UmNgcikisho

UmNgcikisho (noma ubunjineyela) ungumkhwishizo wokusebenzisa inzululwazi yemvelo, umchazazibalo, kanye nomdludlungu womklamo wokungcikisha ^[1] ekuxazululweni kwezinkinga zobunyoninco, ekwandiseni umkhabangulo nokukhiqiza, nasekuphuculeni izimiso. UmNgcikisho wanamuhla uhlanganisa imikhakha eminingi efaka phakathi ukuklama nokuphefukisa ingqalasizinda, izinguxa, izithuthi, izingabazuba, ukungcikisha izithako, kanye nezimiso zesidlakalasi.^[2]

Uqeqesho lomngcikisho lufaka phakathi imikhakha enhlobonhlobo yekhethelo, ngamunye ogxile ngokuqondile endimeni ekhethekile yomchazazibalo osetshenziswayo, Inzululwazi esetshenziswayo.

Ibizo lesiZulu elithi 'umNgcikisho' lithathwe esenzweni sokungcikisha (esimqondofana 'nokulumba'), esisho 'ukuqamba, ukukhanda',^[3] elinencazelo efanayo negama lesilathini okuthathwe kulo elithi enginneering (Latin 'ingenium', meaning "cleverness" and ingeniare, meaning "to contrive, devise.)

Incasiselo

UMkhandlu wabaNgcikishi baseMelika wokuThuthukiswa okuChwepheshile (The American Engineers' Council for Professional Development) uchasisa 'umngcikisho' ngokuthi:

Ukusetshenziswa ngobunomfiya kwezimiselo zenzululwazi lapho kuklanywa noma kuthuthukiswa izinhlaka, izinguxa, amathuluzi, noma izinqubo zokukhiqiza, noma imisebenzi ezisebenza zodwa noma ngokuzihlanganisa; noma ukuzakha noma ukuzigidinga ngokolwazi lomklamo wazo; noma ngokuqagula ukucondoza kwazo ngaphansi kwezimo zokugidinga ezithile; ngokuvumelana nokusebenza okuhlosiwe, amancozu wokugidingwa kwazo nokuphepha kwempilo nempahla .^[4]^[5]

uMlando

unyanduko lwebalazwe lesonto lase-Lille, elaklanywa ngowe-1668 ngu-Vauban, owangumngcikishi wezempi wangaleyonkathi.

Umngcikisho yinto ebilokhu ikhona kusuka endulo lapho abantu bengcikisha iziqambo ezifana netshopi, isixakaxo, isondo nomdonso njll.

Ibizo lesizulu elithi umngcikisho lisuselwa esenzweni sokungcikisha, (esisho ukulumba, ukuqamba, ukukhanda, ukuklama)^[6]. Leli kwakuyigama elisho isenzo sokuqamba amathuluzi amasha, nezindlela ezintsha zokwakha. Entshona leli bizo lalisho ukuqanjwa kwezinguxa zasempini zokuhlasela, ezifana nezihlingi (catapult), ezazikikijela amatshe abuthayo ngaphezu kwezingange zemizi engangeneki kalula.

Engineering - Umngcikisho
Engineer - umNgcikishi

Elinye igama elihlone nelithi umNgcikisho, elithi ukulumba liyasetshenziswa ekuhumusheni elithi engine ngokuthi 'isilumbamdiki'.

Kamuva, lapho sekuklanywa izinhlaka zomphakathi, ezifana nemicabeko nemibijongo, futhi nazo zithathwa njengoqeqesho lobuchule, igama elithi 'umngcikisho wengqalasizinda' layeka ukusebenza kwezempi nasekuqambeni amathuluzi kuphela, futhi lakwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwalabo abagxile ekwakheni izinhlaka onkungezona ezempi nalabo ababandakanyeka oqeqeshweni lomngcikisho wezempi.

Enkathini yasendulo

AmaRoma wasendulo akha imiguduyamanzi ukuze alethe amanzi ahlanzekile ezidlaveleni nasezidlidlini zombuso wawo.

Izitshopolonco zaseGibhithe lasendulo, namadongolo waseMesopothamiya, umuzisiqongo (acropolis) yaseGrisi, namathumbamanzi waseRoma, umgwaqo wase-Aphiya neNkundlakazi (Colosseum), i-Teotihuacán, nendlu engcwele ka-Brihadeeswarar yase-Thanjavur, phakathi kwezinye, zimi njengobufakazi bobuchule nekhono labangcikishi bezempi nengqalasizinda basendulo. Izinye izakhiwo, ezingasmile, ezifana neziNsimu ezilengayo zaseBhabhiloni namaFaro wase-Alexandriya, zaziwukufezwa komngcikisho okubalulekile ngaleso sikhathi futhi zazibalwa phakathi kweziMangaliso eziyisiKhombisa zeZwe laseNdulo.

Izinguxa ezilula zakudala eziyisithupha zazaziwa emazweni amaningi njengaseMpuma ePhakathi yaseNdulo. Itshopi/izembe kanye negxalo zazaziwa kusuka enkathi yanguna. Isondo, nomshiza onesondo, kwaqanjwa kwelaseMesopotamiya ngenkulungwane yesi-5 BC. Zazikhona naseGibhithe zisetshenziswa njengomlunganiso wokulingana, nokunyukuzisa izinto ezinkulu ebuchwepheshenibemishini baseGubhithe lasendulo. Isixakaxo naso sasisetshenziselwa ekukhuphuleni amanzi emthonjeni, njengesigwadlulo sokuqala eminyakeni eyizi-3000 BC edlule. Ubufakazi bomdonso wokuqala nawo uvela kuzo lezi zindawo ezimbili. Isibhinyi, naso saqanjwa eMesophothamiya, enkathini yeminyaka (911-609 BC) emva kombuso wase-Asiriya. Izitshopolonco zaseGibhithe zakhiwa kusetshenziswa izinguxa ezilula ezintathu kulezo eziyisithupha ezaziwayo.

UmNgcikishi wengqalasizinda wangaphambili owaziwayo wayebizwa ngokuthi ngu-Imhotep. Njengesinye sezikhulu zikaFaro uDjoseri, kungenzeka uyena uwaklama futhi waqondisa ukwakhiwa kwesitshopolonco sikaDjoseri, esiseSaqqara eGibhithe cishe ngowezi-2630-2611 BC. Izinguxa zokuqala ezazifukuthwa ngamanzi ezisebenzayo, isondo lamanzi , lona lavela okokuqala embusweni wasePheresiya ekhulwini lesi-4 BC, endaweni namuhla eyaziwa nge-Iraq ne-Iran.

IKushi lona lathuthukisa i-Sakhiya ekhulwini lesi-4 BC, elalisebenza ngamandla wezilwane kunesidlakathi sabantu. I-Hafiri lathuthukiswa njengohlobo lwechibi ukuze luqakathe futhi lugcine amanzi futhi luxhase ekucheleleni. Abangcikishimpi babesetshenziswa ukwakha imicabekwana lapho kunemikhankaso yezempi. Obabamkhulu bamaKushi bakha namaliba enkathini yeThusi emaphakathi kwezi-3709-3250 BC.

IGrisi lasendulo lona lakha izinguxa zengqalasizinda nezempi. Kanjalo neRona lasendulo, kanye nelaseShayina lasendulo, amabutho wakulamazwe ayesebenzisa izinguxa zempi neziqambo zakhona ezifana nemicibisholo eyathuthukiswa cishe ngekhulu lesi-4 BC, kanye nomkhumbi wempi, isicibasidli (ballista) kanye nesihlingi.

Amagatsha ayinhloko womNgcikisho

Ichibi lika-Hoover

UmNgcikisho lunguqeqesho olubanzi oluvame ukuba luhlephulwe lube oqeqesho abambalwa abangaphansi. Nakuba umNgcikishi evame ukuqeqeshwa kuqeqesho oluqondile, angakwazi ukuba abe ngoqeqeshwe nhlazonke ngobungcweti. UmNgcikisho uvame ukuchazwa ngokuthi ngonamagatsha amane: umNgcikisho weziQa, umNgcikisho weNgqalasizinda, umNgcikisho wamaZuba, nomNgcikisho weziNguxa.

UmNgcikisho weziQa

UmNgcikisho weziQa ungukusetshenziswa komchazandalo, umchazatho, umchazampilo kanye nezimiselo zomngcikisho ukuze kugunundwe imidludlungu yeziqa ezingeni lezentengiselwano, ezifana nokukhiqiza kwezithengiswa zeziqa , iziqa ezikhethelo, ukuhluzwa kwamafutha, ukulumbancinci (microfabrication), ukuvubela, nokukhiqizwa kwamachembempilo.

UmNgcikisho weNgqalasizinda

UmNgcikisho weNgqalasizinda ungukuklanywa nokwakhiwa kwemisebenzi yasobala nesisulu, efana nengqalasizinda (izikhumulo zezindiza, imigwaqo, ujantshi, ukuhlinzeka ngamanzi nokuhlanzwa kwawo njll), imicabeko, imigudu, amachibi, nezakhiwo.

UmNgcikisho wamazuba

isidikizisi samazuba

UmNgcikisho wamazuba ungukuklanywa, ukufundwa, nokukhiqizwa kwezinhlelo ezihlukene zamazuba nezezizubisi, ezifana nomNgcikisho wokusakaza, izintandelo zamazuba, izidikizisi zamazuba, izinguxa zobunzubawonga nezobunzubanguxa, izinguxa zamazuba, izintandelo zezizubisi, izinxoza zokukhanya, izinguxa zenzubakhanyo, izimiso zesicikizi, amathuluzi wezokuxumanade, izimiso zokulawula, kanye nezizubisi.

UmNgcikisho wezinguxa

UmNgcikisho wezinguxa ungukuklanywa nokukhiqizwa kwezimiso zezinguxa (imishini), ezifana nezimiso zamandla nesidlakathi, imikhiqizo yezindiza, izimiso zezikhali, imikhiqizo yezokuthutha, izilumbamdiki, izibuthazi (compressors), Ubuchwepheshe belinya, izifukuli zokuqhinga umqhikizeko, ezokukhiqiza, ezezithununu, izindiyane, amathuluzi wokulalela, nezobuNguxazubi (mechatronics).

UmNgcikishampilo

UmNgcikishampilo (Bioengineering) ungukungcikishwa kwezimiso eziphilayo ngokwenjongo ewusizo. Izibonelo zocwaningo lomngcikishampilo zihlanganisa Izinungwana ezingcikishelwe ukukhiqiza iziqa, ubuchwepheshe obusha bokufanisa, izinguxa eziphathwayo zokuxilonga izifo ngokushesha, prosthetics, amakhambempilo, kanye nezitho ezingcikishwe izicubu.

Amanye amagatsha womngcikisho

umNgcikisho wasemkhathini

Isinyatheli esibizwa InSight esineziphempe zelanga ezivuliwe.

umNgcikisho wasemkhathini uhlanganisa ukuklama, ukuthuthukisa ukukhanda nomgidingo wezindiza, amaduna, nezicibazulu.

umNgcikisho wamanzi

umNgcikisho wamanzi uhlanganisa ukuklama, ukuthuthukisa, ukukhanda nomgidingo wezikebhe nezinhlaka ezinganyakazi ezifana nemiganga yamafutha nezikhumulo.

umNgcikisho wesiCikizi

umNgcikisho wesiCikizi uyigatsha limngcikisho elididiyela imikhakha embalwa yenzululwazi yesiCikizi kanye nomngcikisho wezizubisi ezidingekayo ekutuuthukiseni izingxenye namahlelokusebenza wesiCikizi. Abangcikishi besiCikizi imvama baqeqeshelwe umNgcikisho wesizubisi, ukuklama ihlelokusebenza nokunye okuhlobene.

Amaphatho

↑ Hammack, William; Anderson, John (February 16, 2022). "Working in the Penumbra of Understanding". Issues in Science and Technology. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Arizona State University. Archived from the original on August 3, 2023. Kulandwe ngomhlaka August 3, 2023. The method used by engineers to create artifacts and systems—from cellular telephony, computers and smartphones, and GPS to remote controls, airplanes, and biomimetic materials and devices—isn’t the same method scientists use in their work. The scientific method has a prescribed process: state a question, observe, state a hypothesis, test, analyze, and interpret. It doesn’t know what will be discovered, what truth will be revealed. In contrast, the engineering method aims for a specific goal and cannot be reduced to a set of fixed steps that must be followed. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
↑ definition of "engineering" from the https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/ Archived February 16, 2021, at the Wayback Machine. Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary © Cambridge University
↑ Doke, Vilakazi (1972). Zulu-English Dictionary. Witwatersrand University Press. p. 551.
↑ "Engineers' Council for Professional Development. (1947). Canons of ethics for engineers". Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Kulandwe ngomhlaka August 10, 2021. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
↑ [1] Archived July 31, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. (Includes Britannica article on Engineering)
↑ Doke, Vilakazi (1972). Zulu-English Dictionary. Witwatersrand University Press. p. 551.

[EngineeringMethod-1] Hammack, William; Anderson, John (February 16, 2022). "Working in the Penumbra of Understanding". Issues in Science and Technology. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Arizona State University. Archived from the original on August 3, 2023. Kulandwe ngomhlaka August 3, 2023. The method used by engineers to create artifacts and systems—from cellular telephony, computers and smartphones, and GPS to remote controls, airplanes, and biomimetic materials and devices—isn’t the same method scientists use in their work. The scientific method has a prescribed process: state a question, observe, state a hypothesis, test, analyze, and interpret. It doesn’t know what will be discovered, what truth will be revealed. In contrast, the engineering method aims for a specific goal and cannot be reduced to a set of fixed steps that must be followed. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

[2] tion of "engineering" from the https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/ Archived February 16, 2021, at the Wayback Machine. Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary © Cambridge University

[3] Doke, Vilakazi (1972). Zulu-English Dictionary. Witwatersrand University Press. p. 551.

[ECPD_Canons-4] "Engineers' Council for Professional Development. (1947). Canons of ethics for engineers". Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Kulandwe ngomhlaka August 10, 2021. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

[ECPD_Definition_on_Britannica-5] [1] Archived July 31, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. (Includes Britannica article on Engineering)

[6] Doke, Vilakazi (1972). Zulu-English Dictionary. Witwatersrand University Press. p. 551.

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