Human Reproduction Sunday 9 June 2024

Learning Objectives:
• State the main human reproductive hormones
• Explain how hormones control the changes at puberty

Starter: In your books define:

Primary sexual characteristics-

Secondary sexual characteristics-

 Revision Task

Using your knowledge from G7

• label the male reproductive system.
• Label the female reproductive system.
Part Function
Fallopian tube/ oviduct Thin mucosal layer.
Pubis Feces exits the body here

Bladder Eggs are produced here

Uterus (womb) Strong muscle. Directs sperm to uterus
Urethra Homologous to the penis. Many nerve endings
Clitoris Tube that conducts urine out of bladder

Labia Protective structures of vagina and clitoris

Ovary Stores urine
Myometrium Storage site for feces
Endometrium Receives the penis
Cervix Muscular organ, lining thickens to nourish embryo

Rectum Smooth muscle. Involved in contraction

Vagina Layer where implantation takes place after fertilization
Anus Part of hip bone
Hymen Fertilization happens here
Part Function
Fallopian tube/ oviduct Thin mucosal layer.
Pubis Feces exits the body here

Bladder Eggs are produced here

Uterus (womb) Strong muscle. Directs sperm to uterus
Urethra Homologous to the penis. Many nerve endings
Clitoris Tube that conducts urine out of bladder

Labia Protective structures of vagina and clitoris

Ovary Stores urine
Myometrium Storage site for feces
Endometrium Receives the penis
Cervix Muscular organ, lining thickens to nourish embryo

Rectum Smooth muscle. Involved in contraction

Vagina Layer where implantation takes place after fertilization
Anus Part of hip bone
Hymen Fertilization happens here
Part Function
Vas deferens Supports upper body

Seminal vesicle Transports sperm to urethra

Pelvis Store and produce fluid which makes up
semen
Prostate gland Secretes fluid which nourish and protects
semen
Corpus spongiosum Produce sperm and secrete testosterone
Corpus carvernosa Prevents urethra pinching closed
Glans penis Helps in erections

Foreskin holds testis outside body at 35⁰ C

Testis Opening of urethra
Scrotum Protects the glans involved in sexual
pleasure.
Cowpers gland Secrete an alkaline secretion to protect
sperm from acidic conditions in urethra
and vagina
Part Function
Vas deferens Transports sperm to urethra
Seminal vesicle Store and produce fluid which makes up
semen
Pelvis Supports upper body
Prostate gland Secretes fluid which nourish and protects
semen
Corpus spongiosum Prevents urethra pinching closed
Corpus carvernosa Helps in erections
Glans penis Opening of urethra
Foreskin Protects the glans involved in sexual
pleasure.
Testis Produce sperm and secrete testosterone
Scrotum holds testis outside body at 35⁰ C
Cowpers gland Secrete an alkaline secretion to protect
sperm from acidic conditions in urethra
and vagina
Puberty
Sunday, June 9, 2024
Name the part of the human body which/where:
1. Fertilisation occurs
2. Conducts urine and sperm out of body in males
3. Holds the testes outside the body
4. Which contracts during labour
5. Which secretes fluid which nourishes the sperm
Compare Hormones and Puberty in males and
females
• Draw a table in your books and list the changes which happen during
puberty.
• What are at the similarities and differences in puberty between boys
and girls.
• E.g. Boys Girls
Growth of pubic and body hair Growth of pubic and body hair
boys develop muscles and male body shape/girls develop female pattern of fat
shape deposits,
• TABLE ANSWERS
• Any three similarities from:
• adolescent growth spurt (slightly later in boys),
• growth of pubic and body hair,
• external genitalia grow and skin darkens,
• brain matures.
• Any three differences from:
• boys develop muscles and male body shape/girls develop female pattern of
fat deposits,
• testes grow and start producing sperm in boys/ovaries start to form mature
ova monthly in girls,
• boys develop facial hair,
• girls develop breasts,
• male larynx grows and voice breaks,
• uterus grows and becomes active in girls,
• menstruation begins in girls
• Ted Ed – what is the menstrual cycle
• http://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-menstruation-works-emma-bryce
• CGI animation of ovulation
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nLmg4wSHdxQ&feature=r
elated

• Live footage ovulation

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2-VKgdhfNpY&feature=rela
ted
 The menstrual
cycle.

The diagram below shows the

uterus at several points in the
menstrual cycle. Use the
internet to help you.
a Draw the inside lining of the
uterus at each step in the
cycle.
b List the major changes that
occur in the uterus at each
step in the cycle.
c Identify any changes
occurring to the egg.
(2 marks per box; TOTAL 8
marks)
3 phases of menstruation
1. Follicular phase and menses
2. Ovulation
3. Luteal phase
1. Follicular phase and menses
• This phase begins with menses – which is the shedding of the lining of the uterus (endometrium)
– usually occurring over the first five days of the cycle.
• It is caused by low levels of oestrogen and progesterone.
• Low levels of the female sex hormones removes the inhibition of these hormones on the
pituitary and therefore, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels begin to increase once again.
• As FSH increases, new follicles begin to form within the ovaries and they start secreting
oestrogen.
• Eventually, one of these follicles becomes dominant and is called the Graafian follicle.
• The Graafian follicle continues to grow from days 6-13, increasing in size and secreting increasing
amounts of oestrogen.
• Increasing amounts of oestrogen helps to repair the lining of the uterus.
• Increasing amounts of oestrogen also inhibit FSH secretion from the pituitary, ensuring no
further follicles develop during the cycle.
2. Ovulation
• Oestrogen levels reach a critical level in the blood stream just before
ovulation (approximately around day 14).
• This critical level of oestrogen stimulates the pituitary to secrete a
burst or surge of luteinising hormone (LH).
• The surge in LH levels causes ovulation – the release of an egg cell
from the ovary into the fallopian tube.
3. Luteal phase
• Once the Graafian follicle has released its egg, it becomes the corpus
luteum or yellow body and oestrogen levels drop.
• The corpus luteum secretes increasing amounts of progesterone.
• Progesterone maintains the endometrium and thickens it further in
readiness for a potential pregnancy.
• Towards the end of the luteal phase, progesterone and oestrogen
levels drop.
Hormonal control.

• Sketch these hormone

level graphs for the
four hormones
involved in the control
of the menstrual
cycle.
• Match up the stage of
the menstrual cycle
with the correct point
on the graph.
Questions
1 Define the term ovulation and identify when it occurs in the
menstrual cycle. (2 marks)
2 During the menstrual cycle:
a name the hormone that causes the egg to mature (1 mark)
b name the organ where the egg matures (1 mark)
c describe what causes the egg to be released. (1 mark)

3 Oestrogen and progesterone have an effect on the uterus wall.

a Describe the effects of oestrogen and progesterone on the wall of the uterus.
(2 marks)
b Explain why it is important that these changes to the uterus occur. (1 mark)
Birth control.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hI2C7TsnSfk

• Homework: research the condom, the pill and the IUCD (intra uterine
contraceptive device)
• How does it work
• What are the advantages and disadvantages.
• Does it protect against STD’s as well?