of bandwidth/waste of bandwidth
 Time delay is not fixed

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 What is ATM?

 ATM for Telecommunications is Asynchronous Transfer Mode, (not

Automatic Teller Machine!).
 In general, ATM means that traffic is carried in small, fixed-length
packets called cells.
 A technology that integrates advantages of circuit switch and packet
switch.
 ATM can support any type of user services, such as voice, data, or
video service.

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 ATM can provides both CBR and VBR transport

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 ATM Overview

5-Bytes 48-Bytes 53byte fixed length cell= 5Bytes cell

Header Payload
header+48Bytes payload.

ATM must set up virtual connection before

communication.

Contract
ATM network will confer with terminal on
parameter of QoS before the connection is
set up.

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 ATM Network Model

UNI NNI NNI

NNI

UNI
NNI
NNI
UNI

ATM Switch ATM End terminal

UNI = User to Network Interface

NNI = Network to Network Interface

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 ATM Cell

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 ATM Cell

 GFC ( Generic Flow Control): It is intended for control of a possible bus

system at the user interface and is not used at the moment.
 VPI ( Virtual Path Identifier): The VPI contains the second part of the
addressing instructions and is of higher priority than the VCI.
 VCI ( Virtual Channel Identifier): VCI in each case indicates a path section
between switching centers or between the switching center and the
subscriber.
 PTI ( Payload Type Identifier): Indicates the type of data in the information
field.
 CLP ( Cell Loss Priority): Determines whether a cell can be preferentially
deleted or not in the case of a transmission bottleneck.
 HEC ( Header Error Control): Provided in order to control and, to some
extent, correct errors in the header data that may occur. The HEC is used to
synchronize the receiver to the start of the cell.

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VP and VC

 think VPI as a bundle of virtual

channels. (256 VPI on one link)
 the individual virtual channels
have unique VCIs. The VCI
values may be reused in each
virtual path.

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ATM Connections

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 ATM Virtual Connection
Port VPI VCI
1 1 1
UNI cell UNI cell
2 26 44
A VPI =1 VPI =20 B
VCI =1 1 3 1 3
VCI =30
NNI cell NNI cell
2 2
VPI =26 VPI =6
VCI =44 VCI =44 Port VPI VCI
NNI cell
2 6 44
3 VPI =2 3 2
1 VCI =44 3 20 30
2 1
Port VPI VCI
ATM Virtual Connection Port VPI VCI
1 26 44
1 2 44
2 2 44
2 6 44

In order to exchange cells between A and B, several tables must be set up

in network node where the cells passed. After these tables have been set
up, all the cells will be transferred along this route. This route is called
Virtual Connection.
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 ATM Protocol Structure Model

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 ATM traffic classes

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 ATM traffic parameters

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 ATM applications in UMTS network
 UTRAN

Iub
Uu NodeB Iu
Iu-CS
RNC MSC

UE
NodeB

Iur
NodeB

RNC SGSN
UE NodeB
Iu-PS

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 ATM applications in UMTS network

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