Topic 1 Introduction To The Microprocessor and Computer

Introduction to
the
Microprocessor
and Computer
WMSU
WESTERN MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY

Lesson Outcomes
• Computer Organization and Computer Architecture
– Define computer organization and computer architecture
• Organizational and Architectural Attributes

– Identify both of these attributes of a computer
• Computer Structure & Computer Functions

– demonstrate the structural components of computer system and
the central processing units.
– Explain the different functions of a computer
What is Architecture?
• Structure and behavior of the computer as seen by the
user
– Properties which affect the logical working of a program
– Attributes which are apparent to a programmer
• Examples of Architectural Attributes:
– Instruction set and formats,
– Techniques for addressing memory,
– Number of bits used to represent data.
Architecture can be subdivided into 2
types:
• 2 Types
– Instruction Set Architecture
– Hardware System Architecture
For Example: Let’s say we want to add 2 numbers:

X=2+3
Different Ways to add in Assembly
Language
Let’s pick this one:

Instruction Set Architecture
This is the Instruction Set Architecture
Now we have to select

each individual component
to form this Instruction Set.
Hardware Set Architecture
We’ve identified 3 hardware
components we need for the
operation:
• 2 Variables to store the data
of both operands
• 1 Adder component to add
the values of R1 and R2
This is the Hardware Set Architecture

R1, R2, and ADDER
What is Organization?
• Is the design of different hardware computer parts and
how they come together to form a computer system.
– Determines how the parts should be connected together
– Typically computer organization is split into 2 major parts: CPU
design and cache/memory design.
• Examples of Organizational Attributes:
– Control signals
– Interfaces between the computer and peripherals
– The memory technology used
Same Architecture, Different
Organization
• Almost Every Program that can run on an original
Pentium (or 8088) can run on an intel i7
• All computers in the Intel Pentium series have the same
architecture
• Each version of the Pentium has a different
organization, often improving upon the last iteration.
Basic Computer Components
• The basic computer
organization has three main
components:
– CPU
– Memory subsystem
– I/O subsystem
Computer Structure and Function
• Structure
– The way in which computer components are
interrelated
• Function
– The operation of each individual component as
part of the structure
COMPUTER FUNCTIONS
What individual components allow a computer to work?
Computer Functions
• Data processing
– Data may take a wide variety of forms, and the range of processing
requirements is broad. However, we shall see that there are only a few
fundamental methods or types of data processing.
• Data storage (Memory)

– Even if the computer is processing data on the fly (i.e., data come in
and get processed, and the results go out immediately), the computer
must temporarily store at least those pieces of data that are being
worked on at any given moment.
– Thus, there is at least a short-term data storage function (RAM).
Equally important, the computer performs a long-term data storage
function. Files of data are stored on the computer for subsequent
retrieval and update.
Computer Functions
• Data movement (Communication)
– The computer’s operating environment consists of devices that
serve as either sources or destinations of data.
– When data are received from or delivered to a device that is
directly connected to the computer, the process is known as
input–output (I/O), and the device is referred to as a peripheral.
• Control
– Within the computer, a control unit manages the computer’s
resources and orchestrates the performance of its functional
parts in response to instructions.
COMPUTER STRUCTURE
When computer functions come together
Computer Structure
The following components are structures of a single-
processor computer:
• Central processing unit (CPU)

– Controls the operation of the computer and performs its data
processing functions; often simply referred to as processor.
• Main memory
– Stores data.
Computer Structure
• I/O
– Moves data between the computer and its external
environment.
• System interconnection
– Some mechanism that provides for communication among
CPU, main memory, and I/O.
– A common example of system interconnection is by means of a
system bus, consisting of a number of conducting wires to
which all the other components attach
Central Processing Unit
The most interesting and in some ways the most complex
component is the CPU. Its major structural components are as
follows:
• Control unit
– Controls the operation of the CPU and hence the computer. (Control)
• Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
– Performs the computer’s data processing functions. (Processing)
• Registers
– Provides storage internal to the CPU. (Memory)
• CPU interconnection
– Some mechanism that provides for communication among the control
unit, ALU, and registers. (Communication)
CPU Diagram
Arithmetic Logic unit
• The ALU contains electronic circuits necessary to perform
arithmetic and logical operations.
• The arithmetic operations are ADD, SUBSTRACT,
MULTIPLY, DIVIDE, etc.
• The logical operations include COMPARE, SHIFT,
ROTATE, AND, OR, etc
• The control unit analyses each instruction in the program
and sends the relevant signals to all other units – ALU,
Memory, Input unit and Output unit
Instructions Inside a Computer (General
Idea)
• A computer program consists of both instructions and data.
The program is fed into the computer through the input unit
and stored in the memory.
• In order to execute the program, the instructions have to be
fetched from memory one by one.
• This fetching of instructions is done by the control unit.
• After an instruction is fetched, the control unit decodes the
instruction.
• According to the instruction, the control unit issues control
signals to other units.
Instructions Inside a Computer (General
Idea)
o After an instruction is executed, the result of the
instruction is stored in memory or stored temporarily in
the control unit or ALU, so that this can be used by the
next instruction.
o The results of a program are taken out of the computer
through the output unit.
o The control unit, ALU and registers are collectively known
as Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Topic 1 Introduction To The Microprocessor and Computer

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Topic 1 Introduction To The Microprocessor and Computer

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Topic 1 Introduction To The Microprocessor and Computer

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Introduction to

WESTERN MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY

• Organizational and Architectural Attributes

• Computer Structure & Computer Functions

For Example: Let’s say we want to add 2 numbers:

Let’s pick this one:

This is the Instruction Set Architecture

Now we have to select

This is the Hardware Set Architecture

• Data storage (Memory)

• Central processing unit (CPU)

You might also like