Chapter 2

STEEL AND TIMBER STRUCTURES
CHAPTER TWO:TENSION MEMBERS
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Chapter -2: Tension members
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Design value of axial tension force
2.3 Effective area
2.4 Members subjected to combined tension
and bending
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STEEL AND TIMBER STRUCTURES…
2.1 Introduction
 Tension members are structural members that carry
pure tension loads
 The bottom chords of roof and bridge trusses
are classic examples of tension members.
 Steel cables in suspension and cable stayed
bridges, cables supported roofs, radio
communication towers and power
transmission towers, elevator cables and those
cables in parts of hoisting equipment are all
examples of tension members.
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CON….
 The process of designing tension members is:
selecting a section with sufficient cross
sectional area to carry the design load without
exceeding the design tensile stress as stipulated
in relevant codes of practice.
proportioning connections so that all relevant
design specifications are met with regard to
arrangement as well as stress limitations
The cross sectional arrangement of axially
stressed tension members is structurally
unimportant as long as the net cross sectional is 4
Figure 2.1 – Structures with some members in tension

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Figure 2.1 – Structures with some members in tension 7

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LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS
Design of tension members is the simplest and

most straight-forward one.
It consists of providing a member with adequate
cross- sectional area to resist the applied load.
In tension members problem of buckling does not
occur but due consideration should be taken so that
sagging problem is avoided.
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 In general, the use of single structural shapes is more
economical than built up sections. However, the latter may be
required under any of the following situations:
The tensile capacity of a single rolled section is not sufficient.
The L/r ratio (the ratio of the unbraced length to the minimum
radius of gyration) does not provide sufficient rigidity.
The effect of bending combined with the tensile behavior
requires a large lateral stiffness.
Usual connection details require a particular cross section
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 The controlling strength limit state for
tension member will be either:
a)yielding of gross cross-sectional area of the
member away from the joints, or
b)Fracture of the effective net sectional area
through the holes at the joints.
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FAILURE IS ASSUMED TO OCCUR WHEN:
i. Insufficient gross-sectional area of member is

provided away from joint
ii. Insufficient net cross-sectional area of the
joint is provided
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2.2 Design value of axial tension force:
NED /Nt,Sd is design normal force from a load
Nt,Rd is design tension resistance section
is associated with ductile failure due to
the attainment of the yield strength,
is related to a brittle failure in
the
connection (governed by the
attainment of the ultimate
strength).
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2.3 Effective Area
 The effective area is taken as Net Area. The net area of cross-section
or element section shall be taken as it gross area less appropriate
deductions for all holes and openings.
 When calculating net section properties, the deduction of a single hole
shall be the gross cross sectional area of the hole in the plane of its
axis. Provided that the fastener holes are not staggered, the total area
to be deducted for fastener holes shall be the maximum sum of the
sectional areas of the holes in any cross-section perpendicular to the
member axis.
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 When the fastener holes are staggered, the
total area to be deducted for fastener holes
shall be the greater of:
The deduction for non-staggered holes.
The sum of the sectional area of all holes in
any diagonal or zigzag line extending
progressively across the member or part of
member, less s2t/4p for each gauge space in
the chain of holes. 19
NET SECTION OR NET AREA
Holes for rivet or bolts in tension affect the
member in two ways
 By reducing the area of the cross-section
Resulting in non-uniform strain in the cross
section
around the neighborhood of the hole
 The area of gross section minus the area
lost by holes is called the net section or the
net area.
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• Therefore, the net width dn can be computed by using the following

formula which is known as “the chain formula”
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Where:
n = number of holes in the chain of holes
a = number of diagonal space in the chain
s = is the pitch, the spacing of the centers of two
consecutive holes in the chain measured parallel to the
member axis
p = is the spacing between the centers of the holes
measured perpendicular to the member axis
d = diameter of holes
Finally the net area should be the net width x thickness of
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the plate:
Example -1: Calculate the net critical area for the bolt distribution
shown below.
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Example-2: Find the net area of the plate exposed to a tension shown
in the figure below.
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Solution:
 All paths of fracture has to be considered. Net area for each case is
determined and finally the smallest one is taken as Anet
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Example 3: Calculate the maximum design load for the plate of the
example 1. Use Steel grade Fe = 360Mpa
Solution: For section with holes (bolted connections), the design
tension resistance is taken as the lesser of the following
1. The design plastic resistance of the gross section
 Gross area, A = 15 x 0.5 = 7.5cm2
g
 Yield strength fy = 23.5KN/cm2 and (From Table)
 Partial safety factor γM1 = 1.1
2. The design ultimate resistance of the section at the bolt holes

 Effective area Aeff = 6cm2
 Ultimate resistance fu = 36.0KN/cm2 (From Table)
 Partial safety factor γM2 = 1.25

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2.4 Members subjected to combined tension and

bending
 To check members under simultaneous action of tension and bending
moment the following criterion may be used:
Example-4: Determine the design strength of two angles 100mm x 100mm x

10mm in grade Fe 430 used as a welded bracing member.
Because there is no holes (welded

connection), only design plastic
resistance must be checked. The
partial safety factor for the section γM1
= 1.1
 The design plastic resistance is: 29

Example-5: Determine the design strength for the two angles of the
example-4 if now are used as a bolted bracing member with single row of
16.5mm holes at each leg of the angle.
The partial safety factor is γM2 = 1.25

The effective area is the net area:
Anet = 3840 - 3 x 16.5 x 10 = 3345mm2
Design ultimate = [0.9*3345*430]/1.25 = 1035.612KN > 960KN

= resistance
Therefore, the design strength of the bolted bracing member is
controlled by the yield strength of the full section.
Thus, Npl,Rd = 960KN
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Example 6: Consider the chord AB of the steel truss, indicated in
Figure shown below, assuming it is submitted to a design tensile axial
force of NED =220KN. The cross section consists of two angles of equal
legs with section dimension of 50x50x5mm (A=960mm2),in steel grade
S 235. Design chord AB assuming two distinct possibilities for the
connections:
a) welded connections
b) bolted connections
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Solution:
a) Welded connections
The chord is made up by two angles of equal legs, but the connection is made
only in one leg of the angle. Thus, according to the code, the effective area
can be considered equal to the gross area. Therefore, the following conditions
must be satisfied:
 From a table of commercial profiles, a solution with two angles 50x50x5mm,

with a total area of 2*4.8 = 9.6cm2 satisfies the above safety requirement.
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b) Bolted connections:
 In this case, the chord, made up by angles of equal legs, is connected
by 2 bolts only in one leg. According to code, the following design
conditions must be ensured:
Where,
γM0 = 1.0, γM1 = 1.25, fy = 235MPa, fu = 360MPa, A is the gross area of the
cross section, Anet is the net area of the bolted section, and β2 is a factor
obtained from Table shown below. A first check based on the plastic design
of the gross cross section leads to:
Table – Reduction factors β2 and β3
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 A first check based on the plastic design of the gross cross section
leads to:
 Hence, the section obtained in the previous design, two angles 50x50x5
mm (A = 9.6 cm2), also satisfies this safety requirement.
 The second condition requires the evaluation of the net area, Anet, and the
factor β2, both evaluated according to code.
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 The net area of the bolted section made up of two angles is given by:
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THANK YOU
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STEEL AND TIMBER STRUCTURES

CHAPTER TWO:TENSION MEMBERS

Figure 2.1 – Structures with some members in tension

Figure 2.1 – Structures with some members in tension 7

Design of tension members is the simplest and

i. Insufficient gross-sectional area of member is

• Therefore, the net width dn can be computed by using the following

 Partial safety factor γM1 = 1.1

2. The design ultimate resistance of the section at the bolt holes

 Ultimate resistance fu = 36.0KN/cm2 (From Table)

 Partial safety factor γM2 = 1.25

2.4 Members subjected to combined tension and

Example-4: Determine the design strength of two angles 100mm x 100mm x

Because there is no holes (welded

 The design plastic resistance is: 29

The partial safety factor is γM2 = 1.25

Design ultimate = [0.93345430]/1.25 = 1035.612KN > 960KN

 From a table of commercial profiles, a solution with two angles 50x50x5mm,

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