All changes since 2023-11-01 are noted below.
^‡ = New Classification
^† = Updated Classification

General Categories

A. General Economics and Teaching

A1	General Economics
	A10	General
	A11	Role of Economics • Role of Economists • Market for Economists
	A12	Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines
	A13	Relation of Economics to Social Values
	A14	Sociology of Economics
	A19	Other
A2	Economic Education and Teaching of Economics
	A20	General
	A21	Pre-college
	A22	Undergraduate
	A23	Graduate
	A29	Other
A3	Collective Works
	A30	General
	A31	Collected Writings of Individuals
	A32	Collective Volumes
	A33	Handbooks
	A39	Other

B. History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches

	B00	General
B1	History of Economic Thought through 1925
	B10	General
	B11	Preclassical (Ancient, Medieval, Mercantilist, Physiocratic)
	B12	Classical (includes Adam Smith)
	B13	Neoclassical through 1925 (Austrian, Marshallian, Walrasian, Wicksellian)
	B14	Socialist • Marxist
	B15	Historical • Institutional • Evolutionary
	B16	Quantitative and Mathematical
	B17	International Trade and Finance
	B19	Other
B2	History of Economic Thought since 1925
	B20	General
	B21	Microeconomics
	B22	Macroeconomics
	B23	Econometrics • Quantitative and Mathematical Studies
	B24	Socialist • Marxist • Sraffian
	B25	Historical • Institutional • Evolutionary • Austrian • Stockholm School
	B26	Financial Economics
	B27	International Trade and Finance
	B29	Other
B3	History of Economic Thought: Individuals
	B30	General
	B31	Individuals
	B32	Obituaries
B4	Economic Methodology
	B40	General
	B41	Economic Methodology
	B49	Other
B5	Current Heterodox Approaches
	B50	General
	B51	Socialist • Marxian • Sraffian
	B52	Historical • Institutional • Evolutionary • Modern Monetary Theory
	B53	Austrian
	B54	Feminist Economics
	B55	Social Economics
	B59	Other

C. Mathematical and Quantitative Methods

	C00	General
	C01	Econometrics
	C02	Mathematical Methods
C1	Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General
	C10	General
	C11	Bayesian Analysis: General
	C12	Hypothesis Testing: General
	C13	Estimation: General
	C14	Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods: General
	C15	Statistical Simulation Methods: General
	C18	Methodological Issues: General
	C19	Other
C2	Single Equation Models • Single Variables
	C20	General
	C21	Cross-Sectional Models • Spatial Models • Treatment Effect Models • Quantile Regressions
	C22	Time-Series Models • Dynamic Quantile Regressions • Dynamic Treatment Effect Models • Diffusion Processes
	C23	Panel Data Models • Spatio-temporal Models
	C24	Truncated and Censored Models • Switching Regression Models • Threshold Regression Models
	C25	Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models • Discrete Regressors • Proportions • Probabilities
	C26	Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation
	C29	Other
C3	Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models • Multiple Variables
	C30	General
	C31	Cross-Sectional Models • Spatial Models • Treatment Effect Models • Quantile Regressions • Social Interaction Models
	C32	Time-Series Models • Dynamic Quantile Regressions • Dynamic Treatment Effect Models • Diffusion Processes • State Space Models
	C33	Panel Data Models • Spatio-temporal Models
	C34	Truncated and Censored Models • Switching Regression Models
	C35	Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models • Discrete Regressors • Proportions
	C36	Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation
	C38	Classification Methods • Cluster Analysis • Principal Components • Factor Models
	C39	Other
C4	Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics
	C40	General
	C41	Duration Analysis • Optimal Timing Strategies
	C43	Index Numbers and Aggregation
	C44	Operations Research • Statistical Decision Theory
	C45	Neural Networks and Related Topics
	C46	Specific Distributions • Specific Statistics
	C49	Other
C5	Econometric Modeling
	C50	General
	C51	Model Construction and Estimation
	C52	Model Evaluation, Validation, and Selection
	C53	Forecasting and Prediction Methods • Simulation Methods
	C54	Quantitative Policy Modeling
	C55	Large Data Sets: Modeling and Analysis
	C57	Econometrics of Games and Auctions
	C58	Financial Econometrics
	C59	Other
C6	Mathematical Methods • Programming Models • Mathematical and Simulation Modeling
	C60	General
	C61	Optimization Techniques • Programming Models • Dynamic Analysis
	C62	Existence and Stability Conditions of Equilibrium
	C63	Computational Techniques • Simulation Modeling
	C65	Miscellaneous Mathematical Tools
	C67	Input–Output Models
	C68	Computable General Equilibrium Models
	C69	Other
C7	Game Theory and Bargaining Theory
	C70	General
	C71	Cooperative Games
	C72	Noncooperative Games
	C73	Stochastic and Dynamic Games • Evolutionary Games • Repeated Games
	C78	Bargaining Theory • Matching Theory
	C79	Other
C8	Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology • Computer Programs
	C80	General
	C81	Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data • Data Access
	C82	Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data • Data Access
	C83	Survey Methods • Sampling Methods
	C87	Econometric Software
	C88	Other Computer Software
	C89	Other
C9	Design of Experiments
	C90	General
	C91	Laboratory, Individual Behavior
	C92	Laboratory, Group Behavior
	C93	Field Experiments
	C99	Other

D. Microeconomics

	D00	General
	D01	Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles
	D02	Institutions: Design, Formation, Operations, and Impact
	D04	Microeconomic Policy: Formulation, Implementation, and Evaluation
D1	Household Behavior and Family Economics
	D10	General
	D11	Consumer Economics: Theory
	D12	Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis
	D13	Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation
	D14	Household Saving • Personal Finance
	D15	Intertemporal Household Choice • Life Cycle Models and Saving
	D16	Collaborative Consumption
	D18	Consumer Protection
	D19	Other
D2	Production and Organizations
	D20	General
	D21	Firm Behavior: Theory
	D22	Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis
	D23	Organizational Behavior • Transaction Costs • Property Rights
	D24	Production • Cost • Capital • Capital, Total Factor, and Multifactor Productivity • Capacity
	D25	Intertemporal Firm Choice: Investment, Capacity, and Financing
	D26	Crowd-Based Firms
	D29	Other
D3	Distribution
	D30	General
	D31	Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
	D33	Factor Income Distribution
	D39	Other
D4	Market Structure, Pricing, and Design
	D40	General
	D41	Perfect Competition
	D42	Monopoly
	D43	Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection
	D44	Auctions
	D45	Rationing • Licensing
	D46	Value Theory
	D47	Market Design
	D49	Other
D5	General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium
	D50	General
	D51	Exchange and Production Economies
	D52	Incomplete Markets
	D53	Financial Markets
	D57	Input–Output Tables and Analysis
	D58	Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models
	D59	Other
D6	Welfare Economics
	D60	General
	D61	Allocative Efficiency • Cost–Benefit Analysis
	D62	Externalities
	D63	Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
	D64	Altruism • Philanthropy • Intergenerational Transfers
	D69	Other
D7	Analysis of Collective Decision-Making
	D70	General
	D71	Social Choice • Clubs • Committees • Associations
	D72	Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior
	D73	Bureaucracy • Administrative Processes in Public Organizations • Corruption
	D74	Conflict • Conflict Resolution • Alliances • Revolutions
	D78	Positive Analysis of Policy Formulation and Implementation
	D79	Other
D8	Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty
	D80	General
	D81	Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty
	D82	Asymmetric and Private Information • Mechanism Design
	D83	Search • Learning • Information and Knowledge • Communication • Belief • Unawareness
	D84	Expectations • Speculations
	D85	Network Formation and Analysis: Theory
	D86	Economics of Contract: Theory
	D87	Neuroeconomics
	D89	Other
D9	Micro-Based Behavioral Economics
	D90	General
	D91	Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making

E. Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics

	E00	General
	E01	Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth • Environmental Accounts
	E02	Institutions and the Macroeconomy
E1	General Aggregative Models
	E10	General
	E11	Marxian • Sraffian • Kaleckian
	E12	Keynes • Keynesian • Post-Keynesian • Modern Monetary Theory
	E13	Neoclassical
	E14	Austrian • Evolutionary • Institutional
	E16	Social Accounting Matrix
	E17	Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
	E19	Other
E2	Consumption, Saving, Production, Investment, Labor Markets, and Informal Economy
	E20	General
	E21	Consumption • Saving • Wealth
	E22	Investment • Capital • Intangible Capital • Capacity
	E23	Production
	E24	Employment • Unemployment • Wages • Intergenerational Income Distribution • Aggregate Human Capital • Aggregate Labor Productivity
	E25	Aggregate Factor Income Distribution
	E26	Informal Economy • Underground Economy
	E27	Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
	E29	Other
E3	Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles
	E30	General
	E31	Price Level • Inflation • Deflation
	E32	Business Fluctuations • Cycles
	E37	Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
	E39	Other
E4	Money and Interest Rates
	E40	General
	E41	Demand for Money
	E42	Monetary Systems • Standards • Regimes • Government and the Monetary System • Payment Systems
	E43	Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects
	E44	Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy
	E47	Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
	E49	Other
E5	Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit
	E50	General
	E51	Money Supply • Credit • Money Multipliers
	E52	Monetary Policy
	E58	Central Banks and Their Policies
	E59	Other
E6	Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook
	E60	General
	E61	Policy Objectives • Policy Designs and Consistency • Policy Coordination
	E62	Fiscal Policy • Modern Monetary Theory
	E63	Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy • Stabilization • Treasury Policy
	E64	Incomes Policy • Price Policy
	E65	Studies of Particular Policy Episodes
	E66	General Outlook and Conditions
	E69	Other
E7	Macro-Based Behavioral Economics
	E70	General
	E71	Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on the Macro Economy

F. International Economics

	F00	General
	F01	Global Outlook
	F02	International Economic Order and Integration
F1	Trade
	F10	General
	F11	Neoclassical Models of Trade
	F12	Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies • Fragmentation
	F13	Trade Policy • International Trade Organizations
	F14	Empirical Studies of Trade
	F15	Economic Integration
	F16	Trade and Labor Market Interactions
	F17	Trade Forecasting and Simulation
	F18	Trade and Environment
	F19	Other
F2	International Factor Movements and International Business
	F20	General
	F21	International Investment • Long-Term Capital Movements
	F22	International Migration
	F23	Multinational Firms • International Business
	F24	Remittances
	F29	Other
F3	International Finance
	F30	General
	F31	Foreign Exchange
	F32	Current Account Adjustment • Short-Term Capital Movements
	F33	International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions
	F34	International Lending and Debt Problems
	F35	Foreign Aid
	F36	Financial Aspects of Economic Integration
	F37	International Finance Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
	F38	International Financial Policy: Financial Transactions Tax; Capital Controls
	F39	Other
F4	Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance
	F40	General
	F41	Open Economy Macroeconomics
	F42	International Policy Coordination and Transmission
	F43	Economic Growth of Open Economies
	F44	International Business Cycles
	F45	Macroeconomic Issues of Monetary Unions
	F47	Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
	F49	Other
F5	International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy
	F50	General
	F51	International Conflicts • Negotiations • Sanctions
	F52	National Security • Economic Nationalism
	F53	International Agreements and Observance • International Organizations
	F54	Colonialism • Imperialism • Postcolonialism
	F55	International Institutional Arrangements
	F59	Other
F6	Economic Impacts of Globalization
	F60	General
	F61	Microeconomic Impacts
	F62	Macroeconomic Impacts
	F63	Economic Development
	F64	Environment
	F65	Finance
	F66	Labor
	F68	Policy
	F69	Other

G. Financial Economics

	G00	General
	G01	Financial Crises
G1	General Financial Markets
	G10	General
	G11	Portfolio Choice • Investment Decisions
	G12	Asset Pricing • Trading Volume • Bond Interest Rates
	G13	Contingent Pricing • Futures Pricing
	G14	Information and Market Efficiency • Event Studies • Insider Trading
	G15	International Financial Markets
	G17	Financial Forecasting and Simulation
	G18	Government Policy and Regulation
	G19	Other
G2	Financial Institutions and Services
	G20	General
	G21	Banks • Depository Institutions • Micro Finance Institutions • Mortgages
	G22	Insurance • Insurance Companies • Actuarial Studies
	G23	Non-bank Financial Institutions • Financial Instruments • Institutional Investors
	G24	Investment Banking • Venture Capital • Brokerage • Ratings and Ratings Agencies
	G28	Government Policy and Regulation
	G29	Other
G3	Corporate Finance and Governance
	G30	General
	G31	Capital Budgeting • Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies • Capacity
	G32	Financing Policy • Financial Risk and Risk Management • Capital and Ownership Structure • Value of Firms • Goodwill
	G33	Bankruptcy • Liquidation
	G34	Mergers • Acquisitions • Restructuring • Corporate Governance
	G35	Payout Policy
	G38	Government Policy and Regulation
	G39	Other
G4	Behavioral Finance
	G40	General
	G41	Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making in Financial Markets
G5	Household Finance
	G50	General
	G51	Household Saving, Borrowing, Debt, and Wealth
	G52	Insurance
	G53	Financial Literacy
	G59	Other

H. Public Economics

	H00	General
H1	Structure and Scope of Government
	H10	General
	H11	Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government
	H12	Crisis Management
	H13	Economics of Eminent Domain • Expropriation • Nationalization
	H19	Other
H2	Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
	H20	General
	H21	Efficiency • Optimal Taxation
	H22	Incidence
	H23	Externalities • Redistributive Effects • Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
	H24	Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
	H25	Business Taxes and Subsidies
	H26	Tax Evasion and Avoidance
	H27	Other Sources of Revenue
	H29	Other
H3	Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents
	H30	General
	H31	Household
	H32	Firm
	H39	Other
H4	Publicly Provided Goods
	H40	General
	H41	Public Goods
	H42	Publicly Provided Private Goods
	H43	Project Evaluation • Social Discount Rate
	H44	Publicly Provided Goods: Mixed Markets
	H49	Other
H5	National Government Expenditures and Related Policies
	H50	General
	H51	Government Expenditures and Health
	H52	Government Expenditures and Education
	H53	Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs
	H54	Infrastructures • Other Public Investment and Capital Stock
	H55	Social Security and Public Pensions
	H56	National Security and War
	H57	Procurement
	H59	Other
H6	National Budget, Deficit, and Debt
	H60	General
	H61	Budget • Budget Systems
	H62	Deficit • Surplus
	H63	Debt • Debt Management • Sovereign Debt
	H68	Forecasts of Budgets, Deficits, and Debt
	H69	Other
H7	State and Local Government • Intergovernmental Relations
	H70	General
	H71	State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
	H72	State and Local Budget and Expenditures
	H73	Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects
	H74	State and Local Borrowing
	H75	State and Local Government: Health • Education • Welfare • Public Pensions
	H76	State and Local Government: Other Expenditure Categories
	H77	Intergovernmental Relations • Federalism • Secession
	H79	Other
H8	Miscellaneous Issues
	H80	General
	H81	Governmental Loans • Loan Guarantees • Credits • Grants • Bailouts
	H82	Governmental Property
	H83	Public Administration • Public Sector Accounting and Audits
	H84	Disaster Aid
	H87	International Fiscal Issues • International Public Goods
	H89	Other

I. Health, Education, and Welfare

	I00	General
I1	Health
	I10	General
	I11	Analysis of Health Care Markets
	I12	Health Behavior
	I13	Health Insurance, Public and Private
	I14	Health and Inequality
	I15	Health and Economic Development
	I18	Government Policy • Regulation • Public Health
	I19	Other
I2	Education and Research Institutions
	I20	General
	I21	Analysis of Education
	I22	Educational Finance • Financial Aid
	I23	Higher Education • Research Institutions
	I24	Education and Inequality
	I25	Education and Economic Development
	I26	Returns to Education
	I28	Government Policy
	I29	Other
I3	Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty
	I30	General
	I31	General Welfare, Well-Being
	I32	Measurement and Analysis of Poverty
	I38	Government Policy • Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs
	I39	Other

J. Labor and Demographic Economics

	J00	General
	J01	Labor Economics: General
	J08	Labor Economics Policies
J1	Demographic Economics
	J10	General
	J11	Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts
	J12	Marriage • Marital Dissolution • Family Structure • Domestic Abuse
	J13	Fertility • Family Planning • Child Care • Children • Youth
	J14	Economics of the Elderly • Economics of Disability • Non-Labor Market Discrimination†
	J15	Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants • Non-labor Discrimination
	J16	Economics of Gender • Non-labor Discrimination
	J17	Value of Life • Forgone Income
	J18	Public Policy
	J19	Other
J2	Demand and Supply of Labor
	J20	General
	J21	Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure
	J22	Time Allocation and Labor Supply
	J23	Labor Demand
	J24	Human Capital • Skills • Occupational Choice • Labor Productivity
	J26	Retirement • Retirement Policies
	J28	Safety • Job Satisfaction • Related Public Policy
	J29	Other
J3	Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs
	J30	General
	J31	Wage Level and Structure • Wage Differentials
	J32	Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits • Retirement Plans • Private Pensions
	J33	Compensation Packages • Payment Methods
	J38	Public Policy
	J39	Other
J4	Particular Labor Markets
	J40	General
	J41	Labor Contracts
	J42	Monopsony • Segmented Labor Markets
	J43	Agricultural Labor Markets
	J44	Professional Labor Markets • Occupational Licensing
	J45	Public Sector Labor Markets
	J46	Informal Labor Markets
	J47	Coercive Labor Markets
	J48	Public Policy
	J49	Other
J5	Labor–Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining
	J50	General
	J51	Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects
	J52	Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation • Collective Bargaining
	J53	Labor–Management Relations • Industrial Jurisprudence
	J54	Producer Cooperatives • Labor Managed Firms • Employee Ownership
	J58	Public Policy
	J59	Other
J6	Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers
	J60	General
	J61	Geographic Labor Mobility • Immigrant Workers
	J62	Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility
	J63	Turnover • Vacancies • Layoffs
	J64	Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search
	J65	Unemployment Insurance • Severance Pay • Plant Closings
	J68	Public Policy
	J69	Other
J7	Labor Discrimination
	J70	General
	J71	Discrimination
	J78	Public Policy
	J79	Other
J8	Labor Standards: National and International
	J80	General
	J81	Working Conditions
	J82	Labor Force Composition
	J83	Workers' Rights
	J88	Public Policy
	J89	Other

K. Law and Economics

	K00	General
K1	Basic Areas of Law
	K10	General
	K11	Property Law
	K12	Contract Law
	K13	Tort Law and Product Liability • Forensic Economics
	K14	Criminal Law
	K15	Civil Law • Common Law
	K16	Election Law
	K19	Other
K2	Regulation and Business Law
	K20	General
	K21	Antitrust Law
	K22	Business and Securities Law
	K23	Regulated Industries and Administrative Law
	K24	Cyber Law
	K25	Real Estate Law
	K29	Other
K3	Other Substantive Areas of Law
	K30	General
	K31	Labor Law
	K32	Energy, Environmental, Health, and Safety Law
	K33	International Law
	K34	Tax Law
	K35	Personal Bankruptcy Law
	K36	Family and Personal Law
	K37	Immigration Law
	K38	Human Rights Law • Gender Law • Animal Rights Law
	K39	Other
K4	Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior
	K40	General
	K41	Litigation Process
	K42	Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law
	K49	Other

L. Industrial Organization

	L00	General
L1	Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance
	L10	General
	L11	Production, Pricing, and Market Structure • Size Distribution of Firms
	L12	Monopoly • Monopolization Strategies
	L13	Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets
	L14	Transactional Relationships • Contracts and Reputation • Networks
	L15	Information and Product Quality • Standardization and Compatibility
	L16	Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change • Industrial Price Indices
	L17	Open Source Products and Markets
	L19	Other
L2	Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior
	L20	General
	L21	Business Objectives of the Firm
	L22	Firm Organization and Market Structure
	L23	Organization of Production
	L24	Contracting Out • Joint Ventures • Technology Licensing
	L25	Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope
	L26	Entrepreneurship
	L29	Other
L3	Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise
	L30	General
	L31	Nonprofit Institutions • NGOs • Social Entrepreneurship
	L32	Public Enterprises • Public-Private Enterprises
	L33	Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions • Privatization • Contracting Out
	L38	Public Policy
	L39	Other
L4	Antitrust Issues and Policies
	L40	General
	L41	Monopolization • Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices
	L42	Vertical Restraints • Resale Price Maintenance • Quantity Discounts
	L43	Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation
	L44	Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprises, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations
	L49	Other
L5	Regulation and Industrial Policy
	L50	General
	L51	Economics of Regulation
	L52	Industrial Policy • Sectoral Planning Methods
	L53	Enterprise Policy
	L59	Other
L6	Industry Studies: Manufacturing
	L60	General
	L61	Metals and Metal Products • Cement • Glass • Ceramics
	L62	Automobiles • Other Transportation Equipment • Related Parts and Equipment
	L63	Microelectronics • Computers • Communications Equipment
	L64	Other Machinery • Business Equipment • Armaments
	L65	Chemicals • Rubber • Drugs • Biotechnology • Plastics
	L66	Food • Beverages • Cosmetics • Tobacco • Wine and Spirits
	L67	Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather Goods; Household Goods; Sports Equipment
	L68	Appliances • Furniture • Other Consumer Durables
	L69	Other
L7	Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction
	L70	General
	L71	Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels
	L72	Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Other Nonrenewable Resources
	L73	Forest Products
	L74	Construction
	L78	Government Policy
	L79	Other
L8	Industry Studies: Services
	L80	General
	L81	Retail and Wholesale Trade • e-Commerce
	L82	Entertainment • Media
	L83	Sports • Gambling • Restaurants • Recreation • Tourism
	L84	Personal, Professional, and Business Services
	L85	Real Estate Services
	L86	Information and Internet Services • Computer Software
	L87	Postal and Delivery Services
	L88	Government Policy
	L89	Other
L9	Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities
	L90	General
	L91	Transportation: General
	L92	Railroads and Other Surface Transportation
	L93	Air Transportation
	L94	Electric Utilities
	L95	Gas Utilities • Pipelines • Water Utilities
	L96	Telecommunications
	L97	Utilities: General
	L98	Government Policy
	L99	Other

M. Business Administration and Business Economics • Marketing • Accounting • Personnel Economics

	M00	General
M1	Business Administration
	M10	General
	M11	Production Management
	M12	Personnel Management • Executives; Executive Compensation
	M13	New Firms • Startups
	M14	Corporate Culture • Diversity • Social Responsibility
	M15	IT Management
	M16	International Business Administration
	M19	Other
M2	Business Economics
	M20	General
	M21	Business Economics
	M29	Other
M3	Marketing and Advertising
	M30	General
	M31	Marketing
	M37	Advertising
	M38	Government Policy and Regulation
	M39	Other
M4	Accounting and Auditing
	M40	General
	M41	Accounting
	M42	Auditing
	M48	Government Policy and Regulation
	M49	Other
M5	Personnel Economics
	M50	General
	M51	Firm Employment Decisions • Promotions
	M52	Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects
	M53	Training
	M54	Labor Management
	M55	Labor Contracting Devices
	M59	Other

N. Economic History

	N00	General
	N01	Development of the Discipline: Historiographical; Sources and Methods
N1	Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics • Industrial Structure • Growth • Fluctuations
	N10	General, International, or Comparative
	N11	U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
	N12	U.S. • Canada: 1913–
	N13	Europe: Pre-1913
	N14	Europe: 1913–
	N15	Asia including Middle East
	N16	Latin America • Caribbean
	N17	Africa • Oceania
N2	Financial Markets and Institutions
	N20	General, International, or Comparative
	N21	U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
	N22	U.S. • Canada: 1913–
	N23	Europe: Pre-1913
	N24	Europe: 1913–
	N25	Asia including Middle East
	N26	Latin America • Caribbean
	N27	Africa • Oceania
N3	Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy
	N30	General, International, or Comparative
	N31	U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
	N32	U.S. • Canada: 1913-
	N33	Europe: Pre-1913
	N34	Europe: 1913-
	N35	Asia including Middle East
	N36	Latin America • Caribbean
	N37	Africa • Oceania
N4	Government, War, Law, International Relations, and Regulation
	N40	General, International, or Comparative
	N41	U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
	N42	U.S. • Canada: 1913–
	N43	Europe: Pre-1913
	N44	Europe: 1913–
	N45	Asia including Middle East
	N46	Latin America • Caribbean
	N47	Africa • Oceania
N5	Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries
	N50	General, International, or Comparative
	N51	U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
	N52	U.S. • Canada: 1913–
	N53	Europe: Pre-1913
	N54	Europe: 1913–
	N55	Asia including Middle East
	N56	Latin America • Caribbean
	N57	Africa • Oceania
N6	Manufacturing and Construction
	N60	General, International, or Comparative
	N61	U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
	N62	U.S. • Canada: 1913–
	N63	Europe: Pre-1913
	N64	Europe: 1913–
	N65	Asia including Middle East
	N66	Latin America • Caribbean
	N67	Africa • Oceania
N7	Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services
	N70	General, International, or Comparative
	N71	U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
	N72	U.S. • Canada: 1913–
	N73	Europe: Pre-1913
	N74	Europe: 1913–
	N75	Asia including Middle East
	N76	Latin America • Caribbean
	N77	Africa • Oceania
N8	Micro-Business History
	N80	General, International, or Comparative
	N81	U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
	N82	U.S. • Canada: 1913–
	N83	Europe: Pre-1913
	N84	Europe: 1913–
	N85	Asia including Middle East
	N86	Latin America • Caribbean
	N87	Africa • Oceania
N9	Regional and Urban History
	N90	General, International, or Comparative
	N91	U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
	N92	U.S. • Canada: 1913–
	N93	Europe: Pre-1913
	N94	Europe: 1913–
	N95	Asia including Middle East
	N96	Latin America • Caribbean
	N97	Africa • Oceania

O. Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth

O1	Economic Development
	O10	General
	O11	Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
	O12	Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
	O13	Agriculture • Natural Resources • Energy • Environment • Other Primary Products
	O14	Industrialization • Manufacturing and Service Industries • Choice of Technology
	O15	Human Resources • Human Development • Income Distribution • Migration
	O16	Financial Markets • Saving and Capital Investment • Corporate Finance and Governance
	O17	Formal and Informal Sectors • Shadow Economy • Institutional Arrangements
	O18	Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis • Housing • Infrastructure
	O19	International Linkages to Development • Role of International Organizations
O2	Development Planning and Policy
	O20	General
	O21	Planning Models • Planning Policy
	O22	Project Analysis
	O23	Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development
	O24	Trade Policy • Factor Movement Policy • Foreign Exchange Policy
	O25	Industrial Policy
	O29	Other
O3	Innovation • Research and Development • Technological Change • Intellectual Property Rights
	O30	General
	O31	Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives
	O32	Management of Technological Innovation and R&D
	O33	Technological Change: Choices and Consequences • Diffusion Processes
	O34	Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital
	O35	Social Innovation
	O36	Open Innovation
	O38	Government Policy
	O39	Other
O4	Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity
	O40	General
	O41	One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models
	O42	Monetary Growth Models
	O43	Institutions and Growth
	O44	Environment and Growth
	O47	Empirical Studies of Economic Growth • Aggregate Productivity • Cross-Country Output Convergence
	O49	Other
O5	Economywide Country Studies
	O50	General
	O51	U.S. • Canada
	O52	Europe
	O53	Asia including Middle East
	O54	Latin America • Caribbean
	O55	Africa
	O56	Oceania
	O57	Comparative Studies of Countries

P. Political Economy and Comparative Economic Systems

	P00	General
P1	Capitalist Economies
	P10	General
	P11	Planning, Coordination, and Reform
	P12	Capitalist Enterprises
	P13	Cooperative Enterprises
	P14	Property Rights
	P16	Capitalist Institutions • Welfare State
	P17	Performance and Prospects
	P18	Energy • Environment
	P19	Other
P2	Socialist and Transition Economies
	P20	General
	P21	Planning, Coordination, and Reform
	P22	Prices
	P23	Factor and Product Markets • Industry Studies • Population
	P24	National Income, Product, and Expenditure • Money • Inflation
	P25	Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics
	P26	Property Rights
	P27	Performance and Prospects
	P28	Natural Resources • Energy • Environment
	P29	Other
P3	Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions
	P30	General
	P31	Socialist Enterprises and Their Transitions
	P32	Collectives • Communes • Agriculture
	P33	International Trade, Finance, Investment, Relations, and Aid
	P34	Financial Economics
	P35	Public Economics
	P36	Consumer Economics • Health • Education and Training • Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty
	P37	Legal Institutions • Illegal Behavior
	P39	Other
P4	Other Economic Systems
	P40	General
	P41	Planning, Coordination, and Reform
	P42	Productive Enterprises • Factor and Product Markets • Prices • Population
	P43	Public Economics • Financial Economics
	P44	National Income, Product, and Expenditure • Money • Inflation
	P45	International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid
	P46	Consumer Economics • Health • Education and Training • Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty
	P47	Performance and Prospects
	P48	Legal Institutions • Property Rights • Natural Resources • Energy • Environment • Regional Studies
	P49	Other
P5	Comparative Economic Systems
	P50	General
	P51	Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems
	P52	Comparative Studies of Particular Economies
	P59	Other

Q. Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics • Environmental and Ecological Economics

	Q00	General
	Q01	Sustainable Development
	Q02	Commodity Markets
Q1	Agriculture
	Q10	General
	Q11	Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis • Prices
	Q12	Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets
	Q13	Agricultural Markets and Marketing • Cooperatives • Agribusiness
	Q14	Agricultural Finance
	Q15	Land Ownership and Tenure • Land Reform • Land Use • Irrigation • Agriculture and Environment
	Q16	R&D • Agricultural Technology • Biofuels • Agricultural Extension Services
	Q17	Agriculture in International Trade
	Q18	Agricultural Policy • Food Policy • Animal Welfare Policy
	Q19	Other
Q2	Renewable Resources and Conservation
	Q20	General
	Q21	Demand and Supply • Prices
	Q22	Fishery • Aquaculture
	Q23	Forestry
	Q24	Land
	Q25	Water
	Q26	Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources
	Q27	Issues in International Trade
	Q28	Government Policy
	Q29	Other
Q3	Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation
	Q30	General
	Q31	Demand and Supply • Prices
	Q32	Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development
	Q33	Resource Booms
	Q34	Natural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts
	Q35	Hydrocarbon Resources
	Q37	Issues in International Trade
	Q38	Government Policy
	Q39	Other
Q4	Energy
	Q40	General
	Q41	Demand and Supply • Prices
	Q42	Alternative Energy Sources
	Q43	Energy and the Macroeconomy
	Q47	Energy Forecasting
	Q48	Government Policy
	Q49	Other
Q5	Environmental Economics
	Q50	General
	Q51	Valuation of Environmental Effects
	Q52	Pollution Control Adoption and Costs • Distributional Effects • Employment Effects
	Q53	Air Pollution • Water Pollution • Noise • Hazardous Waste • Solid Waste • Recycling
	Q54	Climate • Natural Disasters and Their Management • Global Warming
	Q55	Technological Innovation
	Q56	Environment and Development • Environment and Trade • Sustainability • Environmental Accounts and Accounting • Environmental Equity • Population Growth
	Q57	Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services • Biodiversity Conservation • Bioeconomics • Industrial Ecology
	Q58	Government Policy
	Q59	Other

R. Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics

	R00	General
R1	General Regional Economics
	R10	General
	R11	Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes
	R12	Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
	R13	General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies
	R14	Land Use Patterns
	R15	Econometric and Input–Output Models • Other Models
	R19	Other
R2	Household Analysis
	R20	General
	R21	Housing Demand
	R22	Other Demand
	R23	Regional Migration • Regional Labor Markets • Population • Neighborhood Characteristics
	R28	Government Policy
	R29	Other
R3	Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm Location
	R30	General
	R31	Housing Supply and Markets
	R32	Other Spatial Production and Pricing Analysis
	R33	Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets
	R38	Government Policy
	R39	Other
R4	Transportation Economics
	R40	General
	R41	Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion • Travel Time • Safety and Accidents • Transportation Noise
	R42	Government and Private Investment Analysis • Road Maintenance • Transportation Planning
	R48	Government Pricing and Policy
	R49	Other
R5	Regional Government Analysis
	R50	General
	R51	Finance in Urban and Rural Economies
	R52	Land Use and Other Regulations
	R53	Public Facility Location Analysis • Public Investment and Capital Stock
	R58	Regional Development Planning and Policy
	R59	Other

Y. Miscellaneous Categories

Y1	Data: Tables and Charts
	Y10	Data: Tables and Charts
Y2	Introductory Material
	Y20	Introductory Material
Y3	Book Reviews (unclassified)
	Y30	Book Reviews (unclassified)
Y4	Dissertations (unclassified)
	Y40	Dissertations (unclassified)
Y5	Further Reading (unclassified)
	Y50	Further Reading (unclassified)
Y6	Excerpts
	Y60	Excerpts
Y7	No Author General Discussions
	Y70	No Author General Discussions
Y8	Related Disciplines
	Y80	Related Disciplines
Y9	Other
	Y90	Other
	Y91	Pictures and Maps
	Y92	Novels, Self-Help Books, etc.

Z. Other Special Topics

	Z00	General
Z1	Cultural Economics • Economic Sociology • Economic Anthropology
	Z10	General
	Z11	Economics of the Arts and Literature
	Z12	Religion
	Z13	Economic Sociology • Economic Anthropology • Language • Social and Economic Stratification
	Z18	Public Policy
	Z19	Other
Z2	Sports Economics
	Z20	General
	Z21	Industry Studies
	Z22	Labor Issues
	Z23	Finance
	Z28	Policy
	Z29	Other
Z3	Tourism Economics
	Z30	General
	Z31	Industry Studies
	Z32	Tourism and Development
	Z33	Marketing and Finance
	Z38	Policy
	Z39	Other