Session I Basic Facts and Epidemiology

Background: basic facts and Epidemiology of COVID-19
disease
February 2023
Bambasi
1
Learning Objectives
By the end of the session, participants will be able to:
Understand the basic facts about the SARS-CoV-2 disease
Describe the COVID-19 global and national epidemiology
Understand the new nomenclature for different variants
Explain the comprehensive prevention and control of COVID-19 pandemic
2
COVID-19 Disease
Etiology
 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease
caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2
(SARS-CoV-2).
 Large family of viruses that can cause illness in animals or humans
 Several coronaviruses are known to cause respiratory infections
with symptoms ranging from the common cold to more severe
diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and
SARS
3
COVID-19 Disease…
SARS-COV-2: viral characteristics are changing over time
Most changes have little to no impact on the virus’ properties
Some changes may affect the virus’s properties, such as

 How easily it spreads
 Disease severity
 Effectiveness of vaccines or therapeutic medicines, diagnostic tools
 Public health and social measures
4
SARS-COV-2 Variants of Concern (VOC) and Interest(VOI)
WHO recommended non-stigmatizing
labeling of VOI and VOC by Greek
alphabet
The five VOC designated by WHO take up
Alpha through Omicron
 likewise, the six VOIs designated by
WHO take up Epsilon through lambda in
the Greek alphabet
5
COVID-19 Disease Basic Facts
COVID-19 was unknown prior to the outbreak in Wuhan, China, in

December 2019, but is now a global pandemic affecting all countries
6
Mode of transmission of COVID -19 disease
 From person to person through respiratory
droplets, sneezing, coughing and talking
Aerosols, indirect transmission through
contaminated fomites
Pre-symptomatic (prior to symptom onset) or
asymptomatic & Symptomatic can transmit
infection
Contact with contaminated objects &
surfaces
Estimated incubation period is between 2
and 10 days with a median of 5 days
7
Mode of transmission of COVID -19 disease
COVID-19 spreads more easily in certain settings
Certain situations are identified to be at higher risk for COVID-19

transmission:
Crowded places
Close-contact settings
Confined and enclosed spaces with poor ventilation
8
COVID-19 Illness Clinical Presentation
Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will

experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and
recover without requiring special treatment
Wide range of symptoms for COVID-19 disease,
from Mild to very severe ARDS have been reported
Common symptoms: fever, chills, cough, shortness
of breath, fatigue, headache
Other symptoms: muscle or body aches, sore throat,
new loss of smell or taste, Rash on skin or
discoloration of fingers or toes and diarrhea.
Majority of COVID-19 illnesses are mild (~80%)
and recover without hospitalization
Approximately 14%– 19% of cases are hospitalized
and 3%–5% will develop severe disease that require
ICU admission
9
Clinical Presentation in Special Populations
 Older people: Older people and people with underlying
Gender differences: Males affected more
medical conditions appear to develop serious illness more
than Females often than others with higher rates of morbidity, and mortality
Children: Clinical manifestations of  People with underlying medical conditions (comorbidities)

 Certain comorbidities have been identified as increasing the
COVID-19 are generally milder in children risk of severe COVID-19 disease and death
compared with adults. o cardiovascular disease
o hypertension
Pregnant women: Pregnant women may be
o diabetes
at increased risk for severe COVID-19
o Obesity
illness, including increased rates of o chronic respiratory/Lung disease
hospitalizations, ICU care and mechanical o Cancer
ventilation 10
o human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
COVID-19 Epidemiology: Global
COVID-19 first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei, China and

WHO characterized as a pandemic on March 11th, 2020
Globally, As of January 23/2023, 13,156,047,747 confirmed cases and

6,756,808 deaths reported.
As of 23 January 2023, a total of 13,156,047,747 vaccine doses have been

administered.
11
12
COVID-19 Epidemiology: Ethiopia
First COVID-19 case in Ethiopia was reported on 13 th March 2020
As of 23 January 2023, there have been a total of 499,443 cases and 7,572
deaths (CFR 1.53%)
13
 Comprehensive Prevention
and Control of COVID-19
IPC, Isolation, Medical Care
 Vaccines are one critical tool

in preventing COVID-19
related illness.
 As of October 2022, a total of
over 58 million different
vaccine doses has been
administered
14
Implementation of Public Health & Social Measures
Social distancing measures

Personal protective measures  Contact tracing
 Hand hygiene  Isolation of sick individuals
 Respiratory etiquette  Quarantine of exposed individuals
 Face masks
 School measures / closures
 Workplace measures
 Avoiding crowding
Travel-related measures
 Travel advices Environmental measures
 Travel restrictions  Surface and object cleaning
 Border closure
 Increased ventilation
 Entry and exit screenings
15
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
16

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Background: basic facts and Epidemiology of COVID-19

By the end of the session, participants will be able to:

Understand the basic facts about the SARS-CoV-2 disease

Describe the COVID-19 global and national epidemiology

Understand the new nomenclature for different variants

Explain the comprehensive prevention and control of COVID-19 pandemic

 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease

caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2

 Large family of viruses that can cause illness in animals or humans

 Several coronaviruses are known to cause respiratory infections

with symptoms ranging from the common cold to more severe

diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and

SARS-COV-2: viral characteristics are changing over time

Most changes have little to no impact on the virus’ properties

Some changes may affect the virus’s properties, such as

COVID-19 was unknown prior to the outbreak in Wuhan, China, in

COVID-19 spreads more easily in certain settings

Certain situations are identified to be at higher risk for COVID-19

Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will

Children: Clinical manifestations of  People with underlying medical conditions (comorbidities)

compared with adults. o cardiovascular disease

COVID-19 first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei, China and

Globally, As of January 23/2023, 13,156,047,747 confirmed cases and

As of 23 January 2023, a total of 13,156,047,747 vaccine doses have been

First COVID-19 case in Ethiopia was reported on 13 th March 2020

 Vaccines are one critical tool

Social distancing measures

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