Youngstown
Youngstown, city, Mahoning and Trumbull counties, seat (1876) of Mahoning county, northeastern Ohio, U.S. It lies along the Mahoning River, near the Pennsylvania border, and is equidistant (65 miles [105 km]) from Cleveland (northwest) and Pittsburgh (southeast). Youngstown is the heart of a steel-industrial complex that has historically included the cities of Warren, Niles, Campbell, Struthers, and Girard.
The Youngstown region was part of the Western Reserve until John Young, a surveyor from New York, purchased a tract of land there from the Connecticut Land Company (1797) and laid out a town (Young’s town, soon to become Youngstown). James Hillman, a local trader, was responsible for the early development of the community, which was organized as a town in 1802. Also in that year, James and Daniel Heaton built Ohio’s first furnace, at nearby Yellow Creek, to produce iron by reducing ore with charcoal and limestone. Later it was discovered that locally mined block coal could be used directly for iron smelting. After the 1855 opening of the first Sault Sainte Marie locks, rich iron ores from the upper Great Lakes region could be transported to Youngstown and its neighbouring steel centres. Subsequently, four main railroad lines and four branch lines were built to move ores and coal to Youngstown. By 1920 the city had become one of the largest steel-producing centres in the United States.
Youngstown still produces steel but in much smaller quantities since the major mill closings that occurred in the 1970s, most notably that of the Campbell Works, which sealed the fate of Youngstown Sheet and Tube, once the largest corporation in Ohio. The date of the closing, September 19, 1977, became known as “Black Monday,” and it remains one of the most symbolic dates in the development of the Rust Belt. The impact of the decline of the steel industry on the economic, social, and emotional life of Youngstown is movingly evoked in Bruce Springsteen’s Rust Belt anthem “Youngstown” (1995).
Youngstown State University was first established as a night school (1908). In the city are the Butler Institute of American Art, the Youngstown Playhouse, and the DeYor Performing Arts Center, home of the Youngstown Symphony. The Youngstown Historical Center of Industry and Labor chronicles the history of the steel and iron industry in the area. The city’s scenic Mill Creek Park, bisected by a 6-mile- (10-km-) long gorge with three lakes and a waterfall, is the site of the Ford Nature Education Center, a golf course, hiking and cycling trails, and several historic landmarks. Inc. village, 1848; city, 1867. Pop. (2010) 66,982; Youngstown-Warren-Boardman Metro Area, 565,773; (2020) 60,068; Youngstown-Warren-Boardman Metro Area, 541,243.