BMEE203L Engineering Thermodynamics

BASIC CONCEPTS

Anoop Kumar M

Courtesy
Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th Edition
Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles
McGraw-Hill, 2011©
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Course Objectives

1. To apply the laws of thermodynamics and describe their significance

2. To provide fundamental knowledge of ideal and real gases
3. To analyse vapour, gas power cycles and determine the properties of gas mixtures
4. To establish the relationship between commonly measurable properties and the
properties that cannot be measured directly

Porpatham E, PhD | Automotive Research Centre |Fall 2022-2023 | Course Plan|BMEE203L-Engineering Thermodynamics
Course Outcomes (CO)

1. Demonstrate the understanding of basic thermodynamics concepts such as systems forms of energy, work and heat,
temperature
2. Analyse the properties of pure substances, ideal and real gases
3. Apply the first law of thermodynamics for closed and open systems
4. Apply the second law of thermodynamics and entropy principles to engineering systems
5. Analyse the performance of vapour and gas power cycles
6. Evaluate the mixture properties using gas laws
7. Assess the substance properties using thermodynamic relations

Porpatham E, PhD | Automotive Research Centre |Fall 2022-2023 | Course Plan|BMEE203L-Engineering Thermodynamics
Modules
• Module 1- Introduction and Basic concepts in Thermodynamics (CO1)
• Module 2- Properties of Pure Substance (CO2)
• Module 3- The first law of Thermodynamics (CO3)
• Module 4- The second law of Thermodynamics and Exergy (CO4)
• Module 5- Vapour and Gas Power Cycles (CO5)
• Module 6- Gas Mixtures (CO6)
• Module 7- Thermodynamic Property relations (CO7)
• Module 8- Contemporary Issues

Porpatham E, PhD | Automotive Research Centre |Fall 2022-2023 | Course Plan|BMEE203L-Engineering Thermodynamics
Books

Textbook
1.Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles and Mehmet Kanoglu, Thermodynamics: An
Engineering Approach, 2019, 9th Edition, McGraw Hill Education.

Reference Books
1.Michael J Moran, Howard N Shapiro, Daisie D. Boettner and Margaret B.
Bailey, Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, 2015, 8th Edition, Wiley.
2.Nag P. K., Engineering Thermodynamics, 2017, 6th Edition, McGraw Hill Education

Porpatham E, PhD | Automotive Research Centre |Fall 2022-2023 | Course Plan|BMEE203L-Engineering Thermodynamics
Course contents

Unit 1-Basic concepts and

Unit 2- First Law of TD
Unit 3 – Second Law of TD
Unit 4-properties of pure substances
Unit 5- Thermodynamic relations
Unit6-Gas power cycles
Unit 7-Vapour and refrigeration cycles

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Students adhere to these rules

• Be on time for the class

• Maintain a separate note book
• Be formal with dress and place of learning

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Unit 1

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 Objectives

• Explain the basic concepts of thermodynamics such as system, state, state postulate, equilibrium,
process, and cycle.
• Review the metric SI and the English unit systems.
• Introduce an intuitive systematic problem-solving technique.
• Review concepts of temperature, temperature scales, pressure, and absolute and gage pressure.

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 THERMODYNAMICS AND ENERGY

• Thermodynamics: The science of energy.

• Energy: The ability to cause changes.
• The name thermodynamics stems from the Greek words therme (heat)
and dynamis (power).
• Conservation of energy principle: During an interaction, energy can
change from one form to another but the total amount of energy remains
constant.
• Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
• The first law of thermodynamics: An expression of the conservation of
energy principle.
• The first law asserts that energy is a thermodynamic property.

Energy cannot be created or

destroyed; it can only
change forms (the first law). 10
• The second law of thermodynamics: It asserts that energy has
quality as well as quantity, and actual processes occur in the
direction of decreasing quality of energy.
• Classical thermodynamics: A macroscopic approach to the study
of thermodynamics that does not require a knowledge of the
behavior of individual particles.
.
• Statistical thermodynamics: A microscopic approach, based on
the average behavior of large groups of individual particles.
Conservation of energy
principle for the human body.

Heat flows in the direction of

decreasing temperature. 11
Application Areas of Thermodynamics

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 IMPORTANCE OF DIMENSIONS AND UNITS
• Any physical quantity can be characterized by dimensions.
• The magnitudes assigned to the dimensions are called units.
• Some basic dimensions such as mass m, length L, time t, and temperature T
are selected as primary or fundamental dimensions, while others such as
velocity V, energy E, and volume V are expressed in terms of the primary
dimensions and are called secondary dimensions, or derived dimensions.
• Metric SI system: A simple and logical system based on a decimal relationship
between the various units.
• English system: It has no apparent systematic numerical base, and various
units in this system are related to each other rather arbitrarily.

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Some SI and English Units

Work = Force  Distance

1 J = 1 N∙m The SI unit prefixes are used in all branches of engineering.
1 cal = 4.1868 J
1 Btu = 1.0551 kJ

The definition of the force units.

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 W weight
m mass
g gravitational
acceleration
A body weighing
60 kgf on earth will
weigh only 10 kgf
on the moon.

The relative magnitudes of the force

units newton (N), kilogram-force
(kgf), and pound-force (lbf).
The weight of a unit 15

mass at sea level.

Dimensional homogeneity
All equations must be dimensionally homogeneous.
Unity Conversion Ratios
All nonprimary units (secondary units) can be
formed by combinations of primary units.
Force units, for example, can be expressed as

They can also be expressed more conveniently

as unity conversion ratios as
To be dimensionally
homogeneous, all the
Unity conversion ratios are identically equal to 1 and terms in an equation must
are unitless, and thus such ratios (or their inverses) have the same unit.
can be inserted conveniently into any calculation to
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properly convert units.
Class work

• Write the following definitions to your note book.

( You can Google search and download the text book-Schaums outline of
Thermodynamics for engineers)
1. System-Open system, closed system with eg
2. State of system
3. Properties of a system-Intensive and extensive properties with eg
4. Processes with eg

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Assessment rubrics

• DA1-10 marks
• DA2-10 marks
• Quiz 1-10 marks

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 SYSTEMS AND CONTROL VOLUMES
• System: A quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study.
• Surroundings: The mass or region outside the system
• Boundary: The real or imaginary surface that separates the system from
its surroundings.
• The boundary of a system can be fixed or movable.
• Systems may be considered to be closed or open.

• Closed system (Control

mass): A fixed amount
of mass, and no mass can
cross its boundary.

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 • Open system (control volume): A properly selected region in space.
• It usually encloses a device that involves mass flow such as a compressor,
turbine, or nozzle.
• Both mass and energy can cross the boundary of a control volume.
• Control surface: The boundaries of a control volume. It can be real or
imaginary.

An open system (a control

volume) with one inlet and 21
 PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM

• Property: Any characteristic of a system.

• Some familiar properties are pressure P, temperature T, volume
V, and mass m.
• Properties are considered to be either intensive or extensive.
• Intensive properties: Those that are independent of the mass
of a system, such as temperature, pressure, and density.
• Extensive properties: Those whose values depend on the size
—or extent—of the system.
• Specific properties: Extensive properties per unit mass.

Criterion to differentiate intensive

and extensive properties. 22
Pressure

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Temperature

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 Continuum
• Matter is made up of atoms that are widely spaced in the gas phase.
Yet it is very convenient to disregard the atomic nature of a substance
and view it as a continuous, homogeneous matter with no holes, that
is, a continuum.
• The continuum idealization allows us to treat properties as point
functions and to assume the properties vary continually in space with
no jump discontinuities.
• This idealization is valid as long as the size of the system we deal with
is large relative to the space between the molecules.
• This is the case in practically all problems.
• In this text we will limit our consideration to substances that can be
modeled as a continuum.

Despite the large gaps between

molecules, a substance can be treated as
a continuum because of the very large
number of molecules even in an extremely
small volume.
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DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Specific gravity: The ratio
Density of the density of a substance
to the density of some
standard substance at a
specified temperature
Specific volume (usually water at 4°C).
Specific weight: The
weight of a unit volume
of a substance.

Density is mass
per unit volume;
specific volume
is volume per
unit mass.
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 STATE AND EQUILIBRIUM
• Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium states.
• Equilibrium: A state of balance.
• In an equilibrium state there are no unbalanced potentials (or
driving forces) within the system.
• Thermal equilibrium: If the temperature is the same
throughout the entire system.
• Mechanical equilibrium: If there is no change in pressure at
any point of the system with time.
• Phase equilibrium: If a system involves two phases and when
the mass of each phase reaches an equilibrium level and stays
there. A system at two different states.
• Chemical equilibrium: If the chemical composition of a
system does not change with time, that is, no chemical
reactions occur.

A closed system reaching thermal 27

equilibrium.
The State Postulate
• The number of properties required to fix the state of
a system is given by the state postulate:
 The state of a simple compressible system is
completely specified by two independent,
intensive properties.
• Simple compressible system: If a system involves
no electrical, magnetic, gravitational, motion, and
surface tension effects.

The state of nitrogen is fixed by two

independent, intensive properties.

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PROCESSES AND CYCLES
Process: Any change that a system undergoes from one equilibrium state to another.
Path: The series of states through which a system passes during a process.
To describe a process completely, one should specify the initial and final states, as well as the path it follows, and the interactions with the
surroundings.
Quasistatic or quasi-equilibrium process: When a process proceeds in such a manner that the system remains infinitesimally close to an
equilibrium state at all times.

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• Process diagrams plotted by employing thermodynamic properties as
coordinates are very useful in visualizing the processes.
• Some common properties that are used as coordinates are temperature
T, pressure P, and volume V (or specific volume v).
• The prefix iso- is often used to designate a process for which a
particularproperty remains constant.
• Isothermal process: A process during which the temperature T remains
constant.
• Isobaric process: A process during which the pressure P remains
constant.
• Isochoric (or isometric) process: A process during which the specific
volume v remains constant.
• Cycle: A process during which the initial and final states are identical.

The P-V diagram of a compression

process.

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Forms of energy

• Macroscopic forms of energy.

P.E, K.E etc
• Microscopic forms of energy
it’s the energy possessed by molecules

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Energy Interactions-Work and Heat

• System Interacts with surroundings in the form of work and heat transfer

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Thermodynamic Work

• Work, an interaction between system and surroundings is done by a system if the sole
external effect on the surroundings could be raising of a weight.
• Quasiequilibrium work and nonequilibrium work

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Quasiequilibrium work

• Thermodynamics often deals with work done to move a boundary against a pressure
force
• Work done while moving a boundary through a distance dS
W= P AdS=PdV

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The Steady-Flow Process
• The term steady implies no change with time. The opposite of steady is unsteady, or transient.
• A large number of engineering devices operate for long periods of time under the same
conditions, and they are classified as steady-flow devices.
• Steady-flow process: A process during which a fluid flows through a control volume steadily.
• Steady-flow conditions can be closely approximated by devices that are intended for
continuous operation such as turbines, pumps, boilers, condensers, and heat exchangers or
power plants or refrigeration systems.

During a steady-flow process,

fluid properties within the
control volume may change
with position but not with time.

Under steady-flow conditions, the mass and energy contents of a control

volume remain constant.
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 TEMPERATURE AND THE ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

• The zeroth law of thermodynamics: If two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body, they are also in
thermal equilibrium with each other.
• By replacing the third body with a thermometer, the zeroth law can be restated as two bodies are in thermal
equilibrium if both have the same temperature reading even if they are not in contact.

Two bodies reaching thermal

equilibrium after being brought into
contact in an isolated enclosure.

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 Temperature Scales
P versus T plots of the
• All temperature scales are based on some easily reproducible states experimental data obtained
such as the freezing and boiling points of water: the ice point and the from a constant-volume gas
steam point.
thermometer using four
• Ice point: A mixture of ice and water that is in equilibrium with air different gases at different (but
saturated with vapor at 1 atm pressure (0°C or 32°F). low) pressures.
• Steam point: A mixture of liquid water and water vapor (with no air) in
equilibrium at 1 atm pressure (100°C or 212°F).
• Celsius scale: in SI unit system
• Fahrenheit scale: in English unit system
• Thermodynamic temperature scale: A temperature scale that is
independent of the properties of any substance.
• Kelvin scale (SI) Rankine scale (E)
• A temperature scale nearly identical to the Kelvin scale is the ideal-gas
temperature scale. The temperatures on this scale are measured using
a constant-volume gas thermometer.

A constant-volume gas thermometer would read 273.15°C at absolute zero

pressure. 38
 Comparison of
temperature
scales.

Comparison of
magnitudes of
various
temperature
units.
• The reference temperature in the original Kelvin scale was the ice point,
273.15 K, which is the temperature at which water freezes (or ice melts).
• The reference point was changed to a much more precisely reproducible 39

point, the triple point of water (the state at which all three phases of water
PRESSURE
68 kg 136 kg
Pressure: A normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area

Afeet=300cm2

0.23 kgf/cm2 0.46 kgf/cm2

P=68/300=0.23 kgf/cm2

The normal stress (or “pressure”) on the

feet of a chubby person is much greater
than on the feet of a slim person.
Some basic
pressure
40
gages.
• Absolute pressure: The actual pressure at a given position. It is measured relative to absolute vacuum (i.e., absolute
zero pressure).
• Gage pressure: The difference between the absolute pressure and the local atmospheric pressure. Most pressure-
measuring devices are calibrated to read zero in the atmosphere, and so they indicate gage pressure.
• Vacuum pressures: Pressures below atmospheric pressure.

Throughout
this text, the
pressure P will
denote
absolute
pressure
unless
specified
otherwise.
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Variation of Pressure with Depth
When the variation of density with elevation is known

The pressure of a fluid at rest Free-body diagram of a rectangular

increases with depth (as a result fluid element in equilibrium. 42

of added weight).
 In a room filled with
a gas, the variation
of pressure with
height is negligible.

Pressure in a liquid
at rest increases
linearly with distance
from the free
surface. The pressure is the
same at all points on
a horizontal plane in a
given fluid regardless
of geometry, provided
that the points are
interconnected by the
same fluid. 43
Pascal’s law: The pressure applied to a confined fluid increases the
pressure throughout by the same amount.

The area ratio A2/A1 is called the ideal

mechanical advantage of the hydraulic lift.

Lifting of a large weight by a small force

by the application of Pascal’s law.

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The Manometer
It is commonly used to measure small and moderate
pressure differences. A manometer contains one or
more fluids such as mercury, water, alcohol, or oil.
Measuring the pressure
drop across a flow
section or a flow device
by a differential
manometer.

The basic
manometer.

In stacked-up fluid layers, the

pressure change across a fluid layer 45
of density  and height h is gh.
Other Pressure Measurement Devices
• Bourdon tube: Consists of a hollow metal tube bent like a hook whose end is closed
and connected to a dial indicator needle.
• Pressure transducers: Use various techniques to convert the pressure effect to an
electrical effect such as a change in voltage, resistance, or capacitance.
• Pressure transducers are smaller and faster, and they can be more sensitive, reliable,
and precise than their mechanical counterparts.
• Strain-gage pressure transducers: Work by having a diaphragm deflect between two
chambers open to the pressure inputs.
• Piezoelectric transducers: Also called solid-state pressure transducers, work on the
principle that an electric potential is generated in a crystalline substance when it is
subjected to mechanical pressure.

Various types of Bourdon tubes used 46

to measure pressure.
 THE BAROMETER AND ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

• Atmospheric pressure is measured by a device called a barometer; thus, the

atmospheric pressure is often referred to as the barometric pressure.
• A frequently used pressure unit is the standard atmosphere, which is defined as
the pressure produced by a column of mercury 760 mm in height at 0°C ( Hg =
13,595 kg/m3) under standard gravitational acceleration (g = 9.807 m/s2).
The length or the
cross-sectional area
of the tube has no
effect on the height of
the fluid column of a
barometer, provided
that the tube diameter
is large enough to
The basic barometer. avoid surface tension
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(capillary) effects.
PROBLEM-SOLVING TECHNIQUE
• Step 1: Problem Statement
• Step 2: Schematic
• Step 3: Assumptions and Approximations
• Step 4: Physical Laws
• Step 5: Properties
• Step 6: Calculations
• Step 7: Reasoning, Verification, and Discussion

EES (Engineering Equation Solver) (Pronounced as ease): EES is a program that solves systems of
linear or nonlinear algebraic or differential equations numerically. It has a large library of built-in
thermodynamic property functions as well as mathematical functions. Unlike some software packages, EES
does not solve engineering problems; it only solves the equations supplied by the user.

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Summary
• Thermodynamics and energy
 Application areas of thermodynamics
• Importance of dimensions and units
 Some SI and English units, Dimensional homogeneity, Unity conversion ratios
• Systems and control volumes
• Properties of a system
• Density and specific gravity
• State and equilibrium
 The state postulate
• Processes and cycles
 The steady-flow process
• Temperature and the zeroth law of thermodynamics
 Temperature scales
• Pressure
 Variation of pressure with depth
• The manometer and the atmospheric pressure
• Problem solving technique

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