T IM E F R A M E S O F

PH I L IP P IN E
LIT E R A T U R E
 PRE-
SPAN I S H
PE RI O D
 PRE-SPANISH PERIOD
Pre-Spanish literature is characterized by:

1.Legends 4.
Folk songs
2.Folktales 5.
Epigrams, riddles,
chants
3. Epics
6. Proverbs and
sayings
 PRE-SPANISH PERIOD
LEGEND-explains the origin of things, places,
locations or name.
1. BIAG NI LAM-ANG-Ilocano

2. MARAGTAS, HARAYA, LAGDA, HARI SA BUKID- Visayan

3. KUMINTANG-Tagalog
 PRE-SPANISH PERIOD
LEGEND-explains the origin of things, places,
locations or name.
4. DAGOY AT SUDSOD-Tagbanua

5. TATUAANG-Bagobo

6. INDARAPATRA at SULAYMAN, DARAMOKE-A-BABAY-Moro

 PRE-SPANISH PERIOD
FOLKSONGS-are one of the oldest forms of Philippine
literature emerged in the Pre-Spanish period
1. KUNDIMAN-awit ng pag-ibig or song of love

2. KUMINTANG o TAGUMPAY- war song

3. ANG DALIT o IMNO-song of the Visayans

 PRE-SPANISH PERIOD
FOLKSONGS-are one of the oldest forms of Philippine
literature emerged in the Pre-Spanish period.
4. ANG OYAYI O HELE-lullaby
5. DIANA-wedding song
6. SOLIRANING-song of the labourers
7. TALINDAW-boatman’s song
SPAN I S H
PE RI O D
(1565-1898)
 SPANISH PERIOD
The Spanish colonization started in
1565 during the time of Miguel Lopez
de Legazpi, the first Spanish governor-
general.
 SPANISH PERIOD
Spanish Influences on Philippine Literature
 The first Filipino alphabet called ALIBATA was
replaced by the Roman alphabet
 The teaching of the Christian Doctrine became the basis
of religious practices.
 SPANISH PERIOD
FIRST BOOKS
1.ANG DOCTRINA CRISTIANA (THE CHRISTIAN
DOCTRINE)
This was the first book printed in the Philippines in 1593 in
xylography.
It was written by Fr. Juan de Placencia and Fr. Domingo Nieva
in Tagalog and Spanish.
 SPANISH PERIOD
FIRST BOOKS
2. NUESTRA SEÑORA DEL ROSARIO
This was the second book printed in the Philippines and as
written by Fr. Blancas de San Jose in 1602.
It contains the biographies of saints, novenas, and questions and
answers on religion.
 SPANISH PERIOD
FIRST BOOKS
3. LIBRO DE LOS CUATRO POSTPRIMERAS DE
HOMBRE (IN SPANISH & TAGALOG)
This is the first book printed in typography.
 SPANISH PERIOD
FIRST BOOKS
4. ANG BARLAAN AT JOSEPHAT
This is a biblical story printed in the Philippines and translated
to Tagalog from Greek by Fr. Antonio de Borja. It is believed to
be the first Tagalog novel published in the Philippines.
 SPANISH PERIOD
FIRST BOOKS
5. THE PASSION
This is a book about the life and sufferings of Jesus Christ.

It is read only during Lent.

 SPANISH PERIOD
FIRST BOOKS
6. URBANA AT FELISA

This is a book by Modesto de Castro, the so-called Father of

Classic Prose in Tagalog.
 SPANISH PERIOD
FIRST BOOKS
7. ANG MGA DALIT KAY MARIA (PSALMS FOR MARY)
 A collection of songs praising the Virgin Mary.
 Fr. Mariano Sevilla, a Filipino priest, wrote this in 1865 and it was popular especially
during the Maytime, “Flores de Mayo” festival, folksongs during this period truly
manifest the innate appreciation for love and beauty.

 LERON-LERON SINTA-Tagalog
 PAMULINAWEN-Iloko
 SPANISH PERIOD
FIRST BOOKS
7. ANG MGA DALIT KAY MARIA (PSALMS FOR MARY)
 A collection of songs praising the Virgin Mary.
 Fr. Mariano Sevilla, a Filipino priest, wrote this in 1865 and it was popular especially
during the Maytime, “Flores de Mayo” festival, folksongs during this period truly
manifest the innate appreciation for love and beauty.
 DANDANSOY-Bisaya
 SARONG BANGGI-Bicol
 ATIN CU PUNG SINGSING-Kapampangan
 SPANISH PERIOD
RECREATIONAL PLAYS
1. TIBAG
The word TIBAG means to excavate.
This ritual was brought here by the Spaniards to remind
the people about the search of St. Helena for the Cross on
which Jesus died.
 SPANISH PERIOD
RECREATIONAL PLAYS
2. LAGAYLAY
This is a special occasion for the Pilarenos of Sorsogon
during May time to get together.
 SPANISH PERIOD
RECREATIONAL PLAYS
3. CENACULO
This is a dramatic performance to commemorate the
passion and death of Jesus Christ.
 PRE-SPANISH PERIOD
RECREATIONAL PLAYS
4. PANUNULUYAN
This is presented before 12:00 on Chritmas eve.
This is a presentation of the Search of Virgin Mary and
St. Joseph for an inn wherein to deliver baby Jesus.
 SPANISH PERIOD
RECREATIONAL PLAYS
5. THE SALUBONG (PANUBONG)
It is an Easter play that dramatizes the meeting of the Risen
Christ and his Mother.
It is still presented in many Philippine towns.
 SPANISH PERIOD
RECREATIONAL PLAYS
6. CARILLO (THE SHADOW PLAY)
This is a form of dramatic entertainment performed on a
moonless night during a town fiesta or on a dark night
after a harvest.
 SPANISH PERIOD
RECREATIONAL PLAYS
7. ZARZUELA
Is considered the father of drama.
It is a musical comedy or melodrama in three acts which dealt
with man’s passions and emotions like love, hatred, revenge,
cruelty or some social or political problems.
 SPANISH PERIOD
RECREATIONAL PLAYS
8. THE SAINETE
This is a short musical comedy popular during the 18 th century.
They were exaggerated comedies shown between acts of long
plays and were mostly performed by characters from the lower
classes.
 SPANISH PERIOD
RECREATIONAL PLAYS
9. THE MORO-MORO
This is performed during town fiestas to entertain
the people and to remind them of their Christian
religion.
 SPANISH PERIOD
RECREATIONAL PLAYS
10. KARAGATAN
This is a poetic vehicle of a socio-religious
nature during the death of a person.
 SPANISH PERIOD
RECREATIONAL PLAYS
11. DUPLO
This is a poetic joust in speaking and reasoning.
The roles are taken from the proverbs and sayings.
It is usually played during wakes for the dead.
 SPANISH PERIOD
RECREATIONAL PLAYS
12. THE BALAGTASAN
This is a poetic joust or a contest of skills in debate on a
particular topic or issue.
This replaced duplo and is held to honor Francisco
“Balagtas” Baltazar.
 SPANISH PERIOD
RECREATIONAL PLAYS
13. DUNG-AW
This is a chant in free verse by a bereaved person or his
representative beside the corpse of the dead.
It is personalized and usually deal with the life, sufferings and
sacrifices of the dead and includes apologies for his mistakes.
 SPANISH PERIOD
RECREATIONAL PLAYS
14. THE AWIT AND THE CORRIDO
Example of awit-Florante at Laura
Example of Corrido-Ibong Adarna by Jose dela Cruz
(Huseng Sisiw)
P E RI O D O F
E N L IG H T E N M
E NT
 PERIOD OF ENLIGHTENMENT
THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
 This movement was spearheaded mostly by the intellectual
middle class like Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar, Graciano
Lopez Jaena, Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce, Jose Ma.
Panganiban and Pedro Paterno.
 The objectives of this movement were to seek reforms and
changes.
 PERIOD OF ENLIGHTENMENT
JOSE P. RIZAL
 NOLI ME TANGERE-this was the novel that gave spirit to the
propaganda movement and proved and paved the way to the revolution
against Spain.
 EL FILIBUSTERISMO-this is a sequel to the Noli, while Noli exposed
the evils in the society, the Fili exposed those in the government and in
the church.
 Mi Ultimo Adios (My Last Farewell)-This was a poem written by Rizal
while he was incarcerated at Fort Santiago.
 PERIOD OF ENLIGHTENMENT
MARCELO H. DEL PILAR
 He is popularly known for his pen name Plaridel, Pupdoh,
Piping Dilat and Dolores Manapat.
 He established the Diariong Tagalog in 1882 exposing the evils
of the Spanish Government.
 Editor of La Solidaridad; a paper which became the vehicle
through which reforms in the government could be worked out.
 PERIOD OF ENLIGHTENMENT
GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA
 He established the first magazine La Solidaridad in
Barcelona.

OTHER PROPAGANDIST:
Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce, Pedro Paterno
 PERIOD OF ENLIGHTENMENT
PERIOD OF THE ACTIVE REVOLUTION
ANDRES BONIFACIO
 Father of Filipino Democracy

EMILIO JACINTO
 Brains of the Katipunan

APOLINARIO MABINI
 The Sublime Paralytic and the Brains of the Katipunan
 PERIOD OF ENLIGHTENMENT
OTHER REVOLUTIONIST:
JOSE PALMA
 Became popular because of his Himno Nacional Filipino (The
Philippine National Anthem) which was set to music by Julian
Felipe.
 T HE
AMER I CA N
REG I M E
 THE AMERICAN REGIME
 During this period, Filipino writers went into all forms of
literature like news reporting, poetry, plays, essays and novels.

 Different newspapers:

EL NUEVO DIA (THE NEW DAY)

 This was established by Sergio Osmena in 1900.
 THE AMERICAN REGIME
 Different newspapers:

EL GRITO DEL PUEBLO (THE CALL OF THE NATION)

 This was established by Pascual Poblete in 1901.

EL RENACIMIENTO (THE REBIRTH)

 This was founded by Rafael Palma in 1901.
 THE AMERICAN REGIME
LITERATURE IN SPANISH
Writers:

1. CECILIO APOSTOL
Wrote poems dedicated to Rizal, Jacinto and other
heroes.
 THE AMERICAN REGIME
LITERATURE IN SPANISH
Writers:

2. FERNANDO MA. GUERRERO

Shared with Apostol the reign in the balagtasan
in Spanish during their time.
 THE AMERICAN REGIME
LITERATURE IN SPANISH
Writers:

3. JESUS BALMORI
 Well-known for his pen name BATIKULING.
 He participated in debate on the topic “Remembrance and
Forgetfullness” and was elected Poet Laureate in Spanish.
 THE AMERICAN REGIME
LITERATURE IN SPANISH
Writers:
4. MANUEL BERNABE
 A lyric poet

5. CLARO M. RECTO
 Collected his poems in a book entitled BAJO LOS
COCOTEROS (Under the Coconut Tree)
 THE AMERICAN REGIME
LITERATURE IN SPANISH
Writers:
6. ADELINA GUERREA
The first woman poet in the Philippines.
She obtained the Zobel Prize in her El Nido (The Nest).
 THE AMERICAN REGIME
LITERATURE IN FILIPINO
Writers:
1. FRANCISCO BALAGTAS
 Florante at Laura

2. LOPE K. SANTOS
 The Father of the National Language Grammar.
 He was called “Apo of the Tagalog Writers”
 Banaag at Sikat was his masterpiece.
 THE AMERICAN REGIME
LITERATURE IN FILIPINO
Writers:
3. JOSE CORAZON DE JESUS
Known as HUSENG BATUTE, poet of love
His masterpiece is an elegy, ISANG PUNONG KAHOY
(A Tree)
 THE AMERICAN REGIME
LITERATURE IN FILIPINO
Writers:
4. AMADO V. HERNANDEZ
Was dubbed as MAKATA NG MGA
MANGGAGAWA (Poet of the Laborers)
His masterpiece is the ANG PANDAY
 THE AMERICAN REGIME
LITERATURE IN FILIPINO
Writers:
5. VALERIANO HERNANDEZ PEÑA
Known as TANDANG ANONG.
His pen name was KUNTIL BUTIL
His masterpiece is Nena at Neneng.
 THE AMERICAN REGIME
LITERATURE IN FILIPINO
Writers:
6. IÑIGO ED. REGALADO
Known as ODALAGER.
He is a story teller, novelist and newspaperman.
 THE AMERICAN REGIME
LITERATURE IN FILIPINO
Writers:
7. SEVERINO REYES
Father of Tagalog drama
Author of the immortal “Walang Sugat.”
 THE AMERICAN REGIME
LITERATURE IN FILIPINO
Writers:
8. PATRICIO MARIANO
Wrote the novel Ninay and Anak ng Dagat
 THE AMERICAN REGIME
LITERATURE IN FILIPINO
The following are recognized in the field of Ilocano,
Kapampangan, and Visayan Literature:
1. PEDRO BUKANEG
 Father of Ilocano literature

2. CLARO CALUYA
 Prince of Ilocano poets
 THE AMERICAN REGIME
LITERATURE IN FILIPINO
The following are recognized in the field of Ilocano, Kapampangan, and
Visayan Literature:
3. LEON PICHAY
 Known as the best Bukanegro, poet, novelist, dramatist and essayist

4. JUAN CRISOSTOMO SOTO

 Father of Kapampangan Literature
 THE AMERICAN REGIME
LITERATURE IN FILIPINO
The following are recognized in the field of Ilocano,
Kapampangan, and Visayan Literature:
5. ERIBERTO GUMBAN
Father of Visayan Literature
 THE AMERICAN REGIME
The Philippine Literature in English can be divided
into three frames:

1. Period of Re-orientation (1898-1901)

2. Period of Imitation (1901-1925)
3. Period of Self Discovery (1925-1941)
 THE AMERICAN REGIME
Writers during the Period of Imitation (1910-1925)

1. PAZ MARQUEZ BENITEZ

Editor of the Woman’s Journal, the first literary
magazine in English published in the Philippines.
 THE AMERICAN REGIME
Writers during the Period of Imitation (1910-1925)

2. ZOLLO M. GALANG
Published his first volume of essay entitled Life
and Success in 1921.
 THE AMERICAN REGIME
Writers during the Period of Imitation (1910-1925)

3. CARLOS P. ROMULO
Published a collection of plays “Daughters for
Sale and Other Plays” in 1924.
 PE R IO D O
SE L F -
DISCOV E R Y &
GR O W T H
 PERIOD OF SELF-DISCOVERY & GROWTH

Writers during the Period of Imitation (1910-1925)

1. JOSE GARCIA VILLA

The first to break away from the conventional forms
and themes of Philippine poetry placed the Philippines
on the literary map with the publication of his books in
U.S.
 PERIOD OF SELF-DISCOVERY & GROWTH

Writers during the Period of Imitation (1910-1925)

2. Like the Molave and other poems, a first prize

winning collection of poems by a single author in the
Commonwealth Literary Contest won by Rafael
Zulueta da Acosta.
 PERIOD OF SELF-DISCOVERY & GROWTH

Writers during the Period of Imitation (1910-1925)

3. In 1983, Jose Garcia Villa’s MIR-IN-ISA won first

place in the Age of the Press short story writing.
 PERIOD OF SELF-DISCOVERY & GROWTH

Writers during the Period of Imitation (1910-1925)

4. The commonwealth Literary Contest awarded first

prize to “How My Brother Leon Brought Home a
Wife” by Manuel Arguilla.
 PERIOD OF SELF-DISCOVERY & GROWTH
Writers during the Period of Imitation (1910-1925)

5. In 1940, Salvador P. Lopez’ Literature and Society

which is a collection of critical reflections and
serious essays and won first prize in the
Commonwealth Literary Contest.
 PERIOD OF SELF-DISCOVERY & GROWTH

Writers during the Period of Imitation (1910-1925)

6. August 16, 1941-Carlos P. Romulo had an editorial

printed in the Philippine Heralds entitled I AM A
FILIPINO, it was reprinted in his book “My Brother
Americans” in 1945 in New York by Doubleday and Co.
J APA N E S E
PE RI O D
 JAPANESE PERIOD
Because of the strict prohibition imposed by the
Japanese in the writing and publishing of works in
English, Philippine Literature in English experienced
a dark period.
 JAPANESE PERIOD
Writers during this period:

1. CARLOS P. ROMULO-won the Pulitzer Prize for

his bestseller, “I SAW THE FALL OF THE
PHILIPPINES, I SEE THE PHILIPPINES RISE and
his MOTHER AMERICA and MY BROTHER
AMERICANS.
 JAPANESE PERIOD
Writers during this period:

2. CARLOS BULOSAN-the Laughter of the Father

(1994), The Voice of Bataan (1943), Six Filipino
Poets (1942).
 JAPANESE PERIOD
Writers during this period:

3. ALFREDO LITIATCO-published With Harp and Sling.

4. In 1943, Jose P. Laurel published Forces That Make a

Nation Great.
RE B I RT
OF
FREE D O M
 THE REBIRTH OF FREEDOM
The early post liberation period was marked by a kind of “struggle
of the mind and spirit” posed by the sudden emancipation from
the enemy and the wild desire to see print Filipinos had, by this
time learned to express themselves more confidently but post war
problems beyond language and print like economic stability, the
threat of the new ideas and mortality—had to be grappled with
side by side.
 THE REBIRTH OF FREEDOM
Notable works of the period include the following:

1. Heart of the Islands (1947), a collection of poems by Manuel

Viray.

2. Philippine Cross Section (1950), a collection of prose and

poetry by Maximo Ramos and Florentino Valeros.
 THE REBIRTH OF FREEDOM
Notable works of the period include the following:

3. Prose and Poems (1952) by Nick Joaquin.

4. Philippine Harvest by Amador Daguio.

5. Who Spoke of Courage in His Sleep by NVM Gonzales.

 THE REBIRTH OF FREEDOM
The Palanca Awards:
 Headed by Carlos Palanca Sr. in 1950

First Prize: Kuwento ni Mabuti by Genoveva Edroza

Second Prize: Mabangis na Kamay…Maamong Kamay by
Pedro S. Dandan
Third Prize: Planeta, Buwan at mga Bituin by Elpidio P.
Kapulong
 THE REBIRTH OF FREEDOM
Writers:

STEVEN JAVELLANA—”Without Seeing the Dawn,” tells

the grim experiences of war during Japanese occupation.

KERIMA POLOTAN—wrote the novel “The Hand of the

Enemy” in 1961, which won the Stonehill Award for the Filipino
novel in English.
 THE REBIRTH OF FREEDOM
Writers:

LUIS V. TEODORO, JR.—wrote a short story entitled

“The Adversary” which won the Philippine Free Press
short story award in 1969. The “Trail of Professor Riego”
won second prize in the Palanca memorial awards in
1970.
 PE RI O D
OF
ACT I VI S M
 PERIOD OF ACTIVISM
 During this period, the youth became rebellious. This was proven not only
in the bloody demonstration but also in literature.

 Campus newspapers showed rebellious emotions. The aristocratic writers

developed awareness for society. They held pens and wrote in placards in
red paint the equivalent of the word MAKIBAKA (To dare).

 It was also during this period that BOMBA films that discredit our ways s
Filipinos started to come out.
 PERIOD OF ACTIVISM
Writers during this period:

1. JOSE F. LACABA-wrote the tragic tumultuous moments in our

country’s history in his book “Days of Disquiet, Night of Rage,” the
First Quarters Storm and Related Events.

2. EVA ESTRADA KALAW, SALVADOR LAUREL AND

BENIGNO AQUINO, JR. wrote about the condemnation of police
brutalities.
 PERIOD OF ACTIVISM
Writers during this period:

3. Journalists Jose Burgos Jr., Antonio Ma. Nieva, movie

director Lino Brocka, art critic Leonides Benesa, book
publisher Gloria Rodriguez and music critic Anna Leah S.
De Leon were battling head-on against censorship.
P E RI O D O F
T HE N E W
SO C I E T Y
 PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY
This period started on September 21, 1972, pornography
and writings giving bad influence on the morals of the
people were stopped. The military government established
a new office called The Ministry of public Affairs that
supervised the newspapers, books and other publications.
 PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY
Leading Papers during this period:

o Bulletin Today
o Balita
o Evening Post
o Times Journal
o Pilipino Express
o Evening Express
o People’s Journal
o Philippine Daily Express
 PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY
Filipino Films:
o Maynila…Sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag, written by
Edgardo Reyes and filmed under the direction of
Lino Brocka.

o Minsa’y Isang Gamu-Gamo-Nora Aunor

 PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY
Filipino Films:
o Ganito kami Noon…Paano Kayo Ngayon-Christopher de
Leon

o Insiang-Hilda Koronel

o Aguila-Fernando Poe Jr.

PE RI O D O F
THE T H I R D
RE PU B L I C
 PERIOD OF THE THIRD
REPUBLIC
During this period, many people seethed with
rebellion and protest because of the continued
oppression and suppression. This was further
aggravated when former Se. Benigno S. Aquino, Jr.,
the idol of the Filipino masses was brutally murdered
on August 21, 1983.
 PERIOD OF THE THIRD
REPUBLIC
It was during this time that many composers grieved over
Ninoy Aquino’s treacherous assassination. Among them
were: Coritha, Eric and Freddie Aguilar. Coritha and Eric
composed a song entitled “Laban ng Bayan Ko” and this
was sung by Coritha during the National Unification
Conference of the Opposition in March 1985.
 PERIOD OF THE THIRD
REPUBLIC
Palanca Awards:

First Prize in Poetry (Pilipino)-Jose F. Lacaba

First Prize in Essay (English)-Gregorio Brillantes

Second Prize in Essay (English)-Edrian Cristobal

P ER IO D S
( 19 8 6-
PRES E N T )
 PERIODS (1986-PRESENT)
In the short span of existence of the true Republic
of the Philippines, several changes already became
evident. This is noticed in the new Filipino songs,
newspapers, speeches, and even in the television
programs.
 PERIODS (1986-PRESENT)
It was also during this period that columnists became
vocal and unrestricted in theory art and a bumper crop of
young journalists emerged. The old stalwarts of the
former dispensation like Maximo Soliven, Louie Beltran,
Hilario Henares, and Francisco Soc Rodrigo came back
with a vengeance.
 PERIODS (1986-PRESENT)
Two books were conceived during this period:

1. PEOPLE POWER-produced under a grant by the

PCI Bank HRDF and edited by Monina Allarey
Mercado and published by the James B. Reuter, S.J.
Foundation.
 PERIODS (1986-PRESENT)
Two books were conceived during this period:

2. BAYAN KO-published by project 28 days LTD in June

1986. In Kowloon, Hongkong and co-published in the
Philippines by Veritas Publications and Communication
Foundation.