What techniques can you use to develop research questions and hypotheses from literature?

A research question and hypothesis are developed from existing literature by conducting a thorough literature review, identifying gaps, narrowing focus, formulating clear, researchable questions, developing hypotheses, applying theoretical frameworks, seeking feedback, and iterative refinement. This process helps in identifying areas of research that haven't been explored, answering questions, or addressing conflicting results.

In regard to medical research, would recommend reading meta-analysis papers and white papers on a given topic to learn about the state of the art on a given therapy, which will help with setting a stronger foundation, exploring limitations, asking new questions, and eventually leading to formulating a new hypothesis.

Not to imply that I am a blind admirer or promoter of interdisciplinary (anti-)methods and its current hyper-popularity, but still I think that engaging with material and literature outside one's discipline is paramount to triggering one's curiosity and perhaps identifying gaps and taking inspiration in developing hypotheses. There is so much outside of our disciplines that is (or could be) indispensable to our understanding of the narratives, accounts, and stories we (can) put forward. For that matter, it is of course vital to know one's own trade and the coordinates of its constituents. But still, what if they have identified or hypothesised something fit for your research (in the negative or positive) in the neighbouring discipline?

As an academic researcher, I often conduct thorough literature reviews to identify gaps and controversies, synthesizing existing studies and theories to pinpoint areas for further investigation. I develop conceptual frameworks, identify exploration problems, contribute to theory development, and conduct comparative analyses to uncover inconsistencies in the literature. I explore qualitative and quantitative data for deeper insights and evidence. I also enjoy seeking expert consultation to refine my understanding and ensure the relevance and rigor of formulated research questions and hypotheses. With these bases, it becomes easier to come out with your findings.

Asking a right question is the foundation for any scientific study. It helps the research think from the end in the mind and develop appropriate methodology. To raise a right question, it is better to browse what questions others raised and what were the answers. This process will enable us raise right questions and propose hypotheses for our study.

My approach has been to attend research presentations by established scientists with a record of publishing impactful science that sparks my interest. From each presentation note key literature citations that are referred to verbally or cited on slides. In this way learn about pitfalls, technical challenges and innovation from the expert speaker. Where to go next? As my thesis advisor, professor William P Jencks, MD, at Brandeis, once said when I asked how he was able to make so many discoveries: "I just follow my nose" and chuckled … if the science excites go find an answer.

So ideally it is as easy as well said , sledge the pain point and build the robust system. Gaps and problems will always be in synergy so as to explore the same and eradicate it from root we need to go deep and understand and modify our basic mode of search and finally diverge and explore the unlimited. It is just like a task of pulling out the spoiled apple from the good lot.

Critical to this is conducting a thorough literature review that looks to see how different scholars have approached the topic. Next would be to identify what limitations or areas of further exploration are suggested by the existing literature. This would then lead to potentially innovative or original contributions by developing your hypotheses or research questions with an eye to addressing such "gaps".

Thoroughly read the existing literature related to your topic of interest and identify the gap, unanswered questions, or areas where further study is needed. List the specific research questions you aim to solve based on the identified gaps.

Critically analyze existing studies for gaps, contradictions, or unexplored areas. Identify theoretical frameworks needing further investigation or empirical validation. Consult subject matter experts for perspectives on novel research directions. Immerse yourself in the discourse through review articles and conference proceedings. Derive questions addressing real-world problems by engaging potential users/customers. Frame hypotheses based on observed phenomena or logical reasoning about relationships between variables. Iteratively refine research objectives as you delve deeper into the literature landscape. This systematic yet creative process grounds proposed research in current understanding while advancing new knowledge.

Conceptual Framework: Use existing theories or frameworks from the literature to guide the development of research questions and hypotheses

One thing I found very helpful. It's my request to all the dental post graduate students your hypothesis for your research work should be drafted according to the PICO framework.

The PICO/PICOT taxonomy transforms broad research interests into precise, answerable questions facilitating focused literature searches and study designs. Articulating the population delineates subject boundaries - are you examining all students, or specific demographics like non-traditional adult learners? Interventions represent variables of interest - instructional delivery modes, educational technologies, or pedagogical techniques under investigation. Comparators establish counterfactuals through control conditions. Outcomes specify target measurements - achievement metrics, skill assessments, or qualitative experiential factors. Adding time elements captures longitudinal effects.

Next, construct a conceptual framework based on established theories, models, and paradigms within the field. This framework serves as a roadmap, guiding the formulation of research questions and hypotheses that build upon existing understanding. Synthesize findings from various studies to identify recurring patterns, contradictions, or areas in need of deeper exploration. Analyze unexplained phenomena or emerging patterns that could seed new research questions.

A estrutura PICO ou PICOT é extremamente útil para direcionar e especificar questões de pesquisa, especialmente em áreas como a saúde e educação. Ela permite focar em elementos cruciais: População, Intervenção, Comparação, Resultado e Tempo. Isso assegura que as perguntas e hipóteses sejam claras e mensuráveis. Utilizar PICO ou PICOT no exemplo do aprendizado online ajuda a formular uma pergunta de pesquisa precisa, facilitando o desenho de estudos comparativos e a análise de resultados específicos em um contexto definido.

Structure your research question by defining the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome (PICO) or Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Time (PICOT) elements to focus your inquiry.

One effective technique is to conduct a thorough review of existing literature related to your topic of interest. As you read, look for gaps, contradictions, or unanswered questions in the research. Then, use this information to formulate research questions that address these gaps or issues. Hypotheses can be developed based on the expected outcomes or relationships suggested by the literature. Additionally, considering the theoretical frameworks or models used in previous studies can help guide the formulation of hypotheses.

This method helps to structure your research question by focusing on the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome (and Time for PICOT).

En la formulación de proyectos el tiempo es uno de los tres vértices del llamado triangulo de hierro (Alcance, Coste, Tiempo) que definen la calidad del la intervención, por lo que en cualquier acción, donde incluyo las investigaciones, la variable tiempo es clave, lo que permite replicar investigaciones a lo largo del tiempo para ver avances, por lo que considero que el marco PICOT agrega una dimensión mayor a cualquier investigación

A good research question is a thought-provoking inquiry that demands investigation and analysis. By experimenting with different combinations of question words and operators, you open yourself up to a wider range of possibilities. Question words like "who," "what," "when," and "why" help you pinpoint the specific aspects of your research topic you want to investigate. They force you to move beyond general statements and delve deeper into the "how" and "why" behind the phenomena you're interested in. Operators like "and," "or," and "not" allow you to create nuanced and multifaceted research questions. They enable you to explore relationships between variables, consider alternative explanations, and formulate conditional hypotheses.

Look into where more explanation and research can be used in previous literature. In depth analysis allows you to question methods and facts, leading to testing your own variables and forming new hypotheses.

A cybernetic analysis of a specific process depends on question words and operators. In any field of research if, to every who, what, when, where, why, and how an operator is placed a research question will appear. Collecting these questions and their answers with related publications will highlight what remains to be explored.

Yes, true, using the Question and moderator techniques is the pivot of any research work. Simply because it plays a paramount role in shaping and concluding the research hypothesis into a meaningful frame of facts. The more we use this technique, the merrier .

Both play an important role in shaping questions and hypotheses based on a thorough literature review. Questions like "What impact does organic fertilizer have on crop yield?", "When is the optimal time to plant winter crops?", "Where are the most successful agroforestry projects implemented?", "Why do certain pest management strategies fail?", "How can precision agriculture enhance resource efficiency?" may help you, for example, focus on specific aspects of agriculture, investigate temporal aspects or geographical context matters, delve into reasons and causality, explore methodologies, etc. Operators, in addition, can help combine concepts, present alternatives, exclude factors or formulate conditional hypothesis.

Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of existing studies' methodologies. Identify areas where research methods fall short and devise questions aimed at addressing these limitations, thereby enhancing the quality of future investigations. Seek guidance from field experts, mentors, or peers to gain insight into ongoing debates, nascent topics, and research gaps. Collaborate with seasoned professionals to refine research questions and hypotheses based on their perspectives. Engage with stakeholders such as practitioners, policymakers, or community members to understand their concerns, interests, and priorities. Shape research questions that not only contribute academically but also resonate with real-world needs.

An interesting difference between the English and Spanish Languages is Spanish uses two question marks to indicate a written question. In English, the word order is changed at the beginning of the sentence, so we know automatically that a question is being asked and only one question mark at the end of the sentence is necessary. You are Australian ......Affirmative statement ........Are you Australian?....Question ........in Spanish the word order is the same in the affirmative statement and the question. Therefore, in Spanish a second question mark is necessary at the beginning of the sentence to denote a question is being asked .....Soy australiano.........¿Soy australiano?

Independente da técnica, o mais importante é selecionar qual o planejamento, a definição da amostra, a coleta de dados e por fim, a sua análise. Dentre as técnicas a serem utilizadas, posso mencionar: Questionários estruturados; Experimentos controlados; Pesquisas online; Entrevistas; Entre outros...

Usar palavras de pergunta e operadores é uma técnica eficaz para tornar as perguntas de pesquisa mais precisas e direcionadas. As palavras de pergunta delimitam o foco da investigação, enquanto os operadores ajudam a definir as relações entre os conceitos. No exemplo do aprendizado online, a inclusão de "como" e "por que" busca entender os mecanismos e razões por trás do impacto no desempenho dos alunos. A utilização dessas palavras e operadores facilita a exploração de variáveis específicas e a compreensão de dinâmicas complexas dentro de diferentes grupos de estudantes.

Incorporating Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) into your research queries can significantly enhance the precision and relevance of your search results. By strategically combining these operators with your question words, you can effectively segment your research into more manageable, focused areas. This method allows for a systematic exploration of various dimensions of your topic, enabling a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding. For instance, using "AND" to combine different concepts ensures that all included elements are present in your search results, while "OR" can broaden your search to include any of the specified terms, increasing the breadth of your inquiry.

Visual representations of ideas and how they interconnect can help you understand the relationships between different concepts and identify potential research questions.

In the realm of litigation, where complexities abound and legal arguments often hinge on intricate relationships between various legal principles and factual circumstances, Concept Maps can serve as invaluable aids. They enable legal professionals to identify the main themes, subthemes, and interconnections within a legal matter, facilitating a deeper understanding of the case at hand.

Developing research questions and hypotheses from literature involves thorough review to identify gaps, controversies, and areas needing exploration. Key steps include literature review, gap identification, conceptual framework development, and stakeholder input. Formulate hypotheses that are testable and refine them iteratively. Ensure clarity, precision, and alignment with research objectives. This systematic approach fosters meaningful contributions to knowledge

Concept maps offer a powerful solution, transforming your research journey into a visual exploration. They help you organise and prioritise the information you gather. You can see the "big picture" of your research topic, identify central themes, and then zoom in on specific areas where your research question can make the most impact. The visual nature of concept maps stimulates creative thinking. A visual representation of your hypotheses can help you identify potential weaknesses. By seeing how different variables interact, you can identify logical inconsistencies or gaps in your reasoning, allowing you to refine your hypotheses before you begin your research.

If you're stuck, take a break from your analytical thinking. Allow yourself to brainstorm ideas without immediately judging or editing them. You can make a conceptual map and free associations between topics. Then, the next day, review your ideas and select those that you think might work based on evidence and reason. I'd recommend for more info: Learning of to learn course by Barbara Oakley

When working with diverse teams (researchers, curators, historians, writers and educators) to conceptualize exhibitions, it was possible to build consensus by giving all parties paper swatches of different sizes. By writing ideas onto paper swatches, and adhering them to the floor plan, it was possible to “walk through” the entire exhibition. The resulting “Idea Plan” accomplished a number of things: 1) ideas that would not fit in the narrative were shelved, 2) gaps showed where new scholarship was needed, 3) new media/voices could be located 4) museum objects (and new acquisitions) could be identified, and 5) responsibilities could be divided. Constructing these plans helped our teams to agree on a narrative and identify new media.

Examining a relationship between elements and determining the relevant variables upon which the problem statement depends can be a wonderful start to hypothesizing the problem at hand. Concept map can be a vital brainstorming tool to gain a deeper understanding of your research topic.

Presenting your ideas visually using concept maps is the best way for organizing the research questions and hypotheses. Visually diagrams can help you to maintain the sequence of the research topic such as , Classify it in the form of main themes, topics, heading, subtopics etc . For example: You can use the concept map to present the performance and affecting factors of various platforms so that it will be easily linked and influenced by the people or audiences...

Choose your references, main concepts and relevant literature: that will be your model. Or try and error. Plato and Aristotle.

By tactically employing these methodologies, researchers can develop research questions and hypotheses that spring from existing literature, paving the way for insightful investigations that advance scholarly knowledge and address pertinent gaps in the field.

Integrating peer feedback into the SMART criteria evaluation process can significantly enhance the refinement of your research questions and hypotheses. By sharing your SMART-assessed questions with colleagues or mentors, you gain diverse perspectives that can highlight overlooked aspects or biases, ensuring your research objectives are not only SMART but also rigorously vetted for comprehensiveness and objectivity. This collaborative review can reveal additional refinements or adjustments, making your research questions more robust and aligned with broader academic or practical contexts.

In my view smart criteria is the most suitable way to find a better format regarding the questions and hypotheses required in our research work. The same criteria not only save our time but also our energy. On the other hand, the I'm at criteria provides a better still to cross-check our data variability and credibility.

SMART criteria is a great way of giving a clear picture of your hypotheses and proposed research question, and can also give clarity on the direction in which it needs to take in order to come to clear and defined conclusion.

The SMART criteria are a useful sieve, but don't let them strain out the serendipity. Specificity sharpens but leave room for the undefined. Measurability matters, but imagination defies quantification. Achievability anchors, but audacity propels. Relevance resonates, but the revolutionary often emerges from the fringe. Timeliness targets, but breakthroughs defy deadlines. Use SMART wisely, not restrictively.

SMART criteria work for any kind of work, whether it might be research, time management, task prioritisation etc. In research, prospective SMART criteria can help us localise our field of interest such as feasibility, time constraints and research trends. It also reduces the shortcomings and contradictions of any research.

In educational research, I am more confronted with commissioned research from political stakeholders or applied research in the school environment. The problem here is how to turn a practical problem into a scientific one. Students in particular find it very difficult to find a theoretical basis. I don't have any general tips other than to study a lot of literature.

Utilizar os critérios SMART para formular perguntas e hipóteses de pesquisa é uma abordagem eficiente e prática. Essa técnica assegura que os objetivos do estudo sejam claros, focados e realizáveis, aumentando a probabilidade de resultados úteis e aplicáveis. Além disso, ajuda a manter o projeto de pesquisa dentro de limites realistas, promovendo eficiência e relevância.

Los criterios SMART, es una técnica es muy importante para comprobar la hipótesis de investigación. Hay que cuantificar, medir, limitar, comparar, ser preciso y observarse si es alcanzable. La metodología planteada debe ser conducente a medir lo formulado.

Ensure that research questions are Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound to facilitate clarity and feasibility.

Scientific research is not successfully performed by individuals, but by collaboration. In order to develop innovative and unique research questions, it is essential to cross-functionally collaborate with teams of professionals that can offer unique insight and perspectives to develop life-changing and life-saving advances.

Identify gaps and problems in the literature that relate to your research topic and interest. Reading and summarizing the main findings, limitations, and implications of previous studies. Your focus on research questions that address the gaps and problems you have identified.

clear understanding of your craft or goal mission and prioritizing teamwork via collaboration is key in building a successful foundational expectation. literature research is only one example of a necessary developmental tool to readying progressive understanding within any topic.

Scientific research is not an individual effort, but rather an effort by the team. To conduct innovative research, it is essential to collaborate with teams of experts who can offer proper guidance and insights to conduct one's study properly.

Critically evaluating foundational beliefs and premises, researchers can formulate hypotheses to test these assumptions empirically. The findings of such studies contribute to the refinement, revision, or transformation of existing theories and models, thus driving the continual evolution of academic disciplines.

Consulting Experts: Discuss your findings and ideas with experts in the field to gain insights and refine your research questions and hypotheses.

I find it critical to seek feedback during every step of the process. It prevents tunnel vision and increases buy-in. More importantly, it fosters a keen sense of belonging among your colleagues and team members.

Buscar feedback sobre questões e hipóteses de pesquisa é crucial para garantir sua robustez e relevância. A colaboração e as perspectivas externas trazem novos insights, ajudam a identificar lacunas ou vieses e melhoram a clareza das perguntas. Além disso, feedbacks críticos e construtivos permitem o aprimoramento contínuo do projeto de pesquisa, enriquecendo a análise e fortalecendo as bases para resultados significativos e impactantes.

Exchanging information with other researchers is always a successful way to understand research gaps or possibilities not yet envisaged by a new researcher. Sending an email requesting a conversation, after carrying out good research on current studies, is no problem.

You can try to utilize Delphi method. Delphi method is a process mostly used in the qualitative research that aims to collect opinions on a particular research question or specific topic, to gain consensus. The opinions are collected from a group of experts that are not physically assembled, normally through questionnaires. First you can develop your own research question by identifying gaps and problems, and then seek experts to gain consensus on your research questions. All the iterative feedback will help you redefine your research questions over and over again. Research is all about iteration, unfortunately.

Remember to narrow your question as much as possible. Don't try to encompass a broad range of topics or objectives. This is for two reasons. Firstly, every research field is nearly infinite, and the literature exploring almost every topic is uncontainable, so one has to be very focused. Secondly, if you thoroughly investigate a very limited area, you will be surprised to realize that your research becomes a sort of microcosm; vast insights and implications eventually emerge from that seemingly narrow inquiry.

Start with the stakeholder mapping in the field of the research question and analysis of their challenges and needs. Understanding a full ecosystem needs and best practices opens many possibilities to formulate future research questions and hypothesis. Ensure that your research question strengthens your talent and skills too.

I am an audio learner. So my go to is to take a statistic procedure I regularly use in my analytic tool box and watch YouTube videos that do the same thing using a different software. Getting familiar with the new software becomes easier this way and gives me the curiosity I need to keep learning.

Understand your research objectives. The best tool is SMART. Your research questions must be answerable in the objectives. Once the connection is clear, hypothesis development from literature is butter.

When reviewing literature on previous research to come up with a new research question or hypothesis, it is important to understand the context of the questions asked by said previous research. To do so can involve: (1) Identifying the big picture questions within the academic field that the literature falls under; (2) Learning about the authors' research background, school of thought, interests; and (3) Investigating the evolution of their body of work. These clues can help you identify biases, motivations, better tease out interpretations from the evidence, and clarify your research position within the vast body of literature.

It also boils down to which stream of research are you concerned with. If it is fundamental research, then ask all the questions you need :) However, if it is for applied research, then it comes down to only 3 factors: can you do it faster, better or cheaper? And you will find that you can only fulfill 2 out of the 3, realistically.

Developing research questions and hypotheses from existing literature involves several techniques: 1. **Literature Review:** 2. **Identify Key Themes:** 3. **critical analysis 4. **Conceptual framework 5. **Synthesis of Findings:** 6. **Consultation with Experts:** 7. **Brainstorming:** 8. **Pilot Studies:** 9. **Consider Practical Relevance:** By employing these techniques, you can develop well-grounded research questions and hypotheses that build upon existing literature and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in your field.

Through theory building. You can draw on existing theories or theoretical frameworks to guide the development of research questions and hypotheses. By exploring relationships or testing assumptions within established theories, you can generate specific research questions and hypotheses.