LESSON 4

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF

REPRODUCTION

Hazel Mae Alvarez

Human reproduction is a
complex and remarkable
process.
2 TYPES OF SEX CELLS:

1) male's sperm

2) female's egg
HYPOTHALAMUS
• A gland located at the base of the brain which
regulates temperature, sleep, emotions, sexual
function and behavior

• It produces hormones
GONADS TESTES

THE PRIMARY SEX ORGANS FOR MALES

• To produce testosterone

• Are glands that

produce
hormones that
are involved in
reproduction
and other OVARIES
functions of the
body. THE PRIMARY SEX ORGANS FOR FEMALES
• to produce estrogen and progesterone
 PUBERTY
Puberty is a period of rapid growth and change experienced by both
males and females through which a child's body develops into an
adult body capable of sexual reproduction.

FEMALE PUBERTY MALE PUBERTY

• occurs between the ages of 9-13

• occurs between the ages of 13-15
• ovulation and menstruation, which involve cyclic • the secretion of the male hormone testosterone
hormonal changes in estrogen and progesterone. • spermatogenesis (sperm production)

• development of secondary sexual characteristics • Development of secondary sexual characteristics

(growth of pubic and underarm hair, breast (increased height and weight, broadening
enlargement, vaginal and uterine growth,
widening hips, increased height, weight and fat shoulders, growth of the testes and penis, pubic
distribution) and facial hair growth, voice deepening, and
muscle development)
THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The reproductive system of an organism, also known as the genital
system, is the biological system made up of all the anatomical organs
involved in sexual reproduction.
 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• Testicles (or testes) —2 oval-shaped organs Duct System
that produce and store millions of tiny sperm • Epididymis —2 coiled tubes that connect each
cells, as well as male hormones, including testicle to the vas deferens
testosterone. • Ductus deferens —thick-walled tube that
transport sperm cells from the epididymis, where
Covering of the Testes the sperm are stored prior to ejaculation
• Tunica albuginea— capsule that surrounds
each testes • Spermatic Cord —ductus deferens, blood
• Septa —extensions of the capsule that extend vessels, and nerves in a connective tissue sheath
into the testes and divide it into lobules.
• Vasectomy —cutting of the ductus deferens at
•Sperm travels through the rete testes to the
the level of the testes to prevent transportation of
epididymis.
sperm
• Interstitial cells produce androgens such as
• Urethra —the tube that passes urine and semen
testosterone
out of the body
Accessory Organs • Prostatic Urethra
• Seminal vesicle— produces a thick, yellowish • Membranous Urethra
Semen
secretion (60% of semen) • a mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions Advantages of Accessory Gland • spongy (penile) Urethra
• Prostate gland— secretes a milky fluid • fructose provides energy for sperm cells
• Bulbourethral Gland— produces a thick, clear• the alkalinity of semen helps neutralize the acidic environment of the vagina
mucus • semen inhibits bacterial multiplication
• elements of semen enhance sperm motility
 MALE EXTERNAL GENITALIA

• Penis- delivers sperm into the

female reproductive tract

• Shaft

• Gland penis

• Prepuce (foreskin)

• Scrotum- it surrounds and protects

the two testes (internal structure:
testicles)
SPERMIOGENESIS
• Late spermatids are produced with
distinct regions

•Head— contains DNA covered by the

acrosome
•midpiece
•tail
• Sperm cells result after maturing of
spermatids
 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• Ovaries —2 glands that produce eggs, as well

as the female hormones estrogen and
progesterone —composed of ovarian follicles Duct System
Ovarian Follicle Stages • Uterine tubes (fallopian tubes)—2 tubes
(sac-like structure
• Primary Follicle- contains an immature that connect the ovaries with the uterus
oocyte
• Graafian (vesicular follicle)- growing follicle
Fimbriae— finger-like projections at the distal
with a maturing oocyte
end that receive the oocyte
• Ovulation- when the egg is mature the follicle
•Uterus— hollow organ that is located between
ruptures
the urinary bladder and rectum
• Ruptured follicle transforms into a corpus
luteum.
• Walls of Uterus • Functions
- Endometrium (inner layer) - receives a fertilized egg
- Myometrium (middle layer) - retains the fertilized egg
- Serous layer (outer layer) - nourishes the fertilized egg

• Vagina — a muscular passage that connects

• Regions
• Hymen- partially closes the vagina until it the cervix with the external genitals
- Body
is ruptured - Fundus (uterine tube enters)
- Cervix (narrow outlet)
 FEMALE EXTERNAL GENITALIA
VULVA

• Mons pubis - a fatty mound that •Labia - skin folds

covers the pubic bone • Labia majora- outer lips of
vagina
• Labia minora- inner lips of
vagina

• Clitoris- a small structure with sensitive nerve endings located

within the labia minora the the sole purpose of which is for sexual
arousal and pleasure

• Vestibule - contains opening of • Urethra- extension of a tube

the urethra and the greater from the bladder to the outside of
vestibular glands the body

• Urethral opening- a tube

which carries urine from the
bladder outside of the body
• Perineum- the space between
the anus (the rectal opening),
and the vaginal opening
 OOGENESIS
Reproductive Ability to Release Eggs

• Oogania
— female stem cells found in a developing fetus
— undergo mitosis to produce primary oocytes

• Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

- causes some primary follicles to mature
- Meiosis start inside maturing follicle
- meiosis is completed after ovulation only if sperm
penetrates
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Cyclic Changes of the Endometrium
• Menses- functional layer of the endometrium is
sloughed
• Proliferative stage - regeneration of functional layer
• Secretory stage- endometrium increases in size and
readies for implantation
• Hormone Production - Ovaries
• Estrogens - produced by follicle cells
- cause secondary sex characteristics (growth of pubic and
underarm hair, breast enlargement, vaginal and uterine growth,
widening hips, increased height, weight and fat distribution)
• Progesterone - produced by the corpus luteum
- helps maintain pregnancy
 MAMARY GLANDS

• Only function in females

• Its function is to produce

milk
• Stimulated by sex hormones
to increase in size

• The mammary gland is a highly developed and specialized

organ that exists in pairs on either side of the anterior chest
wall. The principal purpose of the organ is to secrete milk.
Despite it exists in both sexes, it is more developed in females
and less developed in males.
END OF PRESENTATION
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