Chromium Blog: browser

Trustworthy Chrome Extensions, by default

Monday, October 1, 2018

li { line-height: 1.38 !important; } Incredibly, it’s been nearly a decade since we launched the Chrome extensions system. Thanks to the hard work and innovation of our developer community, there are now more than 180,000 extensions in the Chrome Web Store, and nearly half of Chrome desktop users actively use extensions to customize Chrome and their experience on the web.
The extensions team's dual mission is to help users tailor Chrome’s functionality to their individual needs and interests, and to empower developers to build rich and useful extensions. But, first and foremost, it’s crucial that users be able to trust the extensions they install are safe, privacy-preserving, and performant. Users should always have full transparency about the scope of their extensions’ capabilities and data access.
We’ve recently taken a number of steps toward improved extension security with the launch of out-of-process iframes, the removal of inline installation, and significant advancements in our ability to detect and block malicious extensions using machine learning. Looking ahead, there are more fundamental changes needed so that all Chrome extensions are trustworthy by default.
Today we’re announcing some upcoming changes and plans for the future:
User controls for host permissions Beginning in Chrome 70, users will have the choice to restrict extension host access to a custom list of sites, or to configure extensions to require a click to gain access to the current page.

While host permissions have enabled thousands of powerful and creative extension use cases, they have also led to a broad range of misuse - both malicious and unintentional - because they allow extensions to automatically read and change data on websites. Our aim is to improve user transparency and control over when extensions are able to access site data. In subsequent milestones, we’ll continue to optimize the user experience toward this goal while improving usability. If your extension requests host permissions, we encourage you to review our transition guide and begin testing as soon as possible.

Changes to the extensions review process Going forward, extensions that request powerful permissions will be subject to additional compliance review. We’re also looking very closely at extensions that use remotely hosted code, with ongoing monitoring. Your extension’s permissions should be as narrowly-scoped as possible, and all your code should be included directly in the extension package, to minimize review time.

New code readability requirements Starting today, Chrome Web Store will no longer allow extensions with obfuscated code. This includes code within the extension package as well as any external code or resource fetched from the web. This policy applies immediately to all new extension submissions. Existing extensions with obfuscated code can continue to submit updates over the next 90 days, but will be removed from the Chrome Web Store in early January if not compliant.
Today over 70% of malicious and policy violating extensions that we block from Chrome Web Store contain obfuscated code. At the same time, because obfuscation is mainly used to conceal code functionality, it adds a great deal of complexity to our review process. This is no longer acceptable given the aforementioned review process changes.
Additionally, since JavaScript code is always running locally on the user's machine, obfuscation is insufficient to protect proprietary code from a truly motivated reverse engineer. Obfuscation techniques also come with hefty performance costs such as slower execution and increased file and memory footprints.
Ordinary minification, on the other hand, typically speeds up code execution as it reduces code size, and is much more straightforward to review. Thus, minification will still be allowed, including the following techniques:

Removal of whitespace, newlines, code comments, and block delimiters

Shortening of variable and function names

Collapsing the number of JavaScript files

If you have an extension in the store with obfuscated code, please review our updated content policies as well as our recommended minification techniques for Google Developers, and submit a new compliant version before January 1st, 2019.

Required 2-Step Verification

In 2019, enrollment in 2-Step Verification will be required for Chrome Web Store developer accounts. If your extension becomes popular, it can attract attackers who want to steal it by hijacking your account, and 2-Step Verification adds an extra layer of security by requiring a second authentication step from your phone or a physical security key. We strongly recommend that you enroll as soon as possible.

For even stronger account security, consider the Advanced Protection Program. Advanced protection offers the same level of security that Google relies on for its own employees, requiring a physical security key to provide the strongest defense against phishing attacks.

Looking ahead: Manifest v3

In 2019 we will introduce the next extensions manifest version. Manifest v3 will entail additional platform changes that aim to create stronger security, privacy, and performance guarantees. We want to help all developers fall into the pit of success; writing a secure and performant extension in Manifest v3 should be easy, while writing an insecure or non-performant extension should be difficult.

Some key goals of manifest v3 include:

More narrowly-scoped and declarative APIs, to decrease the need for overly-broad access and enable more performant implementation by the browser, while preserving important functionality
Additional, easier mechanisms for users to control the permissions granted to extensions
Modernizing to align with new web capabilities, such as supporting Service Workers as a new type of background process

We intend to make the transition to manifest v3 as smooth as possible and we’re thinking carefully about the rollout plan. We’ll be in touch soon with more specific details.
We recognize that some of the changes announced today may require effort in the future, depending on your extension. But we believe the collective result will be worth that effort for all users, developers, and for the long term health of the Chrome extensions ecosystem. We’re committed to working with you to transition through these changes and are very interested in your feedback. If you have questions or comments, please get in touch with us on the Chromium extensions forum.
Posted by James Wagner, Chrome Extensions Product Manager

How we designed Chrome 10 years ago

Monday, September 10, 2018

NOTE: This article was inspired by a conversation with Darin Fisher, VP for Google Chrome, for our YouTube series “Designer vs. Developer”.
To release a browser when there were already established ones in the market was a bold move—especially when some of the major browsers were clocking over a million downloads within just hours of their release. The community speculated about a Google browser as early as 2004, but the team actually started working on the project in 2006. With the rise in rich web applications such as Gmail, YouTube, and Google Maps, the demand for more powerful browsers became apparent. These new web apps were processor-intensive and the browsers weren’t designed to handle that level of complexity.
“In your typical browser of that day, if you were to leave Gmail running overnight, you would come back the next day and your browser would feel pretty sluggish.” – Darin Fisher, VP Chrome

Browsers of that time mimicked what early search engines had done, diluting the focus on the core user experience. Search engines were mostly portal sites with a sea of links and a tiny input field. Google Search stripped away the clutter, offering the user a single input field, and focused on a single task.

Web browsers had created a similar problem with excessive toolbars. Whenever users installed a new app, they were offered an extra toolbar. Eventually, the browser UI dominated the user's screen real estate and left very little space for content. Chrome wanted to do what Google did with search: focus on content. The team wanted to get out of the user’s way and include features that weren’t possible before, such as draggable tabs. Even the extension system was built to ensure that the screen space for content wasn’t compromised and that the surrounding UI was minimized as much as possible.

The mantra for Chrome was the four S’s: simplicity, speed, security, and stability.

Simplicity represented the streamlined UI design and experience. Speed was about how quickly the browser responded when a user performed an action. Speed wasn’t just about load time, either. Before Chrome, browsers would often hang or fail to respond when a user tried to close a tab, had too many tabs open, or was doing something complicated on a page. Chrome worked on a multiprocessor architecture, so if the user clicked to close a tab, it would simply close.

Security was about making users feel safe on the web, protecting them from any nasties on the internet such as viruses or fake sites, and giving them control over what was happening. This tied into the final S -- Stability of the browser, ensuring that it wouldn’t randomly crash. The team put a lot of effort in making sure it supported the many quirks on the web and rendered pages in a way that web developers intended.

I asked Darin about the things he is proud of and the decisions he regretted. He mentioned the liberation of starting with the Windows version, which meant his teams could focus on building a great browser without thinking about any cross-platform issues. While it maintained the free-spirit of development for the team, to their peril, they had to recreate everything from scratch when building for mobile, MacOS and Linux - a painful but critical learning of ‘thinking long-term’ for him and the team.

The other challenge I asked him about was the dreaded “best viewed in browser X” banner message that was common in the early 2000s, indicating that site content might not show properly on some browsers (including Chrome). Today, Chrome is working with other browsers vendors, the W3C committee, and especially developers, to make sure we’re solving the right problems for the community, such as the cross-collaboration work we did when implementing CSS Grid.

What do the next ten years hold? As new computers, mobile devices, and users come online, the most likely effect will be that design patterns and trends from Asia and Africa become the standard way of experiencing digital design. Web makers in India have pioneered offline experiences, and app designers in Nigeria are developing new ways of delivering Ecommerce experiences to users on 2G networks.

So, here’s to the next ten years. Happy birthday, Chrome!

Posted by Mustafa Kurtuldu, Design Advocate

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