3 Claims

Identifying Claims
OBJECTIVE / EXPECTATIONS
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to;
1. compare the three kinds of claims;

2. determine the appropriate type of claim;
3. Differentiate between and among the types of claims
1. Read the passage and answer the question. Maria was getting ready to walk to
church. She put on her sandals and grabbed her sling bag. As she was leaving, her
mother said, "Good luck. Be careful." Which of the following is explicitly stated in the
paragraph?
A. Maria is going to have her first communion
B. Maria is going to see her friend
C. Maria put on her sandals and grabbed her sling bag.
D. Maria is always punctual in church services.
2. Read the passage and answer the question. Maria was getting ready to walk to
church. She put on her sandals and grabbed her sling bag. As she was leaving, her
mother said, "Good luck. Be careful." Which of the following is implicitly stated in the
paragraph?
A. Maria is going to have her first communion
B. Maria is going to see her friend
3. Identify explicit information. Maryjane ran down the stairs in her school building.
She waited for a tricycle around the corner, and after a few minutes, she held up her arm
to stop the approaching tricycle. When she hopped in, she said, "Please take me to
Doctor's hospital."
A. Maryjane's car was broken
B. Maryjane has not enough money to pay for a taxi.
C. Maryjane was visiting her sick mother.
D. Maryjane waited for a tricycle around the corner
4. Identify the implicit information. Maryjane ran down the stairs in her school building.
She waited for a tricycle around the corner, and after a few minutes, she held up her arm
to stop the approaching tricycle. When she hopped in, she said, "Please take me to
Doctor's hospital."
A. Maryjane was visiting a sick relative.
B. Maryjane has not enough money to pay for a taxi.
C. Maryjane's car was broken
5. What is the meaning of the word "claim"?
A. To acquire
B. To assert something
C. To reject
D. To possess
What is a claim?
A claim is an arguable statement – an idea that a speaker or writer expects an
audience to accept. A claim is an opinion, idea, or assertion. Here are some
examples: "I think we should protest the Anti-Terror Bill." "I believe that the
present administration has no concrete plans to fight COVID-19". "We need
Modernization." These three claims might all be valid, but it should be supported
with evidence to reach an audience's agreement.
The word claim comes from the Latin word clamare, which means "to cry out,
shout." Hence, with the definition of a claim, this can then be argued, verified, or
disproved. A claim deals with the searching for agreement from the audience to
agree with the statement or discourse. It also involves anticipation from the
audience's agreement and anxiousness that they might disagree with. A claim must
pose two sides of a coin. It is a question of whether the audience will agree or not.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CLAIMS
defendable- it can be supported by facts;
responsible- it takes an ethically sound position;
understandable- it uses clear terms and defines key words;
interesting- it is challenging and worth discussing.

CATEGORIES OF CLAIMS
• claims of fact – aims to establish that something is or is not

the case
• claims of value – attempt to establish the overall worth, merit,
or importance of something
• claims of policy – tries to establish, reinforce, or change a
course of action, often found in actual policies or sets of
procedures.
(Huglen, 2014; VanderMey et al., 2011)
NOTE:
Claims or position being taken in the argument
should be supported by evidence – ethically,
emotionally, and logically.
Required Evidence To Be Presented On
Each Claim:
Claims of Fact:
It should have sufficient and appropriate grounds based on

reliable authority; recent accurate, sufficient, typical data; and
clearly defined terms without any loaded language.
There is a clear distinction between fact and inference.

(existence of something/definition or classification/facts --
inferences about past present or future)
Proof requires:
1. Factual / historical
2. Relational - causal connections
3. Predictive
Types of factual claims (generally "objective")
4. sufficient and appropriate grounds
1. reliable authority
2. recent data
3. accurate, typical data
4. clearly defined terms -no loaded language
5. a clear distinction between fact and inference.

Suggested questions in constructing an
argument:
• claims of fact: Did it happen? Is it true? How do we know this? Does it

exist?
Examples:
• What some people refer to as global warming is actually
nothing more than normal, long term cycles of climate
change.
• The popularity of SUV’s in the Philippines has caused
pollution to increase.
• Generally, tertiary education in the Philippines is not
adequately preparing students for gainful employment.
• Action research is conducted to respond to the needs of
the students.
• Illegal mining has already become an issue in the
Philippines.
• School is the most important part of education.
Required Evidence To Be
Presented On Each Claim:
Claims of Value:
• Look for keywords that are a matter of judgment rather than fact, such
as: good, well, kind, useful, desirable, etc.
• Authors offer reasons for their judgment, with the ultimate goal of
getting the reader's agreement with the reasons rather than comparing
to the fact that establishes assent to the claim.
• A claim is based on things we like or dislike. Hence, it deals with the
goal of what value us most.
• The authors' argument is based on judgment or value and does not
necessarily carry out facts. Disagreements overvalue importance for
us to determine how one presented his or her point over certain belief.
• An argument usually gets the other person's approval because the
claim's underlying value proves to be acceptable as a public good.
Required Evidence To Be Presented On
Each Claim:
Proof Requires:
1. Establishing standards of evaluation (i.e. a

warrant that defines what constitutes instances of
the relevant value)
2. note the priority of the value in this instance.
3. Establish the advantage (practical or moral) of
your standards.
4. Use examples to clarify abstract values
5. Use credible authorities for support.
argument:
claims of value:
Is it good or bad? How bad is it? How good? How moral or immoral? Of
what worth is it? Why say so? What do the people value?
What values or criteria should I use to determine its goodness or badness?
Examples:
• Global warming is the most pressing challenge facing the

world today.
• Many Music videos fail to present positive images of
women.
• Remedial reading teachers provide a valuable service.
• Living in a city is more productive than living in the
countryside.
• Saying "OPO" is the highest form of respect.
• Staying with a family with limited resources is more
valuable than working abroad.
Claims of Policy:
• It makes the proposed action clear.

• It provides concrete date that need for change is just,
right, and reasonable.
• It establishes that the plan is workable under the
conditions proposed.
• It shows benefits or advantages of the proposed policy.
• It considers opposition or counterarguments.
• Take note of the keywords "should," "ought," or "must.
These words may not be present all the time, but the
author's purpose is usually to call for an action to be
taken if they are.
Proof Requires:
1. Making proposed action clear

2. need (justification)
3. plan, (must be workable)
4. benefit (advantages)
5. consider opposition / counter arguments
argument:
claims of policy:
What should we do? How should we act? How can we solve this problem?
What course of action should we pursue?
Examples:
• The death penalty ought to be revived in the Philippines.

• Tricycles must not be banned from using major streets in
Metro Manila.
• Deforestation should be eradicated in the Philippines.
• The government should pursue scholarship programs,
especially to those identified marginalized sectors affected
by COVID-19.
• Child Protection Policy should be implemented in the
school system.
Directions: Read the statements below
carefully and identify the types of claims
written in a text used.
____1. Basketball is more exciting than football.

____2. Mercury is the closest planet to earth.
____3. Law is a prestigious profession than Medicine.
____4. The Department of Health should impose mass testing
amid an increase of
COVID-19 cases in the country.
____5. The School Principal should recommend for strict policy on
"NO ID, NO
ENTRY".
Try to write claims (fact, value, and policy) with the issue of
social media.
THAN
K
YOU!

3 Claims

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Identifying Claims

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to;

1. compare the three kinds of claims;

defendable- it can be supported by facts;

responsible- it takes an ethically sound position;

understandable- it uses clear terms and defines key words;

interesting- it is challenging and worth discussing.

• claims of fact – aims to establish that something is or is not

It should have sufficient and appropriate grounds based on

There is a clear distinction between fact and inference.

5. a clear distinction between fact and inference.

• claims of fact: Did it happen? Is it true? How do we know this? Does it

1. Establishing standards of evaluation (i.e. a

• Global warming is the most pressing challenge facing the

• It makes the proposed action clear.

1. Making proposed action clear

• The death penalty ought to be revived in the Philippines.

____1. Basketball is more exciting than football.

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