Sumith Samarasekara,

ACCC publishes the mobile infrastructure report 2024. Optus has had the highest amount new Mobile sites in net terms. Optus has increased its total site count the most since 2020, up 15%, compared to 12% and 1% for Telstra and TPG, respectively. Optus and Telstra added roughly the same number of sites to their network in net terms, 1,256 and 1,221 sites, respectively, since 2020. TPG added 37 more sites to its network over the same period. The divergence in the number of mobiles sites added to the MNO’s networks has increased the gap between the MNO with the greatest and fewest number of sites. Optus now has 9k plus towers of which there are 4000 5G Towers . So when we say of the investments being made into new net towers it means greater choice for our customers.

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If my mobile phone supports only 4G, will it support 5G NR? Q:-If my phone supports a frequency band that is common to both LTE and 5G NR, but the phone is designed for LTE only, will it also support 5G? A:-No, Even if an LTE-only phone supports a frequency band that is common with 5G NR, it lacks the necessary 5G modem, firmware, and hardware enhancements required to support 5G NR technology. Therefore, it cannot operate on 5G networks. Q: What security features are unique to 5G networks compared to LTE networks, and how do they affect smartphone design? A:-Security features in 5G networks include enhanced encryption algorithms like AES-256, stronger mutual authentication protocols, and improved network slicing capabilities that isolate and protect user data more effectively than LTE. These advancements necessitate smartphones with more powerful processors and secure hardware modules to handle encryption and authentication processes efficiently while ensuring data integrity and privacy in the evolving mobile landscape. Q: If a phone supports VoLTE (Voice over LTE), does it mean it can make calls over 5G networks (VoNR)? A:-Supporting VoLTE (Voice over LTE) does not guarantee support for VoNR (Voice over New Radio, used in 5G networks). VoNR introduces new protocols and optimizations specific to 5G, such as improved latency and bandwidth efficiency. While VoLTE focuses on voice calls over LTE networks, VoNR leverages 5G's capabilities for enhanced voice services. Smartphones need compatible hardware and software support to enable VoNR, in addition to VoLTE compatibility, to utilize voice services optimally in 5G networks. Q. Technical Specifications for Mobile Phones or UE 1. Radio Access Technologies (RAT) : GSM, UMTS, LTE, 5G NR Frequency Bands: 700 MHz, 1800 MHz, 2100 MHz, 2.6 GHz, mmWave bands in 5G 2. Baseband Processing Modulation and Coding: QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM for LTE Higher-order modulations like 256-QAM for 5G Coding schemes such as Turbo Codes and LDPC (Low-Density Parity-Check) for error correction Carrier Aggregation 3. Antenna Technologies MIMO Beamforming 4. Network Interfaces Physical Layer (PHY): Handles the transmission and reception of raw bit streams over a physical medium MAC Layer (Medium Access Control): Manages data placement on the network medium, including error detection and correction 5. Hardware Components Processors Memory Sensors 6. Operating Systems and Software Operating Systems (OS) Firmware Applications and Middleware 7. Battery and Power Management Battery Technology Power Management ICs (Integrated Circuits) 8. Security Encryption Authentication Secure Boot and Trusted Execution Environments (TEE) 9. Connectivity and Interoperability Wi-Fi Bluetooth VoLTE (Voice over LTE) and VoNR (Voice over New Radio) 10. Advanced Features in 5G UEs Network Slicing Edge Computing Thank You Waddah Ambrais sir for giving title of this article #telecom #Nr #Interview #5G

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Advanced Troubleshooting Tips for DWDM Networks 1. Loopback Testing: ▪ Utilize loopback tests to pinpoint faults in WDM systems. ▪ Perform hardware loopback tests on-site and software loopback tests through software. ▪ Implement loopbacks on client-side or line-side ports. ▪ Use optical attenuators in hardware loopbacks to prevent port damage from high power levels. 2. Reset Procedures: ▪ Reset boards using two methods: warm reset and cold reset. ▪ Conduct resets through the Network Management System (NMS) or by physically removing and reinserting the board. ▪ Cold resets may impact service availability. 3. Monitoring Alarms: ▪ Distinguish between current alarms (active alarms) and historical alarms (previously resolved alarms). 4. Performance Monitoring Logs: ▪ Monitor performance metrics such as bit errors, availability, power levels, and Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio (OSNR) on boards. 5. Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer (OTDR): ▪ Use OTDR for fault localization, attenuation/power calculations, and tracing. 6. Spectrum Analyzer and Power Meter: ▪ Employ spectrum analyzers and power meters for in-depth optical power analysis. 7. Board Indicators: ▪ Check board indicators within the cabinet to assess hardware, service, and software statuses. 8. Cable and Component Inspection: ▪ Verify cable statuses, attenuation levels, connectors, splice point losses, and SFP module statuses for optimal network performance. #Telecommunications #NetworkInfrastructure #WDMNetworks #OpticalNetworking  #GlobalConnectivity #CapacityPlanning #NetworkDesign #TelecomEngineering #DigitalTransformation #CommunicationTechnology #NetworkingSolutions #TechnologyInnovation #ProfessionalDevelopment #ConnectivityEvolution #LinkedInNetworking

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LTE Frame Structure 1️⃣Time Division Frame Structure The LTE frame structure is organized into frames, subframes, and slots, as follows: 💡Frame The LTE frame is the highest time unit and is 10 milliseconds (ms) long. It is divided into 10 subframes, each 1 ms in length. Frame structure: 1 LTE Frame = 10 Subframes = 10 ms 💡Subframe Each subframe is 1 ms long and consists of 2 slots. A subframe can be used to transmit control or data information, depending on the system configuration. Subframe structure: 1 Subframe = 1 ms = 2 slots 💡Slot A slot is the smallest time unit in the LTE frame structure. A slot lasts for 0.5 ms and is the basic time unit for scheduling transmission. Each slot has 7 OFDM symbols in normal cyclic prefix mode or 6 OFDM symbols in extended cyclic prefix mode. Slot structure: 1 Slot = 0.5 ms = 7 or 6 OFDM symbols (depending on cyclic prefix) 2️⃣Frequency Division In addition to the time-based structure, LTE also uses a frequency-based structure where the frequency spectrum is divided into Resource Blocks (RBs). 💡Resource Block (RB) The Resource Block is the smallest unit of frequency allocation and represents the frequency in both time and frequency domains. 1 RB = 180 kHz bandwidth (which consists of 12 subcarriers, each 15 kHz wide). Each RB occupies one slot in the frequency domain. 💡Resource Element (RE) The Resource Element is the smallest unit in LTE frequency-time grid and corresponds to a single subcarrier in a single OFDM symbol. 1 RE = 15 kHz (frequency) × 1 symbol (time). 3️⃣Downlink and Uplink Transmission In LTE, there are two primary types of transmission: downlink (from base station to user equipment) and uplink (from user equipment to base station). 💡Downlink (DL) The downlink uses a system called OFDM to allocate frequency and time resources. The frame is split into time slots and resource blocks, and data is transmitted in the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH), Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH), and other channels. 💡Uplink (UL) The uplink also uses a form of OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) where the frequency bands are divided into Resource Blocks. The data is transmitted through the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) and Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH). 4️⃣Cyclic Prefix To combat inter-symbol interference (ISI) caused by multipath propagation, LTE employs a cyclic prefix in the OFDM symbols. There are two types: Normal Cyclic Prefix (CP): 4.7 µs (most commonly used). Extended Cyclic Prefix (CP): 16.7 µs (used for long-delay channels). 5️⃣Channels and Control Information PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel): Carries control information to schedule downlink and uplink transmission. PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel): Carries user data in the downlink. PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel): Used for control signaling from the user equipment (e.g., channel quality reports). PUSCH : Carries user data in the uplink.

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NBN Co recently conducted a successful field trial using Hybrid Fibre Coaxial (HFC) technology, achieving ultra-fast speeds of up to 8.7 Gbps. This breakthrough not only underscores the potential of HFC technology to enhance broadband performance but also paves the way for a more connected future. The trial’s success indicates that Australian households and businesses can expect improved connectivity, accommodating the growing demand for data-intensive applications such as 4K streaming and cloud computing. As we witness these advancements, how do you think the evolution of HFC technology will impact your business or home’s broadband experience? Read more here: https://rpb.li/n2A4 #NBN #HFC #Broadband #Connectivity #Telecommunications

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Check out the latest advancements on 6G radio design and innovation on topics including AI-driven air interface design, advanced MIMO transmissions, joint communication and sensing, integrated terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks, and a lot more from Hexa-X-II! https://lnkd.in/ddaSZXuM #SNSJU #6G #AI

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Considering an upgrade to FTTP (Fibre to the Premises) from traditional broadband? Here's what you need to know: 1. Speed: FTTP offers lightning-fast speeds, ideal for bandwidth-intensive tasks. 2. Reliability: Say goodbye to connection dropouts with the superior reliability of FTTP. 3. Future-Proofing: FTTP infrastructure is designed to meet the evolving needs of businesses. 4. Upload Speeds: Enjoy symmetrical upload and download speeds for efficient data transfer. 5. Cost: While the initial investment may be higher, the long-term benefits of FTTP outweigh the costs. 6. Competitive Edge: Stay ahead of the competition with superior connectivity and performance. Ready to take your business to the next level? Upgrade to FTTP today! #NetworkDesign #ScalableSolutions #SecurityFirst #ConsultingExperts #InnovationInTech #NetworkDesignExperts #LocalNetworks #ScalableSolutions #SecurityIntegration #TechInnovation #ConsultingServices #ITPlanning #CyberSecurity #NetworkMaintenance #FutureProofing #DigitalInfrastructure #BusinessTechnology #NetworkScalability #DataSecurity #InnovativeSolutions #ITConsultancy #TechLeadership #NetworkPlanning #BusinessGrowth

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I am always talking about the importance of #3G_Shutdown for many reasons, The retirement of 3G is a necessary step for telcos to free up the #spectrum for their 4G and 5G networks, with carriers across the globe doing similar. The situation in #Australia 📗 Telstra and Optus planned to shut down their 3G networks at the end of August. However, The move will now be delayed until the end of October due to concerns about #public_safety. 📗 Public safety is a top priority for any country, So Telstra in their delayed press release, mentioned After 28 October 2024: " If your device doesn’t support VoLTE #emergency calling, you will not be able to make an #emergency call to 000 on the Telstra Mobile Network. You won’t be able to make voice calls or connect on our network if your device doesn’t have Voice over LTE (VoLTE) technology, even with 4G data " 💡 Customers should understand through the media campaigns the importance of upgrading their handset to #4G to reach the #emergency services. #3G #Sunset #PublicSafety #Emergencycall #4GUpgrade #5GReady

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**VoLTE (Voice over LTE) Call Flow: Essential Overview** VoLTE call setup and initiation involve multiple steps for reliable voice service over LTE. Here’s a concise breakdown of key stages: --- ### Call Setup Process 1. **UE Attach**: UE attaches to the LTE network (RRC establishment). 2. **Attach Request**: UE sends Attach Request to MME for EPS bearer setup (default/signaling bearer). 3. **Authentication & Session Request**: MME authenticates UE, requests session from PGW. 4. **IP Assignment & Bearer Creation**: PGW assigns an IP to UE, creates bearer with QCI 5. 5. **SGW Management**: SGW manages bearer QoS (QCI 1). 6. **IMS Registration**: UE registers with IMS server for VoLTE services. 7. **SIP Address**: IMS server allocates SIP address to UE. ### Call Initiation & SIP Signaling 1. **SIP INVITE**: UE sends SIP INVITE to initiate call. 2. **Routing**: INVITE routed to called party's IMS server and UE. 3. **Initial Response**: Called party's UE responds with "100 Trying" and "183 Session Progress." 4. **PRACK & 200 OK**: Calling UE sends PRACK; called UE replies with "200 OK." 5. **Ringing & Answer**: "180 Ringing" and "200 OK" signal call establishment. 6. **ACK**: Calling UE sends ACK, confirming connection. ### Call Termination 1. **BYE & 200 OK**: On termination, SIP BYE is sent, and opposite UE responds with "200 OK." 2. **Resource Release**: IMS server releases resources, and UE de-registers from IMS. This efficient VoLTE call flow ensures high-quality voice services over LTE. #VoLTE #LTE #SIP #NetworkEngineering

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📍The Most important questions and answers for any Telecom Engineer to know in this Telecom Field. ●What is Microwave link/antenna? Microwave antenna is a physical transmission devices used to broadcast microwave transmission between two or more locations or base stations. ●What is BBU? Baseband Unit manages the whole base station, including operating maintenance as will as signal processing. ●What is RRU "Remote Radio Unit"? Interfaces with Antenna in one side and with BBU in the another side. ○Converts the RF signal into data signal and the vice versa. ○Filtering and amplification of RF signal. ○Decides the coverage of the power capability. ●What is the RF Antenna? ○RF antenna interfaces with cell phone wirelessly and transmits/receivers RF signals ○Decides that shape of the coverage ●What does target RSL mean? This means the received signal level, which is the power value to be received form the microwave link ●What is the feeder cable? It is a copper cable used to send and receive the signal and transmit it form the cabinet to the antenna ●What is the IF Cable? It is also a copper cable, but it is used to transmit microwave signals+the power form the modem cards aligned with the ODU ●What does the word alignment mean? This means adjusting the microwave links, so that the best signal is received ●What does the word XPIC mean? Cancellation of cross-polarization interference this means sending and receiving data on the same frequency, but using two types of polarization, which are vertical and horizontal to double the speed. ●What is the Signal Strength (SS)? Signal strength is a measurement that expresses the quality or value of a particular signal at a certain distance from its source ●What is the word SNR? Signal-to-noise ratio, often written S/N or SNR, is a measure of the strength of the desired signal relative to background noise that affects it (undesired signal). ●What does it mean Rx Sensitivity? Measurement of the weakest signal that a wireless receiver (UE) can receive to decode the data and get the content of it. Received sensitivity is affected greatly by a number of factors such as location, place of the the terminal ●What is Diversity? Diversity scheme refers to a method for improving the reliability of a message signal by using two or more communication channels with different characteristics ●What is MIMO? Stand for Multiple-Input Multiple-Output, it's a wireless technology that increases the data capacity of a RF radio by using multiple transmitting and receiving antennas ●What is Fading? Fading refers to the attenuation of the transmitted signal power due to various variables during wireless propagation. These variables can be atmospheric conditions such as rainfall and lightning, geographical position, time, radio frequency etc. ●What is the Interference? Interference refers to the effect of unwanted signals or noise on the reception of a wanted signal

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🚀 Optus has introduced Ericsson's revolutionary 5G Advanced Interference Sensing technology in a live network pilot, marking a significant milestone for 5G connectivity! This cutting-edge feature enhances network performance by dynamically sensing and mitigating inter cell interference in real time, leading to a remarkable 22% increase in user throughput. With this deployment, Optus and Ericsson are not just improving connectivity; they are setting the stage for transformative use cases in video streaming, mobile cloud gaming, and AR/VR applications. This is a huge leap forward in unlocking the full potential of 5G networks, ensuring seamless and exceptional mobile experiences for all. Kudos to the teams at Optus and Ericsson for pushing the boundaries of innovation. 🌐💡 📢 What new 5G use cases are you most excited about? #5G #Innovation #Technology #FutureOfConnectivity

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In March 2022, the Commonwealth Government and nbn® Australia announced a $750 million co-investment commitment to upgrade nbn’s Fixed Wireless and Satellite networks to help meet the growing needs of homes and businesses in regional Australia. This is enabling nbn to upgrade its Fixed Wireless network using state of the art 4G and 5G technologies which is on track for completion in December 2024. To ensure nbn continues to progress our efforts to improve the energy efficiency of its network, we have installed Ericsson’s innovative equipment with Microsleep Tx software on 2,400 Fixed Wireless towers which services rural and regional communities across Australia. In line with our commitment to reduce annual energy use by 25 GWh per annum by December 2025, nbn is reducing power consumption by five per cent across its Fixed Wireless network which is the equivalent of powering 200 Australian homes.   Our national fibre upgrade program is central to our plan to enable long-term reductions in network power demand and improve customer experience. nbn is on track to enable over 10 million premises – or up to 90 per cent of the Fixed Line network – to access close to Gigabit speeds by the end of 2025.   Read more https://lnkd.in/gDnU8keG

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Significant milestone for wholesale fibre-to-the-home. Not clear to me why Virgin Plus can offer FTTH for less than that wholesale price (which in previous arrangements won't include Internet transport).

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In a DWDM system, troubleshooting 1 **Perform a Loopback Test:** Use an optical attenuator to loopback devices to avoid port damage from high power. You can also use software loopbacks via the NMS. 2 **Reset the Line Cards:** You can reset cards in two ways: * Warm reset (no impact on service) * Cold reset (service impact) Reset via NMS, physically removing and re-inserting the card, or using the reset button on the control board. 3 **Check Alarm History:** * History alarms (alarms previously detected, logged, and cleared) * Current alarms (still active, awaiting resolution) 4 **Review Performance Monitoring Logs**Check metrics like bit errors, availability, power levels, OSNR, etc., on line cards or the optical transport manager. 5 **Use an OTDR:** Determine attenuation, calculate power, and identify events. 6 **Employ a Spectrum Analyzer and Power Meter:** Analyze optical power and wavelengths. 7 **Inspect Line Card LEDs:** Cards have LEDs that indicate line card hardware status, service status, software status, and more. 8 **Physically Examine Fiber:** Check fiber patch cables, attenuation levels, connectors, splice points, SFP modules, and more.

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consider fgOTN as a replacement for SDH For Electricity and transportation organizations Electricity, road and rail infrastructure providers collectively operate millions of installed control systems and security devices. Many of these are connected to SDH transport networks using legacy interfaces or low-speed leased lines (analogue, T1/E1 or T3/E3), either directly or via access devices or multi-service access and aggregation devices.  The new fgOTN standards optimize OTN to deliver improved support for lower-speed legacy services by introducing much smaller containers with a minimum size of 10Mbit/s Other key features of the initial fgOTN standards include: 1. fixed timeslots that enable service isolation 2. microsecond-level latency and very low latency jitter 3. guaranteed bandwidth as well as sub-100ms hitless bandwidth 4.adjustment (that is, bandwidth adjustment that does not affect services) hop-by-hop clock transmission to support constant bit rate (CBR) services 5. improved operations, administration and maintenance (OAM) including fast protection switching (sub-50ms) and monitoring and protection for sub-paths.

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QoS Parameters (4G vs. 5G) A transportation analogy is used for 4G QoS parameters. ARP indicates whether there are roads. QCI indicates whether vehicles work properly. xBR indicates whether roads are wide enough. 5G QoS parameters inherit the basic architecture of 4G QoS parameters. The difference is that the names and descriptions of some parameters are modified and three optional parameters, such as Reflective QoS Attribute (RQA), are added.     "ARP" On 4G and 5G networks, allocation and retention priority (ARP) is used to identify the capability for a service to obtain a path resource (mainly referring to air interface resources). This means that ARP is used to control the priority of EPS bearer/QoS flow establishment and modification. ARP has three parameters: priority level, preemption capability, and preemption vulnerability. The priority level indicates the priority for creating a path. The preemption capability indicates whether preempting resources of other paths is allowed during creation or modification of a channel. The preemption vulnerability indicates whether the resources can be preempted by other paths. "xBR" In terms of service quality, bandwidth is always the biggest concern for end users and is the most easily observed quality parameter. Bandwidth is classified into uplink bandwidth and downlink bandwidth. In terms of resource type, 4G/5G paths can be classified into guaranteed bit rate (GBR) paths and non-GBR paths. The bandwidth guarantee for the two types of paths is different: For GBR paths, each path has its own bandwidth parameter, which defines the guaranteed bandwidth or the possibly maximum bandwidth. For non-GBR paths, the bandwidth is not guaranteed. Therefore, each path has its own bandwidth parameter aggregate maximum bit rate (AMBR), which indicates the maximum bandwidth used by a group of non-GBR paths. AMBR limits the total rate of all paths that share the AMBR.   GBR paths: The GBR and MBR parameters are renamed to the GFBR and MFBR parameters. Their meanings are the same. Non-GBR paths: The name and meaning of UE-AMBR remain unchanged. APN-AMBR is changed to Session-AMBR, that is, the aggregation granularity is changed from a 4G PDN to a 5G PDU session.   5G QoS identifier (5QI) corresponds to the 4G QoS class identifier (QCI) as the index of service quality. 5QI is a set of parameters such as resource type, priority, reliability, and packet loss rate, and is applied to all paths. After 5QI is defined, the core network only transfers the 5QI rather than all parameters. The 5QI value can be used to notify the (R)AN side of all QoS information, reducing parameter transfer between NFs. #5G #QOS Source: Huawei

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