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    Pathophysiology Emphysema

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    Gil Aswigui
    Emphysema is caused by an imbalance between proteases and anti-proteases in the lungs due to factors like smoking, pollution, and genetic conditions. This leads to inflammation and an influx of immune cells that release more proteases, breaking down elastic tissue in the lungs. Over time, this destroys the alveolar walls and elastic recoil of the lungs, enlarging the air spaces and impairing gas exchange, resulting in shortness of breath and other respiratory symptoms. Advanced emphysema can lead to pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure.

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    Pathophysiology Emphysema

    Uploaded by

    Gil Aswigui
    761 views1 page
    Emphysema is caused by an imbalance between proteases and anti-proteases in the lungs due to factors like smoking, pollution, and genetic conditions. This leads to inflammation and an influx of immune cells that release more proteases, breaking down elastic tissue in the lungs. Over time, this destroys the alveolar walls and elastic recoil of the lungs, enlarging the air spaces and impairing gas exchange, resulting in shortness of breath and other respiratory symptoms. Advanced emphysema can lead to pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure.

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    Emphysema is caused by an imbalance between proteases and anti-proteases in the lungs due to factors like smoking, pollution, and genetic conditions. This leads to inflammation and an influx of immune cells that release more proteases, breaking down elastic tissue in the lungs. Over time, this destroys the alveolar walls and elastic recoil of the lungs, enlarging the air spaces and impairing gas exchange, resulting in shortness of breath and other respiratory symptoms. Advanced emphysema can lead to pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    761 views1 page

    Pathophysiology Emphysema

    Uploaded by

    Gil Aswigui
    Emphysema is caused by an imbalance between proteases and anti-proteases in the lungs due to factors like smoking, pollution, and genetic conditions. This leads to inflammation and an influx of immune cells that release more proteases, breaking down elastic tissue in the lungs. Over time, this destroys the alveolar walls and elastic recoil of the lungs, enlarging the air spaces and impairing gas exchange, resulting in shortness of breath and other respiratory symptoms. Advanced emphysema can lead to pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure.

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    Emphysema Pathophysiology

    Tobacco smoke, Air Pollution Inherited -1 Anti-trypsin Deficiency Inflammation of the Airway Epithelium Inhibition of Normal Endogenous AntiProteases

    Infiltration of Inflammatory Cells & Release of Cytokines (Neutrophils, Macrophages, Lymphocytes, Leukotrines, Interleukins)

    Increased Protease Activity with Breakdown of Elastin in Connective Tissue of Lungs (Elastases, Cathepsins, etc.)

    Irreversible Enlargement of the Air Spaces distal to the Terminal Bronchioles

    Destruction of Alveolar Walls & Septa and Loss of Elastic Recoil of Bronchial Walls (EMPHYSEMA)

    Loss of Fibrous & Muscle Tissue Breakdown of Alveolar Elasticity

    Alveoli cannot support the airways to keep them open Dyspnea on Exertion Amount of air that can be expired is diminished

    A Portion of the Capillary Bed of an Alveolus has been eliminated. Increased Air Volume in the Acinus

    Change in Airway Size

    Decreased Tactile Fremitus on Palpation

    Inability of the Alveoli to recoil normally after expanding

    Lungs become less Compliant

    Chest X-Ray Air Trapping Pulmonary Function Test

    Crackles & Wheezing Barrel Chest, Hyperresonance on Chest Percussion Overdistended Lungs Hyperinflation of the Alveoli

    Bronchiolar Collapse on Expiration

    Inability of the Lungs to Circulate Sufficient Air

    Increased Pulmonary Vascular Resistance ECG Pulmonary Hypertension

    Airway Calibration is Decreased

    Increased Total Lung Capacity And Residual Volume

    Bullae (air spaces) will be formed adjacent to the Pleura (blebs)

    Ruptured Bullae and Blebs Part of Each Inspiration is Trapped Arterial Blood Gas Spontaneous Pneumothorax

    Right Ventricular Hypertrophy (Cor Pulmonale)

    Hypoventilation

    Decreased Oxygenation

    Prolonged Hypoxia Chest X-Ray

    Electrocardiography

    Chest X-Ray

    Decreased Chest Expansion

    Tachypnea

    Clubbing of Fingers & Toes

    LEGEND: Black Text usual pathway Square Dotted Line Clinical Manifestations Gray Text Complications Dash Dot Line with Diamond Arrow Laboratory & Diagnostic Tests

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