Chapter 2.6 Mitotic Division

CELLS &
MICROORGANISMS
CHAPTER 2.6 MITOTIC DIVISION
THE PURPOSE OF CELL DIVISION
 New cells are formed by a process called cell division
 Cells division:
1. Allows genetic information (DNA) to be transmitted
from generation to generation.
2. Allows multicellular organism to grow & develop
from a fertilised egg
3. Makes new cells to replace dead or damaged cells in
multicellular organisms.
4. Allows unicellular organisms (e.g. bacteria and
amoeba) to reproduce.
 The continuity of life involves:
1. The replication of genetic material (DNA
replication).
2. The transfer of replicated DNA to the next generation
(cell division).
PASSING DNA FROM ONE
GENERATION TO THE NEXT
 Parent cell = a cell that divides.
 Cell division involves
1. Copying parent cell’s DNA (DNA
replication)
2. Each copy of DNA moves to opposite ends
(poles) of the cell
3. Parent cell divides into 2 cells (daughter
cells).
As a result of cell division, daughter cells are

genetically identical to each other and to their
parent cell.
Eukaryotic cell division in Prokaryotic cell division =
body cells = mitosis binary fission
BINARY FISSION
 Prokaryotic cells (e.g. bacteria) divide by a process called
binary fission. It is a type of asexual reproduction.
 Prior to binary fission, the parent cell’s DNA is replicated.
 Binary fission steps:
1. DNA replication occurs, resulting in 2 identical DNA
molecules.
2. DNA condensation to form 2 identical circular chromosomes
3. Each chromosome attaches to the parent cell membrane
4. The parent cell elongates, which separates the chromosomes.
5. The separated chromosomes move to opposite ends (poles) of
the parent cell.
6. The cell membrane grows inwards and a new cell wall forms.
This causes the parent cell to divide in 2, resulting in two
genetically identical daughter cells.
BINARY FISSION
 Binary fission occurs every 20 minutes in bacteria, doubling their numbers each
time this occurs. The very rapid increase in numbers of cells (or organisms) like
this is called exponential growth.
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VGmcZLDI7cQ
MITOTIC DIVISION
 Occurs in eukaryotic cells.
 Mitosis enables the new zygote (fertilised egg)
to grow into a fully formed adult.
 Mitosis in multicellular organisms occurs for
the repair and replacement of damaged cells
and tissues.
 Unicellular eukaryotes reproduce by mitosis.
 Mitotic division involves both the process of
mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis
(division of the cytoplasm)
 Even though mitosis is described in 4 phases –
prophase, metaphase, anaphase and
telophase (PMAT), it is actually a continuous
process.
INTERPHASE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wz4igVjNGq4
Prior to mitosis the parent cell’s DNA is copied by
DNA replication. This occurs during a stage called https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1cVZBV9tD-A
interphase.
MITOTIC DIVISION
MITOSIS
1. Prophase: Nuclear membrane breaks down. The replicated DNA condenses into chromosomes (i.e. chromatin condenses into chromosome
structures). Each chromosome consists of 2 identical sister chromatids. This condensation is necessary so that DNA can be easily moved around
in the cell.
The nucleolus isn’t visible and the nuclear membrane breaks down.
Long protein filaments (spindle fibres) are assembled from centrioles to form the spindle apparatus. Spindle fibres are made of microtubules.
MITOTIC DIVISION
2. Metaphase: Chromosomes are moved to the equator/centre of the
cell known as the (metaphase plate)
3. Anaphase: Sister chromatids are separated by the spindle

apparatus to form 2 sets of identical daughter chromosomes. Each
daughter chromosome is then moved to opposite poles of the cell by
the spindle apparatus.
4. Telophase: The spindle apparatus breaks down, chromosomes at

each pole de-condense and become enclosed by a nuclear membrane.
MITOTIC
DIVISION
CYTOKINESIS
 Protein fibres in the cell membrane
constrict to form an infolding called
a “cleavage furrow”.
 Further constriction leads to the
production of 2 genetically identical
daughter cells. In plant cells new
cell wall and cell membranes need to
be made as well.
 http://essentialseducation.com.au/res
ources/sace2/biology/ecv-mitosis/
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
mXVoTj06zwg
DIPLOID CELLS
 Diploid cells = contain a full set of chromosomes.
 All human cells are diploid cells (except sperm and
ova/eggs).
 In diploid cells, chromosomes exist in pairs. Each
chromosome in the pair are the same size and contain
the same types of genes (e.g. eye colour).
 The pairs of chromosomes = homologous
chromosomes. Homologous chromosomes consist of
a maternal chromosome and a paternal chromosome.
Maternal Paternal
Chromosome Chromosome
DIPLOID CELLS
Human diploid cells (body cells) contain 46

chromosomes or 23 pairs of chromosomes;
22 pairs of homologous chromosomes and
one pair of sex chromosomes
Sex chromosomes in female = XX

Sex chromosomes in male = XY
HAPLOID CELLS
 Sex cells (sperm and ova) = gametes
 Sperm and ova (eggs) do not carry a full set of

chromosomes. These cells have one chromosome
from each homologous pair.
 Human gametes carry 23 chromosomes

CANCER: UNREGULATED CELL
DIVISION

If cells divide uncontrollably, tumours can form, The general name for this disease is cancer.
Tumours can be either benign (non-cancerous), malignant (cancerous) or metastatic (cancerous.
Comparing Mitotic Division and Binary
Fission
Area of Comparison Binary Fission Mitotic Division
Type of cell Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
Replication prior to division Yes Yes
Nuclear division No Yes
Type of chromosome(s) Single, circular Many, linear
Number of cells produced Two Two
Daughter cells Clones of parent cell Clones of parent cell
Spindle fibers involved No Yes
Growth if no restrictions Exponential Exponential
Cells divide to produce new cells for growth, tissue repair and
in the case of unicellular organisms to produce offspring.
In eukaryotic cells, the type of cell division is called mitotic

division. This consists of mitosis (division of the nucleus) and
cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm).
Key Concepts
Unicellular eukaryotes use mitotic division to reproduce
(asexual).
In prokaryotic cells, the form of cell division is binary fission

which is also the method used to reproduce (asexual).
Both binary fission and mitotic division give rise to two cells
from one, the daughter cells being clones (genetically
identical) with the same number and type of chromosomes as
the parent cell.
DNA replication is necessary prior to both mitotic division

Key Concepts and binary fission to ensure that identical copies of the DNA
can be transferred to the daughter cells.
Four phases are identified in mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase,

Anaphase and Telophase

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CELLS &

As a result of cell division, daughter cells are

3. Anaphase: Sister chromatids are separated by the spindle

4. Telophase: The spindle apparatus breaks down, chromosomes at

Human diploid cells (body cells) contain 46

Sex chromosomes in female = XX

 Sex cells (sperm and ova) = gametes

 Sperm and ova (eggs) do not carry a full set of

 Human gametes carry 23 chromosomes

In eukaryotic cells, the type of cell division is called mitotic

In prokaryotic cells, the form of cell division is binary fission

DNA replication is necessary prior to both mitotic division

Four phases are identified in mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase,

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