Machine Learning
Machine Learning
Machine Learning
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Objectives
1) What is Learning?
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What is Learning?
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What is Machine Learning?
Machine Learning is the study of methods for
programming computers to learn.
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What is Machine Learning?
Learning Trained
algorithm machine
TRAINING
DATA Answer
Query
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Steps in machine learning
1) Data collection.
2) Representation.
3) Modeling.
4) Estimation.
5) Validation.
Problem Solving
Teacher
Results
Performance
Evaluation
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Advantages of ML
1) Solving vision problems through
statistical inference.
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Disadvantages of ML
3) Computational complexity.
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Types of machine Learning
1) Unsupervised Learning .
2) Semi-Supervised (reinforcement).
3) Supervised Learning.
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Unsupervised Learning
Studies how input patterns can be
represented to reflect the statistical structure
of the overall collection of input patterns
No outputs are used (unlike supervised
learning and reinforcement learning)
Learner is provided only unlabeled data.
No feedback is provided from the
environment
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Unsupervised Learning
Advantage
Most of the laws of science were developed
through unsupervised learning.
Disadvantage
The identification of the features itself is a
complex problem in many situations.
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Semi-Supervised (reinforcement)
it is in between Supervised and Unsupervised
learning techniques the amount of labeled and
unlabelled data required for training.
With the goal of reducing the amount of
supervision required compared to supervised
learning.
At the same time improving the results of
unsupervised clustering to the expectations of the
user.
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Semi-Supervised (reinforcement)
Semi-supervised learning is an area of
increasing importance in Machine Learning.
Automatic methods of collecting data make it
more important than ever to develop methods
to make use of unlabeled data.
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Supervised Learning
1) Analogical Learning.
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Analogical Learning
instances of a problem and the learner has to form a concept
that supports most of the positive and no negative instances.
This demonstrates that a number of training instances are
required to form a concept in inductive learning. Unlike this,
analogical learning can be accomplished from a single
example. For instance, given the following training instance,
one has to determine the plural form of bacilus.
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Analogical Learning
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The main steps in analogical learning are now
formalized below.
1. Identifying Analogy: Identify the similarity between an
experienced problem instance and a new problem.
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The main steps in analogical learning are now
formalized below.
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Learning by Decision Tree
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Learning by Decision Tree
To illustrate the contribution of a decision tree, we consider a
set of instances, some of which result in a true value for
the decision. Those instances are called positive instances.
On the other hand, when the resulting decision is false,
we call the instance ‘a negative instance’. We now
consider the learning problem of a bird’s flying. Suppose
a child sees different instances of birds as tabulated below.
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Learning by Decision Tree
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Decision Tree example
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Decision Tree example
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Applications
of
Machine Learning
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Drug discovery
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Medical diagnosis
Photo MRI CT
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Iris verification
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Radar Imaging
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Speech Recognition
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Finger print
fingerprint image
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Signature Verification
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Face Recognition
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Target Recognition
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Robotics vision
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Traffic Monitoring
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Thank you
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