MINI PROJECT

IFP(190210)
SEM IV
YASH AHIR (1920001)
PRATHAM CHAUHAN (1920008)
KARTIK DAYMA (1920011)
ISHAN GANGAR (1920018)
INTRODUCTION
A bearing is a machine element that constrains relative motion to only the desired motion, and reduces friction between moving parts.
The design of the bearing may, for example, provide for free linear movement of the moving part or for free rotation around a fixed
axis; or, it may prevent a motion by controlling the vectors of normal forces that bear on the moving parts. Many bearings also
facilitate the desired motion as much as possible, such as by minimizing friction. Bearings are classified broadly according to the type
of operation, the motions allowed, or to the directions of the loads (forces) applied to the parts. In simple terms, roller bearings locate
rotating components such as shafts or axles within mechanical systems, and transfer axial and radial loads from the source of the load
to the structure supporting it. To minimize friction, heat, power loss and wear, rolling elements such known as rollers or balls with a
circular cross-section are located between the races or journals of the bearing assembly. A wide variety of bearing designs exists to
allow the demands of the application to be correctly met for maximum efficiency, reliability, durability and performance. The term
"bearing" is derived from the verb to bear a bearing being a machine element that allows one part to bear (i.e., to support) another.
The simplest bearings are bearing surfaces, cut or formed into a part, with varying degrees of control over the form, size, roughness
and location of the surface. Other bearings are separate devices installed into a machine or machine part. The most sophisticated
bearings for the most demanding applications are very precise device their manufacture requires some of the highest standards of
current technology.
FLOW CHART
CONSTRUCTION
Bearings Made of Chrome Steel - SAE 52100
The most common material used to produce the load carrying components in precision ball bearings, roller bearings, and tapered
roller bearings is 52100 chrome steel. These components are the bearings inner and outer rings, balls and rollers. The chemical
composition of this steel has high carbon and about 1.5% chromium content. Using controlled processing and heat-treating methods
the finished bearing components have high strength to resist cracking anda3 a hard surface to resist subsurface rolling contact fatigue.
The typical surface hardness for bearing components made from this material ranges from 60- 64 on the Rockwell hardness C scale
(Rc).
Bearings Made of Stainless Steels
Stainless steel materials are used to make bearing components because it is more resistant to surface corrosion due to the higher
content of chromium (~18%) with the addition of nickel. The chromium reacts with oxygen to form a layer of chromium oxide on the
surface, creating a passive film.
CIRCUIT DESIGN
WORKING OF CIRCUIT
In A+ B+ (A- B-) fitting of ring will be done of ball bearing. In C+ C- filling of ball in the
bearing will be done one by one. In D+ D- spacing between each ball will be done. The balls
which were previously filled in the bearing. In E+ E- : fitting of cage will be done around the
bearing. In F+ F- the cage which was fitted previously will get rivet for ideal support. Then at
of this cycle final packaging of the ball bearing will be done.
SPECIAL FEATURES
The service life of the bearing is affected by many parameters that are not controlled by the
bearing manufacturers. For example, bearing mounting, temperature, exposure to external
environment, lubricant cleanliness and electrical currents through bearings etc. The disruption
from PWM inverter which are generating high frequency motorbearing currents can be
suppressed by inductive absorbers like CoolBLUE cores, which need to be put over the three
phases giving a high frequency impedance against the common mode or motorbearing currents.
 The temperature and terrain of the micro-surface will determine the amount of friction by the
touching of solid parts.
 Certain elements and fields reduce friction, while increasing speeds.
 Strength and mobility help determine the amount of load the bearing type can carry.
 Alignment factors can play a damaging role in wear and tear, yet overcome by computer aid
signaling and nonrubbing bearing types, such as magnetic levitation or air field pressure.
Many bearings require periodic maintenance to prevent premature failure, but many others require little maintenance. The
latter include various kinds of fluid and magnetic bearings, as well as rolling-element bearings that are described with terms
including sealed bearing and sealed for life. These contain seals to keep the dirt out and the grease in. They work successfully
in many applications, providing maintenance-free operation. Some applications cannot use them effectively.
Rolling-element bearings are widely used in the industries today, and hence maintenance of these bearings becomes an
important task for the maintenance professionals. The rolling-element bearings wear out easily due to metal-to-metal contact,
which creates faults in the outer race, inner race and ball. It is also the most vulnerable component of a machine because it is
often under high load and high running speed conditions. Regular diagnostics of rolling-element bearing faults is critical for
industrial safety and operations of the machines along with reducing the maintenance costs or avoiding shutdown time. Among
the outer race, inner race and ball, the outer race tends to be more vulnerable to faults and defects.
Using spectral analysis as a tool to identify the faults in the bearings faces challenges due to issues like low energy, signal
smearing, cyclostationarity etc. High resolution is often desired to differentiate the fault frequency components from the other
high-amplitude adjacent frequencies. Hence, when the signal is sampled for FFT analysis, the sample length should be large
enough to give adequate frequency resolution in the spectrum. Also, keeping the computation time and memory within limits
and avoiding unwanted aliasing may be demanding. However, a minimal frequency resolution required can be obtained by
estimating the bearing fault frequencies and other vibration frequency components and its harmonics due to shaft speed,
misalignment, line frequency, gearbox etc.
COSTING
Cost is, or should be, as much a part of the ball bearing design requirements as weight, speed,
appearance or life. Giving it due consideration upfront permits more comprehensive evaluation
of trade-offs and design decisions and results in a product that better meets customer
expectations. The alternative, trying to engineer-out costs after design approval, is slow and
never yields the same magnitude of savings.
Material Min Price Max Price
Chrome Steel Rs 13/Piece Rs 235/Piece
Stainless Steel Rs 6/Piece Rs 1000/Piece
FUTURE ADVANCEMENT
Current state-of-the-art in modeling the performance of rolling bearings is reviewed in terms of fundamental
analytical formulations and the development of computer codes for performance simulations. Some of the
basic equations, which constitute the foundation of the various types of models, are reviewed before
presenting a schematic approach for the development of rolling bearing models. Some of the key
developments over the last several decades that have led to the current status of rolling bearing modeling are
presented. Though some of the models are restricted to the developing organizations, and their use is only
available in terms of application support, others have been packaged in the form of commercially available
software products. These models provide immediate practical implementation of several tribological
disciplines in their most up-to-date and advanced form. With the advancements in high-speed computing
technologies, solutions to the most sophisticated analytical formulations have become possible. However, the
parallel advancement in rotating machinery systems has continued to challenge the state-of-the-art of rolling
bearing modeling and in order to meet the future requirements, further developments in certain areas are
required. Such requirements include improvements in lubricant behavior, development of lubricant and
material property databases, more advanced thermal management and modeling of bearing interactions, more
sophisticated models to estimate energy dissipated in lubricant churning and drag, and implementation of
modern object-oriented computing languages for better support of modeling software products on the current
and anticipated future computer systems
CONCLUSION
The paper presents a cross-section study of static behavior of bearings as well as works related to
the determination of the bearing life. Additionally the theoretical basis for defining mathematical
models for determining deformation, stiffness, changes in contact angle and the determination of
bearing life with angular contact. Also, some research results of the static behavior of bearings, and
verification of mathematical models of bearings for special applications and single-ball bearing
with angular contact, for support the main spindle of machine tools and two rows the ball bearing
with angular contact for support a car wheel are presented. From the results it can be concluded
that the mathematical model satisfactory describes the static behavior of ball bearings from the
point of deformation and stiffness. Based on the results of ball bearings life.
REFERENCES
 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10402004.2010.551805
 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_bearing
 https://www.bearingcorporation.com/construction-ball-bearing/
 http://resources.hartfordtechnologies.com/blog/managing-the-cost-of-ball-bearings-through-
design