KINGFISHER SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND FINANCE

GOOD
AFTERNOON
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND

CLASS POLITICS
TOPIC: CHAPTER 1 -THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
AND THE THREE FACES OF THE SOCIAL
LESSON 1: UNDERSTANDING CULTURE,
SOCIETY, AND POLITICS: SOME KEY
OBSERVATIONS

A. Sharing of social and cultural backgrounds of students as acting subjects or social

actors, agents, persons; (examples: gender, socioeconomic class, ethnicity, religion,
exceptionality/non-exceptionality, nationality

B.Observations about Social, Political, and Cultural Realities: Behavior and

Phenomenon

C.Definition of anthropology, political science, and sociology

 SOCIOLOGY

CULTURAL SOCIAL
PRACTICES FORCES

FACES
OF THE
SOCIAL
ANTHROPOLOGY POLITICAL SCIENCE

POWER
RELATIONS
 LESSON 1
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE,
SOCIETY, AND POLITICS: SOME
KEY OBSERVATIONS
LEARNING COMPETENCIES
The learners:

1. articulate observations on human cultural variation, social differences,

social change, and political identities
2. demonstrate curiosity and an openness to explore the origins and
dynamics of culture and society, and political identities
3. analyze social, political, and cultural change
4. recognize the common concerns or intersections of anthropology,
sociology, and political science with respect to the phenomenon of change
5. identify the subjects of inquiry and goals of Anthropology,
PoliticalScience, and Sociology
CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS AS CONCEPTUAL TOOLS

• Culture, Society, and Politics are "concepts"

• Concept- the rational purport of a word or
conception.
• Conceptual tools allow us to form other concept, or
relate concepts to each other or even deconstruct
old ones and replace them with something new.
• One way to create concept is by definition.
Concept as Heuristic Tool (simplifying tool)
• As a heuristic tool- concepts allows the
discovery of new aspects of phenomenon. It
can be conceived more as a "means rather than
as an end"
 Example, Culture- with the concept of culture
anthropologist are able to explore and make
sense of the complex processes and dynamics
that characterize the great variety of "ways of
living" practiced and observed around the world.
 STUDENTS AS
SOCIAL BEINGS
• Our sociality is defined by the very categories that
we possess, the categories assigned to us by
society at large.
• These categories that we possess are not natural
rather they are socially constructed.
• Our categories such as male/female, rich/poor, or
tall/short, and even the problematic effect of the
color of our skin are evidences of the operation of
these social forces.
• These 'labels' function as tags with which our
society read our worth and value.
 Example, Gender.
VALUES AND BELIEF AS BEHAVIOR MOTIVATORS

VALUES-
 Are a person's collectivity's principles or standards of behavior
and are considered as judgment of what is important in life.
 Important and lasting beliefs or ideals shared by the members
of a culture about what is good or bad and desirable or
undesirable

BELIEFS –
● is something one accepts as true or real.
● It takes the form of firmly held opinion or conviction,
regardless of the lack of verifiable evidence.
 SEATWORK NO. 1
PHOTO ESSAY

One picture
is worth a
thousand
words
IS BALUT A UNIQUE
CULTURAL ICON OF THE
https://www.fuzia.com/article_detail/18686/balot-ducks-embryo FILIPINOS?
THANK YOU
FOR
LISTENING
PREPARED BY:
VANESSA TAYAB
B. Observations about Social, Political, and Cultural
Realities: Behavior and Phenomenon

Social Phenomena
• Are the individual, external, and social
constructions that influence a person's life and
development
SOCIAL REALITIES: BEHAVIOR AND
PHENOMENON
LET’S ENJOY LEARNING

SITUATION
Gary graduated a year ago. Despite being
blessed with several job offers, he chose to
remain jobless and hang around with his
BEHAVIOR AND
barkada. Together they love to go around PHENOMENA
in the town plaza especially at night
IS_A_B_Y
ISTAMBAY
SOCIAL REALITIES: BEHAVIOR AND
PHENOMENON

SITUATION
Members of the Seventh-Day Adventist
Church are strongly prohibited from eating
pork and food with blood, as well as from BEHAVIOR AND
smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages
PHENOMENA
_OOD TAB__S
FOOD TABOOS
SOCIAL REALITIES: BEHAVIOR AND
PHENOMENON

SITUATION

Sam is openly gay. He lives with his

partner Erickson. He and Erickson are
both college professors in the local BEHAVIOR AND
city college PHENOMENA
SA_E-S_X _ART_ERS_IP
SAME-SEX
PARTNERSHIP
SOCIAL REALITIES: BEHAVIOR AND
PHENOMENON

SITUATION

If grades were to be the basis of

Rusty’s standing in his economic
class, he would surely fail the course. BEHAVIOR AND
However, he was given a passing PHENOMENA
grade by his economic teacher; who
happened to be a childhood friend of P_DR_N_ _YST_M
his mother
PADRINO SYSTEM
SOCIAL DYNAMICS: SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND
CULTURAL
CONSIDER CHANGE
THE FOLLOWING SITUATIONS

SCENARIO SCENARIO
Kapitan LUDITH Imperial is the
Taking “selfies” is ALEXIS’s
incumbent mayor of the Vertigo City.
preoccupation. It became a habit
His son, GERALD is currently
when her parents gave her a phone on
running for the congressional seat of
her birthday.
the district, a position occupied by his
mother Congresswoman Amanda
PHENOMENON Imperial for about three consecutive
SEL_IE_G PHENOMENON
terms

SELFIENG P_L_TI_AL D_NA_T_

POLITICAL DYNASTY
SOCIAL DYNAMICS: SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND
CULTURAL
CONSIDER CHANGE
THE FOLLOWING SITUATIONS

SCENARIO SCENARIO
As a youth volunteer, SAMANTHA
ERICKA, a college student, is living
finds the rainy season a busy season
alone in Dagupan . Both of her
due to the frequency of typhoon-
parents are OFWs working in
related disasters. Sometimes, she
KOREA. She visits them every
even spends her own money to buy
summer break
relief goods for typhoon victims
PHENOMENON
TR_NS_ATI_NAL PHENOMENON
FAMILY
TRANSNATIONAL YOUTH VO_UN_ERI_M
FAMILY YOUTH VOLUNTERISM
SOCIAL DYNAMICS: SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND
CULTURAL
CONSIDER CHANGE
THE FOLLOWING SITUATIONS

SCENARIO
JOSHUA almost missed the chance to
finish high school because he had
been absent most of the time playing
PHENOMENON
Mobile Legends (ML)
VI_E_ G_M_N_
VIDEO GAMING
Observations about Social, Political, and Cultural Realities:
Behavior and Phenomenon
Social Phenomena
• Are the individual, external, and social constructions that influence a person's life and
development

ISTAMBAY
FOOD
MARRIAGE
TABOO
SOCIAL
BEHAVIOR AND
PHENOMENA
Political Behavior and Phenomena

Political Behavior

A political behavior of a person or a group may be influenced by their

political views, ideologies, and levels of political participation. An
example of political behavior is the act of voting.

Political Phenomena

Political phenomena are not only limited to public offices as these

also include how institution like schools, churches, or companies are
ran and governed.
 POLITICAL DYNASTY

POLITICAL CANDIDATE
ELECTIONS ENDORSEMENT BY A
CELEBRITY

POLITICAL
BEHAVIOR AND
PHENOMENA
Cultural Behavior and Phenomena

Cultural Behavior
o Also known as Bandwagon Effect
o Is an event where certain individuals behave in a certain way
merely because other person do as well.
Cultural Phenomenon
o Happens when something or someone gains widespread
popularity. However, it is noteworthy that it is not the subject that
is the cultural phenomenon but rather the process of being
famous.
CULTURAL
BEHAVIOR AND
PHENOMENA
• POPULARITY (FAN
BASED)
• SOCIAL MEDIA BUZZ
 REMEMB
ER
What is common among the scenarios is that they may all
considered as manifestations of cultural and political
changes. New technological platforms facilitating
communication, self-expression, and interactions represent
the cultural change, while possession and expressions of
power represent the political change
 LESSON 2
THE SOCIAL SCIENCES:
SOCIOLOGY,
ANTHROPOLOGY, AND
POLITICAL SCIENCE
C.DEFINITION OF ANTHROPOLOGY, POLITICAL SCIENCE, AND SOCIOLOGY
THE SOCIAL AS A DRIVER OF INTERACTION

THE STUDY OF SOCIETY CAN BE ACCOMPLISHED IN THREE DIFFERENT WAYS:

1. By mapping the social forces impinging on

social actors as their lives intersect in society
2. By rehearsing the structures and
components of cultural practices and
traditions
3. By exposing the asymmetrical power
distributions among members of social
communities and organizations
These attempts are made due to a common
concern: to understand the dynamics of social
interactions in society. These attempts are
formally referred to notably in the academe as
"discipline" because of their specific perspective
or focus.
TAKE A NOTE OF THESE
TERMS:
01. SOCIOLOGY
02.ANTHROPOLOG
Y
03. POLITICAL
SCIENCE
 It is defined as the customary

REMEMBER
C CULTUREbeliefs, social forms, and traits that
defines a specific racial, religious or
social group

Comes from the Latin word “socius”

which means comrade, companion
or friend Pertains to a group of
S SOCIETYindividuals involved in social
interaction or sharing the same
geographical or social territory

Comes from the Greek word

“Politika” which means affairs of the

P POLITICScities
Refers to achieving and exercising
positions of governance over a
human community
 The discipline under which identity, culture, society and
politics are studied are collectively called "social sciences
Social Sciences
Comprise of a wide array of academic disciplines that study the overall functions of society
as well as the interactions among its individual members and institutions.

APPLIED
SCIENCE SO
E E SC C
U R C IE IA
P IEN NC L
S C E
ANTHROPOLOGY
An Unofficial Story of Anthropology
• Has been pejoratively called "child of colonization" - because discoverers of
new territories were always accompanied by missionary documenters (a.k.a
etnographers).
• Ethnographers- the primary function of these documenters was to record the
"scribed of cultures" such as all their observations and reflections about the
conquered territories,their people, practices, language, rituals and
idiosyncrasies.
• Scribed of cultures- became instruments of the colonizers in achieving their
ultimate, yet oftentime undisclosed goals- the subjugation of native cultures.
• Informal story of Anthropology suggest two things:
1) .Its methodology of documenting one's engagement with a different culture
(Ethnography)
2) Fascination with the ways of life in different societies.
• Ethnography- can be a research design or a specific research method where
people are observed in their natural environment rather than in a formal
research setting.
Definition of Anthropology

Anthropology
Is the systematic study of the biological, cultural, and
social aspects of man
It is derived from the two Greek words "anthropos" which
means "man" and "logos" which means "study or inquiry"
Examples of renowned anthropologist are Edward
Burnett Taylor, Franz Boas, Alfred Koeber, Bronislaw
Malinowski, Clifford Geertz, and Margaret Mead
American Anthropological Association describes "Anthropology"as

• A science seeking to "uncover principles of behavior that apply to all human

communities“

Anthropologist are looking for "culture universal rather than universal culture"
(equal but different principle)-

• Instead of looking for cultural artifacts that appear the same everywhere
they are found (universal culture) anthropologist are looking for patterns of
similarity within an area of differences (culture universal).
FIELDS OF ANTHROPOLOGY
1. Social Anthropology- studies how social patterns and practices and cultural
variations develop across different societies.
2. Cultural Anthropology- studies cultural across different societies and examines
the need to understand culture in its own context.
3. Linguistic Anthropology- studies language and discourse and how they reflect
and shape aspects of human society and culture.
4. Biological/Physical Anthropology- studies the origins of humans as well as the
interplay between social factors and the processes of human evolution,
adaptation, and variation over time.
5. Archaeology- deal with the prehistoric societies by studying their tools and
environment.
Sociology was born in Europe during the
period of Industrial Revolution

The first set of sociologist starting with

AUGUST COMTE
COINED THE TERM SOCIOLOGY

Auguste Comte, in full Isidore-Auguste-

Marie-François-Xavier Comte, (born January
19, 1798, Montpellier, France—died
September 5, 1857, Paris), French philosopher
known as the founder of sociology and of
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Auguste-Comte
positivism
 KARL MARX, EMILE
DURKHEIM, MAX
WEBER
-were the first to raised critical
questions about the deluge of changes
brought about by the mushrooming
factories within and outside the major
cities of England. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Karl-
Marx
https://www.theschooloflife.com/
article/the-great-philosophers-emile-
durkheim/

https://www.thoughtco.com/max-weber-
3026495
 THEORITICAL PERSPECTIVES
Emile Durkheim
• A french social thinker
• His landmark study of suicide enabled him to concreze the "niche
problematique" of sociology.
• With his monumental work on suicide he introduced the concept of
"social fact/social phenomenon.
• According to Durkheim social fact was a characteristic feature of the
power of ideas to create social realities for member of societies.
Karl Marx
• Poor and always hungry, exiled for several times and declared
persona-non-grata by is own country Germany
• Saw and felt the evils of social inequality
• He produced the most scathing critique of capitalist exploitation f the
labor class for profit.
 THEORITICAL PERSPECTIVES
Max Weber
o Stressed the role of rationalization.
o Rationalization- refers essentially to the disenchantment of the world
o People started to doubt myths and superstitious beliefs people also adopted
scientific or rational attitude.
o BUREAUCRATIC THEORY

Charles Horton Cooley, Herbert Blumer, and George Herbert

Mead
o Pioneered "Symbolic Interactionism"
o Symbolic Interactionism states that social interaction are governed by the meanings
shared and co-created by social actors in every interaction or encounter.
Definition of Sociology

Anthony Giddens defined "sociology" as

• The study of human social life, groups, and society.

• It is an academic discipline that attempts to provide a deeper
assessment of individual and group behavior, as well as social
phenomena, by examining the interplay between economic,
political, and social factors.
• The disciplined has been largely shaped by the works of August
Comte, Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max
Weber.
Sociology and Social Forces
Sociology focuses on the ubiquity (or the everywhere-ness) of social forces in
unlikely forms: sex, gender, religion, class, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation,
and the like.

Social forces
• Represent a constellation of unseen yet powerful forces influencing the
behavior of individual and institutions.
• They are considered remote and impersonal because mostly people have
no hand in creating them, nor do they know anyone who do or did.

Social Map
• Refers to a person's specific economic and political location.
Political Science

The Story of Political Science

• Political Science is a discipline that problematizes the
nature of power and studies how possession and exercise
of power can shape individual actions and collective
decisions for that matter.
• In view of this, the discipline was traditionally believed to
have emerged from works of "social contract" theorists.
• Social Contract- requires people to surrender,
completely,or in part, their rights to whoever or whatever,
who or which, in return exercises the same for the
protection of everybody.
DEFINITION OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

Political Science
• It is the systematic study of government and politics.
• Political science include the study of political philosophy, ethics, international
relations, foreign policy, public administration, and the dynamic relation between
different parts of governments.
• Political science assumes asymmetrical power relations of members of society
but problematizes the unjust and unfair effects of such relations manifested in
the matter of governance.
• Power relations- are forms of interaction mediated by the use and deployment
of authority and political influence.
• The works of Greek Philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle as well as later
European thinkers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Jean-Jacques-Rousseau,
Baron de Montesquieu, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Karl Marx
Andrew Heywood defines "political science" as
The activity through which people make, preserve, and amend the
general rules under which they live.

Areas of Political Science

1.Public Administration-
2.Political Economy-
3. Comparative Politics-
 The social in the Guise of
Diversity
Inequality
Forms of Diversity
Cultural Diversity- means a range of different societies or people of different
origins, religions and traditions all living and interacting together
Social Diversity- refers to the gaps between people as measured by the
presence or absence of certain socially desirable traits.
Social Diversity- is an ever present and enduring feature of all known cultures
around the world from the most primitive to the most highly urbanized.
Social Inequality- occurs when resources in a given society are distributed
unevenly, typically through norms of allocation that engender specific patterns
along the lines of socially defined categories of persons. It is normally the end
result of social diversity.
Anthropologist, Sociologist, and Political Scientist Dealings with Social
Inequality

Sociologist- The Merit system is the system of providing incentives and

rewards depending the qualifications of the social actors involved. It is
based on the assumption that people will perform better if given rewards
Political Scientist- explain social inequality as a product of am
asymmetrical distribution of power in society.
Anthropologists- take account of the “equal but different ways”
Difference Dimension- representing the cultures inherent value, hence
it is essential to the appreciation of the cultures sui generis
Equal Dimensions- based on the logic, same appraisal can be used to
judge even influential and renowned cultures.
https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/625404/equity-vs-equality-what-is-the-difference
The Social as a Tool of Change
Social Change- alteration of mechanisms within the social
structure, characterized by changes in cultural symbols, rules of
behavior, social organizations, or value systems. Society is a web
of social relationships and hence, social change means change in
the system of social relationships.
Sociological Dimensions ( Mills, 1959) – a powerful tool that
allows us to ask not only “What is going on here?” but also “Should
things be as they are?”
Social Activism consists of the efforts to promote, inhibit, or
(re)direct social, political, economic, or environmental issues with
the desire to make improvements in society and correct social
injustice.
The basis of social relationships is
reciprocity: if you cooperate with others,
others will cooperate with you. -
Carroll Quigley
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FOR
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PREPARED BY: VANESSA Y. TAYAB