Pronunciation Lexicon Specification
(PLS) Version 1.0
W3C Recommendation 14 October 2008
- This version:
-
http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-pronunciation-lexicon-20081014/
- Latest version:
- http://www.w3.org/TR/pronunciation-lexicon/
- Previous version:
-
http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/PR-pronunciation-lexicon-20080818/
- Editor:
- Paolo Baggia, Loquendo
- Authors:
- Paul Bagshaw, France Telecom
- Daniel C. Burnett, Voxeo
- Jerry Carter, Nuance
- Frank Scahill, BT (until 10 October 2001)
Please refer to the
errata
for this document, which may include some normative
corrections.
See also
translations.
Copyright
© 2008 W3C®
(MIT,
ERCIM,
Keio), All Rights
Reserved. W3C
liability, trademark
and document
use rules apply.
Status of this Document
This section describes the status of this document at the
time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this
document. A list of current W3C publications and the latest
revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at
http://www.w3.org/TR/.
This is the Recommendation
of
"Pronunciation Lexicon Specification (PLS) Version 1.0".
It has been produced by the
Voice Browser Working Group,
which is part of the
Voice Browser Activity.
Comments are welcome on www-voice@w3.org (archive).
See W3C mailing list and archive
usage guidelines.
The design of PLS 1.0 has been widely reviewed (see the
disposition of comments)
and satisfies the Working Group's technical requirements.
A list of implementations is included in the
PLS 1.0 Implementation Report,
along with the associated test suite.
The Working Group made a few editorial changes to the
18 August 2008 Proposed Recommendation in response to comments.
Changes from the Proposed Recommendation can be found in
Appendix D.
Section 2. Pronunciation Alphabets describes
the legal values of the alphabet attribute for
specifying a pronunciation alphabet. The Working Group is
requesting the creation of a Pronunciation Alphabet registry with
IANA so that pronunciation alphabets other than "ipa" can be also
used. The location of the registry will be provided at http://www.w3.org/2001/10/synthesis
when the registry becomes available. A future version of the PLS
specification may permit values from this registry to be used in
the alphabet attribute.
This document has been reviewed by W3C Members, by software
developers, and by other W3C groups and interested parties, and is
endorsed by the Director as a W3C Recommendation. It is a stable
document and may be used as reference material or cited from another
document. W3C's role in making the Recommendation is to draw
attention to the specification and to promote its widespread
deployment. This enhances the functionality and interoperability of
the Web.
This document was produced by a group operating under the 5 February 2004 W3C Patent Policy. W3C maintains a public list of any patent disclosures made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains Essential Claim(s) must disclose the information in accordance with section 6 of the W3C Patent Policy.
The sections in the main body of this document are normative
unless otherwise specified. The appendices in this document are
informative unless otherwise indicated explicitly.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction to Pronunciation Lexicon
Specification
This section is informative.
The accurate specification of pronunciation is critical to the
success of speech applications. Most Automatic Speech Recognition
(ASR) and Text-To-Speech (TTS) engines internally provide extensive high
quality lexicons with pronunciation
information for many words or phrases. To ensure a maximum
coverage of the words or phrases used by an application,
application-specific pronunciations may be required. For example,
these may be needed for proper nouns such as surnames or business
names.
The Pronunciation Lexicon Specification (PLS) is designed to
enable interoperable specification of pronunciation information
for both ASR and TTS engines. The language is intended to be easy
to use by developers while supporting the accurate specification
of pronunciation information for international use.
The language allows one or more pronunciations for a word or
phrase to be specified using a standard pronunciation alphabet or
if necessary using vendor specific alphabets. Pronunciations are
grouped together into a PLS document which may be referenced from
other markup languages, such as the Speech
Recognition Grammar Specification [SRGS] and the Speech
Synthesis Markup Language [SSML].
In its most general sense, a lexicon is merely a list of words or phrases,
possibly containing information associated with and related to
the items in the list. This document uses the term "lexicon" in only one specific way, as
"pronunciation lexicon". In this
particular document, "lexicon" means a mapping between words (or
short phrases), their written representations, and their
pronunciations suitable for use by an ASR
engine or a TTS engine. Pronunciation
lexicons are not only useful for voice browsers; they have also
proven effective mechanisms to support accessibility for persons
with disabilities as well as greater usability for all users.
They are used to good effect in screen readers and user agents
supporting multimodal interfaces.
1.1. How TTS Uses PLS
A TTS engine aims to transform input
content (either text or markup, such as SSML) into speech. This activity involves
several processing steps:
- Text normalization
- Word pronunciation (lexical stress, phonetic
transcription)
- Sentence structure (intonation, rhythm)
- Sentence level modification in phonetic transcription
(co-articulation)
- Computation of prosodic parameters
- Generation of the acoustic signal
SSML enables a user to control and
enhance TTS activity by acting through
SSML elements on these levels of
processing (see [SSML] for details).
PLS is intended to be the standard format of the documents
referenced by the <lexicon> element of SSML (see
Section 3.1.4 of [SSML]).
The following is a simple example of an SSML document. It includes an Italian movie
title and the name of the director to be read in US English.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<speak version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/synthesis"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/synthesis
http://www.w3.org/TR/speech-synthesis/synthesis.xsd"
xml:lang="en-US">
The title of the movie is: "La vita è bella" (Life is beautiful),
which is directed by Roberto Benigni.
</speak>
To be pronounced correctly the Italian title and the
director's name might include the pronunciation inline in the
SSML document.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<speak version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/synthesis"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/synthesis
http://www.w3.org/TR/speech-synthesis/synthesis.xsd"
xml:lang="en-US">
The title of the movie is:
<phoneme alphabet="ipa" ph="ˈlɑ ˈviːɾə ˈʔeɪ ˈbɛlə">"La vita è bella"</phoneme>
<!-- The IPA pronunciation is:
"ˈlɑ ˈviːɾə
ˈʔeɪ ˈbɛlə" -->
(Life is beautiful),
which is directed by
<phoneme alphabet="ipa" ph="ɹəˈbɛːɹɾoʊ bɛˈniːnji">Roberto Benigni.</phoneme>
<!-- The IPA pronunciation is:
"ɹəˈbɛːɹɾoʊ
bɛˈniːnji" -->
</speak>
Using PLS, all the pronunciations can be factored out into an
external PLS document which is referenced by the <lexicon> element of SSML (see
Section 3.1.4 of [SSML]).
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<speak version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/synthesis"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/synthesis
http://www.w3.org/TR/speech-synthesis/synthesis.xsd"
xml:lang="en-US">
<lexicon uri="http://www.example.com/movie_lexicon.pls"/>
The title of the movie is: "La vita è bella" (Life is beautiful),
which is directed by Roberto Benigni.
</speak>
The referenced lexicon might look something like this:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<lexicon version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
alphabet="ipa" xml:lang="en-US">
<lexeme>
<grapheme>La vita è<!-- same as: è --> bella</grapheme>
<phoneme>ˈlɑ ˈviːɾə ˈʔeɪ ˈbɛlə</phoneme>
<!-- IPA string is:
"ˈlɑ ˈviːɾə
ˈʔeɪ ˈbɛlə" -->
</lexeme>
<lexeme>
<grapheme>Roberto</grapheme>
<phoneme>ɹəˈbɛːɹɾoʊ</phoneme>
<!-- IPA string is:
"ɹəˈbɛːɹɾoʊ" -->
</lexeme>
<lexeme>
<grapheme>Benigni</grapheme>
<phoneme>bɛˈniːnji<!-- IPA string is:
"bɛˈniːnji" --></phoneme>
</lexeme>
</lexicon>
The PLS engine will load the external PLS document and
transparently apply the pronunciations during the processing of
the SSML document. An application may
contain several distinct PLS documents to be used at different
points within the application.
Section 3.1.4 of [SSML] describes how
to use more than one lexicon document referenced in a SSML document.
Informative Note:
Given that many platform/browser/text editor combinations do
not correctly cut and paste Unicode text, IPA symbols may be
entered as numeric character references (see Section 4.1 on
Character and Entity References of either XML 1.0 [XML10] or XML 1.1 [XML11]) in the pronunciation. However, the
UTF-8 representation of an IPA symbol should always be used in
preference to its numeric character reference. In order to
overcome potential problems with viewing the UTF-8 representation
of IPA symbols in this document, pronunciation examples are also
shown in a comment using numeric character references.
1.2. How ASR Uses PLS
An ASR engine transforms an audio
signal into a recognized sequence of words or a semantic
representation of the meaning of the utterance (see Semantic Interpretation for Speech Recognition
[SISR] for a standard definition of
Semantic Interpretation).
An ASR grammar is used to improve
ASR performance by describing the
possible words and phrases the ASR might
recognize. SRGS is the standard
definition of ASR grammars (see [SRGS] for details).
PLS may be used by an ASR processor to
allow multiple pronunciations of words and phrases, and also to
do limited text normalization, such as acronym expansion and abbreviations.
PLS entries are applied to the graphemes inside SRGS grammar rules to convert them into the
phonemes to be recognized. See the example below and the example
in Section 1.3 for a PLS document used for
both ASR and TTS.
There might be other uses of PLS, for instance in a dictation
system or for unconstrained ASR, which
might be beyond the scope of this specification.
This is a very simple SRGS grammar
that allows the recognition of sentences like "Boston
Massachusetts" or "Miami Florida".
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<grammar version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/06/grammar"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/06/grammar
http://www.w3.org/TR/speech-grammar/grammar.xsd"
xml:lang="en-US" root="city_state" mode="voice">
<rule id="city" scope="public">
<one-of> <item>Boston</item>
<item>Miami</item>
<item>Fargo</item> </one-of>
</rule>
<rule id="state" scope="public">
<one-of> <item>Florida</item>
<item>North Dakota</item>
<item>Massachusetts</item> </one-of>
</rule>
<rule id="city_state" scope="public">
<ruleref uri="#city"/> <ruleref uri="#state"/>
</rule>
</grammar>
If a pronunciation lexicon is
referenced by a SRGS grammar it can
allow multiple pronunciations of the word in the grammar to
accommodate different speaking styles. Here is the same grammar
with a reference to an external PLS document.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<grammar version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/06/grammar"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/06/grammar
http://www.w3.org/TR/speech-grammar/grammar.xsd"
xml:lang="en-US" root="city_state" mode="voice">
<lexicon uri="http://www.example.com/city_lexicon.pls"/>
<rule id="city" scope="public">
<one-of> <item>Boston</item>
<item>Miami</item>
<item>Fargo</item> </one-of>
</rule>
<rule id="state" scope="public">
<one-of> <item>Florida</item>
<item>North Dakota</item>
<item>Massachusetts</item> </one-of>
</rule>
<rule id="city_state" scope="public">
<ruleref uri="#city"/> <ruleref uri="#state"/>
</rule>
</grammar>
Note also that an SRGS grammar might
reference multiple PLS documents.
1.3. How VoiceXML Applications Use PLS
A VoiceXML 2.0 application ([VXML])
contains SRGS grammars for ASR and SSML prompts for
TTS. The introduction of PLS into both
SRGS and SSML
will directly impact VoiceXML applications.
The benefits described in Section 1.1 and
Section 1.2 are also available in VoiceXML
applications. The application may use several contextual PLS
documents at different points in the interaction, but may also
use the same PLS document both in SRGS,
to improve ASR, and in SSML, to improve TTS.
Here is an example PLS document:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<lexicon version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
alphabet="ipa" xml:lang="en-US">
<lexeme>
<grapheme>judgment</grapheme>
<grapheme>judgement</grapheme>
<phoneme>ˈdʒʌdʒ.mənt</phoneme>
<!-- IPA string is:
"ˈdʒʌdʒ.mənt" -->
</lexeme>
<lexeme>
<grapheme>fiancé</grapheme>
<grapheme>fiance</grapheme>
<phoneme>fiˈɒns.eɪ</phoneme>
<!-- IPA string is:
"fiˈɒns.eɪ" -->
<phoneme>ˌfiː.ɑːnˈseɪ</phoneme>
<!-- IPA string is:
"ˌfiː.ɑːnˈseɪ" -->
</lexeme>
</lexicon>
which could be used to improve TTS as
shown in the following SSML
document:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<speak version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/synthesis"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/synthesis
http://www.w3.org/TR/speech-synthesis/synthesis.xsd"
xml:lang="en-US">
<lexicon uri="http://www.example.com/lexicon_defined_above.xml"/>
<p> In the judgement of my fiancé, Las Vegas is the best place for a honeymoon.
I replied that I preferred Venice and didn't think the Venetian casino was an
acceptable compromise.<\p>
</speak>
but also to improve ASR in the
following SRGS grammar:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<grammar version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/06/grammar"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/06/grammar
http://www.w3.org/TR/speech-grammar/grammar.xsd"
xml:lang="en-US" root="movies" mode="voice">
<lexicon uri="http://www.example.com/lexicon_defined_above.xml"/>
<rule id="movies" scope="public">
<one-of>
<item>Terminator 2: Judgment Day</item>
<item>My Big Fat Obnoxious Fiance</item>
<item>Pluto's Judgement Day</item>
</one-of>
</rule>
</grammar>
1.4. What PLS does not Support
The current specification is focused on the major features
described in the requirements document [REQS]. The most complex features have been
postponed to a future revision of this specification. Some of the
complex features not included, for instance, are the introduction
of morphological, syntactic and semantic information associated
with pronunciations (such as word stems, inter-word semantic
links, pronunciation statistics, etc.). Many of these features
can be specified using RDF [RDF-XMLSYNTAX] that reference lexemes within
one or more pronunciation
lexicons.
1.5. Glossary of Terms
- Acronym
- A word formed from the initial letters of a name, such as
PC for Personal Computer, or by
combining initial letters or parts of a series of words, such
as radar for radio detection
and ranging, or variations, such as
W3C for World Wide Web
consortium.
- Acronym
expansion
- The action of replacing an acronym by the sequence of words it
represents. Acronym expansion is typically performed to help
TTS engines read acronyms and ASR to recognize them.
- ASR, Automatic Speech
Recognition, Speech Recognition
- The process of using an automatic computation algorithm to
analyze spoken utterances to determine what words and phrases
or semantic information were present.
- Grapheme
- One of the set of the smallest units of a written language,
such as letters, ideograms, or symbols, that distinguish one
word from another; a representation of a single orthographic
element.
- Homophone
- One of a set of words that are pronounced the same way but
differ in meaning, origin, and sometimes spelling. E.g.
night and knight in English. Note that
color and colour are considered multiple orthographies for the same word and not
homophones, because they are variations of spelling with the
same pronunciation and meaning.
- Homograph
- 'a word of the same written form as another but of
different meaning and usually origin, whether pronounced the
same way or not, as bear "to carry; support" and
bear "animal" or lead "to conduct" and
lead "metal."' [DICT] An
example from French is fils (son) and fils
(threads).
- International Phonetic
Alphabet (IPA)
- The International Phonetic Alphabet [IPA] is a phonetic alphabet used by
linguists to accurately and uniquely represent each of the wide
variety of sounds (phones or phonemes) the human vocal apparatus can
produce. It is intended as a notational standard for the
phonetic representation of all languages.
- Lexeme
- An atomic unit in a language, like a word or a stem. In
this specification, "lexeme" designates a collection of
graphemic and pronunciation
representations (e.g. IPA, SAMPA, Pinyin, etc.) of words or
phrases.
- Lexicon
- In its most general sense, a lexicon is merely a list of
words or phrases, possibly containing information associated
with and related to the items in the list. This document uses
the term "lexicon" in only one specific way, as "pronunciation lexicon", which means a
mapping between words (or short phrases), their written
representations, and their pronunciations suitable for use by
an ASR engine or a TTS engine. However, the word "lexicon" can
mean other things in other contexts.
- Orthography
- A notation for writing and displaying words. Orthography
includes character sets, white space, case sensitivity,
diacritics within languages such as Arabic or Persian, and
accents within languages such as French.
- Phoneme
- One of the set of the smallest units of speech that can
distinguish words: for example, the English language has over
40 phonemes (19 vowels and 24
consonants). In American English, /t/ and /p/ are phonemes that can distinguish the word
tin from pin.
- Phonetic alphabet
- A set of symbols that represent the sounds in spoken
languages, such as English, Chinese, or German, see also
International Phonetic Alphabet.
- Pronunciation lexicon
- The term pronunciation lexicon means a mapping between
words (or short phrases), their written representations, and
their pronunciations suitable for use by an ASR engine or a TTS
engine.
- SAMPA
- The Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet [SAMPA]: a phonetic alphabet using only
ASCII characters, rather than the extended character set used
by the International Phonetic
Alphabet.
- Semantic
Interpretation for Speech Recognition [SISR]
- A W3C specification defining a process to produce a
semantic result representing the meaning of a natural language
utterance.
- Speech Recognition
Grammar Specification [SRGS]
- A W3C specification defining a language to describe
grammars (words or phrases) that an ASR
engine can recognize.
- Speech Synthesis
Markup Language [SSML]
- A W3C XML language for specifying the rendering of text by
a TTS engine.
- TTS, Text-To-Speech,
Speech Synthesis
- Converting text into sounds using speech synthesis
techniques.
- URI: Uniform Resource
Identifier
- A global identifier in the context of the World Wide Web
[WEB-ARCH]. A URI is
defined as any legal
anyURI primitive as defined
in Section 3.2.17 of XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes [XML-SCHEMA-2]. For
informational purposes only, [RFC3986] and [RFC2732] may be useful in understanding the
structure, format, and use of URIs. Note that IRIs (see
[RFC3987]) are
permitted within the above definition of URI.
2. Pronunciation Alphabets
A phonemic/phonetic
alphabet is used to specify a pronunciation. An alphabet in
this context refers to a collection of symbols to represent the
sounds of one or more human languages. In the PLS specification
the pronunciation alphabet is specified by the
alphabet attribute (see Section
4.1 and Section 4.6 for details on the
use of this attribute). The only valid values for the
alphabet attribute are "ipa" (see the
next paragraph) and vendor-defined strings of the form
"x-organization" or
"x-organization-alphabet". For example, the Japan
Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association
[JEITA] might wish to encourage the use
of an alphabet such as "x-jeita" or
"x-jeita-2000" for their phoneme alphabet [JEIDAALPHABET]. Another example might be
"x-sampa" [X-SAMPA], an
extension of the SAMPA phonetic
alphabet [SAMPA] to cover the entire
range of characters in the International
Phonetic Alphabet [IPA].
A compliant PLS processor MUST support "ipa" as the value
of the alphabet attribute. This means that the PLS
processor MUST support the Unicode representations of the
phonetic characters developed by the International Phonetic
Association [IPA]. In addition to an
exhaustive set of vowel and consonant symbols, this character set
supports a syllable delimiter, numerous diacritics, stress
symbols, lexical tone symbols, intonational markers and more. For
this alphabet, legal phonetic/phonemic values are strings of the
values specified in Appendix 2 of [IPAHNDBK]; note that an IPA transcription may
contain white space characters to assist readability, which have
no implications for the pronunciation. Informative tables of the
IPA-to-Unicode mappings can be found at [IPAUNICODE1] and [IPAUNICODE2]. Note that not all of the IPA
characters are available in Unicode. For processors supporting
this alphabet,
- The processor MUST syntactically accept all legal values.
- The processor SHOULD handle all Unicode IPA codes that can
reasonably be considered to belong to the current
language.
Informative Note:
Note that there are peculiarities in the IPA alphabet which
might have implications for implementers, for instance
equivalent, withdrawn and superseded IPA symbols; see Appendix 2
of [IPAHNDBK] for further
details.
Informative Note:
When IPA symbols are used to represent the phonemes of a
language, there can be an ambiguity concerning which allophonic
symbol to select to represent a phoneme. Note that this may
result in inconsistencies between lexicons which were composed
for the identical language.
Informative Note:
Currently there is no ready way for a blind or partially
sighted person to read or interact with a lexicon containing IPA
symbols. It is hoped that implementers will provide tools which
will enable such an interaction.
3. PLS Documents
3.1 Document Form
A legal Pronunciation Lexicon Specification document
MUST
have a legal XML Prolog from Section 2.8 of either XML 1.0
[XML10] or XML 1.1 [XML11]. The XML prolog is followed by the
root <lexicon> element.
See Section 4.1 for details on this
element.
The <lexicon> element
MUST
designate the PLS namespace. This can be achieved by declaring
an xmlns attribute or an attribute
with an "xmlns" prefix. See Section 2 of Namespaces in XML
(Namespaces in XML 1.0 [XML-NS10]
or Namespaces in XML 1.1 [XML-NS11]) for details. Note that when the
xmlns attribute is used alone, it sets
the default namespace for the element on which it appears and
for any child elements. The namespace for PLS is defined to be
"http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon".
It is RECOMMENDED that the <lexicon> element also indicate
the location of the PLS schema (see Appendix
A) via the
xsi:schemaLocation attribute from
Section 2.6.3 of XML Schema Part 1: Structures Second
Edition [XML-SCHEMA-1].
The following is an example of a legal PLS header:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<lexicon version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
alphabet="ipa" xml:lang="en-US">
3.2 Conformance
This section enumerates the conformance rules of this
specification.
All sections in this specification are normative, unless
otherwise indicated. The informative parts of this specification
are identified by "Informative" labels within sections.
Individual conformance requirements or testable statements are
identifiable in the PLS specification through imperative voice
statements. The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT",
"REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD
NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in
this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. However, for readability, these
words do not appear in all uppercase letters in this
specification.
3.2.1 Conforming Pronunciation Lexicon
Specification Documents
A document is a Conforming Pronunciation Lexicon
Specification Document if it meets both the following
conditions:
- It is well-formed according to the version of XML used
(either XML 1.0 [XML10] or XML 1.1
[XML11]) and conforms to the
corresponding Namespaces in XML specification (Namespaces in
XML 1.0 [XML-NS10] or Namespaces
in XML 1.1 [XML-NS11]).
- It adheres to the specification described in this
document (Pronunciation Lexicon
Specification) including the constraints expressed in the
Schema (see Appendix A) and
having an XML Prolog and
<lexicon> root element as
specified in Section 3.1.
This specification and these conformance criteria provide no
designated size limits on any aspect of PLS documents. There
are no maximum values on the number of elements, the amount of
character data, or the number of characters in attribute
values.
3.2.2 Using PLS with other Namespaces
The PLS namespace MAY be used with other XML namespaces as per the
Namespaces in XML Recommendations (Namespaces in XML 1.0
[XML-NS10] or Namespaces in XML 1.1
[XML-NS11]). Future work by W3C is
expected to address ways to specify conformance for documents
involving multiple namespaces.
3.2.3 Conforming Pronunciation Lexicon
Specification Processors
A Conforming Pronunciation Lexicon Specification
Processor MUST be able to parse and process Conforming Pronunciation Lexicon Specification
documents.
In a Conforming Pronunciation Lexicon Specification
Processor, the XML parser MUST be able to
parse and process all XML constructs defined by either XML 1.0
[XML10] or XML 1.1 [XML11] and conforms to the corresponding
Namespaces in XML specification (Namespaces in XML 1.0
[XML-NS10] or Namespaces in XML 1.1
[XML-NS11]).
A Conforming Pronunciation Lexicon Specification Processor
MUST
conform to the XML 1.0 or XML 1.1 requirements for conformant
non validating processors.
A Conforming Pronunciation Lexicon Specification Processor
MUST
correctly understand and apply the semantics of each markup
element as described by this document.
A Conforming Pronunciation Lexicon Specification Processor
MUST
meet the following requirements for handling of natural (human)
languages:
- A Conforming Pronunciation Lexicon Specification
Processor is REQUIRED to parse all legal natural (human)
language declarations successfully.
- For any Conforming Pronunciation Lexicon Specification
Document whose
xml:lang attribute (on the
<lexicon> element) has
a value representing a natural (human) language that the
Pronunciation Lexicon Specification Processor claims to
support, the Processor is REQUIRED
to successfully parse and treat all text encountered as if in
that language in order to be a Conforming Processor.
- A Conforming Pronunciation Lexicon Specification
Processor SHOULD inform the hosting environment when it
parses a Conforming Pronunciation Lexicon Specification
Document whose
xml:lang attribute (on the
<lexicon> element) has
a value representing a natural (human) language that the
Processor does not support.
When a Conforming Pronunciation Lexicon Specification
Processor encounters elements or attributes that are not
declared in this specification and such elements or attributes
occur where it is not forbidden in this specification, the
processor MAY choose to:
- ignore the non-standard elements and/or attributes
- or, process the non-standard elements and/or
attributes
- or, reject the document containing those elements and/or
attributes
Except where stated in this document, there is no
conformance requirement with respect to performance of
rendering pronunciations as acoustic structures (models,
waveforms, etc.) for ASR and TTS.
4. Pronunciation Lexicon Markup Language
Definition
The Pronunciation Lexicon
markup language consists of the following elements and
attributes:
4.1 <lexicon> Element
The root element of the Pronunciation Lexicon markup language
is the <lexicon> element.
This element is the container for all other elements of the PLS
language. A <lexicon>
element MUST contain zero or more <meta> elements, followed by an
OPTIONAL <metadata> element, followed by
zero or more <lexeme>
elements. Note that a PLS document without any <lexeme> elements may be useful as
a placeholder for future lexical entries.
The <lexicon> element
MUST
specify an alphabet attribute which indicates the
default pronunciation alphabet to be used within the PLS
document. The values of the alphabet attribute are
described in Section 2. The default
pronunciation alphabet MAY be overridden for a given lexeme using the
<phoneme> element.
The REQUIRED version attribute indicates
the version of the specification to be used for the document and
MUST
have the value "1.0".
The REQUIRED xml:lang attribute allows
identification of the language for which the pronunciation lexicon is relevant. IETF
Best Current Practice 47 [BCP47] is the normative reference on the values of the
xml:lang attribute.
Note that xml:lang specifies a single unique
language for the entire PLS document. This does not limit the
ability to create multilingual SRGS
[SRGS] and SSML
[SSML] documents. These documents may
reference multiple pronunciation
lexicons, possibly written for different languages.
The namespace URI for PLS is
"http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon".
All PLS markup MUST be associated with the PLS namespace, using a
Namespace Declaration as described in either Namespaces in XML
1.0 [XML-NS10] or Namespaces in XML
1.1 [XML-NS11]. This can for instance
be achieved by declaring an xmlns attribute on the
<lexicon> element, as the
examples in this specification show.
PLS documents MAY include the xml:base attribute as
defined in [XML-BASE].
Note that as in the HTML 4.01 specification [HTML], this is a URI which all the relative
references within the document take as their base.
Informative Note:
Note that in this version of the specification, only the
contents of metadata can potentially use relative URIs.
Example:
A simple PLS document for the word "tomato" and its
pronunciation.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<lexicon version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
alphabet="ipa" xml:lang="en-US">
<lexeme>
<grapheme>tomato</grapheme>
<phoneme>təmei̥ɾou̥</phoneme>
<!-- IPA string is: "təmei̥ɾou̥" -->
</lexeme>
</lexicon>
4.2 <meta> Element
The <metadata> and
<meta> elements are
containers in which information about the document can be placed.
The <metadata> element
provides more general and powerful treatment of metadata
information than <meta> by
using a metadata schema.
A <meta> element
associates a string to a declared meta property or declares
http-equiv content. Either a name or
http-equiv attribute is REQUIRED. It
is an error to provide both name and
http-equiv attributes. A content
attribute is also REQUIRED. The only <meta> property defined by this
specification is "seeAlso". It is used to specify a
resource that might provide additional metadata information about
the content. This property is modeled on the
"seeAlso" property from Section
5.4.1 of "RDF Vocabulary Description Language 1.0: RDF
Schema" [RDF-SCHEMA]. The
http-equiv attribute has a special significance when
documents are retrieved via HTTP. Although the preferred method
of providing HTTP header information is to use HTTP header
fields, the http-equiv content MAY be used in
situations where the PLS document author is unable to configure
HTTP header fields associated with their document on the origin
server, for example, cache control information. Note that HTTP
servers and caches are not required to inspect the contents of
<meta> in PLS documents
and thereby override the header values they would send
otherwise.
The <meta> element is
an empty element.
Informative Note:
This section is modeled after the <meta>
description in the HTML 4.01 Specification [HTML]. Despite the fact that the name/content
model is now being replaced by better ways to include metadata,
see for instance
Section 20.6 of XHTML 2.0 [XHTML2],
and the fact that the http-equiv directive is no
longer recommended in
Section 3.3 of XHTML Media Types [XHTML-MTYPES], the Working Group has
decided to retain this for compatibility with the other
specifications of the first version of the Speech Interface
Framework (VoiceXML, SSML, SRGS, CCXML). Future versions of the
framework will align with more modern metadata schemes.
Example:
This is an example of how <meta> elements can be included in
a PLS document to specify a resource that provides additional
metadata information.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<lexicon version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
alphabet="ipa" xml:lang="en-US">
<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-cache"/>
<meta name="seeAlso" content="http://example.com/my-pls-metadata.xml"/>
<!-- If lexemes are to be added to this lexicon, they start below -->
</lexicon>
4.3 <metadata> Element
The <metadata> element
is a container in which information about the document can be
placed using metadata markup. The behavior of software processing
the content of a <metadata> element is not
described in this specification. Therefore, software implementing
this specification is free to ignore that content.
Although any metadata markup can be used within <metadata>, it is RECOMMENDED that the RDF/XML Syntax [RDF-XMLSYNTAX] be used, in conjunction with
the general metadata properties defined by the Dublin Core
Metadata Initiative [DC] (e.g., Title,
Creator, Subject, Description, Rights, etc.)
Example:
This is an example of how metadata can be included in a PLS
document using the "Dublin Core Metadata Element Set, Version
1.1" [DC-ES] describing general document
information such as title, description, date, and so on:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<lexicon version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
alphabet="ipa" xml:lang="en-US">
<metadata>
<rdf:RDF
xmlns:rdf = "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
xmlns:dc = "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">
<!-- Metadata about the PLS document -->
<rdf:Description rdf:about=""
dc:title="Pronunciation lexicon for W3C terms"
dc:description="Common pronunciations for many W3C acronyms and abbreviations, i.e. I18N or WAI"
dc:publisher="W3C"
dc:date="2005-11-29"
dc:rights="Copyright 2002 W3C"
dc:format="application/pls+xml">
<dc:creator>The W3C Voice Browser Working Group</dc:creator>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
</metadata>
<!-- If lexemes are to be added to this lexicon, they start below -->
</lexicon>
4.4 <lexeme> Element
The <lexeme> element is
a container for a lexical entry which MAY include
multiple orthographies and
multiple pronunciation information.
The <lexeme> element
contains one or more <grapheme> elements, one or more
pronunciations (either by <phoneme> or <alias> elements or a combination
of both), and zero or more <example> elements. The children
of the <lexeme> element
MAY
appear in any order, but note that the order will have an impact
on the treatment of multiple pronunciations (see Section 4.9).
The <lexeme> element
has an OPTIONAL xml:id [XML-ID] attribute, allowing the element to be
referenced from other documents (through fragment identifiers or
XPointer [XPOINTER], for instance).
For example, developers may use external RDF statements [RDF-CONC] to associate metadata (such as part
of speech or word relationships) with a lexeme.
The <lexeme> element
has an OPTIONAL role attribute which takes
as its value one or more white space separated QNames as defined
in Section 4 of Namespaces in XML (1.0 [XML-NS10] or 1.1 [XML-NS11], depending on the version of XML
being used).
The role attribute describes additional
information to help the selection of the most relevant
pronunciation for a given orthography. The main use is to
differentiate words that have the same spelling but are
pronounced in different ways (cf. homographs and see also Section 5.5). A QName in the attribute content of the
role attribute is expanded into an expanded-name
using the namespace declarations in scope for the containing
<lexeme> element. Thus,
each QName provides a reference to a specific item in the
designated namespace. In the second example below, the QName
"claws:VVI" within the role attribute expands to the
"VVI" item in the
"http://www.example.com/claws7tags" namespace. This
mechanism allows for referencing defined taxonomies of word
classes, with the expectation that they are documented at the
specified namespace URI.
Example:
A pronunciation lexicon for
the Italian language with two lexemes.
One of them is for the loan word "file" which is often used in
technical discussions to have the same meaning and pronunciation
as in English. This is distinct from the homograph noun "file"
which is the plural form of "fila" meaning "queue". Note that
this user-specified pronunciation for "file" takes precedence
over any system-defined pronunciation.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<lexicon version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
alphabet="ipa" xml:lang="it">
<lexeme>
<grapheme>file</grapheme>
<phoneme>faɪl</phoneme>
<!-- This is the pronunciation
of the loan word "file" in Italian.
IPA string is: "faɪl" -->
</lexeme>
<lexeme>
<grapheme>EU</grapheme>
<alias>Unione Europea
<!-- This is a substitution of the European
Union acronym in Italian language. --></alias>
</lexeme>
</lexicon>
The following is an example of a pronunciation lexicon for the
word "read":
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<lexicon version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
xmlns:claws="http://www.example.com/claws7tags" alphabet="ipa"
xml:lang="en">
<lexeme role="claws:VVI claws:VV0 claws:NN1">
<!-- verb infinitive, verb present tense, singular noun -->
<grapheme>read</grapheme>
<phoneme>riːd<!-- same as riːd --></phoneme>
</lexeme>
<lexeme role="claws:VVN claws:VVD">
<!-- verb past participle, verb past tense -->
<grapheme>read</grapheme>
<phoneme>red</phoneme>
</lexeme>
</lexicon>
Note that the role attribute is based on
qualified values (in this example from the UCREL CLAWS7
tagset of part-of-speech) to distinguish the verb infinitive,
present tense and singular noun from the verb past tense and past
participle pronunciation of the word "read".
The following is an example document which references the
above lexicon and includes an extension element to show how the
role attribute may be used to select the relevant
pronunciation of the word "read" in the dialog.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<speak version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/synthesis"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/synthesis
http://www.w3.org/TR/speech-synthesis/synthesis.xsd"
xmlns:myssml="http://www.example.com/ssml_extensions"
xmlns:claws="http://www.example.com/claws7tags"
xml:lang="en">
<lexicon uri="http://www.example.com/lexicon.pls"
type="application/pls+xml"/>
<voice gender="female" age="3">
Can you <myssml:token role="claws:VVI">read</myssml:token> this book
to me?
</voice>
<voice gender="male" age="43">
I've already <myssml:token role="claws:VVN">read</myssml:token> it
three times!
</voice>
</speak>
Here is another example in Chinese that uses SSML 1.1
[SSML-11].
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<lexicon version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
xmlns:claws="http://www.example.com/claws7tags"
alphabet="x-myorganization-pinyin"
xml:lang="zh-CN">
<lexeme role="claws:VV0">
<!-- base form of lexical verb -->
<grapheme>处</grapheme>
<phoneme>chu3</phoneme>
<!-- pinyin string is: "chǔ" in 处罚 处置 -->
</lexeme>
<lexeme role="claws:NN">
<!-- common noun, neutral for number -->
<grapheme>处</grapheme>
<phoneme>chu4</phoneme>
<!-- pinyin string is: "chù" in 处所 妙处 -->
</lexeme>
</lexicon>
This is a sample document which references the above lexicon
and shows how the role attribute may be used to
select the relevant pronunciation of the Chinese word "处" in the
dialog.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<speak version="1.1"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/synthesis"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/synthesis
http://www.w3.org/TR/speech-synthesis/synthesis.xsd"
xmlns:claws="http://www.example.com/claws7tags"
xml:lang="zh-CN">
<lexicon uri="http://www.example.com/lexicon.pls"
type="application/pls+xml"
xml:id="mylex"/>
<lookup ref="mylex">
他这个人很不好相<w role="claws:VV0">处</w>。
此<w role="claws:NN">处</w>不准照相。
</lookup>
</speak>
Informative Note:
The SRGS 1.0 [SRGS] and SSML 1.0
[SSML] specifications do not currently
support a selection mechanism based on the role
attribute. Future versions of these specifications are expected
to allow the selection of relevant pronunciations on the basis of
the role attribute.
4.5 <grapheme> Element
A <lexeme> contains at
least one <grapheme>
element. The <grapheme>
element contains text describing the orthography of the <lexeme>.
The <grapheme> element
MUST
contain 'character' child information items. The <grapheme> element MUST NOT
contain 'element' child information items from any namespace,
i.e. PLS or foreign namespace.
In more complex situations there may be alternative textual
representations for the same word or phrase; this can arise due
to a number of reasons, for example:
- Regional spelling variations e.g. "colour" and
"color";
- Free spelling variations e.g. "judgment" and
"judgement"
- Alternate writing systems, e.g. Japanese uses a mixture of
Han ideographs (Kanji), and phonemic spelling systems (Katakana
or Hiragana) for representing the orthography of a word or phrase, and
such mixture sometimes has several variations as in kana
suffixes following kanji stems (Okurigana) for example "okonau"
(行なう vs. 行う);
- Reformed spellings e.g. in German some of the words which
used to have "ß" before are now to be written with "ss".
In order to remove the need for duplication of pronunciation
information to cope with the above variations, the <lexeme> element MAY contain more
than one <grapheme>
element to define the base orthography and any variants. Note that
all the pronunciations given within the <lexeme> apply to each and every
<grapheme> within the
<lexeme>.
Examples:
An example of a single grapheme
and a single pronunciation.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<lexicon version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
alphabet="ipa" xml:lang="en-US">
<lexeme>
<grapheme>Sepulveda</grapheme>
<phoneme>səˈpʌlvɪdə</phoneme>
<!-- IPA string is: "səˈpʌlvɪdə" -->
</lexeme>
</lexicon>
Another example with more than one written form for a lexical
entry, where the first orthography uses Latin characters for
"Romaji" orthography, the second
one uses "Kanji" orthography and
the third one uses the "Hiragana" orthography:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<lexicon version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
alphabet="ipa" xml:lang="jp">
<lexeme>
<grapheme>nihongo<!-- "Romaji" --></grapheme>
<grapheme>日本語<!-- "Kanji" --></grapheme>
<grapheme>にほんご<!-- "Hiragana" --></grapheme>
<phoneme>ɲihoŋo
<!-- IPA string is: "ɲihoŋo" --></phoneme>
</lexeme>
</lexicon>
4.6 <phoneme> Element
A <lexeme> MAY contain one or
more <phoneme> elements.
The <phoneme> element
contains text describing how the <lexeme> is pronounced.
The <phoneme> element
MUST
contain 'character' child information items. The <phoneme> element MUST NOT
contain 'element' child information items from any namespace,
i.e. PLS or foreign namespace.
A <phoneme> element
MAY have
an alphabet attribute, which indicates the
pronunciation alphabet that is used for this <phoneme> element only. See
Section 4.1 for the default pronunciation
alphabet. The legal values for the alphabet
attribute are described in Section 2.
The prefer is an OPTIONAL
attribute, which indicates the pronunciation that MUST be used by a
speech synthesis engine when it is set to
"true". See Section 4.9 for
required behavior when multiple pronunciations have
prefer set to "true". The possible
values are: "true" or "false". The
default value is "false".
The prefer mechanism spans both the <phoneme> and <alias> elements. Section 4.9 describes how multiple pronunciations are
specified in PLS for ASR and TTS, and gives many examples in Section 4.9.3.
Examples:
More than one pronunciation per lexical entry:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<lexicon version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
alphabet="ipa" xml:lang="en-US">
<lexeme>
<grapheme>huge</grapheme>
<phoneme prefer="true">hjuːdʒ</phoneme>
<!-- IPA string is: "hjuːdʒ" -->
<phoneme>juːdʒ</phoneme>
<!-- IPA string is: "juːdʒ" -->
</lexeme>
</lexicon>
More than one written form and more than one
pronunciation:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<lexicon version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
alphabet="ipa" xml:lang="en-US">
<lexeme>
<grapheme>theater</grapheme>
<grapheme>theatre</grapheme>
<phoneme prefer="true">ˈθɪətər</phoneme>
<!-- IPA string is: "ˈθɪətər" -->
<phoneme>ˈθiːjətər</phoneme>
<!-- IPA string is: "ˈθiːjətər" -->
</lexeme>
</lexicon>
An example of a <phoneme> that changes the
pronunciation alphabet to a proprietary one.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<lexicon version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
alphabet="ipa" xml:lang="en-US">
<lexeme>
<grapheme>color</grapheme>
<phoneme>ˈkʌlər</phoneme>
<!-- IPA string is: "ˈkʌlər" -->
</lexeme>
<lexeme>
<grapheme>XYZ</grapheme>
<phoneme alphabet="x-example-alphabet">XYZ</phoneme>
<!-- The above pronunciation is given in a proprietary alphabet
called: "x-example-alphabet" -->
</lexeme>
</lexicon>
4.7 <alias> Element
A <lexeme> element
MAY
contain one or more <alias> elements which are used to
indicate the pronunciation of an acronym or an abbreviated term, in terms of
other orthographies, or other
substitutions as necessary; see examples below and in Section 4.9.3.
The <alias> element
MUST
contain 'character' child information items. The <alias> element MUST NOT
contain 'element' child information items from any namespace,
i.e. PLS or foreign namespace.
In a <lexeme> element,
both <alias> elements and
<phoneme> elements
MAY be
present. If authors want explicit control over the pronunciation,
they can use the <phoneme>
element instead of the <alias> element.
The <alias> element has
an OPTIONAL prefer attribute analogous
to the prefer attribute for the <phoneme> element; see Section 4.6 for a normative description of the
prefer attribute.
Pronunciations of <alias> element contents
MUST be
generated by the processor using pronunciations described by the
<phoneme> element of any
constituent graphemes in the PLS document and without invoking
recursive access to the PLS document on the <alias> elements of any
constituent graphemes. The processor SHOULD
determine the pronunciations of the remaining <alias> element contents by the
same process that it determines the pronunciation of
out-of-lexicon graphemes.
Examples:
Acronym expansion using the
<alias> element:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<lexicon version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
alphabet="ipa" xml:lang="en-US">
<lexeme>
<grapheme>W3C</grapheme>
<alias>World Wide Web Consortium</alias>
</lexeme>
</lexicon>
The following example illustrates a combination of <alias> and <phoneme> elements. The indicated
acronym, "GNU", has only two pronunciations. Note that the
pronunciation described by the <alias> element of "Unix" is not
used as part of the pronunciation of the <alias> element contents of "GNU"
as recursion of <alias> is
not permissible. The pronunciations described by the <phoneme> elements of "GNU" and
"Unix" are used by the processor to generate the pronunciation of
"GNU is Not Unix".
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<lexicon version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
alphabet="ipa" xml:lang="en-US">
<lexeme>
<grapheme>GNU</grapheme>
<alias><!-- be careful about recursion here -->GNU is Not Unix</alias>
<phoneme>gəˈnuː</phoneme>
<!-- IPA string is: "gəˈnuː" -->
</lexeme>
<lexeme>
<grapheme>Unix</grapheme>
<grapheme>UNIX</grapheme>
<alias>a multiplexed information and computing service</alias>
<phoneme>ˈjuːnɪks</phoneme>
<!-- IPA string is: "ˈjuːnɪks" -->
</lexeme>
</lexicon>
4.8 <example> Element
The <example> element
includes an example sentence that illustrates an occurrence of
this lexeme. Because the examples are
explicitly marked, automated tools can be used for regression
testing and for generation of pronunciation lexicon documentation.
The <example> element
MUST
contain 'character' child information items. The <example> element MUST NOT
contain 'element' child information items from any namespace,
i.e. PLS or foreign namespace.
Zero, one or many <example> elements MAY be provided
for a single <lexeme>
element.
Example:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<lexicon version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
alphabet="ipa" xml:lang="en-US">
<lexeme>
<grapheme>lead</grapheme>
<phoneme>led</phoneme>
<example>My feet were as heavy as lead.<!-- possible comment --></example>
</lexeme>
<lexeme>
<grapheme>lead</grapheme>
<phoneme>liːd</phoneme>
<!-- IPA string is: "liːd" -->
<example>The guide once again took the lead.</example>
</lexeme>
</lexicon>
4.9 Multiple Pronunciations for ASR and TTS
This section describes the treatment of multiple
pronunciations specified in a PLS document for ASR and TTS.
4.9.1 Multiple Pronunciations for ASR
If more than one pronunciation for a given <lexeme> is specified (either by
<phoneme> elements or
<alias> elements or a
combination of both), an ASR processor
MUST
consider each of them as valid pronunciations for the <grapheme>. See Example 2 and following examples in Section 4.9.3.
If more than one <lexeme> contains the same
<grapheme>, all relevant
pronunciations (see discussion in Section 4.4
regarding the selection of relevant pronunciations using the
role attribute) will be collected in document order
and an ASR processor MUST consider all
of them as valid pronunciations for the <grapheme>. See Example 7 and Example 8
in Section 4.9.3.
4.9.2 Multiple Pronunciations for TTS
If more than one pronunciation for a given <lexeme> is specified (either by
<phoneme> elements or
<alias> elements or a
combination of both), a TTS processor
MUST
use the first one in document order that has the
prefer attribute set to "true". If none
of the pronunciations has prefer set to
"true", the TTS processor
MUST
use the first one in document order unless the TTS processor is documented as having a method of
selecting pronunciations, in which case the processor MUST use any one
of the pronunciations. See Example 2 and
following examples in Section 4.9.3.
If more than one <lexeme> contains the same
<grapheme>, all relevant
pronunciations (see discussion in Section 4.4
regarding the selection of relevant pronunciations using the
role attribute) will be collected in document order
and a TTS processor MUST use the
first one in document order that has the prefer
attribute set to "true". If none of the relevant
pronunciations has prefer set to
"true", the TTS processor
MUST
use the first one in document order unless the TTS processor is documented as having a method of
selecting pronunciations, in which case the processor MUST use any one
of the relevant pronunciations. See Example
7 and Example 8 in Section 4.9.3.
Note that a TTS processor may have
language-dependent internal mechanisms enabling it to
automatically choose between multiple pronunciations. See
Example 9 in Section
4.9.3.
4.9.3 Examples of Multiple Pronunciations
This section is informative.
The following examples are designed to describe and illustrate
the most common examples of multiple pronunciations. Both
ASR and TTS
behavior is described.
Example 1:
In the following example, there is only one pronunciation. It
will be used by both ASR and TTS processors.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<lexicon version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
alphabet="ipa" xml:lang="en-US">
<lexeme>
<grapheme>bead</grapheme>
<phoneme>biːd</phoneme>
<!-- IPA string is: "biːd" -->
</lexeme>
</lexicon>
Example 2:
In the following example, there are two pronunciations. An
ASR processor will recognize both
pronunciations, whereas a TTS processor
will only use one. Since none of the pronunciations has
prefer set to "true", unless the
processor is documented to have a different strategy, it will use
the first of the pronunciations because it is first in document
order.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<lexicon version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
alphabet="ipa" xml:lang="en-US">
<lexeme>
<grapheme>read</grapheme>
<phoneme>red</phoneme>
<phoneme>riːd</phoneme>
<!-- IPA string is: "riːd" -->
</lexeme>
</lexicon>
Example 3:
In the following example, there are two pronunciations. An
ASR processor will recognize both
pronunciations, whereas a TTS processor
will only use the second one (because it has prefer
set to "true").
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<lexicon version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
alphabet="ipa" xml:lang="en-US">
<lexeme>
<grapheme>lead</grapheme>
<phoneme>led</phoneme>
<phoneme prefer="true">liːd</phoneme>
<!-- IPA string is: "liːd" -->
</lexeme>
</lexicon>
Example 4:
In the following example, "read" has two pronunciations. The
first one is specified by means of an alias to "red", which is
defined just below it. An ASR processor
will recognize both pronunciations, whereas a TTS processor will only use one. Since none of
the pronunciations has prefer set to
"true", unless the processor is documented to have a
different strategy, it will use the first of the pronunciations
because it is first in document order. In this example, the alias
refers to a lexeme later in the lexicon, but in general, this
order is not relevant.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<lexicon version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
alphabet="ipa" xml:lang="en-US">
<lexeme>
<grapheme>read</grapheme>
<alias>red</alias>
<phoneme>riːd</phoneme>
<!-- IPA string is: "riːd" -->
</lexeme>
<lexeme>
<grapheme>red</grapheme>
<phoneme>red</phoneme>
</lexeme>
</lexicon>
Example 5:
In the following example, there are two pronunciations for
"lead". Both are given with prefer set to
"true". An ASR processor
will recognize both pronunciations, whereas a TTS processor will only use the first one
(because it is first in document order that has
prefer set to "true").
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<lexicon version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
alphabet="ipa" xml:lang="en-US">
<lexeme>
<grapheme>lead</grapheme>
<alias prefer="true">led</alias>
<phoneme prefer="true">liːd</phoneme>
<!-- IPA string is: "liːd" -->
</lexeme>
<lexeme>
<grapheme>led</grapheme>
<phoneme>led</phoneme>
</lexeme>
</lexicon>
Example 6:
In the following example, there are two pronunciations for
"lead". ASR processor will recognize both
pronunciations, whereas a TTS processor
will only use the second one (because it has prefer
set to "true"). Note that the alias entry for "lead"
as "led" does not inherit the preference of the pronunciation of
the alias.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<lexicon version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
alphabet="ipa" xml:lang="en-US">
<lexeme>
<grapheme>lead</grapheme>
<alias>led</alias>
<phoneme prefer="true">liːd</phoneme>
<!-- IPA string is: "liːd" -->
</lexeme>
<lexeme>
<grapheme>led</grapheme>
<phoneme prefer="true">led</phoneme>
</lexeme>
</lexicon>
Example 7:
In the following example, "lead" has two different entries in
the lexicon. An ASR processor will
recognize both pronunciations given here, but a TTS processor will only recognize one. Since none
of the pronunciations has prefer set to
"true", unless the processor is documented to have a
different strategy, it will use the "led" pronunciation because
it is first in document order.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<lexicon version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
alphabet="ipa" xml:lang="en-US">
<lexeme>
<grapheme>lead</grapheme>
<phoneme>led</phoneme>
</lexeme>
<lexeme>
<grapheme>lead</grapheme>
<phoneme>liːd</phoneme>
<!-- IPA string is: "liːd" -->
</lexeme>
</lexicon>
Example 8:
In the following example, there are two pronunciations in each
of two different lexeme entries in the same lexicon document. An
ASR processor will recognize both
pronunciations given here, but a TTS
processor will only recognize the "liːd" pronunciation, because
it is the first one in document order that has
prefer set to "true".
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<lexicon version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
alphabet="ipa" xml:lang="en-US">
<lexeme>
<grapheme>lead</grapheme>
<alias>led</alias>
<phoneme prefer="true">liːd</phoneme>
<!-- IPA string is: "liːd" -->
</lexeme>
<lexeme>
<grapheme>lead</grapheme>
<phoneme prefer="true">led</phoneme>
<phoneme>liːd</phoneme>
<!-- IPA string is: "liːd" -->
</lexeme>
</lexicon>
Example 9:
In the following example in French, "1" has three
pronunciations. The latter two pronunciations are specified by
means of an alias to "une", which is defined just below it. An
ASR processor will recognize all three
pronunciations given here, but a TTS
processor will only recognize the "un" pronunciation, unless
otherwise documented by the processor. A TTS processor documented capable of automatically
choosing between multiple pronunciations will select either the
"un" or "une" alias (given a grammatical context). If it selects
the "une" alias then the "yn" pronunciation will be used because
it has prefer set to "true".
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<lexicon version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
alphabet="ipa" xml:lang="fr">
<lexeme>
<grapheme>1</grapheme>
<alias>un</alias>
<alias>une</alias>
</lexeme>
<lexeme>
<grapheme>une</grapheme>
<phoneme prefer="true">yn</phoneme>
<phoneme>ynə</phoneme>
<!-- IPA string is: "ynə" -->
</lexeme>
</lexicon>
5. Examples
This section is informative.
5.1 Simple Case
In its simplest form the Pronunciation Lexicon language allows
orthographies (the textual
representation) to be associated with pronunciations (the
phonetic/phonemic representation). A
Pronunciation Lexicon document
typically contains multiple entries. So, for example, to specify
the pronunciation for proper names, such as "Newton" and
"Scahill", the markup will look like the following.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<lexicon version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
alphabet="ipa" xml:lang="en-GB">
<lexeme>
<grapheme>Newton</grapheme>
<phoneme>ˈnjuːtən</phoneme>
<!-- IPA string is: "ˈnjuːtən" -->
</lexeme>
<lexeme>
<grapheme>Scahill</grapheme>
<phoneme>ˈskɑhɪl</phoneme>
<!-- IPA string is: "ˈskɑhɪl" -->
</lexeme>
</lexicon>
Here we see the root element <lexicon> which contains the two
lexemes for the words "Newton" and
"Scahill". Each <lexeme>
is a composite element consisting of the orthographic and pronunciation
representations for the entry. For each of the two <lexeme> elements there is a
single <grapheme> element
which includes the orthographic
text and a single <phoneme> element which includes
the pronunciation. In this case the alphabet
attribute of the <lexicon>
element is set to "ipa", so the International Phonetic Alphabet [IPA] is being used for all the pronunciations.
5.2 Multiple pronunciations for the same
orthography
For ASR systems it is common to rely
on multiple pronunciations of the same word or phrase in order to
cope with variations of pronunciation within a language. In the
Pronunciation Lexicon language,
multiple pronunciations are represented by more than one <phoneme> (or <alias>) element within the same
<lexeme> element.
In the following example the word "Newton" has two possible
pronunciations.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<lexicon version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
alphabet="ipa" xml:lang="en-GB">
<lexeme>
<grapheme>Newton</grapheme>
<phoneme>ˈnjuːtən</phoneme>
<!-- IPA string is: "ˈnjuːtən" -->
<phoneme>ˈnuːtən</phoneme>
<!-- IPA string is: "ˈnuːtən" -->
</lexeme>
</lexicon>
In the situation where only a single pronunciation needs to be
selected among multiple pronunciations that are available (for
example where a pronunciation
lexicon is being used by a speech
synthesis system), then the prefer attribute on
the <phoneme> element may
be used to indicate the preferred pronunciation.
5.3 Multiple orthographies
In some situations there are alternative textual
representations for the same word or phrase. This can arise due
to a number of reasons. See Section 4.5 for
details. Because these are representations that have the same
meaning (as opposed to homophones),
it is recommended that they be represented using a single
<lexeme> element that
contains multiple graphemes.
Here are two simple examples of multiple orthographies: alternative spelling of an
English word and multiple writings of a Japanese word.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<lexicon version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
alphabet="ipa" xml:lang="en-US">
<!-- English entry showing how alternative spellings are handled -->
<lexeme>
<grapheme>colour</grapheme>
<grapheme>color</grapheme>
<phoneme>ˈkʌlər</phoneme>
<!-- IPA string is: "ˈkʌlər" -->
</lexeme>
</lexicon>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<lexicon version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
alphabet="ipa" xml:lang="jp">
<!-- Japanese entry showing how multiple writing systems are handled
romaji, kanji and hiragana orthographies -->
<lexeme>
<grapheme>nihongo</grapheme>
<grapheme>日本語</grapheme>
<grapheme>にほんご</grapheme>
<phoneme>ɲihoŋo</phoneme>
<!-- IPA string is: "ɲihoŋo" -->
</lexeme>
</lexicon>
In some cases the pronunciations may overlap rather than being
exactly the same. For example the English names "Smyth" and
"Smith" share one pronunciation, but "Smyth" has a pronunciation
that is only relevant to itself. Hence this needs to be
represented using multiple <lexeme> elements.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<lexicon version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
alphabet="ipa" xml:lang="en-US">
<lexeme>
<grapheme>Smyth</grapheme>
<grapheme>Smith</grapheme>
<phoneme>smɪθ/phoneme>
<!-- IPA string is: "smɪθ" -->
</lexeme>
<lexeme>
<grapheme>Smyth</grapheme>
<phoneme>smaɪð</phoneme>
<!-- IPA string is: "smaɪð" -->
</lexeme>
</lexicon>
5.4 Homophones
Most languages have homophones,
words with the same pronunciation but different meanings (and
possibly different spellings), for instance "seed" and "cede". It
is recommended that these be represented as different
lexemes.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<lexicon version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
alphabet="ipa" xml:lang="en-US">
<lexeme>
<grapheme>cede</grapheme>
<phoneme>siːd</phoneme>
<!-- IPA string is: "siːd" -->
</lexeme>
<lexeme>
<grapheme>seed</grapheme>
<phoneme>siːd</phoneme>
<!-- IPA string is: "siːd" -->
</lexeme>
</lexicon>
5.5 Homographs
Most languages have words with different meanings but the same
spelling (and sometimes different pronunciations), called
homographs. For example, in English
the word bass (fish) and the word bass (in
music) have identical spellings but different meanings and
pronunciations. Although it is recommended that these words be
represented using separate <lexeme> elements that are
distinguished by different values of the role
attribute (see Section 4.4), if a pronunciation lexicon author does not
want to distinguish between the two words they could simply be
represented as alternative pronunciations within the same
<lexeme> element. In the
latter case the TTS processor will not be
able to distinguish when to apply the first or the second
transcription.
In this example the pronunciations of the homograph "bass" are shown.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<lexicon version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
alphabet="ipa" xml:lang="en-US">
<lexeme>
<grapheme>bass</grapheme>
<phoneme>bæs</phoneme>
<!-- IPA string is: bæs -->
<phoneme>beɪs</phoneme>
<!-- IPA string is: beɪs -->
</lexeme>
</lexicon>
Note that English contains numerous examples of noun-verb
pairs that can be treated either as homographs or as alternative
pronunciations, depending on author preference. Two examples are
the noun/verb "refuse" and the noun/verb "address".
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<lexicon version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
xmlns:mypos="http://www.example.com/my_pos_namespace"
alphabet="ipa" xml:lang="en-US">
<lexeme role="mypos:verb">
<grapheme>refuse</grapheme>
<phoneme>rɪˈfjuːz</phoneme>
<!-- IPA string is: "rɪˈfjuːz" -->
</lexeme>
<lexeme role="mypos:noun">
<grapheme>refuse</grapheme>
<phoneme>ˈrefjuːs</phoneme>
<!-- IPA string is: "ˈrefjuːs" -->
</lexeme>
</lexicon>
5.6 Pronunciation by Orthography (Acronyms,
Abbreviations, etc.)
For some words and phrases pronunciation can be expressed
quickly and conveniently as a sequence of other orthographies. The developer is not
required to have linguistic knowledge, but instead makes use of
the pronunciations that are already expected to be available. To
express pronunciations using other orthographies the <alias> element may be used.
This feature may be very useful to deal with acronym expansion.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<lexicon version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
alphabet="ipa" xml:lang="en-US">
<!--
Acronym expansion
-->
<lexeme>
<grapheme>W3C</grapheme>
<alias>World Wide Web Consortium</alias>
</lexeme>
<!--
number representation
-->
<lexeme>
<grapheme>101</grapheme>
<alias>one hundred and one</alias>
</lexeme>
<!--
crude pronunciation mechanism
-->
<lexeme>
<grapheme>Thailand</grapheme>
<alias>tie land</alias>
</lexeme>
<!--
crude pronunciation mechanism and acronym expansion
-->
<lexeme>
<grapheme>BBC 1</grapheme>
<alias>be be sea one</alias>
</lexeme>
</lexicon>
6. References
6.1 Normative References
- [BCP47]
- Tags for the Identification of
Languages, A. Phillips and M. Davis, Editors. IETF,
September 2006. This RFC is available at http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/bcp/bcp47.txt.
- [IPAHNDBK]
- Handbook of the
International Phonetic Association, International
Phonetic Association, Editors. Cambridge University Press, July
1999. Information on the Handbook is available at
http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/handbook.html.
- [RFC2119]
- Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels, S. Bradner, Editor. IETF, March 1997. This
RFC is available at http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt.
- [RFC3986]
- Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic
Syntax, T. Berners-Lee et al., Editors. IETF,
January 2005. This RFC is available at http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt.
- [RFC3987]
- Internationalized Resource Identifiers
(IRIs), M. Duerst and M. Suignard, Editors. IETF,
January 2005. This RFC is available at http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt.
- [RFC4267]
- The W3C Speech Interface Framework Media Types:
application/voicexml+xml, application/ssml+xml,
application/srgs, application/srgs+xml, application/ccxml+xml,
and application/pls+xml, Max Froumentin, Editor.
IETF, November 2005. This RFC is available at http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4267.txt.
- [SRGS]
- Speech Recognition Grammar Specification Version
1.0, Andrew Hunt and Scott McGlashan, Editors. World
Wide Web Consortium, 16 March 2004. This version of the SRGS
1.0 Recommendation is http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-speech-grammar-20040316/.
The latest version is available at http://www.w3.org/TR/speech-grammar/.
- [SSML]
- Speech Synthesis Markup Language (SSML) Version
1.0, Daniel C. Burnett, et al., Editors. World Wide
Web Consortium, 7 September 2004. This version of the SSML 1.0
Recommendation is http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-speech-synthesis-20040907/.
The latest version is available at http://www.w3.org/TR/speech-synthesis/.
- [XML10]
- Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Fourth
Edition), T. Bray et al. World Wide Web Consortium,
16 August 2006, edited in place 29 September 2006. This version
of the XML 1.0 Recommendation is http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml-20060816/. The
latest version is available at http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml/.
- [XML11]
- Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.1 (Second
Edition), T. Bray et al. World Wide Web Consortium,
16 August 2006, edited in place 29 September 2006. This version
of the XML 1.1 Recommendation is http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml11-20060816/. The
latest version is available at http://www.w3.org/TR/xml11/.
- [XML-BASE]
- XML Base, J. Marsh, editor. World Wide Web
Consortium, 27 June 2001. This version of the XML Base
Recommendation is http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xmlbase-20010627/. The
latest version is available at http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlbase/.
- [XML-ID]
- xml:id Version 1.0, J. Marsh, D. Veillard, N.
Walsh. World Wide Web Consortium, 9 September 2005. This
version of the xml:id Recommendation is http://www.w3.org/TR/2005/REC-xml-id-20050909/. The
latest version is available at http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-id/.
- [XML-NS10]
- Namespaces in XML 1.0 (Second Edition), T.
Bray et al., Editors. World Wide Web Consortium, 16 August
2006. This version of the XML Namespaces Recommendation is
http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml-names-20060816/.
The latest version is available at http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-names/.
- [XML-NS11]
- Namespaces in XML 1.1, T. Bray et al.,
Editors. World Wide Web Consortium, 4 February 2004. This
version of the XML Namespaces Recommendation is http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-xml-names11-20040204/.
The latest version is available at http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-names11/.
- [XML-SCHEMA-1]
- XML Schema Part 1: Structures Second Edition,
H. S. Thompson, et al., Editors. World Wide Web Consortium, 28
October 2004. This version of the XML Schema Part 1
Recommendation is http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-xmlschema-1-20041028/.
The latest version is available at http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-1/.
- [XML-SCHEMA-2]
- XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes Second Edition,
Paul V. Biron and Ashok Malhotra, Editors. World Wide Web
Consortium, 28 October 2004. This version of the XML Schema
Part 2 Recommendation is http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-xmlschema-2-20041028/.
The latest version is available at http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/.
6.2 Informative References
- [DC]
- Dublin Core Metadata
Initiative.
See http://dublincore.org/.
- [DC-ES]
- Dublin Core Metadata
Element Set, Version 1.1: Reference
Description.
See http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
- [DICT]
- Dictionary.com Unabridged (v
1.0.1), Dictionary.com. Based on the Random House
Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2006. Entries in
the dictionary are available at http://dictionary.reference.com.
- [HTML]
- HTML 4.01
Specification, Dave Raggett, et al., Editors. World
Wide Web Consortium, 24 December 1999. This version of the HTML
4.01 Recommendation is http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224/. The
latest version of HTML is available at http://www.w3.org/TR/html/.
- [IPA]
- International Phonetic
Association.
See http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/ipa.html
for the organization's website.
- [IPAUNICODE1]
-
The International Phonetic Alphabet, J. Esling. This
table of IPA characters in Unicode is available at
http://web.uvic.ca/ling/resources/ipa/charts/unicode_ipa-chart.htm.
- [IPAUNICODE2]
- The
International Phonetic Alphabet in Unicode, J.
Wells. This table of Unicode values for IPA characters is
available at http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/ipa-unicode.htm.
- [JEIDAALPHABET]
-
JEIDA-62-2000 Phoneme Alphabet. JEITA. An abstract
of this document (in Japanese) is available at
http://it.jeita.or.jp/document/publica/standard/summary/JEIDA-62-2000.pdf.
- [JEITA]
- Japan Electronics
and Information Technology Industries
Association.
See http://www.jeita.or.jp/.
- [RDF-CONC]
- Resource
Description Framework (RDF): Concepts and Abstract
Syntax, G. Klyne and J.J. Carroll, Editors. World
Wide Web Consortium, 10 February 2004. This version of the RDF
Concepts and Abstract Syntax is http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210/.
The latest version is available at http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-concepts/.
- [RDF-SCHEMA]
- RDF
Vocabulary Description Language 1.0: RDF Schema, D.
Brickley and R. Guha, Editors. World Wide Web Consortium, 10
February 2004. This version of the RDF Schema Recommendation is
http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210/.
The latest version of RDF Schema is available at http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/.
- [RDF-XMLSYNTAX]
- RDF/XML
Syntax Specification, D. Beckett, Editor. World Wide
Web Consortium, 10 February 2004. This version of the RDF/XML
Syntax Recommendation is http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-syntax-grammar-20040210/.
The latest version of the RDF XML Syntax is available at
http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-syntax-grammar/.
- [REQS]
- Pronunciation
Lexicon Specification (PLS) Version 1.0
Requirements, P. Baggia and F. Scahill, Editors.
World Wide Web Consortium, 29 October 2004. This document is a
work in progress. This version of the Pronunciation Lexicon
Requirements is http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/WD-lexicon-reqs-20041029/.
The latest version of the Pronunciation Lexicon Requirements is
available at http://www.w3.org/TR/lexicon-reqs/.
- [RFC2732]
- Format for Literal IPv6 Addresses in URL's,
R. Hinden, et al., Editors. IETF, December 1999. This RFC is
available at http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2732.txt.
- [SAMPA]
- SAMPA computer
readable phonetic alphabet, J.C. Wells.
See http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa/home.htm
for information on it.
- [SISR]
- Semantic Interpretation for Speech Recognition
(SISR) Version 1.0, Luc van Tichelen and Dave Burke,
Editors. World Wide Web Consortium, 5 April 2007. This version
of the SISR 1.0 Recommendation is http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/REC-semantic-interpretation-20070405/.
The latest version is available at http://www.w3.org/TR/semantic-interpretation/.
- [SSML-11]
- Speech Synthesis Markup Language (SSML) Version
1.1, Daniel C. Burnett and 双志伟 (Zhi Wei Shuang),
Editors. World Wide Web Consortium, 20 June 2008. This version
of the SSML 1.1 Working Draft is http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/WD-speech-synthesis11-20080620/.
The latest version is available at http://www.w3.org/TR/speech-synthesis11/.
- [VXML]
- Voice Extensible Markup Language (VoiceXML) Version
2.0, Scott McGlashan et al., Editors. World Wide Web
Consortium, 16 March 2004. This version of the VoiceXML 2.0
Recommendation is http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-voicexml20-20040316/.
The latest version is available at http://www.w3.org/TR/voicexml20/.
- [XHTML2]
- XHTML 2.0, J. Axelsson et al., Editors. World
Wide Web Consortium, 22 July 2004. This version of the XML
XHTML 2.0 Working Draft is http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/WD-xhtml2-20040722/. The
latest version is available at http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml2/.
- [XHTML-MTYPES]
- XHTML Media Types, Ishikawa Masayasu,
Editor. World Wide Web Consortium, 1 August 2002. This version
of the W3C Note is http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-media-types/xhtml-media-types.html.
The latest version is available at http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-media-types/.
- [XPOINTER]
- XPointer Framework, P. Grosso, E. Maler, J.
Marsh, N. Walsh. World Wide Web Consortium, 25 March 2003. This
version of the XPointer Framework Recommendation is http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/REC-xptr-framework-20030325/.
The latest version is available at http://www.w3.org/TR/xptr-framework/.
- [X-SAMPA]
- Computer-coding
the IPA: a proposed extension of SAMPA, J.C. Wells,
University College London, 28 April 1995. This version is
available at http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa/ipasam-x.pdf.
- [WEB-ARCH]
- Architecture
of the World Wide Web, Volume One, I. Jacobs, N.
Walsh, World Wide Web Consortium, 15 December 2004. This
version of the Architecture of World Wide Web Recommendation is
http://www.w3.org/TR/webarch/.
7. Contributors and Acknowledgements
The Contributors who provided ideas, comments, feedback and
implementation experience to improve this specification.
(listed in alphabetical order):
- Jeff Adams, Nuance
- Kazuyuki Ashimura, W3C
- Patrizio Bergallo, Loquendo
- Ellen Eide, IBM
- Max Froumentin, W3C
- Richard Ishida, W3C
- 严峻 (Yan Jun), iFLYTEK
- Matt Oshry, Microsoft
- Dave Pawson, RNIB
- Luc Van Tichelen, Nuance
The editor wishes to thank the following W3C groups for their
helpful comments: WAI and WAI/PF, I18N and MMI.
This specification was written with the help of the following
people (listed in alphabetical order):
- Debbie Dahl, Conversational Technologies
- Ken Davies, HeyAnita
- Kurt Fuqua, Vail Systems
- Will Gardella, SAP
- Makoto Hirota, Canon
- Jim Larson, Intervoice
- Dave Raggett, W3C/Volantis
- Matt Womer, W3C
Appendix A - Schema for Pronunciation Lexicon
Specification
This section is normative.
There are two schemas which can be used to validate PLS
documents.
The latest version of the schemas are available at:
- The XML schema:
"http://www.w3.org/TR/pronunciation-lexicon/pls.xsd"
- The RELAX NG schema:
"http://www.w3.org/TR/pronunciation-lexicon/pls.rng"
For stability it is RECOMMENDED that you use the dated URI available
at:
- The XML schema:
"http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/PR-pronunciation-lexicon-20081014/pls.xsd"
- The RELAX NG schema:
"http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/PR-pronunciation-lexicon-20081014/pls.rng"
Appendix B - MIME Type and File Suffix
This section is normative.
The media type associated to Pronunciation Lexicon
Specification documents is "application/pls+xml" and
the filename suffix is ".pls" as defined in
[RFC4267].
Appendix C - Issues in Retrieving Lexical
Content
This section is informative.
Speech applications that use a PLS document need a mechanism
enabling them to retrieve appropriate lexical content. In the
simplest of cases, an application will search the PLS document
for <grapheme> elements
with content that exactly matches the input and retrieve all
corresponding lexemes. In general, however, the retrieval of
lexical content is not so trivial; it is necessary to define what
constitutes an exact match and which lexemes are to be retrieved
when competing matches can apply.
Here is an example of an approach to retrieve appropriate
lexical content.
- The text can be tokenized into the smallest orthographic
units that might have some meaning to the written language
addressed by the PLS document. By default, for written
languages with an alphabet, all consecutive members of the
alphabet can be grouped into a single token and all other
characters (such as punctuation, hyphen and apostrophe) can be
considered as individual tokens. Applications that address
languages using a logographic writing system might consider
each logogram as a separate token. Languages that are heavily
agglutinative need a more elaborate default tokenization
procedure.
- A speech application may provide a mechanism to segment the
text into explicit tokens. Such a mechanism can be used to
overcome a limitation of the default tokenization. For example,
"don't" can be explicitly tokenized as "do" and "n't" in order
to match a
<grapheme>
element with content "n't".
- Tokens should be processed in the direction of normal
script reading. Thus, English is processed from left to right,
and languages such as Arabic and Hebrew, from right to
left.
- Precedence should be given to the retrieval of lexemes
having a
<grapheme>
element whose content exactly matches the longest possible
sequence of consecutive tokens. Thus, a lexeme for "they'll"
should have precedence over a lexeme for "they" given the input
"they'll'.
- Lexical retrieval should be performed by the bias of tokens
rather than characters. Thus, a lexeme for "do" should not
match the beginning of "done".
- A match can occur only when the Unicode characters are
equal. Thus, matches should be sensitive to case and
diacritics. "Lima" should not match "lima", "cure" should not
match "curé", and "vitæ" should not match "vitae". An
application may choose to expand ligatures (such as "æ") into
corresponding letter sequences ("ae") and to use a collation
table to further loosen the match.
- Multiple consecutive white space characters should be
reduced to a unique single white space character. Thus, "New
York" should match "New York".
This outlined approach is designed principally with the needs
of English in mind and should be modified to accommodate the
particular requirements of other languages.
It is recommended for applications that use a PLS document to
describe the approach they adopt in retrieving lexical
content.
Example:
An application that uses the following PLS document:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<lexicon version="1.0"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon
http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd"
alphabet="ipa" xml:lang="en-US">
<lexeme>
<grapheme>New York</grapheme>
<alias>NY</alias>
</lexeme>
<lexeme>
<grapheme>York City</grapheme>
<alias>YC</alias>
</lexeme>
</lexicon>
should process "New York City" as "NY City" rather
than "New YC" if it uses the above approach.
Appendix D - Changes
This section is informative.
Changes in this document:
- Modified the third example because there was a missing "uri"
attribute of <lexicon> element (4.4).
- Updated IPA references (6.2).
- The schema files (pls.xsd and pls.rng) have been
updated to allow for non-PLS attributes on all PLS elements (App. A).
Changes in the Proposed Recommendation (18
August 2008):
- Updated definition of URI (1.5).
- Clarified usage of white space in IPA transcriptions
(2).
- Clarified definition of xml:base attribute (4.1).
- Updated example of alternative textual representations for
German (4.5).
- Applied minor editorial changes.
Changes in the Candidate Recommendation (12
December 2007):
- Added support of IRI and XML 1.1.
- Expanded Conformance section (3).
- Clarified recursion language for alias element (4.7).
- Clarified prefer attribute definition (4.6, 4.7, 4.9).
- Updated schemas and added dated URI for stability (App.
A).
- Added a note on QNames (4.4).
- Added informative notes on IPA (2).
- Updated Authors/Contributors/Acknowledgements (7).
- Added Appendix to list changes since previous drafts (App.
D).
- Reviewed normative/informative attributions.
- Added Chinese example (4.4).
- Updated examples (i.e. added SchemaLocation, fixes to IPA
codes, etc).
- Added clarifications and fixed spelling errors.
Changes in the second Last Call Working Draft (26
October 2006):
- Added a new role attribute to the lexeme element which
helps to disambiguate Homographs (4.4).
- Added an informative appendix on issues in retrieving
lexical content (App. C).
- Removed orthography attribute in the grapheme element
(4.4).
- Removed recursion of alias elements (4.7).
- Styled normative language covered by RFC2119.
- Updated schemas (App. A).
- Modified examples.
- Added requested clarifications.
Changes in the first Last Call Working Draft (31
January 2006):
- Support for the IPA phonetic alphabet is mandatory
(2).
- Added a new section on multiple pronunciations (4.9).
- Clarified the use of the "prefer" attribute (4.6, 4.7,
4.9).
- Added a glossary of terms (1.5).
- Fixed XML schema and added Relax NG schema (App. A).