VOLCANI

C DISASTER READINESS AND RISK

ERUPTIO
REDUCTION
VOLCANIC ERUPTION

Volcanic eruptions are the release of hot

materials from a volcano, including lava,
rocks, dust, ash, and gas compounds. They
can come from side branches or the top,
and can be severe or quiet. Complex types
are named after famous volcanoes.
 RING OF FIRE
The Ring of Fire, a horseshoe-
shaped region encircling the
Pacific Ocean, is characterized
by seismic and volcanic activity
due to interactions between
tectonic plates, primarily through
subduction zones and transform
boundaries. This dynamic nature
of plate tectonics results in
numerous earthquakes and
active volcanoes.
Signs of Impending of Volcanic
Eruption
Increase in volcanic quakes and volcanic tremors.
Gray steam due to entrained ash.
Crater glow from magma near the crater.
Ground swells, tilt, and fissures from magma intrusion.
Unexplained landslides and rock falls.
Vegetation drying up on upper slopes.
Temperature rise in hot springs, wells, and crater lake.
Changes in chemical content of springs and crater lakes.
Springs and wells drying up.
Development of new thermal areas and solfataras.
TYPES OF VOLCANIC HAZARDS
• Volcanic Ash
• Pyroclastic Flows
• Lava Flows
• Lahar/Mud
• Tephra Fallout
• Volcanic Gases
• Tsunamis
• Ground Deformation
 VOLCANIC ASH
Mass of tiny volcanic rock
fragments, dust, and
gases that are released
into the air.
 PYROCLASTIC
FLOWS

Contain a high-density mix

of hot lava blocks, pumice,
ash and volcanic gas.
They move at very high
speed down volcanic
slopes, typically following
valleys.
 LAVA FLOWS

Streams of molten rock

that pour or ooze from an
erupting vent.
 LAHAR/MUD

Composed mostly of
volcanic materials on the
sides of a volcano. These
flows of mud, rock, and
water can rush down
valleys and stream
channels at speeds of 20
to 40 miles per hour and
can travel more than 50
miles.
 TEPHRA FALLOUT
Tephra includes volcanic
rocks and other solid material
ejected during an eruption.
Large projectiles, known as
volcanic bombs, can fall near
the vent, while finer particles
can contribute to ashfall at
greater distances.
 VOLCANIC GASES
Volcanic gases, such as water
vapor, carbon dioxide, and
sulfur dioxide, are released
during eruptions from magma
beneath the Earth's surface,
influencing the environment
and contributing to air
pollution and climate impact.
Monitoring these emissions is
crucial for understanding
volcanic activity and
assessing potential hazards.
 VOLCANIC
TSUNAMIS:
Volcanic tsunamis are large
ocean waves generated by
underwater volcanic activity,
such as an eruption or
collapse of a volcanic island.
These tsunamis can travel
across vast distances, posing
a threat to coastal areas with
the potential for significant
inundation and damage.
 GROUND
DEFORMATION
The movement of magma
beneath the Earth's surface
can cause the ground to
deform. This may lead to the
creation of fissures, cracks, or
the uplift or subsidence of the
land.
VOLCANIC
RISK
ASSESSMENT
• PROXIMITY TO THE
VOLCANO
• HISTORICAL ERUPTION
PATTERN
• VOLCANIC HAZARDS
• POPULATION DENSITY
• INFRUSTRUCTURE
AND CRITICAL
FACILITIES
PROXIMITY TO THE
VOLCANO
The closer a community is to an active volcano, the greater the
risk they face from potential volcanic hazards.

HISTORICAL ERUPTION
PATTERN
Different types of volcanic hazards, such as ashfall, lava flows,
pyroclastic flows, lahars, and volcanic gases, pose unique risks
to communities and require specific risk assessment measures.
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
Volcanic eruptions produce runny lava that floods the Earth's
surface through long cracks called fissures, which can be up to
15 miles long.

POPULATION DENSITY

Higher population density near a volcano increases the

potential impact of an eruption, as more people and
infrastructure are exposed to the hazards.
INFRUSTRUCTURE AND CRITICAL
FACILITIES
Assessing the vulnerability of essential infrastructure such as
hospitals, schools, roads, and utilities is crucial for
understanding the potential consequences of an eruption on
community services and response capabilities.
 TYPES OF VOLCANIC
ERUPTION
• Effusive Eruption
• Explosive Eruption
• Phreatomagmatic Eruption
• Strombolian Eruption
• Vulcanian Eruption
• Submarine Eruption
Effusive Eruption:
• An effusive eruption is a volcanic event
characterized by the relatively gentle and steady
flow of lava onto the Earth's surface. The lava
typically has low viscosity, allowing it to flow more
easily.
• The lava may form lava flows that move
downslope, and the eruption is generally less
explosive compared to other types.
MAYON VOLCANO

February 1,1814 Eruption

Known as the "Great Mayon
Eruption," this event buried the
town of Cagsawa, with only
the church tower remaining
visible. Lava flows and
pyroclastic flows caused
significant destruction and
1,200 people death.

Height: Approximately 2,462

meters (8,077 feet)
Explosive Eruption:
• An explosive eruption involves the sudden release
of accumulated pressure within a volcano, resulting
in the ejection of volcanic ash, rocks, and gases into
the atmosphere.
• The explosion can lead to the formation of ash
clouds, pyroclastic flows, and other hazardous
phenomena. The explosivity is often associated with
the viscosity and gas content of the magma.
 MOUNT PINATUBO

In June 15, 1991 was one of the most

powerful of the 20th century. It caused
massive destruction and forced the
evacuation of tens of thousands of people and
ver 350 people died in an eruption, with
722 deaths and 200,000 homeless due to
disease, collapsed roofs, and mud flows in
evacuation camps.. The ash and gases
injected into the stratosphere led to global
climate effects, including a temporary
cooling of the Earth..

Height: Approximately 1,486 meters (4,875

feet)
Phreatomagmatic Eruption:
• A phreatomagmatic eruption occurs when magma
comes into contact with water, leading to the rapid
vaporization of water and explosive fragmentation
of magma. This interaction can happen with
groundwater, surface water, or water in volcanic
lakes.
• Steam explosions can result in the release of
volcanic ash, rocks, and steam, creating potentially
hazardous conditions.
 TAAL VOLCANO

In 1911, Taal experienced its most

powerful eruption in 20th century,
causing widespread ashfall and
reshaping Volcano Island with a 6-
kilometer-high ash column.

In January 12, 2020, Taal erupted

again, causing ashfall, evacuations,
and a Level 4 alert. The eruption
also produced volcanic lightning
and ash plumes from Metro Manila
and 39 people died.
.
Strombolian Eruption:
• A Strombolian eruption is characterized by the
periodic ejection of incandescent lava fragments and
gases from a volcano. These eruptions are typically
less violent than explosive eruptions.
• The volcano emits bursts of lava, ash, and gases,
often creating fountains or lava fountaining.
Strombolian eruptions are named after the Italian
volcano Stromboli, known for its frequent and
predictable Strombolian activity
.
 BULUSAN VOLCANO

On 05 June 2022, at 10:37 AM, the

Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology (PHIVOLCS) has raised the
alert status of Bulusan Volcano from
Alert Level 0 (Normal) to Alert Level 1
(Low-level Unrest) after a phreatic
eruption occurred at the volcano’s
summit that lasted approximately 17
minutes which was recorded by seismic
and infrasound monitoring by the
Bulusan Volcano Network (BVN). There
are 10,707 families or 44,669 persons
affected by the Bulusan Volcano eruption
in 30 barangays in Region V
Vulcanian Eruption:
• A Vulcanian eruption is characterized by the explosion
of viscous magma, resulting in the ejection of volcanic
ash, gases, and pyroclastic flows. These eruptions are
more explosive than Strombolian eruptions but less
than truly explosive ones.
• Vulcanian eruptions often involve the collapse of
eruption columns, generating ash clouds and
pyroclastic flows. They are named after the volcano
Vulcano in Italy.
 KANLAON VOLCANO

On 10 August 1996 at 1431 an

ash ejection at Canlaon (also
known as Kanlaon) killed three
hikers and emitted a dirty-white
steam-and-ash plume. The
plume rose 1,500m above the
central crater at the volcano's
summit. The ash ejection lasted
about 24 minutes, based on
seismic records.
Submarine Eruption:

Which take place beneath the surface of water. These occur at

constructive margins, subduction zones and within tectonic
plates due to hotspots. This eruption style is far more prevalent
than subaerial activity.
 Krakatau

Located between Java and

Sumatra. The 1883 eruption
killed at least 36,400 people.
Most of these people were
killed by tsunami. Above:
Metis Shoal, a submarine
volcano near the Tonga
Islands, has erupted nine
times since 1851.
Volcano alert levels: Philippines
The volcano authority in the Philippines is the Philippine
Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (Phivolcs). The
alert level system used by Phivolcs runs from Alert Level
0 (lowest) to Alert Level 5 (highest), as follows:
Alert Level 0: No Alert.
Quiet. No eruption in the foreseeable future.

Alert Level 1: Abnormal.

Low level unrest. No eruption imminent.

Alert Level 2: Increasing Unrest.

Moderate unrest. Unrest probably of magmatic origin, could eventually lead to eruption.

Alert Level 3: Increasing Tendency Towards Eruption.

Relatively high unrest. Magma is close to the crater.

Alert Level 4: Hazardous Eruption Imminent.

Intense unrest. Hazardous eruption is possible within days.

Alert Level 5: Hazardous Eruption.

Hazardous eruption ongoing.
 EARLY WARNING
SYSTEMS
The Philippines relies on PHIVOLCS and advanced
technologies for real-time monitoring, ensuring timely alerts for
volcanic threats, crucial for proactive evacuation measures.

EVACUATION PLANS

Collaborative efforts between local communities and authorities

are vital in crafting well-defined evacuation plans, essential for
organized and effective responses to potential volcanic
emergencies.
 COMMUNITY
PREPAREDNESS
Educating communities about volcanic risks and conducting
regular training drills are paramount for building resilience,
empowering individuals to make informed decisions and
respond effectively during eruptions.
Precautionary Measures Before,
During, and After
Before:
1. Each one should be aware of the dangers and be prepared.
2. Prepare all necessary things to bring once evacuation is
needed.
3. Store as much food, water, light sources and batteries.
4. Be prepared for masks or anything to cover nose and mouth.
5. Prioritize the safety of kids before other things.
During:
1. Avoid all low-lying places.
2. Seek cover in case of ash falls rock falls.
3. Use masks and cover your mouth and nose.
4. If you are inside a house; close all doors and windows.
5. Always stay indoors.
6. Stay in the evacuation center until further instructions.
7. Keep a watchful eye on the kids.
After:
1. Go back to your house but leave the kids behind someone
who can take care of them while you check your house.
2. Clean everything around and check all damages incurred.
3. Use masks while cleaning ash and other debris.
4. Wait for further announcements related to the volcano
activities.
5. Make sure that your house is still safe for all of you.
NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE EFFECTS

VOLCANO
ERUPTION
S
NEGATIVE EFFECTS
• Loss of life and property
• Ashfall and air pollution
• Climate effects
• Disruption of ecosystems
• Socio-economic impacts
POSITIVE EFFECTS
• Fertility of soil
• Geothermal energy
• Creation of new landforms
• Mineral deposits
• Tourism and education
THANK
GROUP 3

YOU!
Lumapas, Joseph Virgil
Luego, Charles Laurence
Macapagong, Rene
Pelegrino, Kennie