Photodiode

Photodiode
Participants
Aman gupta (CO21511)
Manveer singh (CO21546)
Bhuvan nakra (CO21527)
Chhayank (CO21528)
Contents
• What is photodiodes?
• Symbol of photodiode
• Construction of photodiodes
• Principle of photodiodes
• Operation mode
• Photodiode Circuit
• VI Characterstics of photodiode
• Types of photodiodes
• Features of photodiode
• Application of photodiode
What is Photodiode?
SYMBOL OF PHOTODIODE
Construction
The photodiode is made using two semiconductors like P-type &
N-type. In this design, the formation of P-type material can be
done from the diffusion of the P-type substrate which is lightly
doped. So, the P+ ions layer can be formed because of the
diffusion method. On the substrate of N-type, the N-type epitaxial
layer can be grown.
The development of a P+ diffusion layer can be done over the
heavily doped N-type epitaxial layer. The contacts are
designed with metals to make two terminals like anode and
cathode. The front region of the diode can be separated into
two types like active & non-active surfaces.
The designing of the non-active surface can be done with

silicon dioxide (SiO2). On an active surface, the light rays can
strike over it whereas, on a non-active surface, the light rays
cannot strike. & the active surface can be covered through
the material of anti-reflection so that the energy of light cannot
lose and the highest of it can be changed into the current.
Working of Photodiode
The working principle of a photodiode is, when a photon of ample energy strikes
the diode, it makes a couple of an electron-hole. This mechanism is also called
the inner photoelectric effect. If the absorption arises in the depletion region
junction, then the carriers are removed from the junction by the inbuilt electric field
of the depletion region.
Therefore, holes in the region move toward the anode, and electrons move toward
the cathode, and a photocurrent will be generated. The entire current through the
diode is the sum of the absence of light and the photocurrent. So the absent
current must be reduced to maximize the sensitivity of the devic e.

photodiode working principle
Operation mode
Operation mode
Operation mode
WHY PHOTODIODE IS OPERATED
IN REVERSE BIAS ?
The photodiode operates in the mode of
photoconductive. When the diode is connected in
reverse bias, then the depletion layer width can be
increased. So this will diminish the capacitance of the
junction & the response time. In fact, this biasing will
cause quicker response times for the diode. So the
relation between photocurrent & illuminance is linearly
proportional.
PHOTODIODE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
The circuit diagram of the photodiode is shown below. This
circuit can be built with a 10k resistor and photodiode.
Once the photodiode notices the light, then it allows some
flow of current throughout it. The sum of current that
supplies through this diode can be directly proportional to
the sum of light noticed through the diode
VI CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOTODIODE
• A PHOTODIODE CONTINUALLY OPERATES IN REVERSE BIAS

CONDITION.
• REVERSE VOLTAGES ARE PLOTTED ALONG X AXIS IN VOLTS AND
REVERSE CURRENT IS PLOTTED ALONG Y AXIS IN MICROAMPERE.
• REVERSE CURRENT DOES NOT DEPEND ON REVERSE VOLTAGE
AND WHEN THERE IS NO LIGHT ILLUMINATION , REVERSE
CURRENT WILL BE ALMOST ZERO.
• THE MINIMUM AMOUNT OF CURRENT PRESENT IS CALLED AS
DARK CURRENT.
• ONCE THE LIGHT ILLUMINATION INCREASES , REVERSE CURRENT
ALSO INCREASES LINEARLY.
Types of photodiodes
➢ Schottky photodiodes
● PN photodiode: The first photodiode to be developed was PN photodiode. This
photodiode finds application in many instances. Within the depletion area, the
detection of the photo takes place. This photodiode is used in low light applications
as the diode doesn’t require reverse bias. This is the reason why the noise produced
by the photodiode is less.
● PIN photodiode: These days PIN photodiode finds wide applications. It collects the
light photons more efficiently than PN photodiode. This photodiode provides a large
area for the collection and conversion of the light photons.
● Avalanche photodiode: Avalanche process is used for providing extra performances.
The structure of avalanche photodiode is similar to PN and PIN photodiode. This
photodiode works in higher reverse bias condition enabling multiplication of holes
and electrons.
● Schottky photodiode: This photodiode is a combination of many Schottky diodes
which provide high speed and long-wavelength detection.
Feature of photodiode?
APPLICATIONS OF PHOTODIODE

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Photodiode

Aman gupta (CO21511)

Manveer singh (CO21546)

Bhuvan nakra (CO21527)

The designing of the non-active surface can be done with

the diode, it makes a couple of an electron-hole. This mechanism is also called

of the depletion region.

current must be reduced to maximize the sensitivity of the devic e.

• A PHOTODIODE CONTINUALLY OPERATES IN REVERSE BIAS

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