Ac Voltage Controller

AC voltage controller
INTRODUCTION
 AC Voltage controllers are thyristor based devices which convert fixed
alternating voltage to variable alternating voltage without a change in
frequency Since AC Voltage controllers are phase controlled devices,
thyristors and TRIACs are line commutated. The main disadvantage of ac
voltage controllers is the introduction of objectionable harmonics in the
supply current and load voltage waveforms, particularly at reduced output
voltage levels.
 Applications:
Domestic and Industrial heating, Transformer tap changing, lighting control,
speed control of single phase and three phase ac drives, starting of induction
motors. AC Voltage controls are adaptable for closed loop control systems.
CONTROL STRATEGIES
Two control strategies are used to control the power flow in ac
voltage regulators.
a) Phase Control: The switching device is so operated that load

gets connected to ac source for a part of each cycle of the input
voltage.
b) Integral cycle control: Switching on the supply to the load for an

integral number of cycles and switching off the supply for a further
number of integral cycles.
PRINCIPLE OF ON OFF CONTROL
 Integral cycle controllers are converters which have the ability to perform
direct switching without losses. This process will directly convert AC to AC
without performing the halfway processes of AC to DC then DC to AC.
 Basic integral control cycle is sinusoidal in nature and it can operate by
uniting and removing higher frequency half cycles from AC input. Controllers
are basically turned ON of OFF at the time of half cycles where the voltage
input is at zero because only the full or half cycles will be used. Thus, integral
cycle circuits gain switching at zero voltage without the help of a resonant
circuit.
 Below diagram displays a simple integral cycle controller which consists of a
load and a power switch to perform the direct conversion. This diagram
shows the conversion of source frequency from a factor of three to one.
WAVEFORM
SINGLE PHASE AC VOLTAGE
CONTROLLER
SINGLE PHASE AV VOLTAGE
CONTROLLER WITH RL LOAD
GATE SIGNAL REQUIREMENT
In a half wave controller, a pulse signal is enough to

trigger the thyristor. Whereas in a full wave controller with
RL load a pulse signal is not enough. This is because
when thyristor T2 is triggered at π+α, the current through
the thyristor T1 is non-zero which prevent the thyristor
from turning off. At β+α, the current through the thyristor
T1 becomes zero. But at this time the pulse signal in T2
for firing would have been zero if it is a pulse signal.
Hence a continuous gating signal is used in case of RL
loads.
PWM CONTROL
 PWM AC to AC voltage controllers are widely used in UPS and high power
flexible AC transmission systems. These systems need switching elements
which can bear high voltage. AC/AC line-commutated phase angle control or
integral cycle control with thyristors technology have been widely used;
however, this technique has many drawbacks such as, reduction of power
factor at the input side, plentiful lower order harmonics in supplies, and
discontinuity of power flow to the load sides. The pulse width control using
variable DC based method and the frequency control using carrier frequency
based method can theoretically provide high quality output among all PWM
methods with simple design approach. In PWM control, the converter
switches are turned on and off several times during a half cycle and the
output voltage can be controlled by varying width of pulse.
TWO STAGE SEQUENCE
CONTROLLER
When two or more sequence control stages are connected, it is possible to
have an improvement in power factor and further reduction in THD (total
harmonic distortion). An n-stage sequence control converter has n
windings in the transformer secondary part with each rated es/n (the
source voltage).
When two AC converters are placed parallel to each other, the
zero sequence way is created. A little difference between the two
converters causes a great zero sequence in circulating current.
The diagram below shows the parallel system of a converter. The
direction of the current is anti-clockwise with respect to that of
the voltage system.
THREE PHASE FULL WAVE AC
CONTROLLER
WAVEFORM
MATRIX CONVERTER
 The instantaneous power flow does not have to equal poweroutput. The difference between the
input and output power must be absorbedor delivered by an energy storage element within the
converter.
 The matrix converter replaces the multiple conversion stages andand uses a matrix of
semiconductor bidirectional switches connecting inputand output terminals. With this general
arrangement of switches, the powerflow through the converter can reverse. Because of the
absence of any energystorage element, the instantaneous power input must be equal to the
poweroutput, assuming idealized zero-loss switches.
 However, the reactive power input does not have to equal poweroutput. It can be said again that
the phase angle between the voltages andcurrents at the input can be controlled and does not
have to be the same as atthe output.Three phase matrix converter consists of nine
bidirectionalswitches. It has been arranged into three groups of three switches. Each groupis
connected to each phase of the output. These arrangements of switches canconnect any input
phase. In the Figure 2.7 filled circle shows a closed switch.These 3X3 arrangements can have
512 switching states. Among them only 27switching states are permitted to operate this
converter. For safe operation, itshould follow the given rules.

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AC voltage controller

a) Phase Control: The switching device is so operated that load

b) Integral cycle control: Switching on the supply to the load for an

In a half wave controller, a pulse signal is enough to

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